Module 1

Psychometric properties of
air & Psychometric
processes.

Part 1 1
 1 Psychometrics
• The atmosphere is a mixture of air (oxygen
and nitrogen) and water vapor.
• Psychometric is the study of moist air and the
changes in its conditions.
• The psychometric chart graphically
represents the interrelation of air
temperature and moisture content

Part 1 2
Part 1 3
 Symbols
• db- Dry bulb • mo - Fresh air mass flow
temperature , ºC rate, kg/s.
• wb- wet bulb • ms - Mass flow rate
temperature , ºC through the coil ,kg/s.
• DP. - Dew point • mI - Return flow rate
temperature , ºC from the room ,kg/s.
• ,w - Humidity ratio , • H.C.C.- Heating coil
kg/kg dry air capacity, ( Kw) ,C.C.C –
• R.H.- Relative humidity % Cooling coil capacity .
• h1 – Specific enthalpy of • R.S.H.F.- Room Sensible
air before coil ,Kj/kg. heat factor, A.S.H.F.-
• h2 – Specific enthalpy of Apparatus Sensible heat
air after coil ,Kj/kg. factor & ν Specific
Part 1 volume , m3 /Kg dry air4
Properties of Air
„ Dry-bulb temperature
„ Wet-bulb temperature
„ Dew-point temperature
„ Relative humidity
„ Humidity ratio

Part 1 5
 Thermometers

Dry Bulb

Measured in
degrees
Fahrenheit (oF)

Wet Bulb
6
Wet, dry & Dew point temperatures
„ DP. - Dew point temperature , ºC
At this point, condensation commences and dew begins to
form.

„ db- Dry bulb temperature, is the actual air

temperature in ºC

„ wb- wet bulb temperature, ºC

If a stream of unsaturated air flows past a thermometer
having a wetted cloth sleeve, the temperature recorded
will be less than the actual air temperature. This is, of
course, due to the heat transfer from the wetted sleeve
caused by evaporation of the water. This depressed
temperature is called the wet bulb temperature.

Part 1 7
Dew Point „ Condensation
occurs at the Dew
Point Temperature

Part 1 8
Saturation

„ Fog

100% RH - Saturated

Part 1 9
 Humidity Ratio

Humidity Ratio (specific humidity )

mv
w=
ma
w = Mass of water vapor / mass of dry air [ Kg / Kg dry air ]

Part 1 10
 Relative Humidity RH
• Relative Humidity expressed as a
percentage of the ratio between the actual
water vapor pressure (Pv) of an air sample
and the maximum water vapor pressure
(Pv,max) it could sustain at the same
temperature.
Pv ,a
Re lative Humidity =
Pv ,max
actual partial pressure
= ×100
Maximum water vapor pressure

Part 1 11
 Psychometric chart.
• The following air properties can be
obtained from the chart
1) Bulb Temperature.
2) Wet Bulb Temperature.
3) Dew Point Temperature.
4) Specific Humidity.
5) Relative Humidity.
6) Specific Volume.
Part 1 12
 Wet bulb
temperature Relative
Humidity

Enthalpy

Humidity ratio
Specific
volume

Dry bulb temperature

Part 1 13
 Air Conditions on the
Psychrometric Chart
22
0
20
0
18
Humidity Ratio (grains/lb of dry air)

0
16
0
14
0
12
0
10 dew point
0
80 humidity ratio
60

40 wet bulb
dry bulb
20 relative humidity
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
Part 1 14
Dry-Bulb Temperature (°F)
 Saturation line
• Constant dry bulb temperature lines
• Constant humidity ratio lines

Humidity ratio
Pvapor
w=cts

Pvapor
Tdb=cts
T

Dry bulb temperature

Part 1 15
Constant Relative humidity

RH = 1

RH = cts

RH =
0
Part 1 16
Constant specific enthalpy lines &
const wet bulb temperature lines
Intersection
of h=cts &
RH=1 gives a’
wb

Humidity ratio
a’

a
wi

wb
dT h=cts

Dry bulbPart
temperature
1 17
 How to read the other air
properties, Tdb, Twb, TDp, w, RH.
Given h & RH

Humidity ratio
w’

TDP Twb Tdb

h

Dry bulb
Parttemperature
1 18
Example: Complete the following
table
State db wb DP w RH h v

ºC ºC ºC Kg/Kg % Kj/kg ,m3/kg

A 26 0.85

B 21 13

C 38 21
D 40 95

E 0.01 0.85

F 16 4

G 4 80

H 16 70
J 30 0.012

K 27 27
Part 1 19
Given db =26 C& v=0.85 m^3/kg

34 KJ/Kg 0.85

10% RH
A

2gr/Kg dry air

26 0C1
Part 20
Given db =21 C& wb=13 C

40%
37 KJ/Kg

130C
B
6gr/Kg dry air
6.5oC

0.841m3/Kg
Part 1 21
210C
 Which of the following
statements is not true?
A) Adding steam to a room increases its
relative humidity
B) Placing a cup of ice water in a room
decreases the humidity ratio of the
room’s air
C) Lowering the temperature of a room
increases its humidity ratio
D) Lowering the temperature while
increasing the humidity ratio in a
room will eventually cause the air in
the room to become saturated
 Latent Heat
Latent Heat is the heat given up or absorbed by a substance as it changes state. It
is called latent because it is not associated with a change in temperature. Each
substance has a characteristic latent heat of fusion, latent heat of vaporization,
latent heat of condensation and latent heat of sublimation.

