BUILDING UTILITIES 3:

ACOUSTICS AND LIGHTING SYSTEM

AR 142P -A71
Ar. Don G. De Vera, uap
WEEK 6
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

1.Lighting
1.1 Definition
1.2Illumination
1.3 Minimize direct and indirect glare
1.4. Light Pollution
1.5 Quantity of Illumination
1.6 Quality of Illumination
1.7 Lighting Source
DEFINTION OF TERMS
AMPERE: The standard unit of measurement for electric current that is equal to one coulomb
per second. It defines the quantity of electrons moving past a given point in a circuit during a
specific period. Amp is an abbreviation.

ANSI: Abbreviation for American National Standards Institute.

ARC TUBE: A tube enclosed by the outer glass

envelope of a HID lamp and made of clear
quartz or ceramic that contains the arc stream.

ASHRAE: American Society of Heating,

Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers

BAFFLE: A single opaque or translucent

element used to control light distribution at
certain angles.

BALLAST: A device used to operate fluorescent and

HID lamps. The ballast provides the necessary
starting voltage, while limiting and regulating the
lamp current during operation.

ACOUSTIC BAFFLE
 BALLAST

BALLAST CYCLING: Undesirable condition under which the ballast turns lamps on and off
(cycles) due to the overheating of the thermal switch inside the ballast. This may be due to
incorrect lamps, improper voltage being supplied, high ambient temperature around the
fixture, or the early stage of ballast failure.

BALLAST EFFICIENCY FACTOR: The ballast efficiency factor (BEF) is the ballast factor
divided by the input power of the ballast. The higher the BEF ( within the same lamp-ballast
type ( the more efficient the ballast.

BALLAST FACTOR: The ballast factor (BF) for a specific lamp-ballast combination
represents the percentage of the rated lamp lumens that will be produced by the combination.

CANDELA: Unit of luminous intensity, describing the intensity of a light source in a specific
direction.
CANDELA DISTRIBUTION: A curve, often on polar coordinates, illustrating the
variation of luminous intensity of a lamp or luminaire in a plane through the light
center.
CANDLEPOWER: A measure of luminous intensity of a light source in a specific
direction, measured in candelas
CBM: Abbreviation for Certified Ballast Manufacturers Association.
CEC: Abbreviation for California Energy Commission.

COEFFICIENT OF UTILIZATION: The ratio of lumens from a luminaire

received on the work plane to the lumens produced by the lamps alone. (Also called
"CU")
COLOR RENDERING INDEX (CRI): A scale of the effect of a light source on the color
appearance of an object compared to its color appearance under a reference light source.
Expressed on a scale of 1 to 100, where 100 indicates no color shift.

COLOR TEMPERATURE: The color temperature is a specification of the color appearance

of a light source, relating the color to a reference source heated to a particular temperature,
measured by the thermal unit Kelvin. The measurement can also be described as the
"warmth" or "coolness" of a light source. Generally, sources below 3200K are considered
"warm;" while those above 4000K are considered "cool" sources.
COMPACT FLUORESCENT: A small fluorescent lamp that is often used as an alternative
to incandescent lighting. The lamp life is about 10 times longer than incandescent lamps and
is 3-4 times more efficacious. Also called PL, Twin-Tube, CFL, or BIAX lamps.
CONSTANT WATTAGE (CW) BALLAST: A premium type of HID ballast in which the
primary and secondary coils are isolated. It is considered a high performance, high loss
ballast featuring excellent output regulation.
CONSTANT WATTAGE AUTOTRANSFORMER (CWA) BALLAST: A popular type
of HID ballast in which the primary and secondary coils are electrically connected.
Considered an appropriate balance between cost and performance.
CONTRAST: The relationship between the luminance of an object and its background.
CRI: (SEE COLOR RENDERING INDEX)
CUT-OFF ANGLE: The angle from a fixture's vertical axis at which a reflector, louver, or
other shielding device cuts off direct visibility of a lamp. It is the complementary angle of
the shielding angle.
DAYLIGHT COMPENSATION: A dimming system controlled by a photocell that
reduces the output of the lamps when daylight is present. As daylight levels increase, lamp
intensity decreases. An energy-saving technique used in areas with significant daylight
contribution.
DIFFUSE: Term describing dispersed light distribution. Refers to the scattering or
softening of light.
DIFFUSER: A translucent piece of glass or plastic sheet that shields the light
source in a fixture. The light transmitted throughout the diffuser will be redirected
and scattered.
DIRECT GLARE: Glare produced by a direct view of light sources. Often the result
of insufficiently shielded light sources. (See GLARE)
DOWNLIGHT: A type of ceiling luminaire, usually fully recessed, where most of
the light is directed downward. May feature an open reflector and/or shielding
device.
EFFICACY: A metric used to compare light output to energy consumption. Efficacy
is measured in lumens per watt. Efficacy is similar to efficiency, but is expressed in
dissimilar units. For example, if a 100-watt source produces 9000 lumens, then the
efficacy is 90 lumens per watt.
ILLUMINATION
 Lighting design
Lighting design is the planning of our visual environment. Good lighting design
aims to create perceptual conditions which allow us to work effectively and orient
ourselves safely while promoting a feeling of well-being in a particular
environment and at the same time enhancing that same environment in an
aesthetic sense.

