E X E R C IS E S

Dien v a o c h o t r o n g vdi c a c m a o tif th ic h hofp neu c a n th ie t

I. Jason’s father bought h im ...............bicycle that he had wanted

for his birthday.
2...................Statue of Liberty was a g if t ............... of friendship from
...............France t o .................United States.
3. Rita is stu d y in g ............English a n d ............ Math this semester.
4...................judge a s k e d ............... witness to t e l l................ truth.
5. Please give me .............. cup of .............. coffee with ...............
cream a n d ................ sugar.
£>...................big books o n ................. table are for my history class.
7. No one i n .............. Spanish class knew .............. correct answer
t o ................Mrs Brown’s question.
8. M y ...............car is four years old, and it still runs well.
9. When you go to ............... store, please buy .............. bottle of
................chocolate milk a n d ............... dozen oranges.
10. There are only .............. few seats left for ............... tonight’s
musical show a t ...............university.
II. John and Mary went to ................ school yesterday and then
studied i n ............... library before returning home.
12................ Lake Erie is one of ............... five Great Lakes in
............ North America.
13. On our trip t o ............Spam, we crossed .............. Atlantic Ocean.
14.............. M ount Rushm ore is the site of ................ magnificent
tribute t o ............... four great American presidents.
15. What did you eat f o r ...............breakfast this morning0

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 16. David played ............... basket ball and ............... baseball at
................ Boy’s club this year.
17. Rita p la y s ...............violin and her sister p la y s ..................guitar.
18. While we were in ................ Alaska, we saw ................. Eskimo
village.
19. Tom can’t go t o .............. movies tonight because he has to write
............. essay.
20. David a tte n d e d ............... Princeton University.
21. Harry has been adm itted to .............. School of Medicine at
................. mid western University.
22. Mel’s grandm other is in ................ hospital, so we went to visit
h e r ...............last night.
.'2 3 ................political science class.is t a k in g ................ trip t o .............
France i n ............:... Spring.
24................ Queen Elizabeth II is ............... monarch of ..............
Great Britain.
25. Scientists sent ............... expedition to ............... Mars during
................ 1990s.
26. Last night there w a s ................bird singing outside my house.
2 7 chair that you are sitting in is broken.
2 8 Civil W ar was fought in .1............ United States
between 1861 and 1865.
2 9 Florida State University is smaller than ..............
University of Florida.
30. There w a s .............knock o n .............. door. I opened it and found
.............. small dark man m .............. blue overcoat and ............
woolen cap.
31. Do you k n o w ................ time?

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 Y e s ,.............clock i n ............... hall just struck nine.
Then it isn’t ..............time to go yet.
;32...................b su .i,:n g t o ................. teacher is useful for all of us.
i33. Most o f ............. students working i n ............. garden are tired.
34. He works a s ...............assistant in ................same shop as I do.
35. Do you think I should go t o ...............police?
36. To prevent ............... possible repetition of this accident, I lent
h im ...............torch.
37. Most ............... farmers working hard on their land almost get
nothing for their lifetime.
38. Do you s e e ................ man standing n e a r ...............door.
3 9 .1 told you a b o u t ..............burglary that we had a t ............... shop,
did n’t I?
40..................practising English everyday of all the students in our
class is very necessary.

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 V/ CLAUSES AND PHRASES
(CAC MENH DE VA CUM TU )

A -C O N D IT IO N A L S E N T E N C E S
CAU DIEU KIEN
Cau dieu kien co hai menh de, mot menh de phu [dependent
clause) bat dau bang if va mot menh de chi'nh (main clause).

R eal c o n d it io n a l s e n te n c e s (ca u d ie u k ie n c o that)

a -F u tu re p o s s ib le (c o th e xa y ra d tu’cfng lai)

I f + S + V ( s i n i p le p r e s e n t ) -f S + W i l l / C a n/ M a y / M u s t + V (i u s i m p l e *onnl_
Ex:
If I have the money, I will buy a new car.
If I have time, I will go.
If my headache disappears, we can play tennis.

b -H a b itu a l ( th o i q u e n )

; I f + S + V ( s im p le p r e s e n t) + S + V (s im p 1e p r e se n t)
Ex:
Ann usually walks to school if she has enough time.
If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits his patients.in
the hopital in the afternoon.

c -C o m m a n d ( c a u m e n h len h , y e u ca u )

I f + S + V (s im p le p r e s e n t) + C o m m a n d fo r m
Ex:
If you go to the post office, please mail this letter for me.
Please call me if you hear from Ann.

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2" Prensent unreal conditional sentences (cau dieu kien
khong co that d hien tai)

1 I f ♦ S -f V ( s i m p le p a s t ) t S t W o u l d / C o u l d / M i g h t + V ( i u s i m p l e f o r m ) ]

Trong menh de phu neu co to b e thi dung w e r e cho tat ca cac

ngoi.
Ex:
If I had time, I would so to the beach with you this wpekend.
If she didn't speak so quickly, I could understand her.
I could go out tonight if I didn't have to study.
If 7 were rich, I would travel around the world.
She would tell you about it if she were here.
If today were Saturday, I could so to the beach.

3- Past unreal conditional sentences ( cau dieu kien khong

co that of qua khtf)

If + S + V (past perfect) + S + W ould/ Could/ Might + IlaveH

+ Past Participle ____________________________ _________
Ex:
If I hadn't lost my way , I would have arrived sooner.
Ann would have sold the house if she had found the right
buyer.
If I had known that you were there, I would have written you a
letter.
*Note: Co the dung ph6p dao nguf trong P re se n t u n re a l
conditional sentences neu co w e r e va past u n re a l
conditional sentences.
Ex:
If Ann had found the right buyer, she would have sold the house.
-> Had Ann found the right buyer, she would have sold the
house.
*Menh de dieu kien co the diing trUdc hoac sau menh de ehinh. •

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4- Trong menh de dieu kien, ta co the thay lien td “ IF hang
“ UNLESS” (neu...khong, trd phi). Unless tddng difofng vdi
“ IF NOT” .
Ex:
+ If you don’t study hard, you’ll fail in the exam.
-> Unless you study hard, you’ll fail in the exam.
+ If she doesn't water these trees, they will die.
—> Unless she waters these trees, they will die.
*Khi ta doi mot cau dieu kien vdi td noi “ IF'” sang
“ UNLESS”, nhd ltfu y trddng hdp menh de “ IP ’ d the khang
dinh khong ddcfc doi sang the phu dinh khi dung UNLESS
ma phai doi menh de chinh sang the ngddc lai.
Ex:
• If I have time, I’ll help you.
-> Unless I have time, I won’t help you.
• If we had more rain, our crops would grow faster.
—> Unless we had more ram, our crops wouldn’t grow faster.
• If I won a big prize in a lottery, I’d build a school for the poor.
—> Unless I won a big prize in a lottery, I wouldn’t build a
school for the poor.
* Ta co the rut gon lai cong thiic sau :

I F -C L A U S E -> UNLESS
The phu djnh —> khang dinh ( menh de chinh
khong doi)
_ f y ^
The khang dinh —> khang dinh ( doi dong td trong
_______________________ menh de chinh sang the ngUdc lai) ,

5- Ta cung co the dien ta cau dieu kien ma khong can dung

IF hay UNLESS bang cach dao chu nguf ra sau dong td
W ERE hoac HAD (trong loai 3). Ldu y khong ddcfc lam vdi
dong td khac.

208
 Ex:
• If they were stronger, they could lift the table.
-> Were they stronger, they could lift the table.
• If h&had studied hard, he would have passed his exam.
-> Had he studied hard, he would have passed his exam.

6- Provided (that), On condition (that), As long as, so long

as (mien la, vdi dieu kien la); Suppose, supposing (gia svif
nhtf), In case (trongtrifcfng hcfp), Even if (ngay ca khi, du
cho)... co the dung thay cho If trong cau dieu kien.
Ex: In case I forget, please remind me of my promise.

7-AS IF va AS THOUGH
*Chi hanh dong co the xay ra of hien tai

Subject + verb (present) + As if/ As though + Subject +

verb (present)___________________________________________
Ex:
Do you hear that music next door? It sounds as if they
are having a party.

*Chi hanh dong hay sii kien khong co that 6 hien ta i.

Subject + verb ( p. -s>ent) + As if7As though + Subject +

verb ( past)_____ ________________________________________
Ex:
• Ann walks as if she studied modeling.
• He acts as though he were rich.
■ The girl dresses as if it were summer even in the winter.

*Chi hanh dong hay sii kien khong co that of qua khuf.

Subject + verb (past) + As iff As though + Subject +

verb (past perfect)____________________________________
Ex:

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• Barbara looked as if she had seen a ehost.
• Ann talked about the contest as if she had won the grand
prize.
• John looked as though he had run ten miles.

DM SRCISES

I- Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses:

w V .'l
1. You could make better progress if you ............ (attend) class
regularly.
2. If I ...,t......(know) his telephone number, I’d give it to you.
3. If y o u .......... . (arrive) ten minutes earlier, you would have got
a seat.
4. He could get a job easily if he .............( have ) a degree.
5. I shouldn’t have believed it if I ............. ( not see) it with my
own eyes. (l. '
6. Henry talks to his dog as if i t ............ (understand) him.
7. If they had left the house earlier, th e y .......... ,T(not, be) so late
getting to the airport that they could not check their baggage.
8. If I finish the dress before Saturday, I ............ (give) it to my
sister for her birthday.
9. If I had seen the movie, I .............(tell) you about it last night.
10. If you ............ (be) a millionaire, how would you spend your
time? Ji> / -
11. If John paid his debts, people.............(respect) him more.
12. If I .7.’.:....... (own) an automobile, I would take a trip to
California.
13. If she ............. (work) harder, she would probably get a better
salary.
14. If I .......(find) the book, I shall give it to you.
15. If you ............ (turn) out the light, we shall be in the dark.

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16. If you A/.V...... (save) your money, you will be able to go on a
vacation.
17. He might get fat if he (stop) smoking.
18. What you ..i&,......(do) if you found a burglar in your house?
19. If she .vt...:./.r/(not hurry), she may be late.
20. If I (try) again, I think that I would have succeeded.
21. Water ............ (not run ) downhill if there were not gravity.
22. If I tell you a secret, you ............ (promise) not to tell it to
anyone else?
23. Mike wished that the editors ............ (permit) him to copy
some of their material.
24. John wishes that heUVfJ.i...... (spend) his vacation on the Gulf
Coast next year.
25. I U.Vi.'.I.'iM^(accept) if they invite me to the party.

II- Use Unless instead of If:

1. The crops would have been ruined if the flood had risen higher.
2. If you had not sneezed, he wouldn’t have known that we were
there.
3. If she did her hair differently phe would look quite nice.
4. If John had played for our football team, we would not have
lost the game.
5. If I won a big prize in a lottery, I’d give up my job.
6. If you are not careful, you will cut yourself with that knife.
7. If you do not like this one, I’ll bring you another.
8. I’ll not be able to do any work if I do not have a quiet room.
9. If she does not hurry, she’ll be late.
10. If we had more rain, our crops would be better.

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 B-CLAUSES AFTER WISH, IF ONLY
(MENH DE SAU W ISH VA IF ONLY)

* - Wish: ao vide (trufefe WISH phai co chu ngtif)

- If only: gia ma, phai chi
* Sau WISH va ONLY ngildi ta thudng dung mot menh de chi
mot diiu ao tide, mot dieu khong that. No diidc xem nhii mot menh
de danh ngii (Noun clause).
* Co ba loai menh de sau WISH va IF ONLY diidc diing de chi ttU
ao tide d titefng lai, hien tai va qud khii.

1/ Future wish (Ao ifdc of ttfefng lai)

1 S + WISH + S+ Would +V( bare-inf.)

1 (IF ONLY) + Could
Ex:
• I wish I would be an astronaut in the future.
• Tom wishes he were coming with us.
• If only I would take the trip with you next Sunday.
• If only I would be able to attend your wedding next week.

2/ Present wish (Ao ufdc d hien tai)

S+ WISH + S +V past subjunctive

(IF ONLY) ( V ,; be-> were)

♦ Subjunctive: Qua khuf gia dinh, hinh thtic nhif Simple

past.
Ex: + I wish I were rich.
(But I am poor now)
+ I can’t swim. I wish I could swim.
+ If only Ben were here.
(Ben isn’t here. I wish he were here)
+ We wish that we didn’t have to go to class today.

212
 (We have to go to class)

3/ Past wish ( Ao vfdc d qua khti )

rPast Perfect Subjunctive

S + WISH + S + 4 ( had + V3)
(IF ONLY) LCould have + V3

♦ Past perfect Subjunctive: qua khvf hoan thanh gia dinh,

hinh thiic nhvf Past perfect.

*Ex:
■ I wish I hadn’t failed my exam last year.
(I failed my exam)
■ She wishes she had had enough money to buy the house.
(She hadn’t have enough money to buy it)
■ If only I had met her yesterday.
(I didn’t meet her)
■ She wishes she could have been there.
(She couldn’t be there)

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 EXERCISE

Rewrite the sentences below, using WISH or IF ONLY

1. My father isn’t here now. I want him to be here now.
2. You talk more than you work. The teacher wants you to work
more than to talk.
3. John would like to be an astronaut when he grows up.
4. I’m sorry I didn’t help you yesterday.
5. I regret that you didn’t give me a chance to tell you the truth.
6. Mary is afraid she won’t be able to attend your wedding next
week.
7. We regret that we didn’t have enough money to buy that
house.
8. You drive too fast. I’d like you to drive more slowly.
9. You are too lazy. The teacher wants you to be more studious.
10. I’m afraid he won’t get over his illness soon.
11. I’m not a doctor.
1 2 .1 haven’t enough money to buy this book.
1 3 .1 live in a big city, but I don’t like it.
14. Nam is sorry now that he didn’t accept the job.
15. Tomorrow is a workday.
16. We have to work this Saturday.
1 7 .1 feel sick because I ate too much ice-cream.
18. It’s pity that you were not here last week.
1 9 .1 regret speaking to him so impolitely yesterday.
20. Alan regretted asking Arthur to lend him $20.
2 1 .1 want the baby to stop crying.
22. He is sorry now that he didn’t invite Molly to his party.
23. The hotel wasn’t good.
2 4 .1 didn’t understand the lesson.
25. My friend didn’t pass his exam.

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 C-PH RASES AND CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
(CUM TU" v a m £ n h d e CHI MUC DlCH)

I/ Phrases of Purpose:
1/ Neu muon dien ta muc dich khang dinh, ta dung mot
cum t£f bat dau bfing “to”, “in order to”, “so as to”.

• ♦ to -infinitive
♦ (de ma)

i n ° rdert° } (bare-inf.)
♦ so as to
Ex:
■ I try to study to pass my next exam.
■ I try to study in order to pass my next exam.
■ He does morning exercises regularly so as to improve his
health.

2/ Neu muon di6n ta muc dich phu dinh, ta dung mot cum
tif bat dau bang “so as not to” hoac “in order not to”.
Ex: + She got up early so as not to miss the bus.
+ He studies hard so as not to fail in the exam.

II/ Clauses of Purpose: Adverbial clauses of purpose

(Menh d£ trang nguf chi muc dich)
* M?nh de chi' muc dich thudng diidc bat d£u bang: SO THAT, IN
ORDER THAT (de ma)
* Menh de chi muc dich co c£u true sau:

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 so that will/would
S + V + in order that «■ S + can/could + V (bare-inf.>
may/might

menh de chinh
( main clause) menh de trang ngii chi muc dich
__________________________(adverbial clause of purpose)____________
Ex: .
• I try all my best to study English in order that I can fmd a
better job.
• I try to study so that I can pass the exam.
• He hurried so that he wouldn’t miss the train.
© Ltfu y: Neu chu nguf cua menh de chinh va menh de chi
muc dich khac nhau ta khong driofc dung phrase of
purpose.

Ill/ Cac dang bai tap :

1/ Dang bai tap mot: Noi hai cdu co cung chu ngit thdnh mot
cdu co cum tie chi muc dich hoac menh de chi muc dich.
Ex:
■ Mary gets up early every morning. She wants to learn her
lessons.
-» Mary gets up early every morning to learn her lessons.
-* Mary gets up early every morning so that she can learn her
lessons.
■ We leam English. We want to have better communication with
other people.
-> We leam English to have better communication with other
people.
—> We leam English so that we will have better communication
with other people.
■ He was in a hurry. He wanted to catch the bus.
He was in a hurry to catch the bus.

216
—> He was in a hurry in order that he would catch the bus.

2/ Dang bai tap hai: Noi hai cau co cung chu ngu! nhtfng sau
“want” co tan nguf hoac tuc tuf (Object).
Ex:
• He gave me his address. He wanted me to visit him.
-> He gave me his address so that I would visit him.
• They whispered. They didn’t want anyone to hear their
conversation.
-> They whispered in order that no one could hear their
conversation.
*Neu muon dung ph rase o f purpose d dang nay, ta phai
theo cong thiic:

In order for + O + to-inf.

Ex:
• He gave me his address in order for me to visit him.
• They whispered in order for no one to hear their
conversation.

3/ Dang bai tap ba: Doi mot cau tut “ phrase of purpose” sang
“clause of purpose” hoac ngUdc lai.
Ex:
• We hurried to school so as not to be late.
—> We hurried to school so that we wouldn’t be late.
• Mary locked the door so that she wouldn’t be disturbed.
-> Mary locked the door so as not to be disturbed.
• He studies hard in order to pass his exam.
-> He studies hard so that he can pass his exam.

4J Dang bai tap bon: Hoan tat cau vdi “phrase” hoac “clause of
purpope”.
Ex: + She studies English so that...

217
 + He stood up order...
• Ltfu y:
• Khi dong tvf trong menh de chinh 6 thi “present” thi ta
dung “will/ can” d menh de chi muc dich.
• Khi dong tvf trong menh de chinh d thi “past” thi ta
dung “would/ could” of menh d ! chi muc dich.

EXERCISES

Use a phrase or clause of purpose to combine each pair of

sentences below:
1. The clown took off his mask. He didn’t want to frighten the
children.
2. My father drove carefully. He didn’t want to cause accidents.
3. Sue dutifully followed her parents’ advice. She didn’t want to
cause trouble for her parents.
4. Mr Thompson is learning Vietnamese.
He wishes to read The Tale of Kieu.
5. Please shut the door. I don’t want the dog to go out of the
house.
6. The farmer built a high wall around his garden. The fruits
wouldn’t be stolen.
7. The police stopped the traffic every few minutes.
The pedestrians might cross the road.
8. The notices are written in several languages. Everyone may
understand them.
9. I wish to have enough money. I want to buy a new house.
10. Dick is practising the guitar. He can play for the dance.
11. She needs a job. She wants to support her old parents.

218
12. He moved to the front row. He could hear the speaker better.
13. She put the meat into the oven. She wanted it to be ready for
dinner.
14. The boy stood on the benches. They wanted to get a better
view.
15. We lower the volume of the radio. We don’t want to bother our
neighbours.
16. I’ll write to you. I want you to know my decision soon.
17. These men were talking in whispers. They didn’t want anyone
to hear their conversation.
18. The boy feigned to be sick. He hoped we didn’t make him work.
19. The man spoke loudly. He wanted everybody to hear him
clearly.
20. Doris often goes home as soon as the class is over. She doesn’t
want her mother to wait for her.
21. John gets up early. He doesn’t want to be late for class.
22. Mary hid the novel under her pillow. She didn’t want her
father to see it.
23. Alice prepares her lesson carefully. She wants to get high
marks in class.
24. The robber changed his address all the time. He didn’t want
the police to find him.
25. They did their jobs well. They hoped the boss would increase
their salary.
26. You should walk slowly. Your sister can follow you.
27. I’m studying hard. I want to keep pace with my classmates.
28. We turned out the lights. We didn’t want to waste electricity.
29. This pupil read only for short periods each day. He didn’t want
to train his eyes.
3 0 .1 whispered. I didn’t want to disturb anyone.