Sensible Heat
Sensible Heat is associated with a temperature change, as opposed to latent heat.
This is so-called because it can be sensed by humans. If the air in a building was to
be heated from 60 F to 70 F only sensible heat would be involved. However, if the
air in a building was to be cooled from 80 F to 70 F and humidity was to be
removed from the air at the same time, then both sensible and latent heats would
be involved.
 Sensible heat
Heat addition or removal without moisture change

Sensible heat :
Is the required heat to increase or reduce
the air temperature @ const humidity w

Qs = ma × CP × (T2 − T1 ) , where ma in kg , Cp = 1.005 Kj / kg.K .

It can also be calculated from ;
Qs = ma × (h2 − h1 ) where h , is the specific enthalpy of air Kj / kg.

Part 1 24
 Latent heat
• Is the required heat to humidify or dehumidify the air @
constant Dry bulb temperature.
• The latent heat of any given mass of air can be computed
through the use of the following equation:
Where H L = m a × w × hw
ma =the mass of dry air in Kg.
w = the humidity ratio kg/kg.
hw = The specific enthalpy of water vapor in the air, usually taken as the
enthalpy of saturated water vapor hg at the saturation temperature equal to
the dew point DP temp. Kj/kg.
Q L = ma × [ w2 × hw , 2 − w1 × hw ,1 ]

25
 Main Psychometric processes

8 4 6

1
3 2

7 9
5

1-2 Sensible heating process 1- 6 Heating & Humidification

1-3 Sensible cooling process 1-7 Cooling & Dehumidification
1-4 Humidification process 1-8
Part 1 Cooling & Humidification 26
1-5 Dehumidification process 1-9 Heating & Dehumidification
 Sensible Heating Process

Heating
1 2
coil

Humidity
Duct

ratio
Electrical heater
Furnaces steam
hot water 1 2
heat pump
Dry bulb
temperature

DP = const , W1 = W2 , RH 2 ≺ RH 1 , h2 h1 , t 2 t1
H 2 = Qin + H 1
H .C.C = Qin = H 2 − H 1 = ma (h2 − h1 )
ma = mass flow rate kg / s & h1 & h2 are Specific
Part 1 enthalpy Kj / kg & H .C.C Heating Coil Capacity
27
 Sensible Cooling Process

Cooling
1 2
coil

Humidity
Duct

ratio
Chilled water
Freon
2 1
Heat Balance equation :
H 1 = Qout + H 2 Dry bulb
C.C.C = Qout = H 1 − H 2 = ma (h1 − h2 ) temperature

DP = const , W1 = W2 , RH 2 > RH1 , h2 < h1 , t2 < t1

C.C.C = ma (h1 − h2 ) Where ma = mass flow rate kg / s
h1 & h2 are Specific enthalpy KjPart
/ kg1 & C .C .C Cooling Coil Capacity
28
 Humidification Process @ Constant
Temperature

Steam
1 2
Humidifier 2

Humidity
Duct

ratio
Steam

H 2 = H1 + H S 1

ma (h2 − h1 ) = m s × h fg = m s × L Dry bulb

temperature

t1 = t 2 = const , W2 W1 , RH 2 RH 1 , h2 h1 , DP2 DP1

Where ma = mass flow rate kg / s
ms , Steam mass flow rate kg / s , h1 & h2 are Specific enthalpy Kj / kg
& L, Latent heat @ t 1 KJ/Kg m s =
Part 1 m a (W2 − W1 ) 29
 Humidification Process with slight
increase in temperature of air as it
absorb the steam
Steam
1 2
Humidifier 2

Humidity
Duct

ratio
Steam

H 2 = H1 + H S 1

ma (h2 − h1 ) = m s × h fg = m s × L Dry bulb

temperature
t1less t 2 , W 2 W1 , RH 2 RH 1 , h2 h1 , DP2 DP1
Where ma = mass flow rate kg / s
ms , Steam mass flow rate kg / s , h1 & h2 are Specific enthalpy Kj / kg
& L, Latent heat @ t 1 KJ/Kg m s =
Part 1 m a (W2 − W1 ) 30
 Humidification & cooling process
Air Washer (Adiabatic evaporative cooling)
Duct

1 2
2

Humidity
ratio
Water
Sprayer
s h=cts
Water 1
Pum Tank
p Dry bulb
temperature

h1 = h2 = const , W 2 W1 , RH 2 > RH 1 , t1 > t 2 , DP1 > DP2

m w = m a (W 2 − W1 ) , Kg / s
Part 1 31
 Humidification & cooling process
Air Washer (Adiabatic evaporative cooling)
Duct

1 2
2

Humidity
ratio
3
Water
Sprayer
s h=cts
Water 1
Pum Tank
Dry bulb
p
temperature
If the air leaving the sprayers is not fully saturated (less than 100% RH) ,line
(1-3) represent the new adiabatic humidification process .

