Professional Documents
Culture Documents
P341 E351
CI/SfB
Ys4
March 2001
A S P H A L T
Introduction
Mastic Asphalt
Mastic asphalt has a long and successful history covering a wide range of uses as
a waterproofing medium for roofs, basements and foundations, and as a surfacing
material for floors and paving.
Permanite Asphalt
The Mastic Asphalt Handbook is only one element of our service, and if you
require further technical advice please contact our Technical Services Department.
Permanite Limited,
Technical Services,
Fax: (01629)583375
Section 1
Roofing
Section 2
Tanking
Section 3
Flooring
Section4
Paving
Contents
ROOF DECKS PAGE 1
SCREEDS PAGE 1
Introduction
Mastic asphalt can be applied to form a continuous waterproof covering over flat,
sloped or curved surfaces and can be worked round pipes, roof lights and other
projections.
It can be laid on most types of rigid sub-structure such as concrete, pre-cast
concrete deck units, timber boarding, metal decking and other proprietary decking
units. Thermal insulation materials can easily be laid as part of a mastic asphalt
specification to give any required U-value. Treatments applied to asphalt can
provide a surface suitable for traffic, increase solar reflectivity and provide a
decorative finish.
This handbook should be used in conjunction with
British Standard Codes of Practice BS 8218, BS 6229
and BS 8000: Part 4.
Roofing
ROOF DECKS be tongued and grooved, well seasoned, FALLS TO CLEAR WATER
at least 19mm nominal thickness, closely
Structural decking to comply with the Where required, falls of not less than 1 in
clamped together and well nailed.
recommendations of B.S. 6229: 1982 – 80 must be provided for water to clear the
(Flat roofs with continuously supported Plywood roof. To allow for normal construction
coverings) and be laid in accordance with tolerances and achieve a finished fall of
Plywood roof decks should be designed
relevant Codes of Practice. 1:80, a design fall of at least 1:50 (2.0%)
to minimise the effects of warping,
is required, if freedom from ponding on
All substrates to receive mastic asphalt shrinkage or movement of the boards.
the finished roof is to be achieved.
roofing must be true, plane and, even free Timber surrounds are necessary at eaves
from ridges, hollows and indentations. and verges. Decks of this type should be
kept dry. They should not be fixed in SCREEDS
IN SITU CONCRETE
position unless they can be covered the SAND AND CEMENT
Concrete laid in situ to receive asphalt same day. For structural deck
should have a surface free from ridges applications, plywood should comply with Some types of sub-structure require a
and indentations. To achieve this and to the relevant requirements of BS 6566, be sand and cement screed to receive the
provide adequate falls it is usually WBP bonded in accordance with BS 6566 asphalt. This should consist of 1 part
necessary to apply a sand and cement Part 8, and be at least 19mm thick. cement to 4 parts clean coarse sand by
screed. Construction water should be volume and be finished with a wooden
drained by forming temporary drainage Woodwool slabs float to a smooth surface. It should be laid
holes through the slab – Reference BS These must be of a roofing grade, in bays not exceeding 9m2 in area, to
6229. complying with BS 1105 (1981) Type SB reduce the incidence of cracking due to
fixed according to the manufacturer’s drying shrinkage. The screed should be
PRECAST CONCRETE instructions to timber joists or steel adequately cured before application of
A variety of precast deck units are purlins with all joints taped. Pre-felted or the asphalt.
available in dense or lightweight concrete un-screeded types would only be used in
PROPRIETARY SCREEDS
and these should be used and fixed in conjunction with board insulation.
accordance with the manufacturer’s Several proprietary screeds are available
METAL DECKING and all must be laid strictly in accordance
instructions.
Steel or aluminium decking with a vapour with the manufacturers’ instructions.
Precast concrete units usually require a
control layer, insulation boards and Cementitous screeds are recommended
screeded finish to take out any deck
asphalt can be laid to form a complete in order to provide a stable base to
irregularity and provide drainage falls
roof structure. When asphalt is used in receive mastic asphalt.
unless specifically excluded by the
conjunction with metal decking, the
manufacturer.
deflection should not be more than 1/325.
Construction water should be drained by The decking units are fixed in accordance
leaving the deck joints open or by forming with the manufacturer’s instructions. The
temporary drainage holes through the vapour control layer is bonded to the top
deck – Reference BS 6229. surface of the metal decking, followed by
the insulation board which is bonded in
TIMBER
hot bitumen. Timber facings to free
Where the sub-structure consists of standing metal upstands are required for
timber board, plywood, woodwool slab or the application of the asphalt finishes. For
decking units liable to slight lateral high humidity situations aluminium decks
movement a free standing splayed timber are recommended, but if steel decks are
kerb must be fixed to the sub-structure used a protective coating to both sides of
12mm clear of walls and upstands (see the deck should be specified.
detail finishes page 5).
Timber board
Timber boards to receive asphalt should
1 2
CONDENSATION AND insulation value, and possibly causing system’ described on page 16.
VAPOUR CONTROL LAYERS unsightly staining on the ceiling beneath. THERMAL INSULATION
Water vapour is always present in varying To prevent this happening a vapour check The statutory requirements for the thermal
amounts in the atmosphere, and when it or full vapour barrier should be provided Buildings other than dwellings
comes into contact with a cold surface on the underside of the insulating layer. Residential Other Dwellings
the vapour may condense into liquid. 0.35 W/m2k 0.45 W/m2k 0.35, 0.2 W/m2k*
A vapour barrier can be formed of two
insulation of roofs are set out in approved
Condensation is liable to occur on the layers of roofing felt with side and end
document L – Conservation of Fuel and Power
internal surfaces of the walls and roof of a laps fully sealed. A single 13mm thick
to the Building Regulations 1991. This
building if the temperature and humidity coat of asphalt on an underlay of glass
document requires roofs to have the following
of the air inside the building is appreciably fibre tissue can also be used as a vapour
maximum U values.
higher than the outside atmosphere, barrier (fig. 1.2). If the vapour
particularly if the walls and roof have low check/barrier is used as a temporary The statutory requirements for the thermal
thermal insulation values. waterproofing it will be necessary to insulation of roofs are set out in approved
repair any damage caused by subsequent document L – Conservation of Fuel and
In practice such condensation is
operations prior to the installation of Power to the Building Regulations 1991.
frequently more severe under the roof
insulation and waterproofing. This document requires roofs to have the
than on the walls, partly because roofs
The droplets of water formed will then following maximum U values.
often cool rapidly at night by radiation to
a clear sky and partly because, in the soak back into the insulating layer, *Dependant on Building SAP rating.
past, roofs have usually had lower thermal eventually saturating it and lowering its
These requirements are usually achieved
insulation values than walls. insulation value, and possibly causing
by the inclusion of insulation boards
unsightly staining on the ceiling beneath.