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 D- PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF RESULT
(CUM T lf VA MENH DE CHI KET QUA)

1/ Phases o f Result:
* Cura tir chi k£t qua thudng c6 “TOO” (qui) hoac “ENOUGH” (du).
* Cau true cua cum til chi ket qud la:
1 / TOO: (qud... khong the)

S + be (look, seem, become, get...) + too + adj (+ for 0 ) f

to-infinitive
S + Vf*htfcfng) +■ too + adv (+ for + O) + to-infinitive
Ex: + x. :s too short to play basketball.
adj
+ Tom ran too slowly to becom e the winner of the race.
adv
+ This book is too dull for vou to read.
adj
Ltfu y : “TOO” thudng dUdc dung trong cau co nghia phu dinh
(qua... khong the)

2 / Enough: (du... deed the)

S + be + adj + enough (+ for + 0 ) + to-inf.

S + V (thtfofng) + adv + enough ( + for + O) + to-inf.

Ex: + Mary isn’t old enough to drive a car.

adj
+ She speaks Spanish well enough to be an interpreter.
adv
+ It is cold enough to wear a heavy jacket,
adj

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 II/ Clauses o f Result: Adverbial clauses o f Result (menh de
trang nguf chi ket qua).
• Menh de trang ngu chi het qud la menh de phu de chi ket
qua do hanh dong cua menh de chinh gay ra.
• Cdu true cua cdu co menh de trang ngii chi ket qud nhu
sau:
1/ SO...THAT (qua... den noi)

. S + be + so + adj + that + S + V.
!' . ______________ . _______ _
main clause adverbial clause o f result

S -f V (thvfetag) + so + adv + that + S +V________________

Ex: • It was so dark that I couldn’t see anything.

• The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed
from the class.

*Lvfu v: Neu dong tif tron g m enh de chinh la cac dong tvf
chi tri giac nhvf “look, appear, seem, feel, taste, smell,
sound...”, ta dung con g thvfc nhvf “be + so...”
Ex:
• The little girl looks so unhappy that we all feel sorry for
her.
• The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
•Neu trvfdc “SO” co “M A N Y ’, “M UCH”, “FEW ”, “ L IT T L E ” ,
thi ta co cau true:

S + V + so I m a n y l+ plural countable Noun + that + S + V

fe w ___________ (danh tvf dem difcte so nhieu)

Ex:
• The Sm iths had so many children that they formed their
own baseball team.

221
 • I had so few job offers that it wasn’t difficult to select
one.
• There are so many people in the room that I feel tired.

S + V + so + rm uch -i + uncountable Noun + that + S ♦ V

_____________little ___________(danh tft khong dem di/cte)
Ex:
•
He has invested so much money in the project that he
can’t abandon it now.
• The glass received so little water that it turned brown
in the h e a t .
* Mot cau true khac;pua “ so... that”

S + V + so + adj + a + Singular countable N + that...

___ ___ (danh tvf dem difefe so it)

Ex:
• It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
• It was so interesting a book that he couldn’t put it
down.

2/ SUC11... THAT: (q u a ... d e n n o i )

S' + V + such a! an + adj + N + that + S + V

L __________________ I________________
Ex:
• It was such a hot day that we decided to stay at home.
• She had such exceptional abilities that everyone is
jealous of her.
• There are such beautiful pictures that everybody will
want one.
• It is such an intelligent boy that we all admire him.
• This is such difficult hom ework that I will never finish
it.

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 EXERCISES
1/ Com bine tw o sentences, using “so ... that” or “such ...
that”

1. The sun shone brightly. Maria had to put on her sunglasses.

2. Dean was a powerful swimmer. He always won the races.
3. There were few students registered. The class was cancelled.
4. The house was beautiful. I took a picture o f it.
5. This coffee is strong. I can’t drink it.
6. This is a good film. I want to see it ajjain and again.
7. There was a lot of food. Everyone ate too much.
8. There were a lot o f guests. There wasn’t enough food.
9. I ate a lot o f sandwiches. I felt uneasy.
10. David has a lot of work to do. He can’t com e tonight.
11. He was very sick. He was sent to the hospital.
12. It was very dark. He couldn’t see anything.
13. He has very wide knowledge. W e can’t help admiring him.
14. His conduct is very good. All his teachers love him.
15. Mary has beautiful voice. W e all like to hear her sing.
16. John is still very weak. He can’t walk without a stick.
17. My father has a very good health. He seldom takes any
medicines.
18. There is too much noise. W e can’t learn our lessons.
19. My friend is very strong. He can lift up the table himself.
20. Bill is an intelligent boy. He is always at the top of his class.

II/ R e w r ite t h e s e n t e n c e s b e lo w , u s in g “E N O U G H ” in s te a d
o f “T O O ”

1. This book is too dull to read.

2. W e were too late to get good seats.
3. Jack is too lazy to make progress in his study.
4. I’m too poor to help you with the money.

223
 5. These oranges are too sour for us to eat.
6. The shelf is too high for the boy to reach.
7. This road is too dangerous for her to go at night.
8. The water in this pool is too dirty to drink.
9. Martha is too ugly to have a boyfriend.
10. This room is too dark for us to study.

I ll/ Fill in the blanks with “SO MUCH” or “SO M A N Y ’

1. W e h a v e .............problems that we can’t go to bed early.

2. W hy have you g o t .............furniture?
3. There w a s ........ .. food that everyone ate too much.
4. There w e r e .............guests that there wasn’t enough food
5. W hy did you b u y ............ beer?
6. Doctor Sim m on h a s .............patients that he’s always busy.
7. I a t e .............sandwiches that I felt ill.
8. My father h a s ............. work to do that he can’t come back
hom e tonight.
9. W hy did he d rin k ............ wine?
10. They d r a n k ............ wine that they couldn’t walk.
11. His mother asks him to take ............ things that he can’t
put all of them into his suitcase.
12. There are ............ places o f interest in London that Jane
can’t decide where to go first.
13. It took J a n e .............time to listen to her roommate.
14. There w a s .............noise in the room that I couldn’t work.
15. There are ............. planets in the universe that we can’t
count them.

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 E-PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF REASON
(CUM TIT VA MENH DE CHI LY DO)

I/ Phrases o f Reason:
* Cum tii chi ly do thiidng diicfc bat dau bang tie noi BECAUSE
OF
*Cau true cua cum tii chi ly do la:

...because o f + N/ N Phrase/ Gerund Phrase

Note: Because o f is often interchangeable with the

expression due to.
Ex:
+ Jan was worried because of the rain.
+ The students arrived late because of the traffic jam.
+ We have to cut down our driving because of the oil
shortage.
+ Because of the rain, we have cancelled the party.

II/ Clauses o f Reason = Adverbial Clauses o f Reason (Menh

de trang nguf chi ly do)
* Menh de tran,g ngu! chi ly do la mot menh de phu chi ly do
hoac nguyen nhdn cua hanh dong diidc neu trong menh de chinh.
* Menh di trang ngii chi ly do thiidng diidc noi vdi menh de chinh
nkdeae tii noi: BECAUSE, SINCE, AS (liiu y “ since” va “as”
thiidng dat d dau cdu).
* Cdu true:

Because/ Since / A s + S + V
Ex:
,*• He cam e ten minutes late because he missed the first bu^.
-> Since/ As he missed the first bus, he came ten minutes
late.

225
•> She was worried because it started to rain.
They didn’t take part in the trip because the weather was bad.

* Khi doi menh de sang cum tit, neu hai chu ngit giong nhau ta
co the dung “Gerund phrase”.
Ex: She stayed at home because she was sick.
—> She stayed at home because of being sick.

F-PH RASES AND CLAUSES OF CONCESSION

(CUM TU" VA MENH DE CHi SU NHU0NG BO)

1/ Phrases o f Concession:
• Cum tu chi sU nhupng bo thiidng diipc bat dau bang gidi
tii “ In spite o f ’ hoac “Despite” (mac du, cho du).
• Cau true cua cum tie chi sii nhiiOng bo la:

In spite of
+ N/ N phrase/ Gerund phrase
Despite______________________________________________

Ex: + Despite his physical handicap, he has becom e a

successful businessman.
+ In spite of her bad grades, Jane will be adm itted to
the university.
*Menh de co “ Despite” hoac “In spite o f ’ co the duoc dat 6
trUdc hoac sau menh de chinh.

II/ Clauses o f Concession = Adverbial clauses o f Concession

(Menh de trang nguf chi suf nhtftfng bp).
• Menh de trang ngii chi sit nhiiOng bo la menh de phu chi sii
tiiefng phdn cua hai hanh dong trong cdu.

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• Menh de nay thitdng bat dau bang nhitng tit noi :ALTHOUGH,
EVEN THOUGH, NO MATTER, WHATEVER (du, cho du).
• Cdu true:
1/
a lth o u g h
th ou g h + S +V
e v e n th o u g h

Ex: + Although the weather was very bad, we had a

picnic.
+ We took many pictures though the sky was cloudy.
2 /_________________________________________________________
No m atter + who/ what/ when/ w here/ why/ how (adj, adv) + S+ V
W hatever (+N) + S + V___________________________

* Lufu y: M en h d e b a t d a u b a n g “ NO MATTER” hoac

“ W HATEVER” thvfefng difefe d a t trutfc m e n h d e c h in h .
Ex:
• No matter who you are, I still love you.
• No matter what she says, I don’t believe her.
• W hatever others may say, you are certainly right.
 EXERCISES

1/ Combine each pair o f sentences below, using the

conjunction given in parentheses:

1. She is very rich. He isn’t happy, (although)

2. She is very rich. He isn’t happy, (no matter)
3. She can’t answer my question. She is very intelligent,
(although)
4. She can’t answer my question. She is very intelligent, (no
matter)
5. He does anything. He is always careful, (whatever)
6. He does anything. He always tries his best, (no matter)
7. She says anything. I don’t believe her. (whatever)
8. She says anything. I don’t believe her. (no matter)
9. He tried. He was not successful, (no matter)
10. He tried. He was not successful, (although)
1 1 . His life is hard. He is determined to study well, (although)
12. His life is hard. He is determined to study well, (no matter)
13. He was wise and experienced. He was taken in. (though)
14. He got good jobs. He was not satisfied, (no matter)
15. He got good jobs. He was not satisfied, (even though)
16. You do any job. You should do it devotedly, (whatever)
17. He liked anywhere. He always thought of his homeland, (no
matter)
18. It was cold. He didn’t wear warm clothes, (no matter)
19. He often tell lies. Many people believe him. (although)
20. You return at any time. She waits for you. (no matter)

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II/Make clauses of concession with “WHATEVER”:

1. No m atter what happens, don’t forget to write to me.

2. She will refuse to consider our proposal even if we made
any kinds o f effort to persuade her.
3. No m atter what kinds of exercises he had taken, he was
still putting on weight.
4. No matter what sorts of difficulties you may encounter, you
should keep your promise.
5. No matter what he says, nobody believes him.
6 . You should review all your lessons before taking your exam
although you have any kinds of difficulties.
7. Although he had taken any kinds of exercies, he got fatter
and fatter.
8 . You should always study hard although you encounter
difficulties.
9. Although others may say anything she is certainly right.
10. Although he chose any job, his parents were pleased with
him.
1 1 . The old wom an told interesting stories to the children
although her memory was poor.
12. Though he had been absent frequently, he was managed to
pass the test.
13. He ate the chocolate cake even though he was on diet.
14. Although the prices are high, my daughters msist on going
to the movie.

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 G- CLAUSES AFTER AS IF , AS T H O U G H , I T S HIGH
T IM E , IT ’S T IM E , W O U L D P \ T H E R

1) Clauses after AS IF, AS THOUGH:

* AS IF, AS THOUGH co nghia la “nhit the, ditdng nhi/’.
* Hai tit noi tren ditng tritdc mot menh de chi mot dieu khong co
that hoac trdi vdi thitc te.

*Cau true:
. -

® ^ ( S i m p l e P resen t) f +S+ f Vpag^ s u bju n ctive

I-as though '-(V*; be -» were)

Ex:
• The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer.
(It is not winter)
• She walks as though she studied modelling. (She didn’t study
modeling)
• He acts as though he were rich. (He is not rich)

S + V(past) + j-a s if + S + V past perfect subjunctive

\ as though (had + vs) (Neu chi mot
hanh dong xay ra tn? 6c hanh
dong d menh de chinh)
Ex:
• Tom looked tired as if he had worked very hard.
• The child ate as though he had been hungry for a long time.
• He looked as if he hadn’t taken a bath for months.

230
• Lifu y ; + Past subjunctive (qua khtf gia dinh) co hinh thtfc
giong thi Simple Past nhtfng vdi dong tvf BE phai doi thanh
WERE cho tat ca cac ngoi.
+ Past perfect subjunctive (qua khuf hoan thanh gia dinh)
co hinh thtic giong thi Past perfect (had + V s).
2/ Clauses after IT ’S TIM E, IT ’S HIGH TIME.
• It's time! It's high time co nghia la “da tdi luc” de dien td
thdi gian ma mot viec nen ditpc lam ngay.
• Cac td tren thudng duoc theo sau bang cac menh de co
cdu true sau:
a/ Followed by past tense with present meaning:

It S time + S + V p asj. subjunctive

It’s high time (Vt; be —> were)

^~Ex;
• It’s time you started to work.
• It’s high time we set out.
• It’s time we reviewed our lesson.

b/ Followed by infinitive

| It’s time + (for + O) + Infinitive

I It’s high time
Ex:
• It’s time for her to go to bed.
• It’s tim e to buy a car.

3/ Clauses after W O U L D RATHER:

* “Would rather” co nghia la “ mong muon rang”

231
 (D ang viet tAt: ...’d rather).
* Menh de theo sau WOULD RATHER co ba cdu true sau:
a- M ong muon d tifefng lai:

S + would rather (that) + S (not) + V present subjunctive

^ bare-inf^
* Lifu y: Present subjunctive la hien tai gia dinh co hinh
thufc nhtf dong ti* nguyen mau (V bare.iDlf)
Ex:
• I would rather (that) you call me tomorrow.
• We would rather he take this train.
• I would rather (that) she be here tomorrow.
• I would rather you not call me next Sunday.

b- M ong muon of hien tai: (trai vdi thvfc te, khong co that)

S + would rather (that) + S + V Past subjunctive

(V*; be->were)
Ex:
• Henry would rather (that) his girlfriend worked in the same
department as he does. (His girlfriend does not w ork in the
same department).
• Jane would rather (that) it weren’t winter now.
• I would rather the weather were fine today.

c- M ong muon of qua khti: (trai vdi thuc te, khong co that)

S + would rather (that) + S + V Past perfect subjunctive

(had + V3)

232
 Ex: + Roberto would rather w e hadn’t left yesterday.
+ John would rather that Mary had gone to school
yesterday.
+ I would rather I had passed my last exam.
* Would rather con dtfcfc dung trong cac cau true sau:

S + would rather (not) + V (ba^nf.) ... (+ than)...

( Tiicfng lai/ hien tai)
Ex: + I would rather stay at home tonight.
+ John would rather go to class tomorrow than today.

S + would rather (not) + have + Vs... (than) j (Qud khit)

Ex: + John would rather have gone to class yesterday than
today.
+ Mary would rather not have gone to class yesterday.

EXERCISES

1/ Supply the correct verb forms:

1. We would rather (stay) home tonight.

2. Mr Jones would rather (stay) home last night.
3. We would rather (drink) coffee than tea.
4 . The photographer would rather that we (stand) closer
together than we are standing.
5. Carmen would rather (cook) for the entire family.
6 . She would rather you (not arrive) last night.
7. John would rather he (sleep) than worked last night.
8 . George would rather he (be) free tomorrow.

233
 9. Mary would rather that she (not, fail) the test yesterday.
1 0 . 1 would rather that I (invite) her to my birthday party last
Sunday.
1 1 . Henry talks to his dog as if it (understand) him.
12. It’s time we all (go) now.
13. I’d rather you (go) now.
14. It’s high time you (get) the tea ready.
15. He acts as if he (know) English perfectly.
16. I’d rather you (pay) me now.
17. It’s high time you (have) a haircut.
18. He was wet as if he (swim) for hours.
19. She acted as if she (meet) him before.
20. Jact spent his money as if he (win) a lottery.

II/ Rewrite the sentences, beginning with the words given:

1. My head seems to be on fire now.

—> I feel as if ...
2. I had a feeling that I was walking in the air.
—> I felt as though ...
3. Bill doesn’t work hard.
—» I’d rather...
4. He did not want to pay his debts.
—> I’d rather ...
5. He drives too fast.
- » I’d rather...
6. He spent his money like a prince.
- » He spent his money as if ...
7. You speak like a prophet.
-» You speak as though...

234
8 . We must set out, it is a bit late.
—> It’s high time...
9. You should review your lessons for the exams.
- » It’s time...
10. He smokes a great deal. I’d like he gives up smoking.
-> I’d rather...
11. She pretended not to know me.
-» She looked as if she...
12. He should call me on the phone.
-» It’s time...
13. We must start working now.
- » It’s high time...
14. She made up like an actress.
She made up as if...
15. She cried like a baby.
-> She cried as though...
16. They talk like kings.
—> They talk as if...
17. We should solve this problem.
—> It’s time...
18. Mary dresses up like a queen.
-> Mary dresses up as if...
19. She talks too much.
-> I’d rather...
20 . He’ll com e to my house tonight.
- » I’d rather...

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 H- NOUN CLAUSES
(MENH DE DANH NGlf)

• Noun clause la mot menh de phu lam cong viec cua danh
tu.
• Noun clause duoc noi vdi menh de chinh bdi tit noi
TH A T hoac cac tii WHO, WHAT, WHICH, WHERE,
WHEN, HOW, WHETHER.
• Khi diing cac til noi tren, dong til trong “Noun clause”
van chia d the xac dinh, khong chia a the'nghi van.
1/ Noun clauses lam chu nguf (Subject) trong cau
Ex: + What he said was not true.
S
+ W hether the weather will change or not is difficult to tell.
S
+ W hat you think is not my problem.
S
2/ Noun clauses co the lam tan nguf (Object) trong cau
Ex: + I’ll tell you what he w ants.
0
+ I didn't believe what he said.
0
+ He said that he had seen me before.
0
3/ Noun clauses co the lam bo nguf (Com plem ent) trong cau
Ex: + I consider him what a man should be.
C
+ Money is what she needs.
C
4/ Noun clauses co the lam tan nguf cho gidi tif (Object of a
Preposition)
Ex: + It all depends on when you come.
+ You are responsible for what you have done.

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 I- R E L A T IV E C L A U S E S
(MENH DE QUAN HE)

• Relative clausc con difOc gpi la Adjective clause (menh

de tinh nguf) vi no la menh de phu difOc dung de bo
nghia cho danh td diing trvfdc no (tien nguf).
• Relative clauses dtfcfc noi vdi menh de chinh bdi cac dai
td quan he W HO, W H O M , W H ICH , W H OSE, THAT hoac
cac pho td quan he W H EN , W H ERE, W H Y.
• Vj tri: Relative clauses ddng ngay sau danh td ma no bo
nghia.
/ / CACH DUNG:
1 /WHO:
* WHO la mot dai tit quan he (relative pronoun) chi ngiidi.
*WHO ditng sau tien ngit chi ngitdi de lam chu ngit cho
dong tit ditng sau no (S).
Ex: + The man who is standing overthere is Mr Pike,
relative clause
+ That is the girl who has won the medal.
relative clause
2 /WHOM:
* WHOM la mot dai tit quan he chi ngitcfi.
* WHOM diing sau tien ngit chi ngitdi de lam tiic tit cho dong
tit ditng sau no (O).
Ex: + The woman whom vou saw yesterday is my aunt.
+ The boy whom we are looking for is Tom.
*WHOM co the ditdc bo.
Ex: + The woman vou saw yesterday is my aunt.
+ The boy we are looking for is Tom.

