Flexible Learning A.Y.

2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

COURSE CODE &

Phy101EC-Physics Lecture
TITLE
MODULE 7-2: 12
Electricity
hrs.

Course Instructor Benedict J. Salazar, RChE, MEnE

FM
Messenger Benedict Salazar
Contact Details Email Ad b.salazar@usls.edu.ph
Phone
No./s +639661435793
Consultation Hours MWF 10:30-11:30 (MW) TTH 9:30 – 10:30 (TH)

Part I: TARGETED COURSE OUTCOMES

1. Distinguish between the variables and constants used in Physics concepts and
principles.
2. Analyze, in quantitative terms, circuit problems involving electric current, potential
difference, and resistance

Learning Objectives
(6) Define and describe the concepts and units related to electrical systems;
(7)Describe the function of basic electrical circuit components;
(8) Compare direct and alternating current;
(9) Analyze and describe the operation of electrical devices that control other systems;
(10) Analyze, in quantitative terms, circuit problems involving electric current, potential
difference, and resistance;
(11) State Kirchoff’s rules and apply them in a given circuit

Part II: ASSESSMENT/S

Learning Evidence

LE1: Problem Set

These are activities to measure student learning in a given module. This includes the
entry of worksheets and other classroom activities.
LE2: Quiz
This is a summative assessment of the topics learned from this module.

Rubric/Evaluation Tool Tool for LE1 & LE2:

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Part III: TEACHING-LEARNING ACTIVITIES (TLA)

Electricity
- flow of charge around a circuit carrying energy from the battery (or power supply) to
components such as lamps and motors can flow only if there is a complete circuit from the
battery through wires to components and back to the battery again

The diagram shows a simple circuit of a battery, wires, a switch and a lamp. The switch works
by breaking the circuit.

With the switch open the circuit is broken - so electricity cannot flow and the lamp is off.
With the switch closed the circuit is complete - allowing electricity to flow and the lamp is on.
The electricity is carrying energy from the battery to the lamp.

Schematic: A battery (left) connecting to a lightbulb (right), the circuit is completed when the
switch (top) closes. With the circuit closed, electrons can flow, pushed from the negative
terminal of the battery through the lightbulb, to the positive terminal.
We say that electricity flows from the positive (+) terminal of a battery to the negative (-) terminal
of the battery. We can imagine particles with positive electric charge flowing in this direction
around the circuit, like the red dots in the diagram.
This flow of electricity is called conventional current and it is the direction of flow used
throughout electronics.

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While the electrons move at a snails pace, the electric field affects the entire circuit almost
instantly (we're talking speed of light fast). Electrons throughout the circuit, whether at the
lowest potential, highest potential, or right next to the light bulb, are influenced by the electric
field. When the switch closes and the electrons are subjected to the electric field, all electrons in
the circuit start flowing at seemingly the same time. Those charges nearest the light bulb will
take one step through the circuit and start transforming energy from electrical to light (or heat).
Generally an electric circuit will transfer electric energy into some other form--light, heat, motion,
etc. If we connect a light bulb to the battery with wires in between, we have a simple, functional
circuit.

Electric Circuit
 path of an electric current
 the term is usually taken to mean a continuous path composed of conductors and
conducting devices and including a source of electromotive force that drives the current
around the circuit
 a circuit of this type is termed a closed circuit
 a circuit in which the current path is not continuous is an open circuit

Current (I)
 any motion of charge from one region of a conductor to another
 amount of charge transferred per unit time

if moving q is negative, electric field force is opposite E and v is from right to left but current I is
still left to right

The Law of Conservation of Charge

“Total charge in every segment is constant; the rate of flow of charge out at one end of a
segment equals the rate of flow of charge in at the other end of the segment, and the current is
the same at all cross sections.”

Resistance (R)

 property of any object or substance to resist or oppose the flow of an electrical current the
quantity of resistance in an electric circuit determines the amount of current flowing in the
circuit for any given voltage applied to the circuit, according to Ohm's law
 the unit of resistance is the ohm (W), the amount of resistance that limits the passage of
current to one ampere when a voltage of one volt is applied to it
 For certain electrical calculations, 1/R, is termed conductance, G

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Example: Cutnell 9th ed

Resistivity

 current density J in a conductor depends on E and on the properties of the material

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Variation of Resistivity with Temperature:

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Example: Cutnell 9th ed

Resistor

 component of an electric circuit that resists the flow of direct or alternating electric current
 can limit or divide the current, reduce the voltage, protect an electric circuit, or provide large
amounts of heat or light

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Example: Cutnell 9th ed

Electromotive Force (EMF or Ɛ)

 influence that makes charge move from lower to higher potential

 batteries, electric generators, solar cells, thermocouples and fuel cells are some examples
 magnitude of potential difference
 ideal source of EMF maintains a constant potential difference between its terminals,
independent of the current through it

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 = Vab = I R

Internal resistance (r)

– resistance experienced by a charge moving through any real source

Vab =  - I r
IR=  - Ir
I =  / ( R + r)
Note: to have a steady current in a conductor, the path must form a closed loop or complete
circuit

Symbols

Kirchoff’s Rules

Applicable for networks that cannot be reduced into simple series-parallel combinations of
resistors
branch point – point where 3 or more conductors meet
loop – any closed conducting path

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Kirchoff’s Loop Rule

“The algebraic sum of the potential differences around a complete circuit, including those
corresponding to the EMF’s of the sources and those due to the IR products must equal zero.”
ƩV = 0 (any closed loop)

Kirchoff’s Point Rule

“The algebraic sum of the currents into any branch point is zero.”
ƩI = 0 (any branch point)
I entering is +
I leaving is -

Strategies:
1. Assume a direction for the I and mark it on the diagram. If your assumption gives a –I, then
assumption is opposite the correct direction.
2. Starting at any point in the circuit, go around the circuit in the direction of the assumed
current, add the EMF’s and IR products.

Example: Cutnell 9th ed

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Energy and Power in Electric Circuits

Example:

Source: Cutnell (2012). Physics. 9th ed

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