W3 − W1 η H = Humidification effeciency
ηH =
W2 − W1 Part 1 32
 Humidification & heating process
Duct

1 2
2

Humidity
ratio
Water
Sprayer
s 1
Water
Heatin Tank Dry bulb
g Coil Pum temperature
p
mw = ma (W2 − W1 ) , Kg / s
Qw = ma ( h2 − h1 ) , Kj / kg , Capacity of heating coil
Difficult to control temp
Part 1& humidity 33
Adiabatic Humidification process
Air loses sensible heat to gain latent heat from
water added
t2= db2= wb1
Insulated duct

1 Water vapor 2
Air

Water
Water tank
mw = ma (W2 − W1 ) , Kg / s
Part 1 34
 Humidification & Heating process
Duct

1 3
3
2

Humidity
ratio
Electrical 2
Steam Heater 1
Humidifie
r
Dry bulb
temperature
m s = m a (W 2 − W1 ) , Kg / s
Q s = m s × L = m a ( h2 − h1 ) , Kg / s , ( steam )
Electrical Heating power H .C = m a ( h3 − h2 )
Part 1 35
 Heating process & Humidification

Duct

1 3
2

Humidity
ratio
3
Electrical Water
Heater Sprayer 1 2
s
Dry bulb
temperature

mw = ma (W3 − W2 ) , Kg / s
H .C.C = ma Part
( h12 − h1 ) [ Kw] 36
 Humidification & Heating process
Duct

1 4
2 3

heater
Preheate
Humidifie
r
4

Humidity
r

ratio
3

1 2

m w = m a (W 4 − W1 ) , Kg / s Dry bulb
temperature
H .C .C = m a ( h4 − h1 ) [ Kw
Part 1
] 37
 Humidification & Heating process
Duct

1 4
2 3

heater
Preheate
Humidifie
r
4

Humidity
r 3’

ratio
3
If the air leaving the sprayers is
not fully saturated (less than 2’
1
100% RH) ,line (2’-3’) represents
the new adiabatic humidification 2
process . Dry bulb
temperature
Part 1 38
 Dehumidification & Cooling Process
Condensatio Water
Duct Droplets
n
1 2

Chilled water
Dp1

Humidity
1

ratio
t chilled water ≺ DP1 2

m w = m a (W1 − W 2 ) , Kg / s Dry bulb

temperature
C .C .C = m a ( h1 − h2 ) [ KwPart] 1 39
 Dehumidification & Cooling Process
Duct Surface coil
temperature
1 Fan coil 2

Chilled water
Drain

Humidity
1

ratio
S
2

t surface coil ≺ DP1 0.9

mw = ma (W1 − W2 ) , Kg / s Dry bulb

temperature
C .C .C = ma ( h1 − h2 ) [ Kw ] Part 1 40
 Dehumidification & Cooling Process
Cooling
Coil By pass air 24 C

Mixed air 14 C

1 S 2

Humidity
1

ratio
S
2
By Pass Factor
0.9-0.95
t surface coil = DPs
Dry bulb
By Pass Factor = (t2 − t s ) / (t1 − t s )
Part 1
temperature 41
 Mixing Process m1 h3 − h2 w3 − w2
= =
m2 h1 − h3 w1 − w3
h2 − h1 h −h
Fresh air = 3 2
W2 − W1 W3 − W2
Insulated Duct
Hot air Supply air
m1 Distance 23
m1 m3 =
m 2 Distance 13
m2
h1
h3
Plenum Box

Humidity
ratio
1
Cold air h2
3

2
m3 = m1 + m2 (dry air ) Dry bulb
temperature
m3 .W3 = m1 .W1 + m2 .W2 (Vapor water )
m3 .h3 = m1 .h1 + m2 .h2 Part 1 42
 Sensible Heat Factor SHF
0 ≤ SHF ≤ 1
QS h − h2 SHF
SHF = = x = Cos α
QL + Q s h1 − h 2 1.0

Humidity ratio
0.5

2
SHF

50 % 24

0.0
Dry bulb temperature
SHF=0.8 for residential Buildings Part 1 43
SHF=0.6 for Restaurants & theaters
 Sensible Heat Factor SHF
h x − h2
SHF =
QS
= = Cos α 0 ≤ SHF ≤ 1
QL + Q s h1 − h 2
SHF
Q s = ma (h x − h 2 ) 1.0
QT
Q L = ma (h 1 − h x ) QL
1

Humidity ratio
QS
0.5

2
a
X
50 % 24

0.0
Dry bulb temperature
Q T = ma (h 1 − h 2 ) Part 1 44
Psychometric Cycles
( cooling)

Part 1 45
 Simple Summer Cycle
100% fresh air(Hospitals, operation rooms)

S
O Cooling S Operating
coil
fan room I Exhaust
Fresh
air
air

C.C.C = mS (hO − hS ) [Kw]

Room Load = mS (hI − hS ) [Kw]
Part 1 46
100% fresh air(Hospitals, operation rooms)

C.C.C = mS ( hO − hS ) [ Kw]
Room Load = mS ( hI − hS ) [ Kw]
O

Humidity ratio
I
RSHF
A

0.9 RSHF

0.5 24 Room temp

Part 1 47
Dry bulb temperature
 Simple Summer Cycle Return Air
(cooling)

S
Fresh O Mixing M Cooling S Class
Air Box fan room
coil
35oC 160C
Ti=240C
Return air
240C

Exhaust I
air

C.C.C = mS (hM − hS ) [Kw]

Room Load = mS (hI − hS ) [Kw]
w =1 mS (WM − WS ) , Kg / s
Condensed water , mPart 48
Up to 30% of the total mass (fresh air)
and 70% (return)

mO Distance IM
=
m R Distance OM O

M
S

Humidity ratio
I
SHF
A

0.9 SHF

0.5 24 Room temp

Part 1 49
Dry bulb temperature
 Duct & Fan heat gain

Practically it is recommended that, the

duct and Fan heat gain be calculated
as a percentage of the sensible heat
gain. This percentage is about 5 %
as a combined factor for the duct
heat gain and Fan heat gain.