When designing a roof the problem of beneath the waterproofing in a warm
condensation must always be borne in To prevent this happening a vapour check room system or above the waterproofing
mind. In the case of a roof incorporating or full vapour barrier should be provided in a protected membrane system.
asphalt a layer of dry thermal insulation on the underside of the insulating layer. A
There are several types of insulation
material may be introduced under the vapour barrier can be formed of two
suitable for use in mastic asphalt roofing
asphalt. This layer must have sufficient layers of roofing felt with side and end
specifications. The following types are the
insulation value for its underside to remain laps fully sealed. A single 13mm thick
most frequently used. All must be laid
coat of asphalt on an underlay of glass
strictly in accordance with the
INSULATION BOARD fibre tissue can also be used as a vapour
manufacturer’s instructions.
BLACK SHEATHING FELT 20mm ASPHALT
barrier (fig. 1.2). If the vapour
check/barrier is used as a temporary CORK
waterproofing it will be necessary to
Cork is resistant to moisture and decay
repair any damage caused by subsequent
and provides a substrate of good laminar
CONDENSATION
Mastic Asphalt for Roofing (limestone FLAT ROOFS UP TO 10° action of the sun is minimised by sand
aggregate) BS 6925: 1988 Type R 988. rubbing in this way.
Roofing asphalt is normally laid in two
Although Kitemarked and covered by BSI coats, breaking joint, to a total thickness
Certification the following grades are of 20mm on an underlay of black KEYING TO SURFACES
manufactured to within much narrower sheathing felt laid loose with 50mm
CONCRETE
requirements than those set out in the lapped joints.
British Standard specification. Apply a light brush coat of High Bond
Where thermal insulation is laid beneath
Primer and allow to dry thoroughly before
Roofstar B The basic roofing the weather-proofing it is recommended
applying asphalt.
Product code 4101 grade with an that the roof pitch does not exceed 5°
BS 6925: 1988 asphaltic cement and the asphalt is given a reflective Where vertical or sloping concrete is very
Type R 988/1/B composition of surface which will minimise heat build-up smooth (e.g. where steel shuttering has
100% bitumen, been used), the surface laitence should
provides proven through solar radiation (see page 7
performance at Surface Protection). be removed by wire brush or suitable
an economic price. mechanical means to provide a
SLOPES OVER 10° AND VERTICAL satisfactory key for the asphalt. Where
Roofstar T The addition of 25%
SURFACES (EXCLUDING excessive blowing is experienced the
Product code 4012 Trinidad Lake asphalt
BS 6925: 1988 to the asphaltic SKIRTINGS) fixing of bitumen coated expanded metal
Type R 988/1/T25 cement composition lathing over black sheathing felt may be
Roofing Asphalt laid on concrete or
gives improved
screeded sub-structures of 10°–30° slope required.
laying qualities,
and greater thermal is applied in two coats to a total thickness
stability.
Note
of 20mm direct to the concrete.
Damage to asphalt and loss of key will be
SPECIAL GRADES For vertical work over 300mm and slopes caused by excessive use of mould oil.
Permanite Asphalt Ltd has specialised over 30° the asphalt is applied in three
Asphalt cannot be applied directly to
products in its Roofstar range including coats, the first coat being applied very
lightweight concrete or block work which
acid resisting material, coloured and thinly with a steel trowel or small wooden
should be rendered with a suitable sand
export grades and materials designed for float. A further two coats are then applied,
cement facing or have bitumen coated
pedestrian walkways. breaking joint, to give a total thickness of
expanded metal lathing on sheathing felt
20mm. For these applications the
Permaphalt is a specially formulated fixed at maximum 150mm centres.
concrete must be left with a roughened
polymer modified mastic asphalt
surface to form a key for the asphalt. BRICKWORK
designed to provide even higher
performance characteristics than standard In the case of sloping timber surfaces Joints in brickwork should be flush
grades of asphalt roofing. Permaphalt over 10° a layer of black sheathing felt is pointed. The surface must be cleaned and
provides increased high temperature first nailed to the timber. Bitumen primed high bond primer applied to avoid
stability coupled with low temperature expanded metal lathing is then fixed at blistering or loss of bond.
flexibility in all roofing situations, 150mm centres with galvanised clout
particularly over insulated substrates. For nails to form a key for the asphalt which is TIMBER
further details please contact our applied in three coats to a total thickness The key to vertical or sloping timber
Technical Services Department. of 20mm. surfaces is obtained by fixing expanded
SAND RUBBING metal lathing over black sheathing felt
APPLICATION OF ASPHALT fixed by nailing with extra large head
In all cases where the asphalt is laid on galvanised felt nails to BS1202 or with
The application of roofing asphalt should
flat or slightly sloping roofs, clean sharp galvanised staples at maximum 150mm
be in accordance with BS 8218 and BS
sand should be rubbed evenly into the centres.
8000: Part 4.
surface on the asphalt while it is still hot.
This rubbing breaks up the skin of The expanded metal lathing and black
bitumen brought to the surface by the sheathing felt are supplied laid and fixed
wooden float at the time of application. by the asphalter.
Gradual crazing of the surface due to the
Roofing
SKIRTINGS AND FLASHINGS Perimeter kerbs may be completed with a Where the roof fall is into an eaves gutter
g.r.p. edge trim fixed at 300mm max. the asphalt can be finished over a lead
In the case of concrete and similar sub- centres (Fig. 1.5). Alternatively, an asphalt flashing set into a rebate in the sub-
structures a two-coat asphalt skirting apron with an undercut drip may be structure. The lead must be welted at the
(nominal thickness 13mm) is necessary at formed (Fig. 1.6 and 1.7). back and the depth of the rebate must
all upstands to a minimum height of allow for a full thickness of asphalt over
150mm; a two coat angle fillet being EDGE TRIM ASPHALT
the welt. (Fig. 1.8).
formed at the junction of the vertical and
FULL THICKNESS OF
the flat. The top of the skirting is splayed SEPARATING MEMBRANE ASPHALT MAINTAINED
OVER LEAD APRON
25mm
Fig. 1.8
METAL COVER
FLASHING Alternatively, an asphalt apron or
25mm
ASPHALT
APRON
purposely made GRP Edge Trim can be
BOTTOM EDGE used.