Perception

Most of the information we receive about the world around

us is through our eyes. Light is not only an essential
prerequisite and the medium by which we are able
to see. Through its intensity, the way it is distributed
throughout a space and through its properties, light creates
specific conditions which can influence our perception.
Perceptual psychology
Presenting a model of the eye to demonstrate the similarities to the
workings of a camera does not provide any explanation as to how the
perceived image comes into being – it only transports the object to be
perceived from the outside world to the cortex.

Perception of a shape
based on shadow formation
alone when contours are missing.

Recognizing an overall
shape by revealing
essential details.

Matching a color to the respective pattern

perceived. The color of the central grey point
adjusts itself to the black or white color of the
respective perceived pattern of five
Quantity of Illumination
Light Output

The most common measure of light output (or luminous flux) is the
lumen. Light sources are labeled with an output rating in lumens.

Light Level

Light intensity measured on a plane at a specific location is

called illuminance. Illuminance is measured in footcandles, which are
workplane lumens per square foot.

Brightness

This measures light "leaving" a surface in a particular direction, and

considers the illuminance on the surface and the reflectance of the
surface.
Quantity Measures

• Luminous flux is commonly called light output and is measured in lumens (lm).
• Illuminance is called light level and is measured in footcandles (fc).
• Luminance is referred to as brightness and is measured in footlamberts (fL) or
candelas/m2 (cd/m2).
Determining Target Light Levels

This procedure ( used extensively by designers and engineers ( recommends a

target light level by considering the following:
• the task(s) being performed (contrast, size, etc.)
• the ages of the occupants
• the importance of speed and accuracy

Then, the appropriate type and quantity of lamps and light fixtures may be
selected based on the following:
• fixture efficiency
• lamp lumen output
• the reflectance of surrounding surfaces
• the effects of light losses from lamp lumen depreciation and dirt
accumulation
• room size and shape
• availability of natural light (daylight)
Quality Measures
• Visual comfort probability (VCP) indicates the percent of people
who are comfortable with the glare from a fixture.
• Spacing criteria (SC) refers to the maximum recommended
distance between fixtures to ensure uniformity.
• Color rendering index (CRI) indicates the color appearance of an
object under a source as compared to a reference source.

Quality of Illumination
Three quality issues are addressed in this section.
• glare
• uniformity of illuminance
• color rendition
Glare

Glare is a sensation caused by luminances in the visual field that are too bright.

Contrast is the relationship between the luminance of an object and its

background.
Minimize Direct and Indirect
Glare
Direct glare is caused by bright lights that are within your field of vision, such
as a bright overhead light or floor lamp with a naked light bulb.

Indirect glare is caused by light reflected off of glossy surfaces such as your
computer screen, a shiny desk surface, or windows stationed at certain angles etc
onto your eyes.
Some Tips to Reduce Direct and Indirect Glaring:
1. Position your workstation or chair at a 90 degree angle from large windows to
reduce glare from the sun.
2. Install blinds on windows. Use vertical blinds for East/West facing windows to
block out sunlight depending on its position throughout the day. Use horizontal
blinds for North/South facing windows to block out general sunlight.
3. Adjust your monitor brightness to match the brightness of the area directly
behind it. A program like flux can help.
4. Replace a single high intensity light fixture with several lower intensity ones
instead.
5. Avoid positioning your monitor directly below an overhead light fixture.
6. Equip conventional florescent light fixtures with diffusers to soften the light.
7. Cover naked bulbs with shades or louvers to soften and direct the light away from
your eyes.
8. Use monitor privacy filters that filter out blue light and glare at the same time
Light Pollution
Example of useful light and light pollution from a typical
pole-mounted outdoor luminaire
Example of light trespass
Light trespass is light being cast where it is not wanted or needed,
such as light from a streetlight or a floodlight that illuminates a
neighbour's bedroom at night making it difficult to sleep.