237
 3/ W H IC H :
* WHICH: la mot dai tu quan he chi vat.
* WHICH diing sau tien ngiC chi vat de lam chu ngie (S) hoac
tuc tie (O) cho dong tie sau no.
Ex: + This is the book which 1 like best.
+ The hat which is red is mine.
* Khi WHICH lam tuc tie (O) cho dong tie sau no, WHICH co
the dupe bo.
Ex: + This is the book I like best.
+ The dress (which) I bought yesterday is very beautiful.

47 TH A T:
* THAT la mot dai tie quan he chi ca ngUdi lan vat.
* THAT co the ditdc dung thay cho WHO, WHOM, WHICH tronR
menh de quan he thuoc loai Restrictive clauses (menh de han
dinh).
Ex: + That is the book that I like best.
+ That is the bicycle that belongs to Tom.
+ My father is the person that I admire most.
+ I can see a girl and her dog that are running in the park.

5 / W H O SE :
* WHOSE la mot dai tie quan he.
* WHOSE ditng sau tien ngie chi ngiCcfi va thay cho tinh tie set
hieu trUdc danh tie. WHOSE cung ditdc diing cho vat f=of which).
* WHOSE luon di kem vdi mot danh tie.
Ex: + The boy whose bicycle you borrowed yesterday is Tom.
+ John found a cat whose lee was broken.

238
6/ WHEN:
* WHEN la mot pho tit quan he chi thin gian.
* WHEN ditng sau tien ngie chi thdi gian.
* WHEN ditdc diing thay cho “at/ on / in + which; TH EN ’.
Ex: + May Day is the day when people hold a meeting.
(on which)
+ I’ll never forget the day when I met her.
(on which)
+ That was the time when he managed the company.
(at which)

7 /W H ERE:
* WHERE la mot pho tit quan he chi ndi chon.
* WHERE ditng sau tien ngit chi ndi chon.
* WHERE ditdc dung thay cho “a t/ on / in + which; THERE”.
Ex: + That is the house where we are living now.
(in which)
+ Do you know the country where I was born?
+ Hanoi is the place where I like to come.

8/ WHY:
* WHY la mot pho tit quan he chi ly do.
* WHY diing sau tien ngit “THE REASON’ (ly do).
* WILY ditdc dung thay cho “FOR THE REASON ’.
Ex: + Please tell me the reason why you are so sad.
(for which)
+ He told me the reason why he had been absent from class
the day before.

239
II/ Phan lo a i: Co 2 loai Relative claus**'
1/ Restrictive clauses: (menh de han dinh)
Day la loai menh de can thiet vi tien ngii chita xac dinh,
khong co no cau se khong du nghia .
Ex: + The man who keeps the school library is Mr Green.
+ That is the book that I like best.

2/ Non- Restrictive clauses: (menh de khong han dinh)

* Ddy la loai menh de khong can thiet vi tien ngit da diidc xac
dinh, khong co no cdu van du nghia.
* Non- Restrictive clauses ditdc ngan vdi menh de chinh bang
cac dau phay. TriCdc danh tic thiidng co: this, that, these, those,
my, his... hoac ten rieng.
Ex: + That man, whom you saw yesterday, is Mr Pike.
+ This is Mrs Jones, who helped me last week.
+ Mary, whose sister I know, has won an Oscar.

* Lvfu y: Khong dvfefe dung “THAT” trong non-restrictive

clauses.

Ill/ Trvfdng hcfp dong tvf cua Relative clauses co gidi tvf (chi
dung cho W H O M / W H ICH ).
** Ta dat gidi tvf trvfdc Relative clause (trvfdc WHOM,
WHICH).
* Ta cung co the bo W H O M , W H ICH va dat gidi tvf ra sau
dong tvf cua Relative clauses (vdi dieu kien phai la
Restrictive clause).
* Khi dung THAT, ta khong dvfefe dem gidi tvf ra trvfdc ma
van de sau.
Ex: + The man to whom Mary is talking is Mr Pike.

‘240
 + The man Mary is talking to is Mr Pike.
+ The man that Mary is talking to is Mr Pike.
*Khi gidi tif dvfng cuoi Relative clauses la thanh phan cua
dong tvf kep thi ta khong dem ra trvfdc W H O M / W HICH.
Ex: + This is the book which I’m looking for.
+ That is the child whom you have to look after.
* Khi dung W H O M , W H ICH co the de cac gidi tvf of sau
(ngoai trif W ITH OUT).
Ex: + The man whom M ary is talking to is Mr Pike.
+ That is the man without whom we’ll get lost.

IV/ Dang rut gon cua menh de quan he (reduced forms of

relative clauses).
1 / Menh d i quan he co th i di/dc rut gon bang cdch dung
participle phrases. Co hai loai participle phrases:
* Present participle phrases la cac cum tii bat dau bang Present
participle (V-ing).
* Past participle phrases la cac cum lit bat dau bang Past
participle (V3).
* Cach rut gon menh de quan he bang participle phrases:
* Neu dong tvf trong menh de quan he d the chu dong
(active), ta dung Present participle phrases thay cho menh
de do (bo dai tvf quan he va trd dong tvf, difa dong tvf chinh
ve nguyen mau roi them ING).
Ex: + The man who is sittmg next to you is my uncle.
-> The man sittm g next to you is my uncle.
+ Do you know the boy who broke the wmdows last night?
Do you know the boy breaking the windows last night?

241
 *Neu dong tvf trong menh de quan he d the bi dong
(passive), ta dung past participial phrase (bo dai tvf quan
he va trd dong tvf, bat dau cum tvf bang V 3).
Ex:
• The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting.
-> The books written by To Hoai are interesting.
• The students who were punished by the teacher are lazy.
-> The students punished by the teacher are lazy.
• The house which is being built now belongs to Mr Pike.
—> The house built now belongs to Mr Pike.

2/ Menh de quan he co the dvfdc rut gon bang cach dung

“TO-INFINITIVE” hoac “ INFINITIVE PHRASE” (for + 0 +
to-inf)
Ex:
• English is an im portant language which we have to master.
—> English is an im portant language to master.
• There is a good restaurant where we can eat good food.
-> There is a good restaurant to eat good food.
• That is the hotel where we can stay .
- » That is the hotel to stay.
• There’s a lot o f work which has to be done.
- » There’s a lot o f work to be done.
• Here is a form that you must fill in.
—> Here is a form for you to fill in.
• I don’t like him playing in the streets; I wish we had a garden
that he could play in.
—» I don’t like him playing in the streets; I wish we had a garden
for him to play in.

242
 EXERCISES
Use a relative pronoun or relative adverb to combine each
pair o f sentences below:

1 . She is the most intelligent woman. I’ve ever met this woman.
2. This doctor is famous. You visited him yesterday.
3. Do you know the music? It is being played on the radio.
4. The police want to know the hotel. Mr Foster stayed there two
weeks ago.
5. The examination lasted two days. I was successful in this
examination.
6 . These children are orphans. She is talking care of these
children.
7. The two young men are not good persons. You are acquainted
with them.
8 . I have not decided the day. I’ll go to London on that day.
9. He doesn’t want to sell the house. He was b o m in this house.
10. The airport is the most modern one. We are going to arrive at
this airport.
1 1 . We enjoyed the city. We spent our vacation m this city.
12. One of the elephants had only one tusk. We saw these
elephants at the zoo.
1 3 .1 looked at the moon. It was very bnght that evening.
14. My father goes swimming everyday. You met him this
morning.
15. The man is my father. I respect this man most.
16. The man is my father. I respect his opinions most.
17. Please post th-?se letters. I wrote them this morning.

243
18. The building is the church. Its tower can be seen from afar.
19. Mary and Margaret are twins.You meet them yesterday.
2 0 . I’ll introduce you to the man. His support is necessary for your
project.
21. They are repairing the tubes. Water is brought into our house
through the tubes.
22. In the middle of the village there is a well. The villagers take
water from this well to drink.
23. The middle-aged man is the director. My father is talking to
him.
24. This is a rare opportunity. You should take advantage of it to
get a better job.
25. The boy is my cousin. You made fun of him.
26. I apologized the woman. I spilled her coffee.
27. The professor is excellent. I’m taking her course.
28. The man called the police. His wallet was stolen.
29. A man brought in a small girl. Her hand had been cut.
30. The Smiths were given rooms in the hotel. Their house had
been destroyed in the explosion.
31. He introduced me to his students. Most o f them were from
abroad.
32. They gave me four very bad tyres. One of them burst before I
had driven four miles.
33. A man answered the phone. He said Tom was out.
34. Phuong Thao is a singer. You like music best.
35. She couldn’t come to the party. This is a pity.

244
 VI/ EXEPRESSION OF QUANTITY
(SU DlfiN TA VE SO LU0NG)
1/ Some/ any: m ot it, mot vai
1/ SOME:
* 'Some ditdc dat tritdc dank ti/ dem ditdc (so nhieu) hoac danh
ti/khong dem di/dc trong cau xac dinh.
Ex: + I want some milk.
+ He saw some strangers m his house yesterday.
+ My mother needs some eggs.
* Doi khi “Som e” dUdc dung trong cau hoi (mdi ai dung them gi
hoac mot de nghi lich sU).
Ex: + W ould you like some more coffee?
+ May I go out for some drink?

2/ANY:
* “Any” thudng ditdc dat tritdc danh tit dem ditdc hoac danh tit
khong dem ditdc trong cdu phu dinh hoac nghi van.
Ex: + Do you want any suger?
+ She didn’t see any boys in her class.
+ Does your sister need any eggs?
* Lu’u y: cac dai tif phiem dinh (something, anything,
someone, anyone, som ebody,...) cung theo cach dung tren.
Ex: + I don’t see anything on the table.
+ Is there anvbodv in your house now 9
+ I want to do som ething to help her.

II/ M ost/ M ost of: Phan lota, da so

1/ MOST:

245
 * MOST dung tritdc danh tit dem ditdc (so nhieu) hoac khong
dem ditdc.
* MOST la tit xac dinh trong cdu true:

MOST + NOUN
M OST + ADJECTIVE + NOUN

Ex: + Most children are fond of sweets.

+ Most beautiful material is expensive.
+ Most beer has been drunk.
+ Most pupils like playing football.

2/ M OST OF:
* MOST OF dung trUdc cum danh tvf so" l't hoac so nhieu.
Most of.../M OST OF + DETERM INER; PRONOUN.
Ex: + Most of these students are intelligent.
+ Most of her friends have well-paid jobs.
+ We spend most of our leisure time watching TV.
+ He has finished most of the exercises in this book.
* Cac cum danh tii diing sau “M OST O F ’ thtfdng xac dinh (phai
co “the” , “these” , “those” ; hoac cac tinh tt( sd hutu “ my, his, her”...)
Ex: + Most boy and girls have given thought to their future job.
+ Most o f the boys in my class want to choose well-paid jobs.

Ill/ M uch, M any, A great deal of, A large numbei of, A lot of,
Lots of... (nhieu)

W ith countable W ith uncountable nouns

nouns ( Vdi cac danh tii khong dem diidc)
( Vdi cac danh tit
dem ditoc)

246
many -I much (thiidng dung trong cdu
phu dinh hoac nghi van)

a large number of ,, a great deal of (thtfdng diing trong cdu

a great num ber of a large amount of xac dinh)

plenty of plenty of
a lot of a lot of
lots of lots of

* Tat ca cac tCf tren deu co nghia la “nhieu”.

Ex:
• I don’t have much tim e for night clubs.
• There are so many people here that I feel tired.
• A large amount of air pollution comes from industry.
• She has got a great deal o f homework today.
• Did you spend much money for the beautiful cars?
- Yes, I spend a lot of money for them. I want to have a lot of cars.
• There’s plenty of milk in the fridge.
• There are plenty of eggs in the fridge.
• I saw lots o f flowers in the garden yesterday.
• A large number o f students in this school are good.

• Lifu y: Khi trong cau xac dinh co cac tvf “V E R Y , T O O , SO ,

AS” thi phai dung “M U C H / M A N Y ’.

Ex: + There is too much bad news on TV tonight.

+ There are too m any mistakes in your writing.

247
IV/ Few, A few, Little, A little: it, mot it, mot vai
1/ Few/ A few: diing tritdc cac danh tit dem ditdc (Countable
Nouns)
* FEW: rat it hau nhit khong co (khong nhieu nhit minh muon)
Ex:
• I don't want to take the trip to Hue because 1 have jew
friends there.
• They hardly find a job because there are few jobs.
• There are fewer students in this room than in the next
room.
* A FEW: mot cai
Ex:
• You can see a few houses on the hill.
• A few people left early.
• There are a few empty seats here.
• I recognized a few of the other guests.

2/ Little/ A little: dung trvfdc cac danh tvf khong dem dvfdc
* LITTLE: rat it (khong nhieu nhit minh muon).
Ex:
• There was little doubt in my mind.
• I have very little time for reading.
• We had little rain all summer.
• I understood little of what he said.
* A LITTLE: mot it, mot chut.
Ex:
• I need a little help to move these books.
• It caused a little confusion.
• W'ould you like a little salt on your vegetables 0

248
 EXERCISES
I/ Fill in each blank with a proper expression o f quantity:

1 . I feel lonely and don’t enjoy my life here because I have

............ friends in this city.
2 .................tourists have not visited this part of the town vet.
3. the people at the party were very friendly.
4. .Are those people E n g lish ?.............them.
5................ schools open in September.
6 . Let’s go and have a drink. W e’ve g o t ............. time before the
train leaves.
7. I need some money. Have you got any? Yes but n o t ...............
8 . The race gave e v e ry o n e ............ pleasure.
9. Hurry or we’ll be late. We have v e r y ............ time.
1 0 . I have d o n e .............exercises of grammar m this book.
11.............. the people in Canada speak English.
12. The Smiths s p e n t .............money on their last trip.
1 3 .1 do not know ............. about biology. 1 have .............
knowledge about genetics.
14. The librarian says that you may borrow as '............ books as
you want to.
15. The boys are m aking t o o .............noise.
16. We s p e n d .............our time on English grammar.
17. I’m very poor. I h a v e ............ money. But my brother is richer
than I.
He h a s ............. money m the bank.
18............... English learners have real chance to use it every day.
19. There i s .............sugar in the jar.
20. Did ............. children know anything about their future job?
No, j u s t ...............

249
 21. You talk too ............ and you often do too ............ tricks in
class.
2 2 people are afraid of snakes.
2 3 the Vietnamese people make their living by farming.
24. H o w .............languages can you speak? And h o w ..............time
do you spend on learning English?
25. H o w .............do you know about biology and genetics?
2 6 machinery was sent to the exhibition.
2 7 furniture in her room is new.
2 8 us feel the same about the war.
2 9 reporters were at the meeting yesterday.
3 0 meat is expensive.

11/ Choose the right forms of quantifiers in brackets:

How (many/ much ) 1 lists is your name on? There must be (plenty/
plenty of) 2 lists of names in every part o f the world and they must
be used to send information to (millions/ millions of)J people. The
(num ber/ am ount )4 of letters ordinary people receive these days
has greatly increased. (A lot/ A lot of) 5 the people I know object to
receiving unwanted letters. (Much/ M any)fi of the mail we receive
goes straight into" the waste-paper basket. That’s why (most/ the
most)' people refer to it as junk mail. It would be better for all of
us if we received (much/ many )8 less junk mail and. as a result,
saved (many/ much )9 more trees from destruction.

250
 VII/ EMPHASIS
(DANG NHAN MANH)

Khi muon cdu co y thuyet phuc han va nghia manh han

ngtfdi ta dung EMPHASIS.
1/ Emphasis in pronunciation (Svf nhan manh trong phat
am)
- Nhan manh trd dong tCf: gach dudi trd dong ti* hoac viet b&ng
chut nghieng. Khi dpc ta doc nhan manh hdn binh thiidng va
k6o dai nguyen am.
Khi muon nhan manh mot tCf, ta doc tii do manh hdn, 16n hdn
binh thUdng.

2/ Emphasis in w riting (Stf nhan manh trong van viet)

* Verb (Dong tif):

DO/ DOES/ DID + V { h a lM )

(to-inf. : dong tvt nguyen mau khong TO)
Ex: + John visited her yesterday.
- » John did visit her yesterday.
+ I like coffee.
—> I do like'coffee.
* ADJ (Tinh tu*)

It is /w as + adj + to-inf.
(to-inf. : dong tii nguyen mau co TO)
Ex: + Travelling by air is fast.
- » It is fast to travel by air.
+ Learning a foreign language is necessary.
 —> It is necessary to learn a foreign language.
+ W e found that getting a visa was impossible.
—> We found that it was impossible to get a visa.
* Commands (Cau de nghi)
Affirmative commands (Cau de nghi khang dinh).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I

j______^ (bare-inf.)__________ ]
Ex: + Listen to me, please.
—> Do listen to me, please.
+ Visit us some time.
-> Do visit us some time.
Negative commands (Cdu de nghi phu dinh)

! DON'T YOU t V , bare.llJ, I

Ex: + Don’t talk in class.
—> Don’t you talk in class.
+ Don’t make too much noise.
—» Don’t you make too much noiose.
* Other words (Cac tif khac)

It is/ was + ...+ that ...

Ex: + I love vou.
—> It is you that I love.
+ England won the W orld Cup m 1966.
—> It was England that won the W'orld Cup in 1966.
* Ltfu y dang cau co hai menh de nhif sau:
Ex: + I need water. I don’t need milk.
It is water, not milk that I need.
+ I saw Hoa. I didn’t see Lan.
—> It was Hoa, not Lan that I saw.

252
 EXERCISES
Dung hinh thttc nhan manh doi vdi nhufng tif hoac cum tif
diidc gach dtfofi sau:

1 . He was kind to help me.

2. Mrs Jones spends too much time making up.
3. You’re mistaken.
4. Visit us again some time.
5. Don’t make too much noise.
6. I did my English test very well.
7. You can succeed only by hard work.
8. The smoke from factory chimneys polluted the air.
9. My mother made this cake.
1 0 . I enjoy travelling.
1 1 . David teaches in a Technical College.
12. Help me solve this problem.
13. Ted broke the news to me.
14. Knowing your lim itations is important.
15. They want m oney. They don’t want affection.
16. He misunderstood my intentions.
17. I remembered her nam e after she had gone.
18. Remember to lock the door before you leave.
19. Does Mary wash up everyday?
20. She first heard the news from .Francis.
2 1 . I get along with him perhaps because he’s a misfit.
22. We need pilots, not ground staff.
23. Prices will go up. This is certain.
24. To be early is better.
25. Peter lent us money. Paul didn’t.

253
 26. We found that getting a visa is impossible.
27. He’s going today.
28. We ordered wine. We didn’t order beer.
29. Bad roads don’t cause accidents. Speed does.
30. Teasing anim als is cruel.

VIII/ STYLES
* Styles la nhufng kieu hanh van de dien dat mot cau noi
theo nhieu cach khac nhau.
* Nhufng cach dien dat m ot cau van co the la:
- Dung tinh tii thay cho danh tii (hoac ngUdc lai).
Ex: + There is a determination to overcom e problems.
N
—> Children are determined to over com e problems.
adj
+ They show no interest in the picture.
N
—> They aren’t interested in the picture,
adj
- Dung dong tii thay cho danh tti (hoac ngUdc lai).
Ex: + We had a look at the picture.
N
—> W e looked at the picture.
+ He had an intention of making a journey with her.
—> He intended to make a journey with her.
- Dung the bi dong cua dong tii thay cho the chu dong (hoac ngiidc
lai).
Ex: + Mary has finished her homework.
—> M ary’s hom ework has been finished.
+ We should keep dangerous chemicals in safe places.