OF CHASE
REMOVED
CHECK KERB
FORMED IN
STRUCTURE OUTLETS THROUGH PARAPET
Fig. 1.3
WALLS
Fig. 1.6
ASPHALT WITH
MINERAL CHIPPINGS METAL COVER FLASHING
ASPHALT SKIRTING
BLACK SHEATHING
FELT EXPANDED METAL LATHING
TWO-COAT ANGLE FILLET
Fig. 1.4
5 6
50mm
Fig. 1.9
HANDRAIL EXPANDED
METAL
UNDERSLATING FELT LATHING BLACK SHEATHING FELT
APRON FLASHING
50mm
TWO-COAT ANGLE FILLETS
Fig. 1.11
BLACK SHEATHING FELT
CONCRETE DECK
Fig. 1.12
Fig. 1.10
Roofing
Proprietary metal rooflight kerbs should have a SURFACE PROTECTION PROMENADE SURFACING
grooved surface to receive the mastic asphalt
A sand rubbed surface is necessary to reduce Where pedestrian traffic is anticipated a
or alternatively expanded metal lathing may be
the incidence of surface crazing, and when surfacing of tiles or paving slabs may be used.
spot welded to the kerb. If spot welding is not
asphalt is applied direct to the structural deck All tiled or paved areas must be efficiently
practical, the expanded metal lathing should be
with no insulation, further solar protection may drained as small amounts of standing water or
fixed to a timber facing over black sheathing
be omitted. dampness will lead to mould growth, or the
felt. (Fig. 1.24).
formation of ice in cold weather.
Where asphalt is laid onto efficient insulation in
Plastic curbs are also available but advice on
a warm roof construction a protective surface Falls of at least 1 in 80 are required as a
their suitability and use must be obtained from
should be applied to all flat areas using stone minimum but a design fall of 1 in 50 is
the manufacturers. It is usually recommended
chippings, promenade tiles or a suitable recommended.
that a timber facing is fixed to the kerb and
reflective coating.
treated as above. Porous concrete and GRC promenade tiles
STONE CHIPPINGS provide a lightweight surfacing. They must be
MOVEMENT JOINTS applied strictly in accordance with the
A single layer of 10–15mm dust free stone
Twin kerb movement joints are recommended manufacturer’s instructions.
chippings is normally used in order to provide
with a metal cap flashing fixed to one kerb Concrete pavings are often used as a
solar protection and will act as a permanent
only, or a capping system held by cleats or promenade surface. They may be supported
protection for the full life of the asphalt.
spring clips (Fig. 1.15). In either case suitable on felt shims or bedded in sand and cement. In
fixings should be provided to avoid penetrating When the chippings are well bonded to the
the latter instance it is first necessary to overlay
the asphalt. asphalt removal can be difficult and therefore it
the mastic asphalt with a building paper to
is better to provide a minimum bond to ensure
All ends should be boxed as necessary to allow differential movement between the
that they remain in place. This can be achieved
complete the waterproofing but still allow waterproofing and surfacing.
by using a cold applied bitumen solution.
movement. Special detail design will be An allowance for expansion is necessary and it
required to avoid the risk of increased REFLECTIVE COATINGS will usually be sufficient to set the tiles or slabs
maintenance and repair. back 75mm from the vertical at the roof
Asphalt skirtings, and all vertical areas of
The design of the structure should avoid flush perimeter and around interruptions with
asphalt roofing require protection by the use of
surface movement joints if at all possible. intermediate joints at 3m centres.
a suitable reflective paint finish, but it must be
However, proprietary systems are available for remembered that periodic repainting will be Proprietary plastic corner supports are also
this application and specialist advice is required. used to support concrete slabs and, by
necessary. separating the promenade surfacing from the
asphalt, allow rapid dispersal of surface water,
METAL CLEATS FIXED IN CONCRETE METAL HOOD and easy access for inspection and repair.
These can, however, cause severe indentation
in a warm roof specification and their use
13mm should therefore be restricted to the protected
BLACK SHEATHING ASPHALT TO KERB
FELT membrane system or uninsulated decks.
TWO-COAT
20mm ASPHALT
ANGLE FILLET
Fig. 1.15
7 8
CONCRETE DECKS
LAYER OF STONE
CHIPPINGS
IN BITUMEN BASED
ADHESIVE COMPOUND
20mm TWO-COAT
ROOFSTAR MASTIC
ASPHALT
SEPARATING LAYER OF
LOOSE-LAID BLACK
SHEATHING FELT
CONCRETE DECKS
METAL HOOD
BLACK
SHEATHING
13mm TWO COAT FELT
ASPHALT TO
COPING CONCRETE
UPSTAND
DAMP-PROOF COURSE
13mm TWO-COAT
ASPHALT
150mm
MINIMUM TREATMENT OF PROJECTION
REFLECTIVE PAINT FINISH Fig. 1.20 THROUGH ROOF WITH UPSTAND
SOLAR REFLECTIVE CHIPPINGS
20mm TWO-COAT
ASPHALT
SHEATHING FELT G.R.P. TRIM 20mm TWO-COAT ASPHALT
SEPARATING
MEMBRANE
BOARD INSULATION 13mm TWO-COAT ASPHALT
CONCRETE DECK
SCREED TO FALLS
20mm THREE-
FLASHING
COAT ASPHALT
METAL TACKS AT
CONCRETE LEFT ROUGH TO
750 MAX
RECEIVE ASPHALT
INTERVALS
SEPARATING
MEMBRANE
ASPHALT APRON AND
Fig. 1.23 DRIP TO EXTERNAL GUTTER
TIMBER
FACING
13mm TWO
FRAME FIXED ON SUITABLE BEDDING SEPARATING COAT ASPHALT
