Republic of the Philippines

MARINDUQUE STATE COLLEGE

SCHOOL OF GOVERNANCE
Tanza, Boac, Marinduque

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION

Re - Accredited Level II by the Accrediting Agency for Chartered Colleges Universities in the Philippines
(AACCUP), Inc.

CHAPTER III
PHYSICAL SECURITY
This chapter describes the basic concepts of physical security as used in any installation or
physical system. Physical security is a major division in industrial security, hence it is hereby
described.
What is Physical Security?
Physical security measures are being used to define, protect, and monitor property rights
and assets. These measures consist of barriers and devices that would detect, impede, and
prevent unauthorized access to equipment, facilities, material and document and to safeguard
them against espionage, sabotage, damage and theft.
Conceptually, the field of physical security has three important elements:
1. The obstacles, to frustrate trivial attackers and delay serious ones;
2. Alarms, security lighting, security guard patrols or closed-circuit television cameras, to
make it likely that attacks will be noticed; and
3. Security response, to repel, catch or frustrate attackers when an attack is detected.
What are the four layers of physical security?
In well-designed physical security system the three element of physical security must
complement each other with in the four layers of physical security which are:
1. Environmental design – the initial layer of security for a campus, building, office or
physical space uses environmental design to deter threats. Some of the most common
examples are also the most basic barbed wire, warning signs and fencing, concrete,
bollards, metal barriers, vehicle height-restrictions, site lighting and trenches.
2. Mechanical and electronic access – includes gates, doors, and locks. Key control of the
locks becomes a problem with large user populations and any user turnover. Keys quickly
became unmanageable forcing the adoption of electronic access control. Electronic
access control easily manages large user populations, controlling for user lifecycles
times, dates, and individual access points.
3. Intrusion detection – monitors for attacks. It is less a preventive measure and more of a
response measure. Although some would argue that it is a deterrent. Intrusion detection
has a high incidence of false alarms.
4. Video monitoring – are more useful for incident verification and historical analysis. For
instance, if alarms are being generated and there is a camera in place, the camera could be
viewed to verify the alarms. In instances when an attack has already occurred and a
camera is in place at the point of attack, the recorded video can be reviewed.
What is barrier?
A barrier can be defined as any structure or physical device capable or restricting,
deterring, delaying, illegal access to an installation.
Generally, a barrier is use for the following purposes:
1. Define the physical limits of an area.
2. Create a physical and psychological deterrent to unauthorized entry.

School Goals: Produce graduates who are professionally equipped, morally upright and committed life-long learners; who can
deliver effective and ethical public service driven by socio-political and legal researches and supports world decision-making;
who can respond to the challenges of the contemporary society and complements the need for transformative knowledge and
actions across the fields of administrative, law enforcement, political affairs and other multi-disciplinary fields of governance.
 Republic of the Philippines
MARINDUQUE STATE COLLEGE
SCHOOL OF GOVERNANCE
Tanza, Boac, Marinduque

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION

Re - Accredited Level II by the Accrediting Agency for Chartered Colleges Universities in the Philippines
(AACCUP), Inc.

3. Prevent penetration therein or delay intrusion, thus, facilitating apprehension of

intruders.
4. Assist in more efficient and economical employment of guards.
5. Facilitate and improve the control and vehicular traffic.
Type of Barrier
1. Natural barrier – it includes bodies of waters, mountains, marshes, rives, deserts,
ravines, or other terrain that are difficult to traverse.
2. Structural barrier – these are features constructed by man regardless of their original
intent that tends to delay the intruder. Examples are walls, doors, windows, locks, fences,
safe, cabinets, or containers, etc.
3. Human barriers – a person’s being used in providing a guarding system or by the nature
of their employment and location, fulfil security functions. Examples are guards, office
personnel, shop workers, etc.
4. Animal barriers – animals are used in partially providing a guarding system. Dogs are
usually trained and utilized to serve as guard dogs. German shepherds are best suited for
security functions. Goose and turkeys could also be included.
5. Energy barriers – it is the employment of mechanical, electrical, electronic energy
imposes a deterrent to entry by the potential intruder or to provide warning to guard
personnel. These are protective lighting, alarm system and any electronic devices use as
barriers.
What are the three lines of physical defence?
1. First line of defence - includes perimeter fence or barrier.
2. Second line of defence - include doors, floors, windows, walls, roofs, and grills and
other entries to the buildings.
3. Third line of defence – include storage systems like steel cabinets, safes, vaults and
interior files.
What are the Principles involved in Physical Security?
1. The type of access necessary will depend upon a number of variable factors and therefore
may be achieved in a number of ways.
2. There is no impenetrable barrier.
3. Defence in depth is barriers after barriers
4. Delay is provided against surreptitious and non-surreptitious entry.
5. Each installation is different.
What is the purpose of Perimeter Security?
The main purpose of perimeter barrier is to deny or impede access or exit of unauthorized
person. Basically, it is the first line of defence of an installation, this is maybe in the form of
fences, building walls or even bodies of water. The function and location of the facility itself
usually determine the perimeter of the installation. If the facility is located in a city whereby the
facility is located in a city whereby the building or enterprise occupies all the area where it is
located, the perimeter may be the walls of the building itself.
Most of the Industrial companies, however, are required to have a wide space
warehousing manufacturing etc.
What are the types of Perimeter Barriers?