254
 —> Dangerous chemicals should be kept in safe places.
- Dung pho tii thay cho tinh tii (hoac ngiiclc lai).
Ex: + He is a careful driver,
adj
—> He drives carefully.
adv
+ Tom is a good student,
adj
—» Tom studies well.
adv
+ Mary can type well.
V adv
-» Mary is a good typist.
adj N
* LUu y : Khi doi cach hanh van, ta can lvfu y stf thay doi cua

adj + N ^ — ►adv + V (th^ ^ }

+ O + adv

Ex: + They gave thought to the problem.

N
-> They thought about the problem.
V
+ He has a strong desire to becom e a doctor,
adj
-> He strongly desires to becom e a doctor,
adv V

* M ot s o tvf difofc sii d u n g dtfdi d a n g V, v a N.

1 . to look at : to have a look at (nhin vao)
2 . to think about/ of: to give thought to (nghi)
3 . to be determ ined to: to have a determination to (du dinh)
4 . to know (about): to have knowledge o£(biet)
 5. to agree: to be in agreement (dong y)
6. to disagree: to be in disagreement (khong dong y)
7. to contact sb: to have contact with sb (hen lac, quan he)
8. to exchange: to have an exchange of (trao doi)
9. to argue with sb: to have an argument with sb (tranh cai vdi
ai)
1 0 . to com plain about: to have a complaint about (phan nan ve...)
1 1 . to land: to make a landing (ha canh)
1 2 . to receive sth: to be in receipt of sth (nhan...)
13. to need: to have a need of (can)
14. to love sb: to fall in love with sb (yeu ai...)
15. to brush sth: to give sth a brush (chai)
16. to arrange with sb: to have an arrangement with sb (sap xep)
17. to tend to : to have a tendency to (co khuynh hUdng)
18. to intend to + inf: to have intention of (du dinh) + V-ing
19. to desire tu: to have a desire to (ao Udc)
2 0 . to wish: to have/ express a wish (ao U6c)
2 1 . to visit sb: to pay a visit to sb/ to pay sb a visit (tham vieng)
2 2 . to discuss sth: to have a discussion about (thao luan)
23. to decide to: to make a decision to (quyet dinh)
24. to take to: to have a talk with (noi chuyen)
25. to explain sth: to give an explanation for (giai thich)
26. to call sb: to give sb a call (goi dien cho...)
27. to be interested in: to have interest in (thich)
28. to drink: to have a drink (uong)
29. to photograph: to have a photograph of (chup hinh)
30. to cry: to give a cry (khoc, keu)
31. to laugh at: to give a laugh at (cUdi nhao)
32. to welcome sb: to give sb a welcome (chao don)
33. to kiss sb: to give sb a kiss (hon)
34. to ring sb: to give sb a ring (goi dien)
35. to warn: to give warning (bao dong, canh bao)
36. to try to (+inf): to make an effort to/ to make an attempt to
(co gdng)

256
 37. to meet sb: t.o have a meeting with sb (gap ai...)
38. to succeed: to make a success (thanh cong)
39. to be used: to be in use (diidc sii dung)
40. to rest: to have a rest (nghi ngdi)
41. to sleep: to have a sleep (ngu)
42. to bathe: to have/ take a bath (tSm)
43. to examine: to have an examination (kham, kiem tra, xem
x 6t)

EXERCISES
Rewrite the sentences, beginning with the suggested
words:

1. Mary cooks well.

-> Mary is ...
2. He is the best football player in his team.
- » No one ...
3. She plays tennis well.
—►She is ...
4. People speak English in Australia.
-> English ...
5. They are building a school for the poor.
-► A ...

6. No one has seen her since 1980.

-> She ...
7. She teaches English well.
-> She is ...
8. This man lives by begging for money, food, etc.
—> This man is ...

257
 9. She types with care.
—> She is ...
10. No sooner had we begun our walk than it rained.
—> Hardly ...
>•
1 1 . This wom an has very little sleep.
—> This wom an ...
12. There is a tendency to minimise problems.
-> They ...
13. They show a strong desire to put aside the status of
the school child.
-> They strongly ...
14. They thought much about their work.
They gave a ...
15. They had little knowledge of the job of their choice.
-> T h e y ...
16. Tllere is a determination to overcome problems.
—> They are ...
17. He visits us whenever he’s in town.
—> He pays ...
18. There has been a tendency to choose well-paid jobs.
-> They have ...
19. Some children give a great deal of thought to their
future work.
—> Their future work ...
20. They spend millions o f dollars on advertising every
year.
—» Millions ...
21. The teacher is going to tell us a story.
—►We ...

258
 2 2 . This house was built 100 years ago.
—> W e ...
23. All the arrangements have been made.
- » T h e y ...
24. Evening dress ought to be worn.
-> She ...
25. She has a strong desire for a scholarship.
-> She strongly ...

IX/ REPORTED SPEECH

(LC)I NOI GIAN TIEP)

* Ldi noi gian tiep (Reported Speech) la tvfdng thuat lai y

cua ngvfdi noi.
* Neu dong tvf cua m enh de chinh d thi Simple Prerent
(SAY), Present Perfect (HAVE/ HAS SAID) hoac Simple
Future (WILL SAY) thi trong ldi trich dan ta chi doi dai tvf
(Pronouns).
EX: + The farmer says, “ I hope it will rain tomorrow.”
-* The farmer says that he hopes it will rain tomorrow.
+ She has said, “I’m tired now.”
—> She has said that she is tired now.
* Neu dong tvf trong menh de chinh d thi Simple Past
(SAID) thi trong ldi trich diin ta phai doi thi, cac tvf hoac
cum tvf chi thdi gian, vi tri, dai tvf ...

259
* Khi m uon chuyen tvf ldi noi trtfc tiep sang ldi ndi gian
t iep, ta can lvfu y m ot so thay doi sau:

I/ Thay doi thi dong tvf (Changes in Tenses o f verbs)

Trvfc t ie p : G ia n tie p : Vi du:

"“Simple *Simple Past * “ I feel sick” .
Present He said he felt sick.
*Present * Past * “ I’m writing a letter”.
Continuous Continuous He said he was writing a
letter.
Simple Past * Past * “I have seen that film”
I Present Perfect He said he had seen that
Perfect film.
*r Past * Past * “I was living in Vxene
< Continuous Perfect then”
^ Perfect Continuous He said he had been hvine
Continuous ...
* Simple * Future in * “I shall go to Japan in
Future the Past J u ly
He said he would go to
Japan in July.
*may * might
*can *could

* M ust/ M ight/ Could/ Should/ Ought to ditdc giit nguyen.

* Ta van co the dung “Sim ple Present” thay vi “Simple Past”
trong ldi ndi gian tiep khi dien ta:
- M ot thoi quen : “ I work late every morning” .
- M ot chan ly : ‘T h e sun rises in the East”.
* Ddi vdi cac dong tvf khuyet thieu (khong du cac dang thvfc
d cac thi) ta phai mvfdn cac dong tvf co cung nghia nhvf:
- must —» had to/ would have to

260
- must not —►was not to (were not to)
- can -> could/ be able to
- will/ shall -* would/ should/ be going to

II/ Thay doi tinh tvf va trang tvf (Changes in Adjectives and
Adverbs)

Trvfc Gian tiep: Vi du:

tiep:
This That “I need this bock” .
He said he needed that book.
These Those “ I’ll take these with me”.
He said he would take those
with him.
Here There “ I’ll return here at 3 o’clock” .
He said he would return
there .......
Now Then “I’m going now” .
He said he was going then
Today That day “I’ll do it today” .
He said he would do it that
day.
Yeterday The day before “T was at Hue yesterday” .
The previous day He said he had been at Hue
the day before.
Tomorrow The day after “W e’ll wait until tomorrow” .
The follow ing day They said they would wait
until the day after.
ago before “ I was at Dalat three weeks
ago” .
He said he had been at Dalat
three weeks before.
Next The week after “I’ll come to see her next
week . The following week” .

261
 week He said he would com e to see
her the week after:

Nhung stf thay doi nay deu duoc dp dung cho cac loai
cau duoi ddy:

I) Cau menh lenh gian tiep:

Khi mot cau menhlenh, de nghi dUdc doi tii true tiep sang gian tiep
thudng dUdc md dau bang nhung dong tvf nhii: “order, command,
tell, ask, request...” tuy theo sau do co tan ngii true tiep chi ngildi
nhan lenh va dong tii dung d nguyen m&u co “to”.
Ex:
• “ Hurry up, Lan”
-> He told Lan to hurry up.
• “ Shut the door” .
-> He ordered them to shut the door.
• “Don’t leave the room” .
-> He ordered them not to leave the room.
• “ Please don’t tell anybody what happened” .
-> She asked me not to tell anybody what (had) happened.

II) Cau hoi gian tiep: Co hai loai cau hoi:

1) Loai cau hoi tra ldi bang “Yes” hay “No” (Yes- No questions)
Trong ldi noi gian tiep loai cau hoi nay dUdc md dau bang cac
dong tu: nhu “ask, inquire, wonder...” va theo sau co “if ’ hoac
“whether” .
Ex:
•’’Have you seen that film?”.
-> He asked if she had seen that film.
• “W ill Tom be here tomorrow?”
-> She wondered if Tom would be there the day after.

262
2) Loai cau hoi dap bang mot Statement (Wh-questions):
met dau bang cac nghi van tie nhii: who, what, when,
where..., Trong ldi noi gian tiep loai cdu hoi nay diipc md
dau bang cac dong tie nhii: ask, require, wonder, want to
know ...
Ex:
• “W hat tim e does the film begin?”
-> He wanted to know what time the film began.
• “What will happen if she can not find her passport?”
-> He wondered what would happen if she could not find her
passport.
• Chu y; Trong trtfofng hdp cau trtfc tiep co ca cau tran
thuat lan cau hoi thi khi doi sang cau gian tiep, phan nao
van cu’ doi theo phan ay.
Ex:
• “ I have left my watch at home. Can you tell me the time?”
-> He said that he had left his watch at home and asked me if I
could tell him the time.

III) Cau cam than gian tiep:

Khi mot cau cam than dude doi tvf triic tiep sang gian tiep
thUdng dUdc md dau bang dong tti “exclaim ” .
Ex:
• “W hat a lovely garden they have!”
He exclaim ed what a lovely garden they had.
• “How hot it is!”
He exclaim ed how hot it was.

IV) Cau tran thuat gian tiep:

- Khi mot cau tran thuat dUdc doi tCf trUc tiep sang gian tiep
thUdng diidc md dau bang cac dong tii nhU: say, tell...
to say (that)...
to say to somebody...

263
 to tell somebody...
- Vdi loai cau nay khi doi tvf tn ic ti£p sang gian tiep ta c4n chu ^
den sii thay doi cua: dai tvf l&m chu ngvf hoac tan ngii, tinh tif hoic
dai tvf sd hiiu, tinh tvf va trang tvf trong cau.
* Special cases (trvfc/ng hcfp dac biet)
Khi doi tvf cau noi trvfc tiep sang cau noi gian tiep, ta khong doi
thi trong menh de phu d cac trvfdng hdp sau dvl menh de chinh fll
thi Simple Past.
1. Dong tvf trong cau noi trtfc tiep co thdi gian xac dinh.
Ex: He said, “I was born in 1980”.
-> He said that he was b o m in 1980.
2. Cau dieu kien loai 2 va 3.
Ex: He said, “If I were you, I w ouldn’t com e here” .
He said if he were me he w ouldn’t com e there.
3. Past subjunctive (trong w ish-clause, as if...)
Ex: Mary said, “I wish I were a boy” .
-> Mary said that she wished she were a boy.
4. Trong lcfi noi trtfc tiep co: could, would, should, might,
used to, ought to, would rather, had better...
Ex: Tom said to me, “You had better not contact her” .
-> Tom said to me I had better not contact her.
5. Ldi noi trvfc tiep dien ta m ot chan ly.
Ex: My teacher said, ‘T h e sun rises in the East” .
-> My teacher said the sun rises in the East.

264
 E X E R C IS E S

Change the follow ing sentences into reported speech.

I . He said to her, “You are my friend.”

I 2. Johnny said to his mother, “I don’t know how to do this
exercise.”
3. “Don’t com e back before one o’clock”, advised my brother.
4 . “Cook it in butter” , Mrs Brown said to her daughter.
5. The pupils said, “Teacher, give us better marks, please” .
6 . “W hat a dirty face you have!” Ann said to her son.
7. “Don’t you know how to behave? There must be no talking in
lessons” , the teacher told his pupils.
8 . “I wonder who is com ing on the excursion tomorrow. I do
hope it won’t rain” . She said.
d,® 9. “Do as you are told. You are a naughty boy.” Mrs Brown
said.
10. “ It’s a very nice evening. W hy don’t we go out for a walk?”
Jim suggested.
I I . “It isn’t so foggy today as it was yesterday” , said the teacher.
12. “Be modest if you are a good pupil” , said my father.
13. “Shut the door but don’t lock it” , she said to us.
14. Tom said, “New York is bigger than London” .
15. “Please help us,” they said to us.
16. “Don’t forget to send your parents my regards” , she said to
me.
17. The traveller asked, “ How long does it take to get to
L on d on ?’
18. John said, “ I have finished studying my lesson.”
19. Mary said, “I can not go to the movies with you, John.”

265
 20. “ I shouldn't do that if I were you. Isn’t it very dangerous?’
He said.
21. “W hen we’ve finished this gave we’ll have supper,” they said
to me.
22. “Have you got any shampoo. Alice. I must wash my hair.”
Johny asked.
23. He said to me “Listen! Can you hear someone coming?”
24. “ Do as I tell you or you’ll be punished. I'll teach you who is
the master in this house” , he said.
2 5 .1 asked Bill, “what time did you go to bed last night?’

X/ SENTENCES
(CAU)

* Mot cau la m ot hinh thiic ngon nguf dien ta m ot y hay mot

tinh earn bang m ot tfr hay nhieu tii, si'i dung cach nao va
xep dat theo trat tii nao de noi nen cai y nghia tinh cam ay.

A / Cac, loai cau: cau difota chia lam 4 loai sau:

1/ Cau phat bieu (declarative sentences)
-> cho ngUdi khac biet y nghi va tinh cam cua minh.
Ex: + It’s hot today.
+ He speaks English very well.

11/ Cau nghi van (Interrogative sentences)

- » Tim hieu y kien va tinh cam cua ngUdi khac.
Ex: + Is it hot today?
+ Does he speak English very well?

266
 II1/ C au menh lenh (Imperative sentences)
-> Noi cho ngtfdi khac lam theo y kien va tinh cam cua minh.
Ex: + Open the window.
+ Speak English, please.

IV/ Cau cam than (Exclamatory sentences)

- » Thct len mot cam xuc bieu lo phan tfng ttf ttfdng va tam ly
cua minh triidc mot sii viec.
Ex: + How hot it is today!
+ W hat a beautiful garden!
* Loai cau phat bieu la thong dung va ttfdng doi de sii
dung, sau day ta se lan ltfcft xem xet den 3 loai sau:

1/ Cau nghi van: gom 3 dang cau hoi:

aJ Yes- No questions:
—> Doi vdi dong tii dac biet nhii “be, have, can, may, must..." chi
can dao dong tie ay ra tritdc chu ngii:
Ex: + Are you a pupil? -Y e s, I am (or No, I am not)
+ Can your father speak English? -Y es, he can (or No,
he can’t)
-> doi vdi nhieng dong tie thiCctng nhiC “go, drink, run..." ta can
phai miCcJn trd dong tii “to do" de dat cdu hoi:
Ex:
• Do you often walk to school?
Yes, I do. (No, I don’t)
• Does fire burn? Yes, it does. (No, it doesn’t)
• Did they go to the theatre? Yes, they did. (No, they didn’t)

6/ W h-questions: bat dau bang cac nghi van tii nhii: who, what,
wtiere, when, why, how...
Ex:
• W ho will help you with this work?
• W hat languages can you speak?
• W hen are you com ing to see me 7

267
cl T a g q u e s t io n (cau hoi duoi)
Quan sat: Your father is a teacher. isn’t he?
Statement question-tag
Vdi mot Statement xac dinh thi them mot question-tag phu
dinh.
Ex: You can speak English, can’t vou?
Vdi mot Statement phu dinh thi them mot question-tag xac
dinh.
Ex: He shouldn’t smoke, should vou?
Subject cua question-tag khi nao cung phai la mot dai ti(
(pronoun):
Ex: That job is hardly suitable for her, is it?
Neu dong tii cua Statement la dong tii dac biet (be, can, may,
will...) thi lap lai cac dong tii ay trong question-tag:
Ex: They were there, weren’t they?
Neu dong tut cua Statement la dong tii thiidng thi ta phai miidn
“to do” trong question-tag:
Ex: They arrived yesterday, didn’t they?
(She doesn’t want to go, does she?)
Dong tii trong question-tag neu la phu dinh thi luon 6 dang
viet n it gon:
Ex: He will come, won’t he?
r

• Chu y:
• Q uestion-tag dvfdc len giong khi ngufcfi hoi muon hoi
xem co dung khong, va cau tra ldi co the la Yes hoac No.
• Q uestion-tag dvfdc xuong giong khi ngifdi hoi da biet roi
va chd m ot sii dong tinh, xac nhan nen cau tra ldi
thifdng la Yes.

2/ Cau menh lenh. de nghi:

-> Thiibng hinh thdnh bang mot dong tit nguyen mau khong co
“to” va khong co chu ngu! (Ta hieu ngam chC. ngii la “You’)

268
Ex: Open the door.
Get out of here.
-> Mot danh tii co the di vdi cdu menh lenh nhitng thiidng diing
sau.
Ex: Come in, John.
Get out of here, dirty dog.
—> Cdu menh lenh phu dinh hinh thdnh bang cdch them "Don't'
tritdc dong tit.
Ex: Don’t be so silly.
Don’t send for the doctor.
-> Cdu menh lenh hoq.c de nghi co the them “Please” vao dau hoac.
cuoi cdu decho lick sit han.
Ex: Please lend me your pencil.
Pass the sugar, please.
-> Ngoai ra con co mot so tit hoac cum tit cung mang y nghia sai
bao hoac nhd va: “will, would, would you mind, if you don't
mind,..."
Ex: Will you lend me your pencil, please?
W ould vou mind telling me about yourself?

3/ C au c a m th a n : khong true tiep phat bieu y kien hay do hoi y

kien nhung bieu lo tinh cam hay thai do nhtf ngac nhien, than
phuc, toi nghiep, khinh miet, ghe tdm, thu vi...
Ex: How fast he runs!
What a lovely girl!
-> Cach diing hai tii md dau cau cam than How va What:

* H o w + a d je c t iv e (a d v e r b ) + S u b je c t + V e r b

Ex:
• How dirty the dog is!
• How fluently Mai speaks English!

* W h a t + (a, a n ) + (a d je c t iv e ) + N ou n

269
Ex:
« W hat a long car.
• W hat an interesting film!
• W hat sweet oranges!

B/ Cac mau cau cd ban: (Basic sentence patterns in

English)
Diia vao cac mau cau cd ban nay ta co the xep dat cac tii loai
thanh mot cau d&y du de dien ta dieu minh muon noi.
Trong ph&n nay ta chi x 6 t den triidng hdp cua mot cau ddn ttic \k
mot nhom tvf gom co mot dong tii dvfdc chia v i dien ta mot y diy
du.