AFTER COMPLETION OF ASPHALT MEMBRANE TO PRIMED
20mm TWO-COAT BASE
WATER BAR
ASPHALT 150mm
13mm TWO-COAT MIN
ASPHALT
CONCRETE KERB
SURFACE OF CONCRETE
ROUGHENED OR PRIMED
150mm MIN
VAPOUR CHECK
WHERE REQUIRED
SUSPENDED CEILING
INSULATION BOARD
BONDED IN HOT
BITUMEN
VAPOUR CHECK OR
VAPOUR BARRIER AS
REQUIRED
Fig. 1.31 NO INSULATION ABOVE DECK
20mm THREE-COAT
ASPHALT
150mm
MIN
VAPOUR CONTROL
EXPANDED METAL LATHING
LAYER
FREE-STANDING TIMBER KERB
SEPARATING MEMBRANE
ASPHALT TO GUTTER IN
Fig. 1.34 WOODWOOL ROOF DECK
SUPPORT LEG
ROOF TILES Fig. 1.35 CHECK KERB AND G.R.P. EDGE TRIM
TILT
FILLET
SUPPOR
T BLACK
SHEATHING
VAPOUR
FELT
CONTROL
TIMBER SEPARATING
LAYER
BATTEN MEMBRANE
INSULATION
TIMBER
FACING
Fig. 1.38
SKIRTING TO METAL ROOFLIGHT OR VENTILATOR KERB
20mm THREE-COAT
ASPHALT ON EXPANDED METAL
LATHE AND BLACK SHEATHING EXPANDED
FELT METAL LATHING
Fig. 1.36 ASPHALT APRON AND DRIP
150mm
20mm TWO-COAT ASPHALT MIN FREE
STANDING
TIMBER KERB
20mm TWO-COAT ASPHALT
EXPANDED METAL LATHING
20mm THREE-COAT
ASPHALT
Fig. 1.37
ASPHALT APRON AND DRIP TO EXTERNAL GUTTER
13 14
METAL DECKING
COPING
DAMP-PROOF COURSE
LAYER OF STONE
CHIPPINGS
IN BITUMEN BASED
ADHESIVE COMPOUND SLATE OR SIMILAR
CAVITY CLOSER
20mm TWO-COAT
ROOFSTAR MASTIC DAMP-PROOF COURSE
ASPHALT TO DRAIN INTERNALLY
OR EXTERNALLY
VAPOUR CHECK OR
VAPOUR BARRIER AS
REQUIRED
METAL TROUGH
DECKING LAID TO
FALLS
METAL DECKING
BOARD INSULATION
Fig. 1.40 WARM ROOF
BLACK SHEATHING FELT
SEPARATING MEMBRANE
ASPHALT SKIRTING TO
Fig. 1.41 BRICK PARAPET AND METAL DECK
PRESSED METAL
PROFILE FILLER
COVER FLASHING
20mm THREE-COAT
ASPHALT
150mm 20mm TWO-COAT
MIN ASPHALT
PRESSED
METAL
CLOSURES
EXTERNAL
CLADDING
INTERNAL LINING
METAL DECKING
METAL ROOFLIGHT OR VENTILATOR
KERB
EXTERNAL CLADDING
EXPANDED METAL LATHING
20mm THREE-COAT ASPHALT
150mm
20mm TWO-COAT ASPHALT MIN
20mm THREE-COAT
ASPHALT
PRESSED 150mm 20mm TWO-COAT
METAL MIN ASPHALT
UPSTAND AND
TIMBER
CLOSURES
FACING
150mm
20mm TWO-COAT ASPHALT MIN
AIR SPACE
NON-COMBUSTIBLE
INSULATION
20mm THREE-COAT
ASPHALT
EXTERNAL GUTTER
Fig. 1.45
ASPHALT APRON AND DRIP TO EXTERNAL GUTTER
15 16
ROOF
RIGID METAL FLASHING
Consideration should be given to this
form of construction especially where
high thermal insulation is required.
150mm MIN
13mm TWO-COAT
The basic difference between the ASPHALT
TO PRIMED BASE
LOADING LAYER OF
GRAVEL
OR COMPRESSED
Protected Membrane Roof (also known as CONCRETE
PAVING SLABS
NON-WOVEN
Protected Membrane Roof systems, loose POLYESTER FLEECE
periods, giving considerable thermal To aid drainage, the asphalt membrane SEPARATING LAYER
OF LOOSE-LAID BLACK
SHEATHING FELT
stability to the roofdeck system. should be overlaid with a non-woven SAND AND CEMENT
SCREED TO FALLS
polyester fleece layer – 130-140g/m2 with
• It is the ideal solution to the control of
lap joints of 250-300mm. eg. Terram IN SITU CAST DENSE
CONCRETE SLAB OR
condensation problems. PRECAST
1000. LIGHTWEIGHT
CONCRETE DECK
UNITS
100mm precast
lightweight
concrete units 50mm 75mm 140mm
Roofing
POROUS CONCRETE OR
G.R.C. PROMENADE TILES CONCRETE TILES SET
FIXED IN ACCORDANCE BACK 75mm AT
WITH MANUFACTURERS PERIMETERS
INSTRUCTIONS
CEMENT MORTAR
20mm TWO-COAT BEDDING
ROOFSTAR MASTIC
ASPHALT
CONCRETE OR
SUITABLE
ALTERNATIVE
13mm SINGLE-COAT
ROOFSTAR MASTIC
ASPHALT
GLASS FIBRE TISSUE BRICKWORK
SEPARATING
CEMENT MORTAR POINTING
MEMBRANE
SAND AND CEMENT
SCREED LAID TO FALLS
CONCRETE OR
SUITABLE ALTERNATIVE
* EDGE DETAILING AS
ROOF CAR PARK SECOND ANGLE FILLET
SPECIFICATION, PAVING
SECTION PAGE 5 INFILL WITH ROOFING ASPHALT
PREPARATION PAGE 1
Introduction
Mastic asphalt, when used on underground structures, provides a continuous
waterproof lining or ‘tanking’ to walls, floors and foundations, constructed in
direct contact with the earth. In addition mastic asphalt is used for lining
structures in water and sewage treatment works.
When fully confined it will provide an effective barrier to the transmission of
water from the ground for the design life of the structure in which it is
incorporated.
Acid resisting mastic asphalt tanking can also be used to line bund walls and
emergency catchment areas where corrosive liquids are involved.
Tanking
TYPES OF MASTIC ASPHALT The part of the structure on the inner side as a damp-proof course.
of the asphalt membrane must be
Mastic Asphalt for Tanking and Damp- CONTINUITY OF ASPHALT
capable of withstanding the water
proof Courses (limestone aggregate) BS MEMBRANE
pressure to which it may be subjected
6925: 1988 Type T 1097.
from outside after the building is The structure must be designed so that
Although Kitemarked and covered by BSI completed. (The pressure of water in kN the asphalt membrane forms a tank up to
Certification the following grades are per m2 at any depth is 9.8 times the damp-course level without any breaks for
manufactured to within much narrower number of metres below water level.) In stanchion bases, staircases, doorways or
requirements than those set out in the addition earth pressure must be allowed other openings.
British Standard specification. for.