School Goals: Produce graduates who are professionally equipped, morally upright and committed life-long learners; who can
deliver effective and ethical public service driven by socio-political and legal researches and supports world decision-making;
who can respond to the challenges of the contemporary society and complements the need for transformative knowledge and
actions across the fields of administrative, law enforcement, political affairs and other multi-disciplinary fields of governance.
 Republic of the Philippines
MARINDUQUE STATE COLLEGE
SCHOOL OF GOVERNANCE
Tanza, Boac, Marinduque

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION

Re - Accredited Level II by the Accrediting Agency for Chartered Colleges Universities in the Philippines
(AACCUP), Inc.

Perimeter barrier include:

1. Fences
2. Walls
3. Bodies of Water
A fence is freestanding structure designed to restrict or prevent movement across a boundary.
It is generally distinguished from wall by the lightness of a construction: a wall is usually
restricted to such barrier made from solid brick or concrete, blocking vision as well as passage.
Types of Fences
Solid fence – constructed in such way that visual access through the fence is denied. Its
advantage is that is denies the opportunity for the intruder to become familiar with the personnel,
activities and the time scheduled of the movements of the guard in the installation. On the other
hand, it prevents the guards from observing the area around the installation and it creates,
shadow that may be used by the intruder for cover and concealment.
Full view fence – it is constructed in such a way that visual access is permitted through the
fence. Its advantages are that it allows the roving patrols and stationary guard to keep the
surrounding of the installation under observation. On the other hand, it allows the intruder to
become familiar with the movements and time schedule of the guard patrols thereby allowing
him to pick the time that is advantageous on his part.
Types of full view fence
1. Chain link fence
 It must be constructed of 7 feet material excluding top guard.
 It must be of 9 gauge or heavier
 The mesh openings are not to be larger than 2 inches per side
 It should be twisted and barbed selvage at top and bottom
 It must be securely fastened to rigid metal or reinforced concrete
 It must be reach within 2 inches if hard ground paving
 On sift ground, it must reach below surface deep enough to compensate for
shifting soil or sand

2. Barbed wire fence

 Standard barbed wire is twisted, double strand 12 gauge wire with 4 points barbs
spaces in an equal distance apart
 Barbed wire fencing should not be less than 7 feet high excluding top guard
 Barbed wire fencing must be firmly affixed to posts not more than 6 feet apart.
The distance between strands must not exceed 6 inches at least one wire will be
interlaced vertically and midway between posts.
3. Connection wire fence
 Standard concertina barbed wire commercially manufactured wire coil of high
strength steel barbed wire clipped together at intervals to from cylinder.
 Opened concertina wire is 50 feet long and 3 feet in diameter.

Perimeter Barrier Opening

School Goals: Produce graduates who are professionally equipped, morally upright and committed life-long learners; who can
deliver effective and ethical public service driven by socio-political and legal researches and supports world decision-making;
who can respond to the challenges of the contemporary society and complements the need for transformative knowledge and
actions across the fields of administrative, law enforcement, political affairs and other multi-disciplinary fields of governance.
 Republic of the Philippines
MARINDUQUE STATE COLLEGE
SCHOOL OF GOVERNANCE
Tanza, Boac, Marinduque

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION

Re - Accredited Level II by the Accrediting Agency for Chartered Colleges Universities in the Philippines
(AACCUP), Inc.