1/ Cac chOfc nang trong cau :

a/ Chu nguf (Subjects):
Co the la ngiidi hoac svf v&t, svf viec thiic hien hoac chiu trach
nLiem cho hanh dong cua cau va thudng diing trUdc dong tif.
Moi cau trong tieng Anh deu phai co chu ngii, tuy nhien trong
cau menh lenh, chu ngii “You” diidc hieu n gim .
Chu ngii co the la mot tii ddn:
Ex: + Coffee is delicious.
+ Milk contains calcium.
Chu ngii co the la mot ngii danh tii:
Ex: + The book is on the table.
+ That new red car is John’s.
Trong mot vai cau, chu ngii thsLt khong xuat hien d vi tri binh
thiidng cua chu ngii ma no xuat hien sau dong tii va “ It” hoac
‘T h ere” dong vai trd cua chu ngii (gia).
Ex: + Itjs hard to believe what he says.
+ There was a fire in that building last month,
b/ Dong tif (verbs):
Dong tvf theo sau chu ngii trong ldi noi khang dinh. No thiidng
cho thay hanh dong cua cau. Moi cau phai co mot dong tit
Dong tii co the la mot tii ddn:

270
 Ex: + John drives too fast.
+ They speak English fluently.
Dong tii co the la mot cum tii:
Ex: + John is going to Miami tomorrow.
+ Jane has been reading that book.
-> Chu y: X e m th e m p h a n th i c u a d o n g tif (T e n se s o f v e rb s )
va c o th e c u a d o n g tif (V o ic e s o f v e rb s ).
d B o nguf (C o m p le m e n t s ):
- Bo ngii thiidng di sau cac dong tif “ be, look, seem, become, get,
feel, turn ...”
Bo ngii co the la mot danh tii, ngii danh tii, hoac tinh tii.
Ex: + My father is a doctor.
+ Leaves turn yellow in Autumn.
Bo ngQ co the bo nghia cho chu ngii hoac tan ngii.
Ex: + The weather gets cold in the evening.
-> “Cold” lam bo ngit cho chu ngii “the weather” va ditdc goi la
Subject Complement.
+ They elected him President.
-» “President' lam bo ngit cho tdn ngit “him” va ditdc goi la Object
Complement.
d/ Tan nguf (O b je c t s ):
- Tan ngii lam hoan chinh nghia cho dong tii va diing sau dong
tii trong cau. No co the la danh tii hoac ngii danh tii va tra ldi
cho cau hoi “who” (ai) hoac “what” (gi, cai gi).
- Trong mot cau khong nh£t thiet phai co tan ngii.
Tuy nhien co cau lai co hai tan ngii.
Ex:
• John bought a cake yesterday.
• My mother gave me a bicycle on my birthday.
• She saw John at the movies yesterday,
e/ T if b o nguf (A d ju n c t s ):

271
 Tvf bo nghia cho biet thdi gian, ndi chon hoac cach thtic cua
hanh dong.
Tii bo nghia thUdng la nhiing trang tii, trang ngii hoac cac cum
tii bat d&u bang mot gi6 i tii.
Ex:
• He runs fast.
• W e ate dinner at seven o’clock.
• My father cam e home from Hanoi yesterday morning.
Trong m6 i cau khOng nhit thi£t phai c 6 tir b6 nghia v& mOt tiJr bd nghia
thudng tra ldi cho cau hoi “when", “where” , “ how”.

2/ Cac mau cau cd ban:

a/ __________________
Subject + Verb____________________
Ex: The ducks are swim m ing.
(S) (V)
b/______________________________________
Subject + Verb + Adjunct________

Ex: He came there.

(S) (V) (A)
cJ_______________________________
, Subject + V erb + Complem ent

Ex: Her sister looks beautiful.

(S) (V) (C)
d / _____________________________________
Subject + Verb + Object_________

Ex: Tom can speak English.

(S) (V) (O)
e/
Subject + Verb + Indirect O bject + Direct Object

272
Ex: She has just sent h^ro a letter.
(S ) (V ) ( 0 T) ( 0 d)

• Direct Object (Od) : tan ngii tnJc tiep

• Indirect Object (Oj) : tan ngut gian tiep

Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Preposition + Indirect

_______________________________ Object
Ex: She has iust sent a letter to him
(S) (V) ( 0 d) (Pre) (Oj)
3 Mot so" dong ttf thiidng co hai tan ngut nhii : “give, send, show,
buy...” .
f7
Subject + Verb + Object + Object Complement |
Ex: They named their son Tony.
(S) (V) (O) (Co)
(S'----------------------------- - -------------------------------- 1
Subject + Verb + Preposition + prepositional Object |

Ex: He fell into the stream.

(S) (V) (Pre) (Opre)
h/
Subject + Verb 4- Object + Adjunct_____
Ex: We took a taxi to Ben Thanh Market. #
(S) (V) (O) (A)

273
 XI/ PRACTICE TEST
1/ In this part, each sentence has four underlined words or
phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are
marked (A ), (B), (C ) or (D). Identify the underlined word or
phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to
be correct.

1. These televisions are all too expensive for we to buv at

A B C
this tim e, but perhaps we will return later.
D
2. After she had bought him self a new automobile, she sold
A B C
her bicycle.
D
3. The next important question we have to decide is when
A B
do we have to submit the proposal.
C D
4. George has not com pleted the assignm ent vet, and
A B C
Maria hasn’t neither.
D
5. After George nad returned to his house, he was reading
A B C D
a book.
6. M any theories on conserving the purity of water has
A B
been proposed, but not one has been as widely accepted
C D
as this one.

274
7. The food that Mark is cooking in the kitchen is smelling
A '> B y C
deliciouB.
D
18. After John eaten dinner, he wrote several letters and
A- B C
went to bed.
D
9. The manager has finished working on the report last
A B C
night, and now she will begin to write the other
D
proposal.
10. Because Sam and M ichelle had done all of the work
A B
theirselves. they were unwilling to give the results to
C D
Joan.
11. Daniel said that if he had to do another homework
A B
tonight, he would not be able to attend the concert.
C D
12. After to take the medication, the patient becam e drowsy
A B C
and more m anageable.
D
13. The political candidate talked as if she has already been
A B C
elected to the presidency.
D
14. The salad tasted so well that my brother returned to the
A B
salad bar for another helping.
C D

275
15. Even though she looks very young, she is twice older than my
A B C
twenty-year-old sister.
D
16. Despite his smiling face, the second-place contestant is
A B C
more sadder than the winner.
D
17. Us students would rather not attend night classes in the
A B
summer, but we often have to.
C D
18. The policeman ordered the suspect to don’t remore his
A B
hands from the bood o f the car.
C D
19. It was him who cam e running into the classroom with
A B C .
the news.
D
20. M v brother doesn’t care how much does the car cost
A B
because he is going to buy it anyway.
C D
2 1 . Mary and her sister studied biology last year, and so
A B C
does Jean.
D
22. Pete had already saw that musical before he read the
A B C
reviews about it.
D
23. There’s a new Oriental restaurant in town, isn’t it?
A B C D

276
24. The governm ent has decided voting on the resolution
A B C
now rather than next month.
D
25. I do not believe that I have ever seen as many expensive
A
cars than they were in that shopping center.
B C D
26. The members of the orchestra had to arrived an hour
A B
prior to the perform ance for a short rehearsal.
* C D
27. We thought our cam eras were the sam e, but his is
A B
different than the one that I bought.
C D
28. If Monique had not attended the conference, she never
A B
would meet her old friend Dan, whom she had not seen
C D
in years.
29. Having lived here for seven years, my friend is used to
A ■ B
speak English with all her classmates.
C D
30. No one in our office w ants to drive to work any more
A
because of there are always traffic jam s at rush hour.
B C D
31. That novel is definitely a dense-packed narrative, but
A B
one which requires a vast knowledge of cultural
C

277
 background or an excellent encyclopedia.
D 1
32. Having been beaten by the pohce for striking an officer,
A B
the man will cry out in pain.
C D
33. This table is not sturdy enough to support a television,
A B
and that one probably isn’t neither.
C D
34. The bridge was hitting by a large ship during a sudden
A B C
storm last week.
D
35. The com pany representative sold to the manager a
A B
sewing machine for forty dollars.
C D
36. The taxi driver told the man to don’t allow his
A B C
disobedient son to hang out the window.
D
37. These television are quite popular in Europe, but those
A B C
ones are not.
D
38. Harvey seldom pays his bills on tim e, and his brother
A B C
does too.
D
39. The price of crude oil used to be a great deal lower than
A B C
now, wasn’t it?
D

278
40. After driving for twenty miles, he suddenly realized that
A B
he has been driving m the wrong direction.
C D *
41. The Department o f Foreign Languages are not located in
A B C
the new building opposite the old one.
D
42. The Nobel Prize winner, accom panied by her husband
A
and children, are staying in Sweden until after the
B C D
presentation.
43. Neither o f the scout leaders know how to trap wild
A B
animals or how to prepare them for m ounting.
C D
44. Those of you who signed up for Dr. Daniel’s anthropology
A B
class should get their books as soon as possible.
C D
4 5 . I put my new book of zoology here on the desk a few
A B
minutes ago, but I cannot seem to find it.
C D
46. Marta being chosen as the most outstanding student on
A B C
her campus made her parents very happy.
D
47 Writers and media personnel sell theirselves best by the
A B C
impression given in their verbal expression.
D

279
48. In the spirit o f the naturalist writers, that author’s work
A B C
portrays man’s struggle for survrrmg.
D ''
49. StepheniCranefa story is a_chaiical portrayal of man as
A B C
an animal trapped by the fear arid hunger.
D
50. Their:sillv. w hilv conversation on a child level was
A
meant to create tension and heighten Nancy's fears and
B C D
anxiety.
51. For a long time, this officials have been know throughout the
A H B
country as_political bosses and law
C D
enforcers.
52. Nora hardly never misses an Opportunity to play in the
A >■ B C D
tennis tournaments.
53. Air pollution, together w ith Uttering, are causing many >
A B C
problems in our large, industrial cities today.
D
54. Because of the sevfere a io w storm and the road blocks, the air
A ; B
force dropped food and m edical supplies close the
C U. D
city.
55. Humming birds are the only birds capable to fly backward
'./-A -,v l :•■).-!; r ! . B
as well as forw ard, up, and down.
C D

280
>6. The news of the president’s treaty negotiations with the
A
foreign government were received with mixed emotions by
B C
the citizens of both governments.
D
57.; Angie’s bilingual ability and previous experience were the
A
qualities that which helped her get the job over all
B C
the other candidates.
D )
58. Joel giving up smoking has caused him to gain weight and
s A B C
become irritable with his acquaintances.
D
59. They asked me what did happen last night, but I was
A B
unable to tell them.
C D :
30. The test administrator ordered we not to open our books until
A B C
he told us to do so.
' D
61. Our new neighbors had been living in Arizona since ten years
A B C
before moving to their present house.
Di
62. We insist on vou leaving the meeting before any further
A B C
outbursts take place.
D
63. It has been along time since we have talked to John,
A B C

281
 isn’t it?
D
64. Henry objects to our buying this house without the approval
A B
of our attorney, and John does so.
C D
65. Rita enjoyed to be able to meet several members of Congress
A B C
during her vacation.
D
66. After being indicted for his part in a bank robbery, the
A B C
reputed mobster decided find another attorney.
D
67. Harry’s advisor persuaded his talking several courses
A
which did not involve much knowledge of mathematics.
B C D
68. The only teachers who were required to attend the meeting
A B C
were George, Betty, Jill, and me.
D
69. The work performed by these officers are not worth our
A B C
paving them any longer.
D
70. The instructor advised the students for the procedures to
A B
follow in writing #he term paper.
C D
71. Although both of them are trying to get the scholarship, she
A B C
has the highest grades.
D

282
72. The new technique calls for heat the mixture before
A B
applying in to the wood.
C D
73. The pilot and the crew distributed the life preservers
A B
between the twenty frantic passengers.
C D
74. A five-thousand-dollars reward was offered for the capture of
A B C D
the escaped criminals.
75. The equipment in the office was badly in need of to be
A B C D
repaired.
76. A^liter is one of the metric measurements, aren’t they?
A B C D

77. We thought he is planning to go on vacation after the first of

A B C D
the month.
78. Neither of the girls have turned in the term papers to the
A B C
instructor yet.
D
79. After studying all the new materials, the student was able to
A B C
rise his test score by twenty-five points.
D
80. The book that you see laving on the table belongs to the
A B C D
teacher.
81. I suggest that he goes to the doctor as soon as he returns
A B C D
from taking the exam.

283
82. She is looking forward to go to Europe after she finishes her
A B C
studies at the university.
D
83. They 9aid that the man jumped off of the bridge and
A B C
plunged into the freezing water.
D
84. Mr. Anderson used to logging in the crisp morning air
A B
during the winter months, but now he has stopped.
C D
85. The volume four of our encyclopedia set has been missing
A B C
for two months.
D
86. I do not know where could he have gone so early in the
A B C D
morning.
87. If a crisis would occur, those unfamiliar with the procedures
A B C
would not know how to handle the situation.
D
88. Standing among so many strangers, the frightened child
A B
began to sob uncontrollable.
C D
89. The teacher tried to make the classes enjoyable experiences
A
for the students so they would take a greater interest m the
B C D
subject.
90. Whenever students asked for help or guidarce, the counselor
A

284
 would advise them or refer them to someone who will.
B C D
91. Anybody who plans to attend the meeting ought send a short
A B C
note to the chairperson.
D
92. The teacher and the administrators are having such difficult
A
time agreeing on a contract for the forthcoming year that the
B C
teachers may go on strike.
D
93. Mary usually arrives at the office at nine o’clock, but because
A B C
the storm, she was two hours late.
D
94. When an university formulates new regulations, it must relay
A B C D
its decision to the students and faculties.
95. Jim was upset last night because he had to do too many
A B C
homeworks.
D
96. There is some scissors in the desk drawer in the bedroom if
A B C D
you need them.
97. The Board of Realtors doesn’t have any informations about
A B
the increase in rent for this area.
C D
98. George is not enough intelligent to pass this economics class
A B C D
without help.

285
99. There were so much people trying to leave the burning
A B C
building that the police had a great deal of trouble controlling
D
t&em.
100. John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975 , but he is now
A B
living in Detroit.
C D
101. Children enjoy telling and listening to ghosts stories.
A B
especially on Halloween night.
C D
102. At the rate the clerks were processing the applications,
A
Harry figured that it will take four hours for his to be
B C
reviewed.
D .
103. No one would have attended the lecture if you told the
A B C
truth about the guest speaker.
D
104. We had better to review this chapter carefully because we
A B
will have some questions on it on our test tomorrow.
C D
105. The little boy’s mother bought him a five-speeds racing
A B C
bicycle for his birthday.
D
106. Despite the time of the year, yesterday’s temperature was
A B

286
 enough hot to turn on the air conditioning.
C > D
107. The president went fishing after he has finished with the
A B C D
conferences.
108. Peter and Tom plavs tennis every afternoon with Marv and
A B C D
me.
109. There were a time that I used to swim five laps every day.
A B C
but now I do not have enough time.
D
110. He was drink a cup of coffee when the telephone rang.
A B C D
111.We called yesterday our friends in Boston to tell them
A B C D
about the reunion that we are planning.
112. The children were playing last night outdoors. When it
A B
began to rain very hard.
C D
113. Those homework that your teacher assigned is due on
A B
Tuesday unless you have made prior arrangements to
C D
turn it in late.
114. Please give me a few coffee and some donuts if vou have
A B C D
any left.
115. They plaved so good game of tennis last night that they
A E C
surprised their auuiencfc.
D

287
116.1 would rather that they do not travel during the bad
A B C
weather, but they insist that they must return home today.
D
117. Among us students are many foreigners who attend
A B C
languages classes at the south campus.
D
118. My book is different than yours because mine has a
A B
vocabulary section at the bottom of each page, and yours
C
has one in the back.
D
119.That product that you bought at the lower pnee is the more
A B
inferior to the one that we sell at a slightly higher price.
C D
120. After a carefully investigation, we soon discovered that
A B
the house was infested with termites.
C D

11/ For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence

as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence,
but using the word given. This word must not be altered in
any way.
EXAMPLE: It’s no use arguing: I’ve made up my mind,
point
ANSWER: There’s no point in arguing: I’ve made up my
mind.
1. I don’t mind discussing it with you.
willing
- > ...

288
2. Did you enjoy yourself last night?
time
—► ...
3. I don’t mind doing whatever you want me to do.
happy
—►...
4. It was good to see all my old friends again,
enjoyed
—► . . .
5. I don’t mind working hard, if that’s what I have to do.
prepared
—► ...
6. Do you like your new car?
pleased
—> ...
7. She won’t like me changing the arrangements,
happy
—►...
8. I’m very excited about seeing you next week,
looking
—► ...
9. Her friends’ messages of sympathy helped her during her
illness.
comfort
—►...
10. Please behave in my house as you would in your own house,
make
— ► ...
11. He deals calmly with everything,
stride
—> ...
12. Why don’t you relax for a few days and let me look after the
shop?

289
 easy
- > ...
13. Sh e w as very relieved w hen she realised th a t her bag hadn’t
been stolen.
breathed
—^ ...
14. T hin gs have got so bad th a t I have to borrow m oney from other
people.
reduced
—> ...
1 5 . 1 felt stupid w hen I realised w h at I’d done,
fool
- > ...
16. H er lack of education m ak es her feel em barrassed,
em barrassm ent
- * ...
17. S he blush ed at th e m ention of his n am e.
red
—^ . . .

18. H e thinks th a t th e accident w as his fault.

responsible
—^ ...
19. H e fells bad about cheating them .
conscience
-> . . .

2 0 . S he feels un com fortable w hen people tell her how beautiful she
is.
embarrasses
—^ . . .

2 1 . T h e boss likes to m ak e people feel am b arrassed in front of

others.
humiliate
- » ...

290
22. I’m hoping to go skiing at Christmas,
hopefully
—^. . .

2 3 .1 don’t think his reasons for being nice to me are sincere,

sceptical
—> . . .

24. Think about the good things! You’re young and healthy and
will have plenty more opportunities.
bright
—►. . .

25. Do you think that your chances of getting promotion are good?
optimistic
-» . . .

26. I don’t quite understand the meaning of his word,

sure
-»
. . .

27. All I can do i» cross my fingers and be optimistic.

best
->
2 8 .1 expect he’ll be late, as usual,
doubt
->. . .

2 9 .1 can only see bad things happening in the future,

pessimistic
-> ... •
3 0 .1 wasn’t sure about him at first, but now he seems very good at
his job.
reservations
—^ . . .

31. Does she think that her chances of getting the job are good?
hopeful
-» . . .

3 2 .1 don’t want to argue with you.

291
 argum ent
— y ...
33. In the end we found a solution that suited us both,
com prom ise
—> ...
3 4 . 1 don’t think that the way he treats people is right,
disagree
—> ...
35. I’ll com prom ise with you.
meet
—> . . .

36. W e’ve agreed to share the cost.

come
-> . . .

3 7 . 1 expressed my disagreement with his plan,

opposition
—► ...
38. He thinks that capital punishment is a good idea.
favour
-> . . .

39. If you do what I ask, everything will be all right,

co-op e'rate
. . .

4 0 .1 never have arguments with my parents,

row
—► . . .

4 1 .1 don’t mind changing my plans,

objection
-> . . .

4 2 .1 thought about it for a while and then I accepted their offer,

agreed
-> . . .

43. The neighbours were arguing.

292
 row
-». . .

44. Do we agree?
agreem ent
—». . .

4 5 .1 don’t like having to pay so much for so little,

object
->
. . .

46. He thinks that divorce is wrong,

agree
->. . .