Part 1 50
 Sensible heat added
Duct & Fan heat gain to supply air
due to fan and duct

Humidity ratio
S

I
S’
A

0.9
Room temp

Dry bulb
Part temperature
1 51
 Summer Cycle with Return Air &
by-pass air
Mixing 1 Mixing 2
mO
S
Fresh O Mixing M Cooling L S Class
fan
Air Box coil room

Return air mB By pass

mR Return air
Exhaust I I I
air I

C.C.C = (mo + mR )(hM − hL ) [Kw]

mS = (mo + mR + mB )
Room Load = mS (hI − hS ) [Kw]
Condensedwater , mw = mM (WM − WL ) , Kg / s
Part 1 52
m O Distance IM
= By Pass
m R Distance OM Effect
Ts
mB Distance LS
= (Location of point S )
m O + m R Distance IS

M
L

Humidity ratio
I
S
A

0.9 SHF

0.5 24 Room temp

Part 1 53
Dry bulb temperature
 Summer Cycle with Return Air &
by-pass air (Damper)
mO
M S
Fresh O Mixing Cooling L S class
fan
Air Box coil room
M
mR mB
Exhaust I I
air I

C.C.C = (mo + mR − mB )(hM − hL ) [ Kw]

mS = (mo + mR )
Room Load = mS (hI − hS ) [ Kw]
Part 1 54
m O Distance IM
=
m R Distance OM
(Location of point M ) By Pass
Effect
Ts & Ws
mB Distance LS
= (Location of point S)
m O + m R − m B Distance MS

M
L

Humidity ratio
I
S
A

0.9
Room temp

Part 1 55
Dry bulb temperature
 Summer Cycle with Return Air
& Reheater
mo
M L S
Fresh O Mixing Cooling Heating S Class
fan
Air Box coil coil room

mR
Exhaust I I
air I

m S = m M = (mo + m R )
C .C .C = ( m o + m R )( hM − h L ) [ Kw ]
H .C .C = ( m o + m R )( hS − h L ) [ Kw ]
Room Load = m S Part ( h1I − hS ) [ Kw ] 56
 Heating
Effect
m O Distance IM
=
m R Distance OM

M
L

Humidity ratio
I
S
A

0.9
Room temp

Part 1 57
Dry bulb temperature
 Big Summer Cycle with Return Air
& heater + by pass
mO S
L M2
M1 S fan
Fresh O Mixing Cooling Heating Class
Air Box coil coil room

mR mB
Exhaust I I I
air I
m S = ( mo + m R + m B )
C .C .C = ( m o + m R )( hM 1 − hL ) [ Kw ]
H .C .C = ( m S )( hS − hM 2 ) [ Kw ]
Room Load = Part m S1 ( hI − hS ) [ Kw ] 58
 Mixing
m O Distance IM1
= 1
m R Distance OM1
Mixing
mB Distance LM 2 2
= (Location of point M 2 )
m O + m R − m B Distance IM 2
By pass

M1

Humidity ratio
L
I
A M2 S

0.9
Room temp

Part 1 59
Dry bulb temperature
If dampers B & R are closed & the heater is
off . We get the figure of 100% fresh air

Humidity ratio
I
A

0.9
Room temp

Part 1 60
Dry bulb temperature
If damper B is closed & the heater is off . We
get the following figure .

M
S

Humidity ratio
I
A

0.9
Room temp

Part 1 61
Dry bulb temperature
If dampers B & R are ON & the heater is off .
We get the following figure .

M
L

Humidity ratio
I
S
A

0.9
Room temp

Part 1 62
Dry bulb temperature
If damper B is closed & the heater is ON . We
get the following figure .

M
L

Humidity ratio
I
S
A

0.9
Room temp

Part 1 63
Dry bulb temperature
Psychometric Cycles
( Heating )

Part 1 64
Simple Winter Cycle (heating)

S
O Heating S Operating
coil
fan room I Exhaust
Fresh
air
air

H.C.C =mS (hS − hO ) [Kw]

Room Load = mS (hI − hS ) [Kw]
Part 1 65
100% fresh air(Hospitals, operation
rooms)

Humidity ratio
Room temp

S
O

Part 1 66
Dry bulb temperature
Winter Cycle with Return Air

S
Fresh O Mixing M Heating S Class
Air Box fan room
coil
40C
Ti=220C
Return air
220C

Exhaust I
air

H .C.C = mS (hS − hM ) [ Kw]

Room Load = mS (hS − hI ) [ Kw]
mS = mO + mR , Kg / s
Part 1 67
Up to 30% of the total mass (fresh
air) and 70% (return)
m O Distance IM
=
m R Distance OM
I

Humidity ratio
M

Part 1 68
Dry bulb temperature
 Winter Cycle with Return Air &
Humidification

Preheater S
Fresh O L N M S

heater
Class
Air fan room
40C
Ti=220C

Damper
Exhaust
air I

Room Load = mS (hI − hS ) [ Kw]

mS = mO + mR , Kg / s
Spraying water , mw = mS (WN − WL ) , Kg / s
Part 1 69
 mO Distance IM
=
m R Distance NM