1. Gates and Doors – when not in use and controlled by guards, gates in the perimeter
should be locked and frequently inspected by guards. Locks should be changed from time
to time and should be covered under protective locks and key control.
2. Side-walk elevators – these provide access to area within the perimeter barrier and
should be locked and guarded.
3. Utilities Opening – sewers, air intakes, exhaust tunnels and other utility openings which
penetrate the barrier and which have cross sectional areas of 96 areas inches or more
should be protected by bars, grills, water filled traps or other structural means providing
equivalent protection to that portion of the perimeter barriers.
4. Clear Zone – an obstructed area or a “clear zone” should be maintained on both sides of
the perimeter barrier. A clear zone of 20 feet or more is desirable between the barrier and
exterior structures and natural covers that may provide concealment for assistance to a
person seeking unauthorized entry.
Additional Protective Measures
1. Top guard – additional overhang of barbed wire placed on vertical perimeter fences
upward and outward with a 45 degree angle with 3 to 4 strands of barbed wires spaced 6
inches apart. This increases the protective height and prevents easy access.
2. Guard control stations – this is normally provided at main perimeter entrances to secure
areas located out-of-doors, manned by guards on full-time basis. Sentry station should be
near a perimeter for surveillance at the entrance.
3. Tower guard – this is a house-like structure above the perimeter barriers. The higher the
tower the more visibility it provides. It gives psychological unswerving effect to the
violators. By and large guard towers, whether permanent or temporary, must have a
corresponding support force in the event of need. Towers as well as guard control station
should have telephones, intercoms, and if possible two-way radios connected to security
headquarters or office to call for reserves in the event of need.
4. Barrier maintenance – fencing barriers and protective walls should always be regularly
inspected by security. Any sign or attempts to break in should be reported for
investigation. Destruction of fence or sections thereof should be repaired immediately
and guard vigilance should be increased.
5. Protection in depth – in large open areas or ground where fencing or walling is
impractical and expensive, warning signs should be conspicuously placed. The depth
itself is protection, reduction of access roads should be done. Use of animals, as guards
and intrusion device, can also be good as barrier.
6. Signs and notices – control signs should be created where necessary in the management
of unauthorized ingress to preclude accidental entry. Signs should be plainly visible and
legible from any approach and in understood language or dialect.
Protective Lighting
The idea lighting can provide improve protection for people and facilities is as old as
civilization. Protective lighting is the single most effective deterrent to crime because it creates a
psychological deterrent to the intruders.
Purpose of Protective Lighting
1. It provides sufficient illumination to the areas during hours of darkness.
2. Lighting can help improve visibility so that the intruder can be seen and identified and if
possible apprehended.

School Goals: Produce graduates who are professionally equipped, morally upright and committed life-long learners; who can
deliver effective and ethical public service driven by socio-political and legal researches and supports world decision-making;
who can respond to the challenges of the contemporary society and complements the need for transformative knowledge and
actions across the fields of administrative, law enforcement, political affairs and other multi-disciplinary fields of governance.
 Republic of the Philippines
MARINDUQUE STATE COLLEGE
SCHOOL OF GOVERNANCE
Tanza, Boac, Marinduque

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION

Re - Accredited Level II by the Accrediting Agency for Chartered Colleges Universities in the Philippines
(AACCUP), Inc.