47. Don’t listen to him - he doesn’t know what he’s talking about.
notice
-> . . .

48. Your mistake didn’t influence the way things turned out.
difference
-»
. . .

49. The recent increases in air fares haven’t changed the number
of people wanting to fly.
effect
—>
.. .

50. We all felt sad at the news of her death.

affected
—^. . .

51. He was partly responsible for his own failure,

contributed
-> . . .

5 2 .1 don’t influence the way that the business is managed,

say
iroffe
53. Don’t let other people have an effect on you!
influenced
—> ...

293
54. Everyone contributed to the team’s success,
p a rt
-». . .

55. His personal problems have an influence on his ability to do

his job.
affect
—> ...
56. I didn’t react to his unpleasant comments.
ignored
-> ...
57. A lot of people believe that television affects the way we
behave.
influence
—> ...

58. She’ll be furious when she finds out what’s happened.

go
—>.. .

59. He got angry because we all disagreed with him.

tem p er
->. . .

60. She is angry and bad-tem pered today.

mood
-> . . .

61. I don’t want to be treated as an inferior any more.

sick
—> .. .

62. He got extremely angry when he saw the damage that had
been done to his car.
fit
—> ...
63. His arrogance irritates me.
nose
...

294
6 4 .1 don’t want people to order me about any more .
enough
—> ...
65. Waiting for buses irritates me.
nerves
-* ...
66 . Having to get up so early is irrtating.
neck
—^ . . .

.67. It annoys me to see so much food being wasted,

sick
-> ...
68 . Was the exam OK?
well
->...

69. Although I set off late, I succeeded in getting there on time,

managed
-> ...
70. Nothing bad happened on my first day at work,
smoothly
—►.. .

71. The whole day happened as planned.

according
—^ ...
7 2 .1 gave up trying to make friends with the other students
because I was m aking no progress.
nowhere
—) . . .

7L,. It seems thht whatever I try do to, something bad always

happens,
wrong
—> . . .

74. She always gets what she wants.

295
 way
->
...

75. He’s becom ing very successful,

places
—> ...
76. Did you manage to get a ticket?
succeed
—^ ...
77. The evening was unsuccessful and ended in an argument.
badly
-> ...
78. Be careful of thieves if you go to that part of town.
watch
->
. . .

7 9 .1 put a lot of care and attention into this letter,

trouble
—^ . ..
80. I’ve installed an alarm to stop thieves stealing my car.
protect
—> ...
81.1 bought it without thinking about it first,
spur
—> ...
82. You’re making a judgem ent before you’ve heard the facts,
conclusions
-> ...
8 3 .1 choose very carefully who I discuss my private life with,
particular
—> ...
84. I made sure that I didn’t offend them,
careful
—> ...

296
85. I’ll look for you at the concert, although I expect it will be very
crowded.
eyes
—► ...
86 . She chooses the kind o f hotels she stays in very carefully.
fussy
—► ...
87. Will you take care o f the flat while I’m away?
look
—^ ...
88 . Be careful not to hit your head.
mind
—► . . .

8 9 .1 don’t mind whether we go or not.

fussy
->. . .

90. Be careful to notice a red door when you arrive - that’s my flat,
look
—► . . .

91. They have security guards so that people won’t try to steal.
discourage

92. They’re telling me that I must make a decision soon.

pressure
—> . . .

93. When I make my com plaint, I hope that you’ll say you agree
with me.
back
—► . . .

94. She’s always trying to force other people to accept her opinions.
impose
—^ . . .

95. He has always done things to help her in her career.

297
 supported
-». . .

96. He offered them more money to encourage them to do the job

quickly.
incentive
—>.. .

97. The judge gave a harsh sentence so that other people wouldn’t
commit the same crime.
deter
-».. .

98. Because of the circumstances, I have to act quickly.

forced
-» . . .

99. She was nervous about going to the doctors, so I went with her
so that she wouldn’t be alone.
moral
—> ...
100. He doesn’t earn enough money to sur\ ive.
support
—> ...
101. I need as many people to encourage me as I can get.
encouragem ent
-> . . .

102. Many people believe that the death penatly deters

criminals.
deterrent
—> . . .

103. I was forced to apologise.

choice
—» . . .

104. My favourite cricket team is Hampshire Countv Cricket

Club.
support

298
105. You should think about the price before you decide whether
to buy it or not.
consideration
—► . . .

106. He’s not sure whether to go or not.

minds
—>. . .

107. I’ve considered the advantages and disadvantages and I’ve

decided not to go.
weighed
—► ...
108. Considering that she’s only just started, she’s doing very
well.
bearing
—► ...
109. She’s now not sure whether she wants to marry him or not.
second
—> ...
110. The way he behaves in private is very different from the
way he behaves at work.
contrasts
—> ...
111. This record is exactly the same as the last one they made.
diffirent
—^
. . .

112. Parents try to teach their children to understand that right

and wrong are two different things.
distinguish
—► ...
113. This program m e is like the one that used to be on years
ago.
similar

299
 -> ...
114. I prefer playing football rather than watching it.
opposed
-> ...
115. Being mean and being careful with money are not quite the
same,
s u b tle
—► ...
116. Not having much money is not the same as being
com pletely broke.
different
—^ ...
117. His attitude has been diffirent recently.
difference
—> ...
118. I’ll have to wait before I know whether he’ll keep his
prom ise or not.
remains
—► ...
119. I’m afraid I’ll be a bit late because som ething unexpected
has happened.
cropped
—► ...
120. There was never any doubt about what the result would be.
conclusion
—► ...

I l l / Choose the word or phrase (A , B, C or D ) which best

com pletes each sentence.
1 . Som etim es I pay and som etim es she pays, but it a l l ......in the
end.
A. am ounts B. evens out C. stands out D. balances
2. W hat’s ......this word?

300
 A opp osite from B.contrary to
C.the contrary of D.the opposite of
3. H e ......because he was the only old person there.
A. contrasted B. stood up C. varied D. stood out
4. It’s funny you should say that. I’ve just had t h e .....* thought.
A. like B. identical C. alike D. similar
5. House p rice s......greatly from one area to the next.
A. contrast B. vary C. distinguish D. stand out
6 . This particular flower is famous for i t s ......smell.
A. distinguished B. differential
C. distinctive D. different
7 . I had......temporary jobs when I was a student.
A. different B. distinctive C. various D. varying
8 . We sell a ......of different wines from around the world.
A. variation B. variety C. variance D. variant
9. The two pictures are v e r y ......, but if you look carefully, you’ll
notice one or two differences .
A identical B. equal C. same D. alike
10. Eighty kilometres is t h e ......fifty miles.
A. equivalent of B. equivalent from
C. equal of D. equal from
11. Although technically speaking he wasn’t sacked, it ...... the
same thing.
A evens out to B. am ounts to C. points to D. signifies
12. That’s the la s t ......! I’m leaving.
A. pain B. straw C. limit D. nuisance
13. She’s a(n) ...... old woman, who’s always complaining about
something.
A. annoyed B. fu n ou s C. bad-tem pered D. infuriated
14. He’s v e r y ...... about his work, so try not to say anything that
he might take as a criticism.
A. annoyed B. touchy C. irritated D. annoying

301
15. My boss will be a b solu tely ......with me for being late again.
A. angry B. annoyed C. furious D. irritated
16. My father has a very b a d .......
A. temper B. mood C. humour D. tantrum
17. There’s not m u c h ......for progression in this job.
A. prospect B. outlook C. expectation D. scope
18. I’ve got to work late tonight - som ething h a s ......
A. come out B. turned cut C. com e up D. turned off
19. There’s not much ...... of him finding a cheap hotel in such an
expensive city.
A. potential B. prospect C. outlook D. scope
20. She’s got t h e ......to do well.
A. potential B. prospect C. outlook D. scope
2 1 . I don’t thing that the situation will change in t h e ......future.
A. known B. predictable C. foreseen D. foreseeable
22. The w e a th e r......said it was going to rain today.
A. prediction B. prospect C. forecast D. scope
23. I can’t im a g in e ......anywhere except London.
A- living B. to live C. live D. that I live
24. The newspapers a r e ...... that there will be a general election in
two months.
A. turning up B. forecasting C. im agining D. telling
25. My ...... was right. The result of the game was exactly what I
said it would be.
A. anticipation B. prospect C. prediction D. outlook
26. For me, the film didn’t ...... all the enthusiastic publicity it
received.
A. come up B. live up C. turn up to D ,liv e u p to
27. Don’t worry about not finding a job yet. I’m sure something
will t u r n ......soon.
A. up B. out C. about D. in
28. I ......that the score would be 2-0 but I was wrong.

302
 A told B. predicted C. looked out D. cropped up
29. He was late so often that it w a s ...... that he would lose his job
eventually.
A. forecast B. inevitable C. potential D. anticipated
3 0 .1 didn’t ...... that such a simple matter could become as
com plicated as it has.
A foresee B. gamble C. forecast D. tell
31. There’s a b u s ......just outside my house.
A. station B. quay C. stop D. start
32. They’re pulling down all those buildings to make room for a

A. parking B. lane C. letter box D. car park

33. Where can I ......a bus to the cinema?
A get in B. catch C. fetch D. becom e
34. My train leaves from the o t h e r ......
A. quay B. stop C. platform D. park
35. She lives on the top floor of t h a t ......of flats.
A building B. tower C. construction D. block
36. Why don’t y o u ......a taxi to get to the station?
A. take B. catch C. ask D. phone
37. One who shares som ething with another person is a ......
A. sharer B. keeper C. partner D. holder
38. Halfway through the first act the leading man forgot h i s ......
A. speeches B. parts C. saying D. lines
39. Ba refused to take ...... in the preparations for the school
concert.
A. place B. notice C. part D. leave
4 0 .1 didn’t ...... I was talking to the Director until he told me his
name.
A. identify B. recognise C. find D. realise
41. He is a v e r y ......man. He only thinks about himself.
A. selfish B. self-confident C. self-reliant D. lonely

303
42. My sister is v e r y ......of music.
A. like B. enjoyed C. interested D. fond
43. Nothing can grow in this p o o r ......
A- surface B. grass C. soil D. ground
44. She has gone abroad. She will re tu rn ......
A for two years C. by two years’ time
B. in two years’ time D. for two years’ time
45. You may leave the con feren ce...... the intervals. •
A. while B. by C. at D. during
4 6 .1 ......the hot weather in India.
A. used to B. uses to C. use to D. am used to
47. We can hardly tell y o u ......
A. nothing B. som ething C. anything D. none is correct
48. She w on’t lend it to you unless y o u ......to return it on time.
A. would B. prom ise C. shall D. promised
49. It’s late. It’s t im e ......home.
A we go B. we must go C. we should go D. we went
50. He is not v e r y ......as far as money matters are concerned.
A. sensitive B. senseless C. sensational D. sensible
51. He subm itted a ......for an increase in salary.
A order B. com m and C. request D. requirement
52. The new w orker shows a lack o f ......for his work.
A. happiness B. enthusiasm C. passion D. jealousy
53. It’s often better t o ...... safe in exams than to give an original
answer.
A act B. perform C. play D. do
54. Mary believes that wom en are m o r e ......for some types of work
than men.
A worthy B. good C. right D. suitable
55. A good chess-player needs a lot o f ...... and the ability to
concentrate on his game.
A. patience B. hardship C. certainly D. pleasure

304
56. The student’s hard work was ...... with success in his degree
examinations.
A. awarded B. rewarded C. gifted D. presented
57. Courtesy is very im portant because i t ......customers to visit a
shop again.
A. encourages B. helps C. urges D. recommends
58. That cupboard must always b e ......carefully locked.
A closed B. help C. kept D. shut
59. His nam e was on the ...... of my tongue, but I just couldn’t
remember it.
A. end B. edge C. point D. tip
60. John ...... a great deal about examinations.
A. worries B. troubles C. annoys D. excites
61. Is it all right if I p a y ......cheque?
A by B. in C. on D. from
62. The mark has risen i n ......against the dollar.
A. exchange B. value C. currency D. change
63. So many people buy th in g s ......credit nowadays.
A. on B. by C. in D. from
64. The more I earn, the m o r e ......tax I pay.
A salary B. wages C. income D. expenditure
65. If you aren’t satisfied, w e’l l ......your money.
A. put away B. put aside C. refund D. reduce
66 . Last January the t r a m ......went up by 7%
A. taxes B. fares C. fees D. premiums
67. He w a s ......$400 for driving dangerously.
A. found B. retired C. loaned D. fined
68 . If you buy twenty or more, you’ll get a ......
A. discount B. loss C. reject D. budget
69. She was very pleased because she made a ...... of £.10,000 on
the sale of her house.
A loss B. profit C. fortune D. benefit

305
70. Take t h e ......if you want them to change the shirt.
A. recipe B. register C. receipt D. repayment
71. He spent all the m oney he had w o n ......new clothes.
A. on B. for C. with D. from
72. I need s o m e ......for the coffee machine.
A. exchange B. bills C. change '• D. finance
73. The mechanic didn’t ......me for repairing my car.
A. change B. charge C. bribe D. tax
74. She let the family live in the co tta g e ......free.
A. hire B. accom m odation C. let D. rent
75. The contents of the shop were in su red ......£500,000.
A. for B. until C. on D. from
76. I’m going to ask my bank manager for a .........
A. lend B. borrow C. loan D. finance
77. I was im p ressed ......the work they have done.
A. for B. under C. o f D. by
78. If he’d been thirsty, h e ......some water.
A. would drink B. will drink
C. had drunk D. would have drunk
79. Please be c a r e fu l......the dishes. It’s easy to break them.
A. on B. at C. with D. for
80. A machine can work 100 times as fast as any p e rso n ......
A. can B. work C. did D. could
81. The dog ju m p e d ......the table.
A. through B. over C. out of D. past
82. I think the treasurer strongly d isapp roves......our new system.
A. with B. by C. for D. of
83. Ask the s h o p ......where the washing powder is.
A. nurse B. assistant C. barber D. conductor
84. T h a t ......sells very good meat.
A. baker B. dentist C. architect D. butcher
85. If my tooth doesn’t stop hurting, I’ll go and see m y ......

306
 A. actor B. dentist C. writer D. jockey
86 . Not many buses have a .........You usually pay the driver.
A. manager B. farmer C. conductor D. porter
87. Look! The .... .. is feeding the lions.
A. keeper B. pianist C. postman D. engineer
88 . T h e ......is showing them his plans of the new building.
A optician B. nurse C. architect D. dancer
89. She wants the ...... to make a special cake for her daughter’s
birthday.
A inspector B. baker C. cashier D. mechanic
90. My ...... always comes early so I get my letters before I go to
work.
A. postman B. chemist C. butcher D. porter
91. E v e ry ......in this army should know how to use the new gun.
A sailor B. porter C. soldier D. joker
92. He left his job because h i s ......didn’t pay him enough money.
A. employee B. employer
C. conductor D. architect
93. T h e ......arrested him for stealing the diamonds.
A. dentist B. electrician
C. politician D. policeman
94. A fa m o u s ......operated on her.
A. surgeon B. coach C. driver D. carpenter
95. T h e ......made a lot o f noise as they left the party in their cars.
A. thieves B. characters C. pedestrians D. guests
96. It’s difficult to be a ......o f this club.
A. travel agent B. member C. clown D. bachelor
9 7 . I can hear my n e x t-d o o r......playing his trumpet.
A. thief B. custom er C. neighbour D. champion
98. He hates marriage. He wants to stay a ......
A. passenger B. bachelor C. customer D. widow
99. W ho is t h e ......o f this book?

307
 ** A. author B. surgeon C. journalist D. orphan
100. If she beats her, she’ll be the new t e n n is ......
A character B. host C. champion D. passenger
101. T h e ......made this door badly. I can’t close it.
A orphan B. carpenter C. artist D. pedestrian
102. After his parents died, the young......went to live with his
aunt.
A. clown B. farm er C. orphan D. lawyer
103. Sherlock Holmes is an im p orta n t......in detective fiction.
A em ployer B. character
C. manager D. writer
104. I hope they find t h e ......who stole my money.
A. thief B. orphan
C. cham pion D. contestant
105. If y o u ......to the doctor, your cold would be better now.
A. went B. have gone
C. had gone D. would have gone
106. H e ......to put the packages wherever he could find room .
A. asks B. asked
C. was asked D. was asking
107. No one knows how many d ocu m en ts......been lost.
A. has B. had
C. have D. has had
108. Fame and p o w e r ......different people differently.
A affect B. affects
C. are affected D. affecting
109. Would you p le a s e ........ him speak about the plan?
A. let B. allow C. ask D. tell
1 10. Although she is difficult to please. I can’t h e lp ........ her.
A. like B. liked C. to like D. liking
111. By the tim e you come home, I ......my report.
A. will finish B. have finished

308
 C. have been finished D. will have finished
112. It is n o t .............that he came first. He’s been working very
hard.
A. surprising B. surprised
C. to surprise D. to be surprised
113. W orkers were w a rn e d ......down into the hole in the
ground.
A. against to go B. not to go
C. not going D. not to going
114. I slept badly last night. The noise of the traffic kept me

A awake B. awaken C. wake up D. waken

115. Production cost must b e ......low.
A. keep B. keeping
C. kept D. have kept
116. They left at 10:00 AM a n d ......a taxi to the airport.
A. take B. took
C. are taking D. have taken
117. W e hire out b icy cle s..........
A. by hours B. for the hour
C. by an hour D. by the hour
118. His frie n d s...... him yesterday when he becam e very ill.
A. visited B. have visited
C. were visiting D. have been visiting
119. I have s p e n t...... today.
A many m oney B. a lot of money
C. a few money D. few money
120. M any traffic accidents are......by carelessness and
im patience.
A. occurred B. happened C. caused D. resulted

309
 XII/ KEY

T E N SE S

1. is com ing ..../ don’t 6 . starts

want 7. are going/ do you
2 . is singing come
3. do you read? 8 . has
4. rises ..../ is rising 9. see, are wearing
5. hear/ know/ are 1 0 . buys
saying

1. have tried/ haven’t 6 . has gone - has never been

succeeded 7. Have you been sleeping-
2 . has been resting/ has have been ringing
been 8 . has been writing - hasn’t
3. has been working/ hasn’t finished
had 9. has lost - has been
4. has been lying/ haven’t looking
read 1 0 . have seen
5. hasn’t been - has been
living

III/
1 . has looked 6. am/' have forgotten
2. gets 7. have you seen
3. belongs 8 . has just graduated
4. rem em ber 9. circles
5. works /ftf.have written

310
IV/
1. studied 6 . did you do?
2. have read 7. have you learnt
3. have studied 8 . has never been
4. travelled 9. stopped/ took
5. had 1 0 . was/ heard/ cried

1. arrived/ was sleeping 6 . were playing/ came

2 . was watering/ was 7. was/ talked/ saw/ came
chatting 8. were waiting/ passed
3. crossed/ saw 9. was/ was working
4. rang/ was taking 1 0 . heard/ got up/ left
5. heard/ got/ opened

VI/
1A . forgot/ had told/ had reminded/ did not bring/ wanted
2 . asked/ had seen/ told/ had not seen
3. had w aited/ had net seen/ met
4. went/ had finished
5. had already begun
6 . hadn’t eaten
7. sat/ rested
8 . went
9. was/ was
1 0 . had ever seen

VII/
1 . w a s/h a d thought
2 . m entioned/had never heard
3. won
4 . went/ were playing/ said/ had played
5. had taught/ left

311
 6 . agreed
7. told/ had visited
8 . were playing/ was writing
9. asked/ had happened
1 0 . had changed

V III/
1 . stops 6 . is
2 . will stay/ answers 7. will com e/ see
3. catch 8 . will go
4. won’t com e/ are 9. will wait/ come
5. will help/ finishes 1 0 . will send/ arrive