Mixing
Preheater Capacity = mO (hL − hO ) [ Kw]
Heater Capacity = mS ( hS − hM ) [ Kw]

Humidity ratio
M

N S

O L

Dry Part
bulb1 temperature 70
Psychometric Cycles
( Application )

Part 1 71
 Sensible heat gain ( KW ) (273 + t )
Flow rate (m / s ) =
3
×
tr − ts 358
Where
tr = Room dry temp. (24 °C )
ts = Supply air temp. (16 °C)
t = Reference temp. (14 °C)

Sensible heat gain ( KW )

Flow rate (m / s ) = 0.8
3

tr − ts
1-An air conditioning unit used in a room measures
6m x5mx 2.8 m high .In peak summer the calculated room
sensible heat gain is 3.7KW , if the room temperature is
24 C and the air conditioning system deliver air @16 C
calculate the supply air quantity at m3/s measured at 14 C.
b) the air change rate.
Sensible heat gain ( KW ) (273 + t )
Flow rate (m 3 / s ) = ×
tr − ts 358

3.7 ( KW )
Flow rate (m / s ) = 0.8
3
= 0.37 m 3 / s
24 − 16

Room volume V= 84 m3, Supply air =0.37 m3/s=1332 m3/h

Air change per hour is = 1332/84 = 15.8 ACH/ hour
 Cooling Capacity (C.C.C)
across a cooling coil

C .C .C = ma (hOn − hOff ) Where ma = mass flow rate kg / s

hOn & hOff are Specific enthalpy Kj / kg & C .C .C Cooling Coil Capacity

74
 Calculating cooler coil duty C.C.C

1.3kg/s of air state 44deg C d.b.and 22 deg C w.b. is cooled

and de-humidified as it passes through a chilled water cooler
coil. The leaving state is 10deg C d.b and 84% saturation.

Calculate the cooler coil load.

Load(KW)=mass flow air (KG) x change enthalpy(KJ/Kg dry air)
From chart
Enthalpy of air “on”=66.5kJ/kg
Enthalpy of air “off”=26.4kJ/kg
Load= 1.3 x (66.5-26.4)
= 52.1 KW

75
 CALCULATING HEATER COIL DUTY

1.3kg/s of air at state 5 deg C d.b. and 90% saturation enters a heater battery and
is sensibly heated to 28 deg C. Calculate the heater coil load.

SOLUTION
H .C .C = ma Cp(T2 − T1 )
Using “specific heat” method H .C .C = ma (h2 − h1 )
Load(kw)= mass flow air (kg/s) x specific heat(kJ/kg k) x temperature rise (deg C)
LOAD= 1.3 x1.02x23
= 30.5 KW

1 2 Humidity
Dry bulb 76
temperature
 CALCULATION OF CHILLED WATER FLOW IN A COOLING COIL

Example
A chilled water cooling coil has a load of 52.1 KW. Chilled water flows into the coil
at 6 deg C and leaves the coil at 12 deg C . Determine the chilled water flow rate in
kg/s. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2Kj/kgK.

SOLUTION:

Load (kW)=mass flow water (kg/s) * sp.ht (Kj/kgK)*temperature rise deg C.

Mass flow water= 52.1/ (12-6)*4.2

=2.07 kg/s

Part 1 77
 PSYCHROMETRICS AND SUPPLY AIR

An air conditioned room has a Sensible Heat gain of 3.4 KW.

The room state is 24 deg C, 50 % relative humidity. The heat
gain from lighting is 15 Watts per square meter. The area of
the room is 60 square meters.
1-Calculate the supply air quantity in cubic meters per second
if the supply air temperature is 15 deg C.
2-What must the supply air quantity be increased to if the
lighting load is increased to 30 Watts per square meter?
3-Draw the Room Ratio Line (or room process line) line on the
psychometric chart assuming that the Room Latent Heat Gain
is 0.23 KW.
4-What is the enthalpy of the room air and its moisture
content?

5What is the first air changes per hour rate if the height of
the room is 3.2m ? 78
79
 PHYCHROMETRIC PROCESS

A room is maintained at 24 deg C dry bulb and 40% relative

humidity. At the air handling plant 25 % fresh air is mixed with
75% return air before the mixture passes through the cooler
coil.T he outdoor air condition is 46 deg C dry bulb 25 deg C wet
bulb.
The air leaves the cooler coil at condition 11.0 deg C dry bulb and
9.5 deg C wet bulb.
Calculate the cooler coiler coil duty if the mass flow of air is 3.6
kg/s.

If the plant is to handle 100% fresh air what would be the new
cooler coil load if the off coil condition remains the same?
In this condition how much water is condensed out of the air as it
passes through the coil? Express your answer in kg/hr.