Any openings for the passage of service
Permanite Asphalt manufactures an Acid SURFACE PREPARATION pipes, drains, etc. may allow the
Resisting Grade of Mastic Asphalt penetration of water since such openings
Tanking for situations where contact with Horizontal surfaces to which mastic
are not easily made watertight. If features
acidic substances would occur. Please asphalt tanking is to be applied should be
of this kind cannot be avoided, provision
contact Technical Services for more level and free from irregularities such as
must be made for all pipes to receive a
information. ridges, dips, fins or concrete or mortar
sleeve of asphalt in two coats, before they
droppings. The surface of the concrete
are fixed in place by the main contractor,
Tankstar B The most economic should, therefore, be given a wood-
to enable the asphalter to form fillets
Product Code 4301 tanking grade with an floated finish and be laid plane and true to
round pipes (Fig 2.5).
6925: 1988 asphaltic cement allow the specified thickness of mastic
Type T 1097/1/B composition of 100% asphalt to be applied uniformly. PUMPING
bitumen.
Brickwork and concrete surfaces It is essential that the site should be kept
Tankstar T The addition of 25% provided by timber shuttering are usually dry until the basement structure is
Product code 4302 Trinidad Lake asphalt to sufficiently rough to provide an adequate completed. For this purpose, dewatering
BS 6925: 1988 the asphaltic cement key for vertical asphalt. Smooth surfaces or pumping from carefully arranged
Type T composition gives do not give a good key and if these sumps with appropriate drainage
1097/1/T25 improved laying qualities
cannot be avoided technical advice channels should be continuous whilst the
and greater thermal
should be sought on the appropriate laying of the mastic asphalt membrane is
stability.
treatment. in progress and until all loading coats
have hardened and the structure has
External angles of concrete or brickwork
PREPARATION must be rounded off to allow the full
developed sufficient strength to resist the
full water pressure.
FOUNDATIONS thickness of asphalt to be applied.
the other surface of structural walls and the inner surface of structural walls and
50mm PROTECTIVE REINFORCED
the upper surface of a concrete base. the upper surface of a concrete base. SAND AND CEMENT
SCREED
CONCRETE LOADING
COAT
The excavations should be taken out, When excavating for the underground
allowing a minimum of 600mm working structure approximately 300mm should
space outside the walls. A sound be allowed outside the line of the walls
concrete base must be provided and and damp earth before the application of
extended to give a 150mm set-off beyond the asphalt. The concrete base and the
the outside line of the structural walls, to walls must be structurally sound, whether
30mm ASPHALT CONCRETE SUB-BASE
enable an angle fillet to be formed of concrete or brickwork, and the walls TWO-COAT ANGLE FILLETS
asphalt. Immediately after the horizontal ground level. 40mm MORTAR INFILL
asphalt has been laid a protective sand 20mm ASPHALT IN THREE COATS
The horizontal asphalt membrane is laid APPLIED TO STRUCTURAL WALL
and cement screed, at least 50mm thick, 50mm PROTECTIVE SAND 30mm ASPHALT
to the concrete base and vertical apshalt AND CEMENT SCREED IN THREE COATS
masonry it should not abut directly mortar to prevent any voids occurring
against the asphalt but should be set between the asphalt and the brickwork. Fig. 2.3
INTERNAL ASPHALT TANKING
WITH CONCRETE LOADING COAT
back 40mm away from the vertical The presence of such voids can cause
asphalt and the space flushed up course fractures to occur in the asphalt when the
by course with mortar. (Fig 2.2) The pressure of water is applied.
vertical asphalt should be taken up at
least 150mm above ground level.
Tanking
MINIMUM
600mm
Stage 4
TANK LININGS
When a sump or manhole is not in a
tanked area and is lined with mastic
asphalt the frequent discharge of hot
liquids combined with appreciable
fluctuations in the level of the liquid in the
tank may cause slumping of the lining.
Provision should be made to provide
permanent structural support for the
mastic asphalt in the form of an inner
brickwork lining.
Contents
BASES PAGE 1
Introduction
Flooring mastic asphalts are manufactured to achieve performancecharacteristics
from light domestic use through to heavy industrial duty and can be a self finished
flooring or an underlay for tiles, carpeting, etc. A mastic asphalt floor provides a
hard wearing, durable surface which will resist the passage of dampness and which
can be brought into service as soon as it has cooled to ambient temperature.
The finish to mastic asphalt flooring is normally laid with a matt or natural float finish.
Red variants are available throughout the Floorstar range.
Flooring
Most forms of solid construction will A thin coat of bituminous primer must be Floorstar M to BS 6925: 1988
provide a suitable base for Permanite applied by the asphalter after the surface
Type F 1076/2/111/B Product code 4217
flooring asphalts. has been prepared. The asphalt is laid
direct without the use of a separating Heavy Duty
CONCRETE membrane and to compensate for
Floorstar H to BS 6925: 1988
Concrete surfaces, free from cracks or deflection a 10mm roofing or tanking layer
indentation, provide an excellent base for should be specified as a cushion coat. Type F 1076/2/1V/B Product code 4208
the application of flooring asphalt. They SEPARATING MEMBRANE Grades L, M and H are available with
should be designed and constructed in 25% Trinidad Lake asphalt which
The purpose of a black sheathing felt or
accordance with the recommendations in provides improved laying properties
glass fibre separating membrane is to
BS 8204: Part 1. If the concrete surface is
isolate the mastic asphalt from the base
old and cracked it is necessary to use a SPECIAL GRADES
to allow for any relative movement
separating membrane between the Permanite Asphalt has specialised
between them. It also helps to prevent the
asphalt and the concrete. In the case of products in its Floorstar range. Detailed
formation of blisters and ‘blowing’ of
uneven concrete a levelling coat of below are a number of applications which
asphalt.
asphalt or sand cement screed may be can be catered for.
necessary. The separating membrane is laid loose
with 50mm laps. Acid and chemical-resisting asphalts.
CONCRETE BEAMS AND HOLLOW
Correct selection of the separating Asphalts can be manufactured to
TILES
membrane is very important and full withstand certain acids and other
Where the base on which the flooring details are to be found in this section chemicals. Details of the chemicals, their
asphalt is to be laid is of precast concrete under Typical Specifications on page 3. concentrations and working temperatures
beams, hollow beams or hollow tiles, a must be provided. For further details
sand and cement screed designed in please contact our Technical Services
TYPES OF MASTIC ASPHALT
accordance with Department.
