UNIVERSIDAD GERADO BARRIOS, SAN MIGUEL

FACULTY OF SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

BACHELOS DEGREE IN ENGLISH

TEACHER IN CHARGE:

ISMAEL MERLOS

STUDENT NAME:

STEFANY RAMOS

SUBJECT:

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS

SEMESTER:

II 2021
 Branches Characteristics Sub-branches Additional Information Example
Of
Linguistics
Phonology is the
study of
language sound
system; it is also
Phonology concerned with
the astral or
mental aspects
of the sound in
the language
rather than with
the actual
physical
articulation of
the speech
sound.
• Place of • Bilabial, • Thin
articulation labiodentals, • Bath
alveolars, dentals, • Child
palatals, velars,
glottals.
Phonetics is the
Phonetics study of speech • Nasal, stops,
sounds and its fricatives, affricates,
characteristics • Manner Of approximant, lateral. • Back
Articulation • Chick
• match
 • Lexemes Basic lexical unit of a • Walk
language

• Morpheme A meaningful morphological • In, un, ize

s unit of a language that
cannot be divided

It´s a morpheme that is

attached to a word system • (Ness) Red-ness
Morphology is • Affixation to form a new word or word
the study of the form.
word formation,
also including Allows create new words • Unhappiness-
Morpholog the new ways by from morphemes and Un+happy+ness
y which the words • Word lexemes
are coined in the Structure
different Are words composed by two
languages of the or more bases roots or • Greenhouse, red
world. • Compoundi stems. hot, sky blue,
ng Helps to form new lexemes bookstore.
merely by shifting the • Table-to table, to
category or part of the throw-a throw,
speech of an already existing cool-to cool
• Conversion lexeme without adding an .
affix.

It’s the process for making

up entirely new words • Klenex, Kodak,
Google
It’s the processing of
creating a word but
• Coinage removing actual or supposes • Frost-Frosty,
affixes from another word. Refuse-Refusal.

is a process of word
• Backformati formation in which parts of
on lexemes that are not
themselves morphemes are
combined to form a new • Brunch
lexeme. (combination of
breakfast and
When the first letters of lunch)

• Blending words that make up a name

or a phrase are used to
create a new word, the
results are called acronyms
• Acquired
or initialisms
Immune
Deficiency
 Clipping is a means of Syndrome gives
creating new words by us AIDS,
• Acronyms shortening already existing pronounced
and words [eidz]
Initialisms
• Info-Information

• Clipping

• Number Can be singular which • Book, Books.

indicates one only or plural Child, children.
which indicates two or
more.

• Gender Can be masculine which • Pedro, Ana, noun

indicates male and feminine
which indicates female and
Syntax, studies also neuter which indicates
the structure something else
and order of the
components It can be 1st. which indicates • I, You, Him
within a • Person to the speaker, 2nd. Which
Syntax sentence. The indicates the hearer and
meaning comes 3rd.which refers to all other
to the Greek and people or thing
literally means
utting together. It can be subjective which
are pronouns only when the • I, Me, Mine
• Case word is the object, objective • You, She, Her
which are pronouns only
when the word is the object
and possessive which are
pronouns and nouns.

It can be positive which

means a basic quality,
comparative which refers to • Happy, Happier,
• Degree a greater quality and The happiest
superlative which refers to a • Sad, sadder, the
maximum quality sadness
 • Cool, cooler, the
It can be the past, which coolest.
indicates before now and
the present which indicates
now. • Was, am
• Tense • Did, do
It refers to simple, which • Had, have
means the time has not
structure, continuous which
express ongoing actions and
• They work, They
• Aspect perfect which express
completed actions are working, They
have worked.
It can be indicative which
expresses simple statement
of fact, imperative which
expresses command and • James stood up
subjunctive which expresses
• Stand up
• Mood something desired or
• We insist that he
imagined
stand
Voice is a property of
transitive verbs and
expresses the relationship
of the subject to the action.
Voice has two values: active • The cat ate the
• Voice which the subject does the mouse
action and passive which the • The mouse was
subject receives the action eaten by the cat
• Synonym Two or more words with • Beautiful,
very closely related wonderful, pretty
meanings are called
synonyms.
• Good, Bad
• Antonymy Two forms with opposite • Up, Down
meanings are called
antonyms
• Animal/dog
Semantics is the • Hyponymy When the meaning of one • Vegetal/karrot
study of the form is included in the
Semantics meaning of meaning of another, the
words, phrases relationship is described as
and sentences. hyponymy.
In semantic • Bird/canarian,
analysis, there is • Prototypes The idea of “the flamingo, duck,
always an characteristic instance” of a pigeon
attempt to focus category is known as the
on what the prototype
words
 conventionally • Meat/meet
mean, rather • Homophon When two or more different • Flour/flower
than on what an es/Homony (written) forms have the • Pail/pale
individual ms same pronunciation, they
speaker might are described as
want them to homophones
mean on a • Face (part of the
particular When we encounter two or head) (a surface
occasion • Polysemy more words with the same of a thing) (a
form and related meanings, person
we have what is technically countenance)
known as polysemy.

(king/crown, the • Bottle/water

President/the White • Can/juice
• Metonymy House). Using one of these
words to refer to the other is
an example of metonymy.
• Context There are two types of • Bank+steep+over
context linguistic context or grown=referring
co-context to a thing
• Bank+withdraw+
deposit=referring
to a place

• Deixis Deixis is a technical term • There, here

which refers to one of the • This, that, those,
Pragmatics In many ways, basic we do with utterances these
pragmatics is
the study of • Reference An act in which an speaker • Chomsky
“invisible” or writer uses linguistics • Jennifer
meaning, or how forms to enable a listener or • Whiskas
we recognize a reader
what is meant
even when it • Inference These examples make it • I enjoy listening
isn’t actually clear that we can use names to Mozart
said or written. associated with things
(salad) to refer to people,
and use names of people
(Chomsky) to refer to things.
The key process here is
called inference.

• It is the relationship of
Anaphora • Puppy, it, He
something which you are
referring back
• Presupposition What a speaker (or writer) • Un rancho y un
assumes is true or known by lucero, poem by
a listener (or reader) can be Alfredo Espino.
described as a Salvadorian
presupposition writer

• Speech Acts An action performed by • Sorry!

saying something

• Politeness Politeness can be defined as • Happy Face = you

showing awareness and Will probably give
consideration of another him or her a hug
person’s face