Part 1 80
 PHYCHROMETRIC PROCESS
An air conditioned zone is maintained at 23 deg C and 45%
relative humidity by a constant volume air handling plant. The
outside air is at state 46 deg C dry bulb and 25 deg C wet
bulb. The mass flow of air is 2.6 kg\sec. The number of people
in the space is 25 and the design fresh air requirement for
ventilation purposes is 8 liters per sec per person. This fresh
air is introduced at the air handling plant.
The heat gain to the return duct is 1.5 deg C. The air leaves
the coil at 11 deg C dry bulb and 90% relative humidity.
1-Show the process on the chart and calculate the cooling coil
load in KW.
2-If the heat gain at the supply fan is 1 deg C and at the
supply duct is 0.5 deg C show a possible supply air condition (at
the room).
3-If chilled water is supplied to the coil at 6 deg C and leaves
the coil at 13 deg C what chilled water flow rate is required81
in
kg\sec?
SUPPLY AIR CONDITION

A room is to be maintained at 24 deg C dry bulb and 40%

relative humidity. The outside air is at condition 46 deg C
dry bulb 25 deg C wet bulb.
The heat gain to the return duct is 1 deg C and at the
return fan 1 deg C. The fresh air proportion is one third
and the return air proportion two thirds of the total
supply air quantity.
1-Plot the mixture point on the chart and select a suitable
supply air condition. The Room Sensible Heat to Room
Total Heat ratio is 0.8. Assume that the heat gain at the
supply duct is 0.5 deg C and at the supply fan 1.0 deg C.

Part 1 82
ROOM HEAT GAINS AND ROOM RATIO LINE

A room is to be maintained at 24 deg C dry bulb and 50%

relative humidity. The Room Sensible Heat gain is 2.3 KW
and the Room Latent Heat gain 0.4 KW.

1-Draw the Room Ratio Line on the psychometric chart.

What is the enthalpy of the room air in KJ per kg of dry
air. What is the moisture content of the room in kg per kg
of dry air?

Part 1 83
Class exercise -5
50 m3/s of air at t1 = 27 C dbt and 60 % RH is cooled and
dehumidified using direct expansion cooling coil till a
temperature t2 = 16 dbt is achieved @ 80 % RH Find :
1- The cooling coil capacity CCC in tons-ref.
2- Dew point DP2?
3-The sensible & latent heat transferred?
4- S.H.F?

Hint.
The specific volume of the supplied air v = 0.855 m3/kg @ (27 dbt &60 %RH)
The mass supply ma= 50/0.855 = 58 Kg/s.

84
 •
•
CCC = ma (60-38) Va
ma =
v
v= Specific volume
h1=60 Kj/kg

hx=49 Kj/Kg QL= ma x(60-49)

1
h2= 38 Kj/Kg QS
SHF =
QS + QL
X
2

QS= ma x(49-38)

85
 Class exercise -6

In a cooling application, moist air enters a refrigeration coil at

a rate of 100 kg of dry air per minute at 35° C dbt and 50%
RH. The apparatus dew point of the coil is ADP=5 °C , the by-
pass factor is 0.15.
Determine the outlet state of moist air and cooling capacity
of coil. Determine the latent heat removed from the air & the
sensible heat factor for the system.

Hint: The initial condition of air is 35° C dry bulb temperature and 50%RH
From the psychometric chart we find that the dew point temperature of the
entering air at point 1, tdp1 = 23° C
Since the coil or apparatus dew point (ADP) is less than the dew point
temperature of entering air, therefore it is a process of cooling and
dehumidification.

86
 In order to determine the dpt of point 2
By Pass Factor = (t2 − 5) / (35 − 5) = 0.15
t2 = 9.5 C dbt & 99 % RH

h1= 81 Kj/Kg

QL= ma x(81-52.5) kj/kg

Dp1=23 C
1
hx= 52.5 Kj/Kg
QS= ma x(52.5-28)

h2= 28 Kj/Kg 2
ma = 1.66 Kg/sec
X
ADP=5 C

S Draw a line from t2=9.5 C ,intersect

the line S-1,We get the point 2

87
9.5 C
Class exercise -7
A certain mass of air enters a dehumidifying coil at initial
dbt= 30 °C and 20 °C wet bulb. If it is desired that the air
leaving the coil has a dbt2 =17 °C & wbt= 14 °C.
Determine the following :
1- The mean surface effective temperature ts ?
2- The required coil by pass factor ?
3- The required coil sensible heat per Kg?
4- The total removed heat per Kg.?
5- S.H.F.?
6- The mass of water vapor condensed per Kg dry air ?

88
 t surface coil = DPs
C.C.C
By Pass Factor = ( t 2 − t s ) / ( t 1 − t s )

By Pass Factor = (17 − 12 ) / ( 30 − 12 ) = 0 .27

27 % of air pass through the coil without Contacting the coil

QL= 1 x(58-55) Kj/kg

1
ts= 12 C

2
QS= 1 x(55-38.5)

17 C 30 C
89
m w = m a (W1 − W 2 ) , Kg / s

Mass of water vapor condensed per Kg dry air

1 W1= 0.011 kg/kg

x W2=0.0097 kg/kg
2

90
Class exercise -8
A small office hall of 25 persons capacity is provided with
summer air Conditioning system with the following data: .
Outside conditions = 34°C dbt and 28°C Wbt.
Inside conditions = 24°C dbt and 50% RH.
Volume of air supplied = 0.0066 m3/ sec/ person.
Sensible heat load in room S.H.= 125600 kJ / h.
Latent heat load in the room L.H.= 42 000 kJ / h.
Find the sensible heat factor of the plant SHF ?.