BS 8204: Part 1 may be required. Mastic Asphalt for Flooring (limestone
aggregate) Oil-resistance
STONE FLAGS, QUARRY TILES OR
BS 6925: 1988 Type F 1076 and Type F Where resistance to mineral oil
BRICK FLOORS
1451. contamination is required, please contact
Old floors of these types can form a good Technical Services.
base to receive asphalt flooring. However, Although Kitemarked and covered by BSI
it may be necessary to provide a levelling Certification the following grades are Cold storage
coat of asphalt to take up irregularities in manufactured to within much narrower
Special asphalts are available to suit the
the surface. requirement than those set out in the
conditions found in cold rooms and
British Standard specification.
refrigerators.
TIMBER BOARDING
STANDARD GRADES
Asphalt can be laid over timber boarded Gritless asphalt
floors providing the structure is free from Special Hard Special grades can be supplied for
deflection. Minor deflection can be Floorstar S to BS 6925: 1988 flooring in factories where explosives are
catered for by the inclusion of a 10mm handled and the use of a spark-proof
cushion coat of roofing or tanking asphalt. Type F 1076/2/1 Product code 4200
material is essential.
In all cases a separating membrane of
Light Duty
black sheathing felt is required. Coloured asphalts
Floorstar L to BS 6925: 1988
Where a decorative finish is required, for
Type F 1076/2/11/B Product code 4201 example in domestic premises, offices,
schools and hospitals, Permanite flooring
asphalts can be supplied in red
throughout the Floorstar range.
Coloured asphalts coat being an underlay of roofing or DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
tanking asphalt. (See page 5 Suspended
Where a decorative finish is required, for To help ensure accurate tendering the
Floors).
example in domestic premises, offices, following information should be provided
schools and hospitals, Permanite flooring FALLS TO CLEAR WATER by the specifier:
asphalts can be supplied in red
Where wet processes or regular cleaning I. Use to which floor will be put and
throughout the Floorstar range.
of the floor is a user requirement it is nature of heaviness of traffic.
FLOORING FOR UNHEATED essential that careful consideration be II. Loaded weight of trolleys, if any, stating
BUILDINGS given to the provision of adequate falls to size of wheels and type of tyre.
channels and gullies to prevent ponding.
Many internal floor areas fall outside the III. Maximum weight of standing loads
categories previously mentioned in that Falls are essential where acid and and area of contact with floor.
the buildings are unheated or subject to chemical resistant mastic asphalt is laid,
IV. Details of any acids, other chemicals,
rapid changes in temperature e.g. sports in order to facilitate washing down. In
greases, oils or solutions, including
halls and warehouses. shower rooms similar provisions are
concentration and temperature, which
required.
For these applications special may come into contact with the floor.
flooring/paving grades are available which PROTECTION OF THE SURFACE
V. Temperature of building if above or
are less sensitive to temperature
The floor should not be subjected to below normal.
variations.
traffic until the
This is particularly relevant on suspended
For advice on individual specifications
mastic asphalt has cooled to ambient floor applications where the slab may
contact Technical Services.
temperature. The finished asphalt surface attain a relatively high temperature.
APPLICATION OF ASPHALT
should be protected against
Mastic asphalt is a thermoplastic material.
The application of flooring asphalt should
damage from following trades and special Its resistance to indentation will be
be in accordance with BS 8204: Part 5.
care should be taken to avoid spillage of reduced with increase in temperature. As
PREPARATION solvents, diesel fuel or paints. they are liable to be damaged at very low
temperatures, flooring grades should
If the asphalt is delivered in blocks and Concrete, mortar, cement grout or plaster
never be laid externally.
melted down on site any additional should not be mixed directly on the
coarse aggregate is incorporated at this flooring. VI. Details of floor finishes e.g. non-slip
stage. Alternatively the asphalt can be surface etc.
delivered molten in a mobile mixer in
VII. Any falls or drainage facilities
which case any coarse aggregate is
required.
incorporated at the factory.
VIII. Details of applied finishes and
LAYING adhesives.
The area to be covered is divided into IX. Details of fixtures and fittings,
bays of convenient size. The molten particularly where these penetrate the
asphalt is then spread by means of a asphalt.
wooden float. Timber or metal gauges are
used to obtain the required thickness.
SEPARATING
specifier to select the correct grade of MEMBRANE III. Where the area to be covered requires
mastic asphalt flooring and the SAND AND CEMENT
SCREED OR multiple bays, these should be laid
LEVELLING COAT OF
MASTIC ASPHALT IF
appropriate type of separating membrane. REQUIRED alternately to minimise the area of flooring
BASE-CONCRETE,
STONE FLAGS,
QUARRY TILES, cooling at any one time. In such cases,
This list is by no means comprehensive BRICKS OR TIMBER
BOARDING
the remaining bays should not be laid
and Technical Services can advise on any
until the contiguous ones have cooled to
situation not represented in the following
an ambient temperature.
pages.
IV. The laying should be planned so that
SPECIAL HARD (FLOORSTAR S) Fig. 3.1 SPECIAL HARD FLOORING the asphalt is not pinned in any way
Suitable for the following: thickness in one coat. during the cooling period. Pinning is likely
to occur at door thresholds and changes
HOSPITAL WARDS, SCHOOLS, SHOP Product code 4200
in wall direction that give an internal angle
FLOORS to take movable racks,
BS 6925: 1988 Type F 1076/2/1 to the asphalt, or around stanchions,
OFFICES, DOMESTIC FLOORS (see note
As Floorstar S is designed for use in pipes, machine bases, etc. Appropriately
1) and SHOWROOMS (see note 2).
relatively high temperatures (25°-35°C) positioned battens, set slightly away from
Note 1. For domestic floors mastic the vertical surface involved, will allow
special care must be taken during laying.
asphalt flooring may be used as a finished free movement of the asphalt at these
floor but as it is affected by fats, grease The following practices are recommended points, the asphalting to be completed
and vegetable oils it is intended only as in the application of Floorstar S. after the removal of the battens.
an underlay to carpets, tiles etc. in I. The base to receive the asphalt must be
kitchens. sound and of a sufficiently even and
Note 2. For commercial showrooms accurate finish to permit the laying of the
subject to rapid asphalt to constant thickness without
changes of temperature (e.g. areas with ‘bridging’.
large sliding doors), it II. Special Hard grade asphalts are more
is important that the specifier should susceptible to the effects of thermal
contact Technical Services. shock and must not be laid in open or
unheated buildings when the ambient
Note 3. The surface can either be sand-
temperature is below 10°C or likely to fall
rubbed or natural float finished.
below this value subsequent to laying.