Disability glare, because it causes a loss of visibility from stray light

being scattered within the eye.

Discomfort glare is the sensation of annoyance or even pain induced

by overly bright sources.

Discomfort and even disability glare can also be caused by

streetlights, parking lot lights, floodlights, signs, sports field lighting,
and decorative and landscape lights.
Example of lighting that can result in disability
and discomfort glare
Example of how reduced glare improves the lighting
Uniformity of Illuminance on Tasks

• Improper fixture placement based on the luminaire's spacing

criteria (ratio of maxim recommended fixture spacing distance to mounting
height above task height)
• fixtures that are retrofit with reflectors that narrow the light distribution

Non-uniform illuminance causes several problems:

• inadequate light levels in some areas
• visual discomfort when tasks require frequent shifting of view from underlit
to overlit areas
• bright spots and patches of light on floors and walls that cause distraction
and generate a low quality appearance
Color Rendition

• The color rendering index (CRI) scale is used to compare the effect of a
light source on the color appearance of its surroundings.
•A scale of 0 to 100 defines the CRI. A higher CRI means better color
rendering, or less color shift. CRIs in the range of 75-100 are considered
excellent, while 65-75 are good. The range of 55-65 is fair, and 0-55 is poor.
Light and light sources
Light and light sources
Incandescent lamps

The incandescent lamp is a

thermal radiator.

The filament wire begins to glow

when it is heated to a sufficiently
high temperature by an electric
current.

As the temperature increases the

spectrum of the radiated light
shifts towards the shorter
wavelength range – the red heat
of the filament shifts to the warm
white light of the incandescent
lamp.

Depending
on lamp type and wattage the
temperature
Incandescent lamps

Reflector lamp with pressed glass bulb

and efficient parabolic reflector (PAR
lamp)

decorative lamp, general service lamp, reflector lamp with soft

glass bulb and ellipsoidal or parabolic reflector, producing medium beam
characteristics.

suitable for exterior application due to its high resistance

to changes in temperature; high-power pressed-glass reflector
lamp.
Halogen lamps
Halogen lamp for mains voltage with screw cap
and outer envelope. The outer envelope
means that the lamp can be operated without
a protective glass covering. Low-voltage
halogen lamp with pin base and axial filament
in a quartz glass bulb

Halogen cycle: combination of evaporated tungsten

and halogen to produce tungsten halide in the
peripheral area. Splitting of the tungsten halogens back
to the filament.

Like almost all conventional incandescent

lamps, halogen lamps can be run on
mains voltage. They usually have special
caps, but some are equipped with an E 27
screw cap and an additional glass envelope
and can be used in the same way as
conventional incandescents.
 Discharge lamps
In contrast to incandescent lamps, light from discharge lamps is not produced
by heating a filament, but by exciting gases or metal vapours.

The fluorescent lamp is a low-pressure discharge lamp using mercury

vapour.

Compact fluorescent lamps are mainly available in the form of tubular

lamps, in which each lamp has a combination of two or four discharge
tubes.
High-voltage fluorescent tubes
High-voltage
fluorescent tubes have
a considerably lower
luminous efficacy than
Conventional
fluorescent lamps, but
they have a long lamp
life.
Low-pressure sodium lamps

Low-pressure sodium lamps are comparable

to fluorescent lamps in the way they are
constructed and how they operate. In this
case sodium vapour is excited instead of
mercury vapour.

High-pressure mercury lamps

High-pressure mercury lamps have a short quartz

glass discharge tube that contains a mixture of inert
gas and mercury. Electrodes are positioned at both
ends of the discharge tube. In close proximity
Self-ballasted mercury lamps

Self-ballasted mercury lamp with a quartz

glass discharge tube for high-pressure mercury
discharge and an additional filament
that takes on the function of pre-resistance
and supplements the spectrum in the red range.
The elliptical bulb is frequently provided with a
coating of light-diffusing material.

Metal halide lamps are a further development

Metal halide lamps of mercury lamps and are therefore
similar to these with regard to construction
and function. Apart from mercury they
also contain a mixture of metal halides.
In contrast to pure metals, halogen
compounds have the advantage that they
melt at a considerably lower temperature.
THANK YOU