NORTH BENGAL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

ENGINEERING

COURSE NO.: EEE 2203

COURSE TITLE: ELECTRONICS II

• Course Teacher: Jahin Rahman

 555 TIMER:
ASTABBLE
M U LT I V I B R AT O R
AND VARIOUS
WAVEFORM
G E N E R AT O R S
USING OP AMP

CLASS_6
PREVIOUS: 555 TIMER
Article: 9-4-1 1. When threshold voltage is greater
than 2/3Vcc, Output becomes low
2. When trigger voltage is less than
1/3Vcc, Output becomes high.
3. When output is low, then Discharge
path is on
PREVIOUS: 555 TIMER: MONOSTBALE MULTIVIBRATOR
PREVIOUS: 555 TIMER: MONOSTBALE MULTIVIBRATOR
Article: 9-4-1 (a)
555 TIMER: ASTABLE
Article: 9-4-3

• Astable multivibrator is called a free running multivibrator

• It is a rectangular wave generating circuit.
• Unlike the monostable multivibrator, this circuit does not require an external
trigger to change the output voltage, that is why it is called free running.
• The time during which the output is either high or low is determined by two
resistors and capacitor which are externally connected to the 555 timer
555 TIMER: ASTABLE Article: 9-4-3

1. Start from initially when the output is high

2. As the output is high (Q’ is low), Discharge path is not
on, so the capacitor is charging through RA and RB
3. When the capacitor voltage equals 2/3 Vcc, comparator 1
for the threshold voltage triggers the flipflop and the
output becomes low.
4. As output is low, discharge path is on and the capacitor
starts discharging through RB and transistor Q1.
5. While discharging when the capacitor voltage equals to
1/3 Vcc, Comparator 2 for the trigger voltage triggers the
flipflop, output becomes high.
6. As the output is high (Q’ is low), Discharge path is not on,
so the capacitor is charging through RA and RB. And thus
the cycle repeats.
555 TIMER: ASTABLE
• Capacitor is periodically charged and discharged between 1/3 Vcc and 2/3 Vcc
• Time during which capacitor charges from 1/3 Vcc to 2/3 Vcc= Output high
This time tc= 0.69(RA+RB)C
• Time during which capacitor discharges from 2/3 Vcc to 1/3 Vcc= Output low
This time td= 0.69(RB)C
• Total time period of the generating wave, T=tc+td=0.69(RA+2RB)C
• So, oscillation frequency, f =1/T = 1/(0.69(RA+2RB)C) =1.45/(RA+2RB)C)
EXAMPLE 9-7
APPLICATION OF ASTABLE
MULTIVIBRATOR
• SQUARE WAVE OSCILLATOR:
1. Adding a diode across RB, ASTABLE
MULTIVIBRATOR can be used to
produce a square wave form
generator.
2. Capacitor will charge through RA
and the diode upto 2/3Vcc and
discharge through RB and the
discharge pin (through transistor
Q1) upto 1/3 Vcc
3. To obtain square wave RA must be a
combination of fixed resistor and
potentiometer, so that the
potentionmeter can be adjusted to
produce exact square wave
OP AMP
Inverting configuration Non-Inverting configuration

**Offset voltage: The voltage existing at the output when inputs are zero due to
input offset voltage & bias current currents is called output offset voltage
SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR USING
OPAMP
Article 7-15
Here:
• Output voltage Vo=(V1-V2)*A;
A is the gain of opamp.
• V1=(R1/(R1+R2))*Vsat
• Let, Initially, voltage across
capacitor C is zero (at the instant
of applying +Vcc and Vee)
• So the voltage across inverting
terminal (V2) is zero
• So, Output voltage Vo=(V1)*A;
• There is a small finite voltage in the
non inverting terminal, V1 due to • At that instant gain A is very large as the voltage across C
offset voltage of op amp. is zero so initially the capacitor is short circuit
• So the output of the opamp becomes +Vsat
SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR USING
OPAMP
• As Vo becomes Vsat, the
capacitor C starts charging
through R toward +Vsat
• At the instant when V2 becomes
slightly higher than V1, the
output becomes –Vsat
• Now, as Vsat is negative,V1
becomes negative.
V1=(R1/(R1+R2))* (-Vsat)
• Then the capacitor starts
discharging towards –Vsat
• While discharging, when the
voltage across capacitor (V2) • Formula: R2=1.16*R1
becomes less than (more • Frequency of oscillation
negative) than V1 then the
output again becomes +Vsat
• This cycle repeats
SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR USING
OPAMP

• Formula: R2=1.16*R1
INTEGRATOR
TRIANGULAR WAVE GENERATOR
Article 7-16
• Let, Initially the output of comparator A1 be +Vsat
• So the output at that instant is a negative going ramp
• Now, for R2-R3 voltage divider, one end is connected to
output of A1 (+Vsat) and other end is connected to
output of A2 (negative going ramp)
• When the output is equal to –Vramp, the voltage at point
P becomes less than 0V, so the output of A1 becomes =-
Vsat
• As a result the output of A2 is positive going ramp.
• When this ramp becomes +Vramp, the voltage at point P
becomes higher than 0V so the output of A1 becomes
+Vsat.
• As a result the output of A2 becomes negative going
ramp
• Thus the cycle repeats
• Formula:

• Frequency of oscillation:
TRIANGULAR WAVE GENERATOR
SAWTOOTH WAVE GENERATOR
Article: 7-17

• In Triangular wave, rise time and fall time is equal

• In Sawtooth wave, rise time and fall time is unequal
• By introducing a variable DC voltage at the non
inverting terminal of the A2 op amp, sawtooth wave
form can be produced.
• The variable DC voltage can be injected using a
potentiometer R4 connected between +Vcc and Vee
• When the wiper of R4 is connected toward +Vcc,
then falling time will be longer.
• When the wiper of R4 is connected toward -Vee,
then rising time will be longer.