S
O S Office hall
fan 25 persons I
Cooling Coil
Exhaust
Fresh
air
air

To= 34 C db & 28 C wbt To= 24 C db & 50% RH 91

 SP volume of
supplied air
v = 0.91m3/kg
Latent heat
removed from
air
1

x
2

Sensible heat
removed from air

92
Draw the initial condition of air at 34° C dry bulb temperature and 28° C wet
Bulb temperature on the psychometric chart as point I, and then mark the final
condition of air at 24 °C dry bulb temperature and 50% relative humidity on the
chart as point (2). Now locate point (X ) on the chart by drawing horizontal line
through point 2 and vertical line through point I.
From the psychometric chart, we find that specific volume at point (1) ,which is:
Vs1 =0.9 m3/kg of dry air
The total volume of supplied air =0.0066 x 25 =0.166 m3/sec.
The total mass of air ms =0.166/0.9= 0.1851 Kg/sec.
From the psychometric chart, we find : h1= 90 kj/kg of dry air
h2= 48 kj/kg of dry air & hx= 58 kj/kg of dry air

The sensible heat removed from the supplied air :

= ms(hx-h2)=0.1851 (58-48)=1.85 KW
Then the total sensible heat of the room Qs= 1.85+34.88=36.73 KW
The Latent heat removed from the supplied air :
= ms(h1-hx)=0.1851 (90-58)=5.91 KW
Then the total latent heat of the room QL= 5.91+11.66 = 17.57 KW

SHF= Qs / Qt =36.73 / (36.73+17.57) = 0.676

93
Class exercise -9
Find the dbt and the % RH of the mixed air . Knowing that:

Fresh air Plenum Box

m3 Find the location of “ M”

m1
& find dbt and RH of the
mixed air ?

60% of m3
To= 4 C dbt
RH 50 %
m2

40 % of m3
Ti= 24 C dbt
RH 50 %

94
 Fresh air m1 MIXING
m3
Location of point M
MIXING
“M”or
“3”
m2

m1 h3 − h2 w3 − w2
= =
m2 h1 − h3 w1 − w3
h2 − h1 h −h
= 3 2
2 W2 − W1 W3 − W2

2.8 cm I m1 Distance 23
=
1 m 2 Distance 13
m 1 60 Distance IM
M = = 1.5 =
m 2 40 Distance OM
O
7 cm

95
Class exercise -10

An air handling unit in air conditioning plant supplies a total of

75 m3/sec of dry air which consists of 20% fresh air at 40 °C
dbt and 27 °C wbt and return air at 25 °C dbt and 50% RH. The
air leaves the coil at 13 °C saturated. Calculate the total
cooling load and room cooling lad.
The following data can be used:

Condition dbt °C Wbt °C RH % Sp. Humidity Enthalpy

kg/kg dry air kj/kg of
dry air

Outside 40 27 - 0.0172 85
Inside 25 - 50 0.01 51
ADP 13 - 100 0.0094 36.8

Assuming that, no heat is added due to the presence of fan & duct. 96
 SP volume of supplied air SP volume of fresh
entering the coil ms air before mixing mo
V=0.869 m3/kg V=0.912 m3/kg

Total cooling load

1 O

3 Mixing
2 I

Room cooling load

97
First of all indicate the location of the mixing point (M) & the condition of air
entering the coil (point 3 in the chart ).
Since 20% fresh air & 80 % return air ,then the location of point 3 or M is
determine as follows:
m O Distance 23 20
= = = 0.25 that means : distance 23 = 0.25 distance 13
mI Distance 13 80
From chart : distance 13 + distance 23 =5.6 cm & distance 23=0.25 distance 13
Than the location of point 3 is =4.48 cm from point (1)
From the chart we find h3 =57.8 Kj/kg. t3 = 28. C dbt and v= 0.869 m3/kg, and
W3=0.0116 kg/kg dry air.
•
The total mass of air is: •
Va 75
ma = = = 86.3 Kg/sec.
v 0.869

The total cooling load= ma( h3-hs)=86.6 (57.8-36.8)=1812.3 KW divided by

3.5=517.5 TR.
Mass of fresh air mo =0.2 [75/ 0.912] =16.4 Kg/sec. [ 20% of total volume]
Ventilation or fresh air load =m0( h1-h2)=16.4 (85-51)=557.6 KW divided by
3.5=159 TR.
98
Room cooling load = Total cooling load –Fresh air load = 517.5-159=358 TR
Class exercise -11
An air conditioning plant supplies a total of 75 m3/sec of dry air which
consists of 50% fresh air & 50 % of return air, enter the system shown
below, determine the following : 1- RSHF & ASHF ? 2- C.C.C in tons-ref. 3-
Room cooling load ,4- the mass of water vapor condensed per Kg dry air ?
In both cases a) Using Dx coil system (ts=11 0C & 90% RH). ,
b) Spray chilled water (ts=7 0C saturated i.e. 100 % RH).

Fresh ts=11 oC
Dbt=? oC
Air 90 % RH
? % RH
Dbt=34 oC Dbt= 260C
Wbt=25 oC
S wbt =190C

Mixing M Cooling S Class

Box fan room
O coil
Return air
Dbt= 260C

Exhaust
air I
Assuming that, no heat is added due 99
to the presence of fan & duct.
 Apparatus
Cooling coil Case of DX unit
capacity or total
C.L.
Room
Cooling load

RSHF=0.6
O
M
ASHF=0.55

S
I Ref

90 % RH

100
Apparatus
Room Case of chilled water spray
Cooling
Cooling load
capacity

RSHF=?

