Introduction and theory

 Vapor-compression refrigeration
Because it is very straightforward to design a cooling device using this method and the cost is
modest, vapor-compression cycles are the most often utilized type of cooling. In fact, traditional
refrigerators use this chilling method to keep leftovers and drinks cool. A vapor-compression
cycle is also used by air conditioners to lower the room's ambient air temperature. In essence,
vapor-compression refrigeration uses a backwards heat engine to transfer heat energy from a
cold reservoir to a hot reservoir. Heat energy does not spontaneously flow from a cold to a hot
reservoir, according to the Second Law of Thermodynamics. In order to have heat transfer in that
direction (and not from from hot to cold, as the system is naturally inclined to do), it is necessary
to do work on the system.
 Mollier Charts
Mollier diagrams are graphical representations of thermodynamic properties and states of
materials that include "Enthalpy" as one of the coordinates. Richard Mollier is the name given to
Mollier diagrams. Richard Mollier (1863-1935), a professor at Dresden University, pioneered the
graphical representation of the link between temperature, pressure, enthalpy, entropy, and
volume of steam and moist air, which has subsequently improved thermodynamics education to
several generations of engineers. In 1904, he published his enthalpy-entropy diagram for steam
for the first time. He kept working on updating his thermodynamic diagrams and steam tables to
reflect new technological advancements. Professor Mollier worked on steam engines,
combustion engines, and refrigeration facilities in the area of gasification and combustion
processes. Professor Mollier was given the great pleasure of calling all thermodynamic diagrams
using enthalpy as one of its coordinates as a "Mollier Diagram" during the 1923
Thermodynamics Conference in Los Angeles. Mollier diagrams are commonly used to represent
the working cycles of thermodynamic systems in design work involving power plants (fossil or
nuclear), compressors, steam turbines, refrigeration systems, and air conditioning equipment.
ChemicaLogic is pleased to offer attractive, high definition Mollier Diagrams (Pressure-Enthalpy
diagram) for several popular fluids.
 What is a p-h diagram?

A p-h diagram is a graph with an absolute pressure vertical axis and a specified enthalpy
horizontal axis. It is an important diagram that is regularly used to calculate the performance of a
refrigerating unit. For a particular refrigerant, a p-h diagram is created. Of course, it can't be used
with another refrigerant. The diagrams for the traditional unit and the SI unit are drawn
separately. There are a lot of thin lines in a p-h diagram, and their names and natures are
significant.
 Specific volume
The quantity of cubic meters occupied by one kilogram of substance is known as specific
volume. It's the reciprocal of a material's density, and it's the ratio of a material's volume to its
mass. In other words, density is inversely related to specific volume. For any state of matter,
specific volume can be estimated or measured, however it is most commonly utilized in
calculations involving gases. Specific volume is measured in cubic meters per kilogram (m3/kg),
but it can also be expressed in milliliters per gram (mL/g) or cubic feet per pound (ft3/lb).
 Constant entropy lines
"Isentropic" refers to entropy that is constant. An isentropic process is one in which the entropy
remains constant and is denoted by S = 0 or s1 = s2 for a process of length 1-2. It is an isentropic
process when a process is both reversible and adiabatic. An isentropic process is a simplified
version of a real-world process that acts as a limiting case.
 Refrences

Mollier charts. (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2021, from

http://www.chemicalogic.com/Pages/MollierCharts.html.

JSRAE, Japanese Society for Refrigerating and Airconditioning Engineers. (n.d.). Retrieved
September 25, 2021, from https://www.jsrae.or.jp/jsrae/stady/Eng%20saikuru.htm.

Anne Marie Helmenstine, P. D. (n.d.). Specific volume: What it means and how to calculate it.
ThoughtCo. Retrieved September 25, 2021, from https://www.thoughtco.com/specific-
volume-definition-and-examples-4175807.

Thermodynamics ebook: Isentropic process. (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2021, from
https://www.ecourses.ou.edu/cgi-bin/eBook.cgi?
doc=&topic=th&chap_sec=06.4&page=theory.