3. It serves as deterrent to would be thieves.

Types of Protective Lighting
1. Continuous lighting – the most familiar type of outdoor security lighting, this is
designed to provide two specific results: glare projection or controlled lighting. It consists
of a series of fixed luminaries at range to flood a given area continuously during the
hours of darkness.
 Glare projection type – it is being used in prisons and correctional institutions to
illuminate walls and outside barriers.
 Controlled lighting – it is generally employed in nearby highways or other
limitations, it is necessary for the light to be more precisely focused.
2. Standby lighting – it is designed for reserve or standby use or to supplement continuous
systems. A standby can be most useful to selectively light a particular are in occasional
basis.
3. Movable or Portable lighting – this systems is manually operated and is usually made
up of movable search or floodlights that can be located in selected or special locations
which will require lighting only for short period of time.
4. Emergency Lighting – this system is used in times of power failure or other emergencies
when other systems are inoperative.
General Types of Lighting Sources
Listed below are the general lighting sources that are mostly used providing indoor or
outdoor lighting.
1. Incandescent lamp – it is the least expensive in terms of energy consumed and has
the advantage of providing instant illumination when the switch is on.
2. Mercury vapour lamp – it is considered more efficient than the incandescent and is
used widespread in exterior lighting. This emits a purplish white colour, caused by an
electric current passing through a tube of conducting and luminous gas.
3. Metal halide – it has similar physical appearance to mercury vapour but provides
light source of higher luminous efficiency and better colour rendition.
4. Fluorescent – this provide good colour rendition, high lamp efficiency as well as
long life. However, it cannot project light over long distance and thus not desirable as
flood type lights.
5. High pressure sodium vapour – this has gained acceptance for exterior lighting of
parking areas, roadways, buildings and commercial interior installations. Constructed
on the same principle as mercury vapour lamps, they emit a golden white to light pink
colour and this provide high lumen efficiency and relatively good colour rendition.
Type of Lighting Equipment
Three types of lighting equipment are generally used or associated with security lighting.
These are:
1. Floodlight – these can be used to accommodate most outdoor security lighting needs,
including the illumination of boundaries, fences and buildings and for the emphasis of
vital areas or particular buildings.
2. Street lights – these are lighting equipment received the most widespread notoriety for its
value in reducing crime.

School Goals: Produce graduates who are professionally equipped, morally upright and committed life-long learners; who can
deliver effective and ethical public service driven by socio-political and legal researches and supports world decision-making;
who can respond to the challenges of the contemporary society and complements the need for transformative knowledge and
actions across the fields of administrative, law enforcement, political affairs and other multi-disciplinary fields of governance.
 Republic of the Philippines
MARINDUQUE STATE COLLEGE
SCHOOL OF GOVERNANCE
Tanza, Boac, Marinduque

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION

Re - Accredited Level II by the Accrediting Agency for Chartered Colleges Universities in the Philippines
(AACCUP), Inc.

3. Search lights – these are highly focused incandescent lamp and are designed to pinpoint
potential trouble spots.
4. Fresnel lights – these are wide beam units, primary used to extend the illumination in
long, horizontal strips to protect the approaches to the perimeter barrier. Fresnel projects
a narrow, horizontal beam that is approximately 180 degrees in the horizontal and from
15 to 30 degrees in the vertical plane.
Protective Lighting Requirements
1. Protective lighting needs at installation and facilities depend on each situation and the
areas to e be protected. Each situation requires careful study to provide the best
visibility practicable for security duties identification of badges and people at gate,
inspection of vehicles, prevention of illegal entry, and detection of intruders inside or
outside the buildings and other structures and inspection of unusual or suspicious
circumstances.
2. When such lighting provisions are impractical, additional security posts, patrols,
sentry dog patrols, or other security means will be necessary.
3. Protective lighting should not be used as psychological deterrent only. Each should be
used on a perimeter fence line only where the perimeter fence is under continuous or
periodic observation.
4. Protective lighting may be desirable for those sensitive areas or structures within the
perimeter, which are under specific observation. Such areas include vital buildings,
storage, and vulnerable control points in communication, power and water
distribution system. In interior areas where night operations are conducted, adequate
lighting of the area facilities detection of unauthorized persons approaching or
attempting malicious acts within the area.
General Consideration in Protective Lighting
In planning of protective lighting system, the owner of the installation or his security
director must give specific consideration to the following areas:
1. The determination of lighting needs must be dependent upon the threat, perimeter
extremities, surveillance capabilities, and available guard forces.
2. Protective lighting must be designed to discourage unauthorized entry and to facilitate
detection of intruders approaching or attempting to gain entry into protected areas.
3. The protective lighting must be continuously operates during periods of reduced
visibility and periodically tested for use during times of emergency and mobilization
alerts.
4. Cleaning and replacement of lamps and luminaries particularly with respect to costs
and means required and available.
5. The effects of local weather conditions

School Goals: Produce graduates who are professionally equipped, morally upright and committed life-long learners; who can
deliver effective and ethical public service driven by socio-political and legal researches and supports world decision-making;
who can respond to the challenges of the contemporary society and complements the need for transformative knowledge and
actions across the fields of administrative, law enforcement, political affairs and other multi-disciplinary fields of governance.