O ASHF=0.55

ASHF=0.55 M

RSHF=0.62

S Ref
100 % RH

101
Class exercise -12
Determine the following :
1- RSHF? 2- C.C.C in tons-ref. 3- Mass of supply air?

S
O Spray chilled S Operation
water fan room I Exhaust
Fresh
air
air
100 % RH

To= 34 C db & 26 wbt Ti= 22 C db & 50 % RH

102
 PSYCHROMETRIC CHART EXERCISES

1. Plot the condition point of air with a dry bulb temperature

of 21 deg C and wet bulb temperature of 15 deg C.
What is the relative humidity at this air condition?
What is the moisture content in kg/kg dry air?
Determine the specific enthalpy in KJ/Kg

2. Air in air conditioning plant enters a cooler coil at a

condition of 29 deg C dry bulb,19 deg C wet bulb and leaves at
12 deg C wet bulb and 90% relative humidity.
What is the moisture content of the air entering the coil?
What is the moisture content of the air leaving the coil?
How much moisture is considered from the air as it passes
through the coil?
(express your answer in Kg per Kg of dry air)
103
3. A fan forming part of an air handling unit delivers 7.3 m3/s of
air into the supply ductwork system. The
temperature of the air is 16 deg C and it has a moisture content of
0.0082 Kg/Kg dry air.
What is the mass flow rate in Kg/s?
ii) If the supply duct measures 1200mm 1000mm, what is the
mean velocity of the air in the duct?
How could this velocity be measured?

4. Air passing through a cooler coil is sensibly cooled from 44

deg C dry bulb, 22 deg C wet bulb to 14 deg C dry bulb.
Plot the process on a psychometric chart.
What is the enthalpy of the air entering the coil?
What is the enthalpy of the air leaving the coil?
What is the enthalpy change of the air as it passes through the
coil?

104
 Psychometric processes
Homework ( 1 ) :
1- For room conditions: 24ºC dry bulb and 60 % relative
humidity.
Determine without using the psychometric chart,
-Humidity ratio
-Dew point temperature
-Specific volume
-Degree of saturation
2- Air is heated to 27ºC, without the addition of water, from
15ºC dry bulb and 10ºC wet bulb temperatures. By the use of
psychometric chart, find:
-The relative humidity of the original state,
-The original dew point temperature,
-The heat added per kg of air.
3- For a pipe carrying chilled water at 10ºC through a room at
21ºC. What is the maximum relative humidity in the room to
prevent water vapor condensation on the pipe outer 105
surface?
4- A room is being maintained at 24ºC dry bulb and 50%
relative humidity. The outside air condition, at this time, is
4ºC dry bulb and 50 % relative humidity. Return air from the
room is cooled and dehumidified by mixing it with fresh
ventilation air from the outside. The total air flow to the room
is 60% outdoor and 40% return air by mass. Determine the dry
bulb temperature and the relative humidity of the mixed air
going to the room.
5- Air at 10ºC and 5ºC wbt is brought to 21ºC dbt by heating.
If the air flow rate is 1000 m3/hr, estimate the heating
capacity in kw.
6- Air at 27ºC dbt and 60% r.h is cooled and dehumidified by a
direct expansion cooling coil till a temperature 16ºC dbt.The
air flow rate is 1000 m3/hr. Find the cooling capacity in tons-
ref, coil SHF, coil dew point, by-pass factor and amount of
condensate in lit/min.
106
9- Air at 27ºC dbt and 16ºC wbt is humidified partially to 90%
r.h with adiabatic air washer. Estimate the amount of water
required for humidification process in lit/min and the
humidifying efficiency, if the air flow rate is 10000 m3/hr.

10- Air at 25ºC dbt and 30% r.h is humidified by a steam

humidifier to 50% r.h. Estimate the humidifier capacity in
kg/hr and the heating capacity required to generate steam in
kw, if the air flow rate is 1200 m3/hr. Also estimate the
heating capacity required to generate steam in kw.

11- A stream of outdoor air at 35ºC dbt and 28ºC wbt is mixed
with return air at 25ºC dbt and 50% r.h in an air conditioning
system. If the flow rates of the outside and return air are
450 and 1800 kg/hr, estimate the condition of the air stream
after mixing.
107
Homework ( 2 ) :
Psychometric cycles

1) The following data refer to the design figures used in designing the
summer air conditioning plant of a theater.
Seating capacity: 1500 person
Inside condition: 24º C db & 50% RH
Outside condition: 34º C db & 26º C wb
Fresh air per person: 12.5 m3/h
Supply air per person: 50 m3 /h
Moisture gain: 0.003 kg/kg dry air
Temperature difference between supply and return air is 14º C. Calculate:
The cooling capacity of the air conditioning unit, The cooling load of the
theater.
2) An air processor is to handle one m3/S of air with initial conditions: 10ºC
dry bulb and 50 % relative humidity. The air is to be heated with a
finned heat exchanger with 7.25 m2 of heat transfer surface area and
a UA value of 240 w/ ºC. Also a stream spray system adds moisture to
the air from saturated steam at 108 kPa. The outer air is to be at 38ºC
dry bulb and 50% relative humidity. Calculate: 1- Air mass flow rate, 2-
Steam flow rate, 3-Amount of heat added by the coil, 4-Overall heat 108
transfer coefficient for the heat exchanger.