Specify Floorstar S – laid 15-20mm Rapid or uneven cooling caused by
BASE-CONCRETE,
thickness in one coat.
STONE FLAGS,
Note 2. The surface can either be sand- QUARRY TILES,
BRICKS OR TIMBER
BOARDING Product code 4217
rubbed or natural float finished.
BS 6925: 1988 Type F 1076/2/111/B
Specify Floorstar L – laid 15-20mm
thickness in one coat. A variant of Floorstar M is manufactured
for use in postal sorting offices. For
Product code 4201 Fig. 3.3 MEDIUM DUTY FLOORING
details contact Technical Services.
BS 6925: 1988 Type F 1076/2/11/B
finish.
acidic detergent etc., contact Technical Fig. 3.5 SUSPENDED FLOOR – WET PROCESS
Services.
washing.
GLAZED TILES
MORTAR POINTING
ROOFING ASPHALT FLOORING ASPHALT
SKIRTING TURNED
INTO CHASE GLASS FIBRE
ANGLE FILLET
WALL TILING
ASPHALT TO FLOOR CHANNELS WITH METAL
Fig. 3.11 GRATINGS
ONE-COAT ROOFING ASPHALT 8mm
FLOORING ASPPHALT
thin vinyl sheeting and cork etc.
asphalt contractor should be established
One of the main advantages in selecting when these materials are used as floor
Floorstar as an underlay is that the finishes.
TREATMENT FOR TILE TREADS AND RISERS IN
Fig. 3.12 SHOWER BATHS
desired floor finish may be laid within a
FLOOR FINISH ADHESIVES
few hours of application of the mastic
HEATING APPLIANCES asphalt, eliminating waiting time for the It is important that the adhesive used is
floor screed and concrete floor to dry out. recommended by the manufacturer of the
Appliances such as boilers in kitchens floor finish material and is also compatible
should be set on quarry tiles or concrete In the case of refurbishment of existing
with mastic asphalt flooring when applied
standings leaving a margin of about properties it is possible to lay mastic
direct. Any new adhesives should be
300mm around the unit. In such cases a asphalt on one day and lay the carpets on
checked to establish whether they are
chase should be formed in the concrete the next, causing minimum disturbance to
suitable before being used in conjunction
foundation into which the asphalt can be the occupants of the building.
with mastic asphalt. A latex screed may
turned. be required on top of the asphalt prior to
BRICKWORK, BLOCKWORK OR CONCRETE application of floor covering.
CONTINUITY OF DAMPCOURSE PLASTER OR OTHER FINISH
SKIRTING BOARD
In the case of new buildings the flexible SHEET OR TILE DECORATIVE FINISH APPLIED USING BRICKWORK, BLOCKWORK OR CONCRETE
AN ADHESIVE COMPATIBLE WITH ASPHALT
PLASTER OR OTHER FINISH
DPC used in the walls is continued over APPROPRIATE THICKNESS OF FLOORING GRADE
ASPHALT WITH EITHER SAND RUBBED OR NATURAL SKIRTING BOARD
FLOAT FINISH AS REQUIRED
the separating membrane to connect with WOOD BLOCK FLOORING BEDDED TO
ASPHALT UNDERLAY WITH BITUMEN OR OTHER
SUITABLE ADHESIVE
SEPARATING MEMBRANE
the mastic asphalt flooring. IF REQUIRED APPROPRIATE THICKNESS OR FLOORING GRADE
ASPHALT WITH EITHER SAND RUBBED FINISH
CONCRETE OR OTHER
DECK WITH THE
When an existing building is being EQUIVALENT OF A WOOD
FLOAT FINISH
SEPARATING MEMBRANE
IF REQUIRED
SEPARATING MEMBRANE
IF REQUIRED
CONCRETE OR OTHER
DECK WITH THE
EQUIVALENT OF A WOOD
FLOAT FINISH
ASPHALT FLOORING WITH CERAMIC
Fig. 3.15 TILE FINISH
MOVEMENT JOINTS REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE
Allowance should be made for movement A mastic asphalt flooring requires
joints in mastic asphalt flooring where periodic, routine attention to obtain the
such joints are incorporated in the base maximum service and to maintain the
on which the asphalt is applied. best decorative effects. The user should
be guided by the advice of the asphalt
Where floors will be cleaned by washing
manufacturer or a reliable flooring
down, or are in wet process areas,
contractor in the selection of suitable
movement joints should not be located at
cleaning agents and polishes for the
low points of falls or near to gullies or
maintenance of the floor finish. Polishes
channels.
should be of the emulsion type, free from
If a proprietary movement joint system is solvents. Polishes in which wax is
used it is essential to ensure that it is prepared in a paste form with a solvent
capable of accepting the expected type should not be used.
of traffic and degree of movement, that
Superficial dirt can normally be removed
the materials of which it is made are
by washing or scrubbing with warm water
compatible with mastic asphalt and that a
and suitable detergents. Where there is
secure and watertight joint can be made
much dirt on the flooring, the addition of a
between the movement joint and the
small quantity of washing soda to the
combined mastic asphalt waterproofing
warm water may be desirable. After the
and flooring.
dirt has been removed the floor should be
Where joints in the concrete base or mopped with clean water. It is essential
screed are liable to move, they should be that all oils, fats and greases be removed
carried through the base and/or screed as soon as possible.
and the mastic asphalt to the floor surface
When hosing down, a constant water
by means of a proprietary movement joint
temperature should be maintained with
profile. These vary in depth and thickness.
the water temperature not exceeding
Movement joint profiles should also be
40°C.
used between mastic asphalt and other
types of flooring, and centrally over All repair work to a mastic asphalt surface
supporting beams and walls of must be performed by a specialist mastic
suspended floors. asphalt contractor. If it is necessary to
remove an area of mastic asphalt, the
lines of the cuts should be covered with
6mm ANGLE CUT DOWN TO SUITE & BEDDED
IN EPOXY MORTAR
15 ARBOKOL 2150 FLOORSTAR molten mastic asphalt until the underlying
POLYSULPHIDE
SEALANT
material has softened. The asphalt should
15
RAMPS PAGE 4
Introduction
Mastic asphalt paving is more resistant to wear and deformation than hot
rolled asphalt and can be used to surface walkways, car ports, HGV Service
decks as well as heavily stressed areas such as loading bays.
Although commonly used externally, mastic asphalt paving is an ideal internal
surfacing material for unheated buildings.