IX/
1 . has finished
2 . com e/ has already bought
3. have finished
4. hope/ will have stopped
5. will not begin/ falls
6 . will have left
7. will have ended/ get
8 . will have built
9. will start
1 0 . will give/ see

X/
1. go/ will be sitting 6 . com e/ will be workin
2. will explain 7. will be working
3. will be w aiting/ get 8 . returns
4. will you doing/ will be 9. see
practising 1 0 . will be doing/ com e
5. see/ will remind

XU
1. will have completed 1 1 . will have been work:
2. will be waiting/ get 1 2 . will have finished
3. will be driving 13. will give/ see
4. will see 14. won’t have done
5. will have come 15. will be interview ing

312
6 . will look 16. will pass
7. will have been working 17. will have been writing
8 . will be practising 18. will arrive
9. will have been 19. will be
10. will move 2 0 . will have finished

XII/
1 . am redecorating 51. had forgot
2 . buy/ win 52. was doing
3 . did you get/ got 53. haven’t seen
4 . have worked/ has never 54. was raining
said 55. will wait
5 . has been sounding 56. hears
6 . have taught/ have never 57. started/ (had started)/
met was
7. will be sitting 58. have you been studying
8 . will feel (have studied)
9. shall recognized 59. haven’t received/ left
1 0 . lost/ has been 60. am having
1 1 . saw/ was waiting 61. will speak
1 2 . has been 6 k. will be living
13. bloom 63. is coming
14. haven’t lived 64. is
15. will never forget/ have 65. was speaking
just told 6 6 . don’t eat
16. are preparing 67. will have finished
17. stayed/ rode/ had 6 8 . was watching
borrowed/ borrow ed 69. has lived
18. has worked/ has been 70. has cut
working 71. was built
19. worked 72. is singing
20 . build/ fly 73. have been planted/
2 1 . have lost/ can stopped
2 2 . hasn’t smoked 74. will not come

313
23. arrived/ had just gone 75. had been studying
24. have Bob and Mary been 76. says/ is talking
25. have you received 77. did you do/ had gone
26. joined/ was 78. have you been waiting/
27. will you rem em ber/ will have you waited
forget 79. had done
28. had studied 80. will have been waiting
29. wrote 81. will have made
30. left/ haven’t heard 82. broke- stole- were
31. Did you speak/ haven’t dancing
seen/ can’t/ saw 83. were sitting- was doing-
32. were playing was knitting- were
33. discovered reading
34. will have finished 84. has painted
35. will have been living 85. has asked
36. reported/ had captured 8 6 . was listening
37. thanked 87. was working
38. has stolen 8 8 . have played/ (Have you
39. had been living/ broke played)/ cam e/ have
40. was played/ joined/ had
41. am usually arrived
42. was/ had been 89. will say/ (is going to say)
43. has driven/ knew 90. get/ rises
44. speak 91. had been
45. wags/ sees 92. asks
46. were you doing/ rang 93. comes
47. had never seen 94. am working
48. haven’t seen 95. was/ wanted
49. got 96. was/ had died
50. did your father die/ don’t 97. cried
know/ died 98. will not send
99. left
100. has given

314
 SEQUENCE OF TENSES

1/
1 . is writing 16. is
2 . will look 17. had made
3. was 18. hadn’t gone
4. has been 19. have taken
5. would be 2 0 . has lived
6. comes 2 1 . had helped
7. was 2 2 . has just said
8. built 23. had just said
9. was having 24. would capture
10 . has lived 25. would call
1 1 . go 26. is
12 . are 27. will introduce
13. will take 28. was
14. is writing 29. will rain
15. was 30. would get

11/
1/
1. prefer 4. is 7. spends
2. have 5. costs 8. likes
3. ' reach 6. has 9. are

2/
1. had broken 3. were drifting 5. was cross
2. ran 4. was 6. had been

3/
1. was driving 4. stopped
2. saw 5. asked
3. was waving 6. was

315
41
1. was 5. will look
2. was 6. told
3. came 7. looked
4. said • ■ 8. give

5/
1. was beginning 4. turned
2. was standing 5. asked
3. opened

6/
1. leaving 4. joined
2. went 5. wrote
3. was

7/
1. am 4. have known
2. have had 5. has lived
3. have lived 6. has had

8/
1. are 5. is more widely spoken
2. spoken 6. speak
3. is 7. is spoken
4. speak 8. fourfd

9/
1. heard 7. ran
2. got 8. escaped
3. was still sleeping 9. had
4. went iO heard
5. were trying 11. had seen
6. switched on 12. had phoned

316
10/
1. woke 4. put 7. had
2. hired 5. drove 8. closed
3. went 6. made 9. had

11/
1. causes 5. harm s 8. show
2. get 6. live 9. do people
3. die 7. smoke smoke
4. gives 10. smokes

12/
1. have known 3. has lived
2. moved 4. came

13/
1. comes 5. has just taken (took)
2. came 6 . will move
3. started 7. is
4. has learnt (has been 8 . will come (are com ing/
learning) are going to come)

14/
1. were invited 6. understood
2 . to spend 7. had
3. had just returned 8. were broken
4. rented 9. was leaked
5. spent

15/
1. works 4. has been
2. has been 5. arrived
3. is studying 6. has been

317
16/
1. was sitting 4. went
2. was cutting 5. put
3. went

17/
1. didn’t have 6. shall/ will spend
2. wanted 7. shall/ will go
3. was 8. learn
4. got 9. are
5. have 10. like

18/
1. threaten 6. act
2. pursue 7. would never do
3. come 8. think
4. is 9. say
5. have been 10. are

19/
1. had 5. had left
2. missed 6. doesn’t live
3. was standing 7. had
4. realized 8. got

20/
1. was 5. was turning
2. was raining 6. rushed
3. got 7. turned
4. looked 8. asked

318
21/
1. was 6. leaving
2. was 7.< worked
3. was born 8. wrote
4. was 9. had visited
5. began 10. had met

22/
1. is presently working 5. went
2. has just returned 6. was
3. was 7. spoke
4. had never had 8. enjoyed

23/
1. decided 5. arranged
2. have worried 6. have heard
3. took 7. have begun
4. have already sold 8. grew

24/
1. is 6. will find
2. has seen 7. wonder
3. have not clim bed 8. come
4. reach 9. gives
5. walk 10. do not know

25/
1. got 6. explained
2. was 7. was standing
3. was 8. told
4. got 9. had travelled
5. didn’t know
26/
1. ha 6 written 5. came
2. started 6. writes
3. lives 7. has won
4. spent 8. won

27/
1. had just started 6. had already been
2. did not ring 7. went
3. had forgotten 8. began
4. began 9. looked
5. drove 10. had put

28/
1. was walking 4. stopped
2. met 5. to talk
3. hadn’t seen 6. had done

29/
1. would be 6. is
2. was 7. has come
3. were 8. does
4. fell 9. give
5. had become 10. makes

30/
1. made 6. let
2. wonder 7. does not let
3. is not 8. reach
4. say 9. have
5. is 10. hate

320
 THE PASSIVE AND ACTIVE SENTENCES
V
1. My briefcase has been taken.
2. Our written work was returned to us by the teacher.
3. The report had been finished by noon.
4. The little boy was bitten by the mad dog.
5. Five supects have been arrested by the police.
6. He was ordered to take a long rest by the doctor.
7. The house was struck by lightning.
8. Their friend has been met at the railway station by a grouj
of students.
9. Tom wasn’t allowed to take these books home.
10. Exercises won’t be corrected by the teacher tomorrow.
11. Tom has been operated since 10 o’clock.
12. This is the second time we have been written to about this.
13. We have been taught French by Mr Smith for 2 years.
14. The children weren’t properly looked after.
15. This street wasn’t swept last week.
16. A great deal o f tea is drunk in England.
17. English is spoken all over the world.
18. Two poems were being written.
19. Her dog is often taken for a walk.
20. Tea can’t be m ade with cold water.
21. All the workers o f the plant were being instructed by the
chief.
22. Some o f my books have been taken away.
23. The m eeting will be held before May Day.
24. The engine of the car has to be repaired.
25. The window was broken and some pictures were taken away
by the boys.
26. A lot of m oney is spent on advertising everyday.
27. This room may be used for the classroom.

321
 28. A story is going to be told by the teacher.
29. The cake is being cut with a sharp knife by Mary.
30. The wom an with a red hat was looked at by the children.
31. My hat used to be pulled over my eyes.
32. For the past years, all my washing have been done by hand.
33. A nest has been built in the porch since last week by a pair
of robins.
34. The murderer hasn’t yet been found.
35. One of her own paintings was sold at $1,000.
36. Your gloves will be put back in your drawer.
37. English is spoken in alm ost every com er of the world.
38. This m achine mustn’t be used after 5:30 p.m.
39. Luckily for me, my name wasn’t called.
40. After class, the chalk board is always erased by one of the
students.
41. The wall must be cleaned before it is painted.
42. The new pupil was told where to sit.
4 3 .1 knew that he had been told of the meeting.
4 4 .1 have never been treated with such kindness.
45. His story isn’t believed.
46. The dam may be broken by a sudden increase in water
pressure.
47. Books borrow ed from the library must be taken good care of.
4 8 .1 was told about it by a man I know.
49. He can never be found at hom e for he is always on the move.
50. Milk is used for making butter and cheese.

II/
1/ Yes-No question:
1. Is English taught here?
2. W ill she be invited to your wedding party?
3. W ere some exercises given by the teacher?
4. Is a poem going to be written?
5. Has the window of the laboratory been changed?

322
 6. Are big cakes being made for the party?
7. Has the work been finished by Tom?
8. Are inquires about the thief being made by the police?
9. Must the test be finished before ten?
10. Will the children be brought home by buses?

2/ Wh- question:
11. W hen will the work be done?
12. How many days were spent finishing the work?
13. How is this am ount of money spent?
14. What books are being read this year?
15. How was the lost man found by the police?
16. By whom were the children looked after for you?
17. How long has the doctor been waited for?
18. W hat time can the boys’ papers be handed m?
19. Why wasn’t he helped?
20. Who is kept in the kitchen?

3/ Sentences with verb “continue and begin”:

21. This computer will continue to be used.
22. Rubber trees began to be planted m big plantations.
23. Natural resources can continue to be enjoyed.
24. Coca- Cola will continue to be drunk in the 21st century.
25. Football begins to be loved by American people.

4/ Sentences with phrasal verb

26. The research was given up after three hours.
27. The matter should be looked into.
28. Don’t speak until you are spoken to.
29. The children are being looked after by a neighbour.
30. Pleasant memories are brought back with your story.

5/ Sentences with verbs o f perception:

31. She has been heard to sing this song several times.

323
 32. He was seen to steal your car.
33. They are being watched to work.
34. You won’t be let to do that silly thing again.
35. The children aren’t made to work hard.
36. He was made to work all day.
37. The woman was seen to put the jewelry in her bag by the
detective.
38. The hostages were made to lie down by the terrorists.
39. Drivers are advised using an alternative route by police.
4 0 .1 am helped to do all these difficult exercises.

6/ Sentences o f order:
41. Let your book be opened.
42. Let your hat be taken off.
43. Don’t let that silly thing be done again.
44. Let them be told about it.
45. Don’t let yourself be seen by the other.

7/ Sentences with “Advise, Beg, Order, Urge, Agree,

Decide...”
46. She advised me that the house should be sold.
47. They begged us that he should be helped.
48. He orders us that the floor must be cleaned.
49. He recommends me that the job should be done.
50. She urged him that her parents should be visited as soon as
possible.

8/ Some special sentences:

51. It’s dangerous for the short cut to be taken.
52. Your hair needs cutting. (Your hair needs to be cut)
53. It must be seen to be believed.
54. He wants to have some photographs taken.
55. W e enjoy letters being w n tter

324
Ill/
1. The wanted man is believed to be living in New York.
2. Many people are said to be homeless after the floods.
3. The Prime Minister is known to be in favour of the new
law.
4. The goverment is expected to lose the election.
5. The prisoner is thought to have escaped by climbing over
the wall.
6. The thieves are believed to have gotten m through the
kitchen window.
7. He is alleged to have dnven through the town at 90 miles
an hour.
8. Two people are reported to have been seriously injured in
the accident.
9. Three men are said to have been arrested after the
explosion.
10. He is said to be 108 years old.
11. The man was rumoured to have been still living.
12. She was declared tc have won the competition.
13. Number 13 is believed to be an unluckly number.
14. John is said to be the brightest student in class.
15. The earth was believed to have stood still.

IV/
1. Please wait here while they are examining your luggage.
2. How do they make candles?
3. For a long time they believed that the earth was flat.
4. Did your teacher teach you how to apply this theory?
5. They say that apples are good for our health.
6. Don’t let the children tease the dog.
7. People believe that red is the symbol of luck.
8. W hat have they done to help the poor in this city?
9. They must have stolen the jewelry while she was out.
10. W here did pirates use to hide the treasure in the old tim e0

325
 11. You have to do this job at once.
12. They feed these animals at the zoo twice a day.
13. French doctors are going to perform the operation.
14. They have made all the arrangements.
15. When did they manufacture this radio?
16. We couldn’t find them anywhere.
17. Do they teach mathematics m this school?
18. Fortunately the accident didn’t dam age the machinery.
19. They make the artificial flowers o f silk.
20. The students are writing the lessons now.

DANH Ttf (NOUNS)

1. brings 11. don’t

2. is 12. do
3. were 13. isn’t
4. were 14. seems
5. has 15. is
6. makes 16. are
7. have 17. is
8. is 18. were
9. brighten 19. wasn’t
10. is 20. is

11/
1. .Ann’s mother
2. the top of the page
3. yesterday’s newspaper
4. the nam e of this street
5. our neighbours’ garden
6. Don and M ary’s children
7. Helen’s friend’s wedding

326
 8. the ground floor of the building
9. M ike’s parents’ car
10. the economic policy o f the government
(the governm ent’s economic policy)

III/
1. A photographic portrait of Peter in the exhibition was much
praised.
2. John’s wedding presents were magnificent.
3. It’s about three hours’ drive to London from my house.
4. Last week’s storm caused a lot of damage.
5. Tomorrow’s meeting has been cancelled.

DAI Ttr (PRONOUNS)

1. us 6. George’s
2. his 7. the defense
3. our 8. Henry
4. me 9. our
5. his 10. John’s

11/
1. themselves 6. yourselves
2. itself 7. ourselves
3. herself 8. themselves
4. myself 9. herself
5. himself 10. yourself

Ill/
'1 . somebody/ anybody 6. anything
2. something/ anybody 7. somebody

327
 3. anybody 8. anybody
4. anybody 9. anything
5. anybody 10. something

IV/
1. It was my question that made him angry.
2. W e find it a good chance to meet each other on this occasion.
3. Do you think it difficult to explain to him what happened?
4. It is thought that he is a famous doctor in this city.
5. It is stupid to fall asleep like that.
6. It is very interesting to learn English.
7. It takes only one hour from London to Brighton by train.
8. It is extremely difficult to understand some parts of King
Lear.
9. It is clear to everyone but him self that he will fail.
10 . It won’t be easy to find our w ay home.

V/
1. most of the day 6. all (of) the money
2. many people 7. all the time
3. some o f the photographs 8. most o f the time
4. some people 9. most people
5. most of the food 10. h alf o f the questions

V I/
1. none 6. either
2. either 7. neither
3. any 8. none
4. none 9. either
5. any 10. neither

328
 TINH TIT (ADJECTIVES)

V
1. interested 6. astonishing
2. exciting 7. amused
3. embarrassing 8. terrifying/ shocked
4. embarrassed 9. bored/ boring
5. amazed 10. boring/ interesting

11/
1. a nice new pullover
2. a new green pullover
3. a beautiful old house
4. black leather gloves
5. an old American film
6. a long thin face
7. big black clouds
8. a lovely sunny day
9. a long wide avenue
10 . a small black metal box
11 . a big fat black cat
12. a lovely little old village
13 . beautiful long black hair
14. an interesting old French painting
15. an enormous red and yellow umbrella

III/
1. tastes awful (or tasted awful)
. 2. feel fine
3. smell nice
4. look wet

329
 5. sounds/ mterestmg (or sounded/ interesting)

IV/
1. She made a ten minute call to California.
2. Sam ’s new apartment is in a twelve storey building.
3. We are language teachers.
4. My parents saw a three act play last night.
5. The manager said that it would be a two day sale.
6. Mai bought a 79 piece tool set.
7. I need two 16 ounce cans of tomatoes.
8. I’m looking for a six quart pressure cooker.
9. He is a specialist at building brick houses.
10. Mrs Brown just bought her daughter a ten speed bicycles.

V/
1. a few 11. many
2. few 12. few
3. much 13. little
4. many 14. a little
5. much/ little 15. a few
6. much 16. few
7. many/ much 17. little
8. little 18. little
9. many 19. a little
10. much 20. little

330
 TRANG TIT (ADVERBS)

v
1. well 11. sick
2. intense 12. happy
3. brightly 13. terrible
4. fluently 14. properly
5. smooth 15. quiet
6. accurately 16. heavily
7. bitter 17. clean
8. soon 18. terribly
9. fast 19. colourful
10. terrible 20. selfishly

11/
1. quickly 6. specially
2. careful 7. complete
3. continuously 8. perfectly
4. happily 9. nervous
5. fluent 10. financially

Ill/
1. Rarely does she smile at me.
2. Not until he told me had I known her.
3. Hardly will you finish your work before it’s dark.
4. Only in this shop can you buy this book.
5. No longer is my teacher teaching m this school.
6. Never has she seen such a beautiful sight.
7. Seldom does this rich man help the poor.
8. Never in life did she feel happy.

331
 9. Not until 1981 did people discover AIDS.
10. No sooner had Martin sat down than the telephone rang.
11. Nowhere could the lost child be found.
12. No help did I get from him.
13. Not only did he refuse to help me but he also laughed at me.
14. Never does he smoke in bed.
15. Only within two months has she made good progress.
16. Under no circum stances should you travel alone.
17. Only in Summer is it hot enough to sit outside.
18. Seldom is it wise to say too much about oneself.
19. Nowhere did he find a job after he had graduated from
college.
20. Little do I know about computer.