Paving
X INTERNAL DECKS
STANDARD GRADES
Where a floor in a multi-storey car park is
Percentage of
SPECIAL GRADES to be subjected to wet conditions, such
coarse aggregate as hosing down, it is necessary for an
Permanite Asphalt also manufactures
Coarse Aggregate underlay of roofing asphalt to be laid
special grades in its Pavestar range, to
Use Thickness % by Size before the paving asphalt is applied.
include:
Weight mm
The roofing asphalt is laid to a thickness
RED ROAD paving – BRIDGE DECK
Footpaths 20mm 20 3 of 10mm in a single coat on a separating
paving – MILITARY TANK paving – ACID 30mm 30 3
membrane of glass fibre tissue. The
RESISTING paving. Road
Surfacing 40mm 45 10 paving asphalt is laid 25mm or 30mm
The Permapark range of Polymer Car Parks 25mm 30 6 thick in one coat direct to the roofing
modified car pack systems has been 30mm 35 10
asphalt (Fig. 4.2). Asphalt skirtings and
developed to meet the demands of Loading Bays 40mm 45 10
angle fillets are completed in the normal
modern construction. Permapark offers way with roofing asphalt.
total compatibility between the The mass of coarse aggregate has to be
On internal levels not subjected to wet
waterproofing and paving elements with deducted from the tonnage of as-laid
conditions the paving asphalt and
even higher performance characteristics material required to give the mass of
separating membrane are generally laid
than British Standard grades. mastic blocks required.
direct to the structural deck without a
For further details please contact roofing underlay (Fig. 4.3).
Technical Services.
INSULATED DECKS
25-30mm SINGLE COAT
PAVESTAR MASTIC High density extruded polystyrene insulation is
ASPHALT
20mm TWO-COAT
ROOFSTAR MASTIC
laid direct to the float finished structural base.
ASPHALT
Boards are loose laid and tightly butted at all
GLASS FIBRE TISSUE
SEPARATING
MEMBRANE
joints and to abutments. A 75mm overlay of
lytag/sand concrete grade 20, is used with a
IN-SITU OR PRECAST
CONCRETE DECK TO
wood float finished surface, reinforced with
FALLS
steel wire mesh to BS4483 type A 142 at mid-
height of the concrete overlay. A minimum
150mm overlap between sheets and wire ties
at 600mm maximum centres is required.
10mm SINGLE-COAT
ROOFSTAR MASTIC 25-30mm SINGLE COAT
ASPHALT PAVESTAR MASTIC
ASPHALT
GLASS FIBRE TISSUE
GLASS FIBRE TISSUE
SEPARATING
SEPARATING MEMBRANE
MEMBRANE
IN-SITU OR PRECAST
CONCRETE DECK TO
FALLS IN-SITU OR PRE-CAST
CONCRETE DECK TO
FALLS
LOW RISK EXPOSED DECKS OR INTERNAL Fig. 4.3 INTERNAL LEVELS OF MULTI-STOREY
LEVELS OF MULTI-STOREY CAR PARKS – CAR PARKS – DRY CONDITIONS
Fig. 4.2 WET CONDITIONS
25-30mm SINGLE
COAT PAVESTAR
MASTIC ASPHALT
75MM LYTAG/SAND
CONCRETE GRADE 20,
WITH A 142 STEEL WIRE
MESH REINFORCED AT
MID-HEIGHT
50mm
EXTRUDED
POLYSTYRENE
INSULATION BOARD
IN SITU OR PRECAST
CONCRETE DECK TO
FALLS
STANDING
100mm LYTAG/SAND
CONCRETE GRADE
20, WITH A 142 STEEL
ACCESS STANDING AND LOADING AREAS FOR WIRE MESH
Fig. 4.5 HEAVY VEHICLES
REINFORCED AT MID-
HEIGHT
50mm EXTRUDED
POLYSTYRENE
INSULATION BOARD
IN SITU OR PRECAST
CONCRETE DECK TO
FALLS
Where the ramp is inside the building, Pre-coated chippings should be rolled
paving asphalt is laid 25mm thick direct into the surface in heavy vehicle standing
to the concrete base but where the ramp Fig. 4.7 MASTIC ASPHALT CAR PARK RAMPS and loading areas to improve resistance
(WET CONDITIONS)
is required to be waterproof it is to indentation, in this case the paving
necessary to provide an underlay of 25mm SINGLE COAT would not be sand rubbed. However an
PAVESTAR MASTIC
ASPHALT
roofing asphalt in one coat 15mm thick uneven scatter of chippings must be
WARMING ELEMENTS
(Fig 4.7). IN SAND AND
CEMENT SCREED
accepted making this finish less attractive
than the alternatives.
Where warming elements are to be 20mm TWO-COAT
ROOFSTAR MASTIC
ASPHALT
included in the construction these must Where the individual wheel load is likely to
be embedded in a layer of sand and IN SITU OR PRECAST
exceed 3 tonnes pre-coated chippings
CONCRETE DECK
cement and not in the asphalt. In such WITH
CROSS TAMPED must always be specified.
SURFACE
CONCRETE DECK
TWO-COAT ANGLE FILLETS PAVING ASPHALT 30-40mm PAVING ASPHALT
20mm TWO-COAT ROOFING ASPHALT
20mm SUITABLE GRATING
100mm MARGIN OF 13mm TWO-COAT ROOFSTAR
ROOFING ASPHALT GLASS FIBRE TISSUE ROOFING ASPHALT
STEEL 20mm TWO-COAT
REINFORCEMENT ROOFING ASPHALT
IN CHANNEL
50mm
PAVING ASPHALT
TWO-COAT ANGLE FILLETS
20mm
100mm MARGIN OF GLASS FIBRE ROOFING ASPHALT
ROOFING ASPHALT TISSUE
LYTAG/SAND
CONCRETE
EXTRUDED
POLYSTYRENE
BOARD
STRUCTURAL
DECK TO FALLS
EDGE DETAIL FOR ROOF CAR PARKS AND
Fig. 4.10 H.G.V. AREAS (INSULATED)
BALCONIES AND TERRACES REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE
Refer to Roofing Section page 17. Good housekeeping will ensure that
FOOTPATHS AND gullies and gutters are kept free from
PROMENADES leaves and debris and that damage
resulting from abuse is quickly reported
Normally laid at 20-30mm thickness direct
and repairs effected. In addition, an
to concrete on suitable base with 20%-
annual inspection should be made paying
30% of 3mm aggregate.
particular attention to mortar pointing and
Surface finish is usually sand rubbed or cover flashings, expansion joints,
crimped. supports to crash barriers etc., and
EXTERNAL LOADING BAYS paving bay joints.