WORD-FORM
1/
1. dishonest, honestly, honesty
2. identification, unidentified
3. im aginary, im agination
4. industrial, industrious, industrialist, industrialised/ ied
5. manager, management, managing, m anageress
6. nationality, nationalised/ized, national
7. observant, observatory, observation
8. satisfactory, satisfaction, dissatisfied
9. scientist, scientific, scientifically
10. shortly, shorten, shortage
11. variable, variety, various, invariably
12. convenient, conveniently, inconvenient
13. creation, creature, creator
14. criticise/ize, criticism, critical

332
15. decision, indecisive
16. decorator, decorations
17. demonstrators, demonstration
18. dependent, independence
19. dictation, dictatorial
20. direction, directly, directory, directors
21. economical, economics, economically, economize
22. electrician, electricity, electrical, electrical
23. employees, unemployed, employer, em ploym ent
24. enthusiastically, enthusiastic
25. action, activity, inactive, actress
26. additives, addition
27. admirable, admiration
28. disadvantage, advantageous
29. advertising, advertisement
30. disagree, agreement
31. attractions, attractively
32. basic, basis
33. calculations, calculator, calculating
34. collecting, collectors, collection
35. comparison, comparatively, comparable
36. competitors, competitive, competition
37. confirmation, unconfirmed
38. continuation, discontinued, continually, continuous
II/
1. accommodation 32. spotlessly
2. collection 33. decision
3. comparison 34. irresponsible
4. complaint 35. requirements
5. composition 36. constructive
6. demonstration 37. assistance >
7. dificulty 38. lengthened
8. identification 39. notify
9. illness 40. confidential
10. marriage 41. departure
11. mixture 42. misbehaved
12. occupation 43. pointless
13. permission 44. unenviable
14. punctuation 45. priceless
15. reservation 46. misunderstood
16. statement 47. argument
17. suggestion 48. non-smoker
18. translation 49. aplogise(ize)
19. treatm ent 50. truthful
20. weight 51. unpredictaple
21. disagreeable 52. pleasure
22. preferably 53. worthless
23. I'xtensive 54. justify
24. im passable 55. unreasonable
25. recognition 56. im pression/ attention/ appearance
26. financially 57. application
27. suspicious 58. approval
28. prosperity 59. arrangem ent
29. divisive 60. confirmation
30. unexpected 61. denials
31. unwisely 62. development

334
63. dismissal 82. noisy
64. employment 83. painful
65. examination 84. powerful
66. explanation 85. rainy
67. government 86. sleepy
68. identification 87. southern
69. pronunciation 88. successful
70. recommendation 89. sunny
7 1 .refusal 90. weekly
72. retirement 91. wonderful
73. comfortable 92. wooden
74. dangerous 93. orphanage
75. dirty 94. homeless
76. famous 95. poverty
77. foggy 96. sad
78. hungry 97. published
79. icy 98. ability
80. juicy 99. educational
81. national 100. independent

IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS

1. made fun of
2. made use of
3. taking leave of
4. to - gave place/ o f - caught sight
5. o f - t a k e care
6. feel regret for
7. put an end to
8. ofI take advantage
9. with/ lost touch
10. take care of

31
11. pay attention to/ take account of
12. pays attention to
13. made fun of
14. for/ make allowance
15. keep pace with
16. take notice of
17. takes care of7 makes allowance for/ feels pity for
18. take notice of
19. in/ taking interest
20. make room for
21. keep correspondence with
22. feel asham e at
23. put an end to
24. got victory over
25. lost track of
26. plays an influence over
27. show affection for/ have faith in
28. make use of
29. feel pity for/ take pity on
30. take interest in
31. to/ set fire
32. feel pity for
33. lose sight of
34. have a look at
35. catch sight of
36. made a decision on
37. make a contribution to
38. have faith in
39. pay attention to/ put an end to
40. make allowance for/ feel pity for/take pity on
41. make complaint about
42. feel sympathy for
43. lost touch with
44. make room for

336
45. taken notice of
46. taken advantage of
47. keep pace with/ keep up with
48. pay attention to/ take account of/ put on end to
49. gave way to
50. make a fuss over/ pay attention to
51. pay attention to
52. keep pace with
53. set fire to
54. take care of
55. take advantage of
56. have lost touch with
57. make fun of
58. take advantage of
59. lose touch with
60. catch sight of
61. pays attention to
62. take care of
63. set fire to
64. setting fire to
65. make fun of
66. pay attention to
67. lost track of
68. make use of
69. Betting fire to
70. have faith in
71. caught sight of
72. set fire to
73. put an end to/ put a stop to
74. makes fun of
75. Take account of

33'/
 CAC MUC DO SO SANH CUA TINH
TU VA TRANG TlT ■

I/
1. Jane’s sister doesn’t cook as well as Jane.
Jane’s sister cooks worse than Jane.
2. Nobody in this team plays football as well as Tom.
3. The speed of light is the fastest.
4. Jack isn’t as old as he looks.
5. You spent more money than I did.
6. It’s colder today than it was yesterday.
7. It takes more time to travel by train than by car.
8. Joe did worse than Chris in the exam.
9. My friend arrived earlier than I expected.
10. We were busier at work today than usual.

II/
1 harder and harder ....
2 bigger and bigger.
3 more and more nervous.
4 worse and worse.
5 more and more talkative.

I ll/
1. earlier than 6. more peaceful than
2. thinner 7. more easily
3. bigger 8. higher than
4. more im portant than 9. more reliable
5. more crowded than 10. more serious than

338
 DONG TU1(VERBS)

1/
1. should have had 6. should have studied
2. must have been 7. must have been
3. must have damaged 8. should have deposited
4. should not have parked 9. must have forgotten
5. must have studied 10. must not have studied

11/
1. to buy/ to ask 11. preparing/ coming
2. buying/ dealing 12. find
3. to convince/ managing/ 13. camping
helping 14. change
4. cutting/ have/ done 15. not to drink
5. to come/ go (going)/ to 16. plant/ to get
climb/ making 17. to tell
6. smoking/ to risk/ setting 18. taking/ keeping/ to sell
7. to turn/ working 19. park/ to park
8. keeping/ to fill 20. to leave/ to put
9. to read
10. to become

Ill/
1. waiting 11. to know/ to hve
2. seen/ cry 12. going/ stay
3. run 13. seeing
4. travelling/ shooting 14. not to touch
5. to get/ eating 15. showing/ to work
6. driving/ riding 16. letting/ run/ being
7. going 17. talking/ to finish
8. swear 18. to com e/ standing
9. to do 19. laughing/ slip
10i. to send 20. crawling
 GlCfl TIT (PREPOSITIONS)
1/
1. at - of 32. at 63. in
2. to - on 33. at 64. to
3. at 34. on 65. of
4. in 35. in 6 6 .about
5. on 36. on 67. for
6. in - at 37. into/ in 68. at
7. with 38. with 69. on - of
8. by 39. from 70. for
9. in 40. at 71. o f - o f
10. by 41. with 72. in - in
11. by 42. with 73. in
12. at 43. to 74. to
13. at 44. with 75. about
14. into 45. for 76. with
15. on 46. for 77. to
16. on 47. to 78. with
17. in/ into 48. from 79. for
18. in 49. of 80. with
19. in 50. to - for 81. to
20. in/ on 51. of 82. of
21. at 52. from 83. of
22. at 53. on 84. of
23. in 54. of 85. to/ from
24. at 55. of 86. of
25. at 56. to 87. of
26. at 57. from 88. of
27. m 58. in 89. for
28. in 59. of 90. about
29. in 60. in 91. of
30. to 61. with 92. about
31. at - at 62. about 93. with

340
94. in 127. for 160. to
95. to 128. for 161. with
96. with 129. of 162. to
97. to 130. for 163. for
98. to 131. up 164. at
99. at 132. off 165. at
100. with 133. for 166. to
101. about 134. from 167. with
102. at 135. of 168. to
103. with 136. to 169. to
104. of 137. at 170. from
105. of 138. to - in 171. on
106. on 139. to 172. of
107. for 140. in 173. to
108. at 141. for 174. in
109. from 142. with 175. to
110. about 143. from 176. for
111. with 144. from 177. for
112.to 145. of 178. with
113. to 146. on 179. to
114. in 147. from 180. for
115. at 148. with 181. from
116. about 149. with 182. of
117. about 150. with 183. to - for
118.in 151. to 184. of
119. to 152. with 185. at
120.to 153. of 186. for
121. to 154. along 187. for
122. of 155. of 188. with
123. about 156. for 189. for
124. to 157. with 190. with
125. to . 158. to 191. from
126. of 159. of 192. of

341
 193. in 196. for - of 199. from
194. in 197. of 200. of
195. of - to 198. to

II/
1. in 5. in 9. for
2. to 6. at 10. in
3. in 7. in
4. on 8. with

III/
1. at 11. in 21. at/ on
2. on/ in 12. on (at) 22. at
3. at 13. in 23. on
4. on 14. on/ on 24. in
5. at 15. at 25. in/ in
6. on 16. in 26. at/ at/ in
7. at 17. in 27. at/ in
8. in/ in 18. in 28. in
9. on 19. on 29. at
10. on 20. on 30. in/ at

IV/
1. to 6. into 11. into
2. O 7. d>, to 12. to
3. at 8. at 13. to
4. to 9. t o /in 14. into
5. to * 10. to (in) 15. in

V/
1. by 5. by/ in 9. by
2. with 6. on 10. by
3. by 7. by
4. with 8. by/ with/ on

342
VI/
1. to 8. with 15. for
2. in 9. about 16. of
3. to 10. in/ in 17. for
4. for 11. from /to 18. on
5. with 12. between 19. against
6. of 13. for 20. of
7. on 14. in

LIEN TIT
(CONJUNCTIONS)

I/
1. neither ... nor 6. because
2. so 7. although
3. either ... or 8. whether/ and
4. so 9 when
5. so 10. unless

II/
1. Nam will pass the exam if he studies hard.
2. Mary came to class late because her motorbike had a
puncture.
3. Her mother was very si:;k so she couldn’t come to class.
4. Although Tom was very lazy, he passed the final
examination.
5. Daisy is very nice, therefore all her friends love her very
much.

343
 6. Daisy is such an intelligent girl that she always gets the
scholarships.
7. We will take the trip unless it is stormy.
8. I had forgot locking the door when I drove to the office this
morning.
9. We study hard so that we can pass the final exam ination .
10. Although she earned her living by selling newspapers, she got
a B.A degree.

Ill/
1. She is in either London or Berlin.
2. He was neither an idler nor a gambler.
3. Neither he nor I am present at the meeting.
4. The com puter can not only gather facts but also store them.
5. This prize will mean an honour not only for him but also for
us.

344
 MAO T I/
(ARTICLES)

1. the 21. the, a

2. the, cD, O, the 22. the, cD
3. 0 ,0 23. the (a), a, cD, CD
4. the, the ,the 24. cD, the, CD
5. a, O, <D, O 25. an, cD, the
6. the, the 26. a
7. the (<D), the, O 27. the
8. O 28. the, the
9. the, a, cD, a 29. cD, the
10. a, cD, the 30. a, the, a, a, a
11. CD, the 31. the, a, the. a
12. CD, the, cD 32. CD, the
13. CD, the 33. the, the
14. O, a (the), cD 34. an, the
15. cD 35. the
16. CD, CD, the 36. the, a
17. the, the 37. CD
18. cD, an 38. the, the
19. the, an 39. the, a
20. cD 40. the
 CLAUSES OF CONDITION

v
1. attended
2. knew
3. had arrived
4. had
5. hadn’t seen
6. understood/ could understand
7. would not have been
8. will give
9. would have told
10. were
11. would respect
12. owned
13. worked
14. find
15. turn
16. save
17. stopped
18. would you do
19. doesn’t hurry
20. had tried
21. wouldn’t run
22. will you promise
23. would perm it/ had permitted
24. could spend
25. will accept

II/
1. The crops wouldn’t have been ruined unless the flood had
risen higher.
2. Unless you had sneezed, he ...

346
3. Unless she did her hair differently she wouldn’t look quite
nice.
4. Unless John had played for our football team, we would have
lost the game.
5. Unless I won a big prize in a lottery, I’d not give up my job.
6. Unless you are careful, you ...
7. Unless you like this one, I’ll ...
8. I’ll not be able to do any work unless I have a quiet room.
9. Unless she hurries, she’ll...
10. Unless we had more rain, our crops wouldn’t be better.

CLAUSES AFTER WISH/ IF ONLY

1. I wish my father were here now.

2. The teacher wishes you worked more than you talked.
3. John wishes he would be an astronaut in the future (when he
grew up).
4. I wish I had helped you yesterday.
5. I wish you had given me a chance ...
6. Mary wishes she would be able to attend ...
7. We wish we had had enough money ...
8. I wish you drove more slowly.
9. The teacher wishes you were more studious.
10.1 wish he would get over ...
11.1 wish I were a doctor.
12.1 wish I had enough money...
13.1 wish I didn’t live in a big city.
14. Nam wishes he had accepted the job.
15.1 wish tomorrow weren’t a workday.
16. We wish we wouldn’t have to work this Saturday.
17.1 wish I hadn’t eaten too much ice-cream.
18.1 wish you had been here last week.

347
1 9 .1 wish I hadn’t spoken to him so impolitely yesterday.
20. Alan wished he hadn’t asked Arthur to lend him S20
21.1 wish the baby stopped crying.
22. He wishes he had invited Molly to his party.
23. I wish the hotel had been good.
2 4 .1 wish I had understood the lesson.
2 5 .1 wish my friend had passed his exam.

PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF PURPOSE

1. The clown took off his mask so as not to frighten the children.
2. My father drove carefully so that he w ouldn’t cause accidents.
3. Sue dutifully followed her parents’ advice so as not to cause
trouble for her parents.
4. Mr Thom pson is learning Vietnam ese in order to read ‘The
Tale of Kieu” .
5. Please shut the door so that the dog w on’t go out of the house.
6. The farmer built a high wall around his garden so that the
fruits wouldn’t be stolen.
7. The police stopped the traffic every few minutes so that the
pedestrians might cross the road.
8. The notices are written in several languages for everyone to
understand them.
9. I wish to have enough money in order to buy a new house.
10. Dick is practising the guitar to play for the dance.
11. She needs a job so that she will support her old parents.
12. He moved to the front row to hear the speaker better.
13. She put the meat into the oven in order that it would be ready
for dinner.
14. The boy stood on the benches to get a better view.
The boy stood on the benches so that he could get a better view

348
15. We lower the volume of the radio so as not to bother our
neighbours.
We lower the volume of the radio so that we will not bother our
neighbours.
16. I’ll write to you in order that you’ll know my decision soon.
I’ll write to you in order for you to know my decision soon.
17. These men were talking in whispers in order that nobody could
hear their conversation.
These men were talking in whispers in order for nobody
to hear their conversation.
18. The boy feigned to be sick so that we wouldn’t make him work.
19. The man spoke loudly so that everybody could hear him
clearly.
20. Doris often goes home as soon as the class is over so that her
mother won’t wait for her.
21. John gets up early so that he won’t be late for class.
22. Mary hid the novel under her pillow so that her father
wouldn’t see it.
23. Alice prepares her lesson carefully in order that she will get
high marks in class.
24. The robber changed his address all the time in order that the
police couldn’t find him.
25. They did their jobs well so that the boss would increase their
salary.
26. You should walk slowly so that your sister can follow you.
27. I’m studying hard in order to keep pace with my classmates.
28. We turned out the lights so as not to waste electricity.
29. This pupil reads only for short periods each day so as not to
train his eyes.
30.1 whispered so that I wouldn’t disturb anyone.

349
 PHRASES & CLAUSES OF RESULT

v
1. The sun shone so brightly that Maria...
2. Dean was such a powerful swimmer that he ...
3. There were so few students registered that the class...
4. The house was so beautiful that I ...
5. This coffee is so strong that I ...
6. It is such a good film that I ...
7. There was so much food that every one ...
8. There were so many guests that there ...
9. I ate so many sandwiches that I...
10. David has so much work to do that he ...
11. He was so sick that he ...
12. It was so dark that he ...
13. He has such wide knowledge that we ...
14. His conduct is so good that a l l ...
15. Mary has such a beautiful voice that we ...
16. John is still so weak that he ...
17. My father has such a good health that he ...
18. There is so much noise that we ...
19. My friend is so strong that he ...
20. Bill is such an intelligent boy that he...

II/
1. This book isn’t interesting enough to read.
2. W e weren’t early enough to get good seats.
3. Jack isn’t hard-working enough to make progress in hi
study.
4. I’m not rich enough to help you with the money.
5. These oranges aren’t sweet enough for us to eat.
6. The shelf isn’t short enough for the boy to reach.
7. This road isn’t safe enough for her to go at night.

350
 8. The water in this pool isn’t pure enough to drink.
9. Martha isn’t beautiful enough to have a boyfriend.
10. This room isn’t bright enough for us to study.

Ill/
1. so many 9. so much
2. so much 10. so much
3. so much 11. so many
4. so many 12. so many
5. so much 13. so much
6. so many 14. so much
7. so many 15. so many
8. so much

PHRASES & CLAUSES OF CONCESSION

1/
1. Although he is very rich, he isn’t happy.
2. No matter how rich he is, he isn’t happy.
3. Although she is very intelligent, she can’t answer my question.
4. No matter how intelligent she is, she can’t answer my
question.
5. Whatever he does, he is always careful.
6. No matter what he does, he always tries his best.
7. Whatever she says, I don’t believe her.
8. No matter what she says, I don’t believe her.
9. No matter how hard he tried, he was not successful.
10. Although he tried, he was not successful.
11. Although his life is hard, he is determined to study well.
12. No matter how hard his life is, he is determined to study well.
13. Though he was wise and experienced, he was taken in.
14. No matter what jobs he got, he was not satisfied.

351
15. Even though he got good jobs, he was not satisfied.
16. W hatever jobs you do, you should do it devotedly.
17. No matter where he lived, he always th o u g h t o f his
homeland.
18. No matter how cold it was, he didn’t wear warm clothes.
19. Many people believe him although he often tells lies.
20. No matter at what time you return, she waits for you.
(when)

II/
1. W hatever happens, don’t forget to write to me.
2. W hatever kinds o f effort we made to persuade her, she will
refuse to consider our proposal.
3. W hatever kinds of exercises he had taken, he was still
putting on weight.
4. W hatever sorts o f difficulties you may encounter, you should
keep your promise.
5. W hatever he says, nobody believes him.
6. W hatever kinds of difficulties you have, you should review all
your lessons before taking your exam.
7. W hatever kinds of exercises he had taken, he got fatter and
fatter.
8. W hatever difficulties you encounter, you should always study
hard.
9. W hatever others may say, she is certainly right.
10. W hatever jobs he chose, his parents were pleased with him.

352
 CLAUSES AFTER AS IF/ AS THOUGH

V
1. stay • 11. understood
2. have stayed 12. went
3. drink 13. went
4. stood 14. got
5. cook 15. knew
6. hadn’t arrived 16. paid
7. had slept 17. had
8. be 18. had swum/ had been swimming
9. hadn’t failed 19. had met
10. had invited 20. had won

II/
1. I fell as if my head were on fire now.
2. I felt as though I was walking in the air.
3. I’d rather BOI worked hard.
4. I’d rather he had wanted to pay his debts.
5. I’d rather he didn’t drive too fast.
6. He spent his money as if he were a prince.
7. You speak as though you were a prophet.
8. It’s high time we set out.
9. It’s time you reviewed your lessons.
10. I’d rather he gave up smoking.
11. She looked as if^he hadn’t known me.
12. It’s time he called me on the phone.
13. It’s high time we started working now.
14. She made up as if she were an actress.
15. She cried as though she were a baby.
16. They talk as if they were kings.
17. It’s time we solved this problem.
18. Mary dressed up as if she were a queen.

353
 19. I’d rather she didn’t talk too much.
20. I’d rather he come to my house tonight.

RELATIVE CLAUSES

1/
1. She is the most intelligent wom an whom I’ve ever met.
2. This doctor, whom you visited yesterday, is famous.
3. Do you know the music which is being played on the radio?
4. The police want to know the hotel where Mr Foster stayed
two weeks ago.
5. The examination in which I was successful lasted two days.
6. These children, of whom she is taking care, are orphans.
7. The two young men, with whom you are acquainted, are not
good persons.
8. I have not decided the day when I’ll go to London.
9. He doesn’t want to sell the house where he was b om .
10. The airport where we are going to arrive is the most m odem
one.
11. W e enjoyed the city where we spent our vacation.
12. One of the elephants which we saw at the zoo had only one
tusk.
13.1 looked at the moon which was very bright that evening.
14. My father, whom you met this morning, goes swimming
everyday.
15. The man whom I respect most is my father.
16. The man whose opinions I respect most is mv father.
17. Please post these letters which I wrote this morning.
18. The building whose tower can be seen from afar is the church
19. Mary and Margaret, whom you met yesterday, are twins

354
20. I’ll mtrouuiV you to the m an whosr. oupport is necessary for
your project.
21. They are repairing the tubes through which water is brought
into our house.
22. In the middle of the village there is the well from which the
villagers take water to drink.
23. The m iddle-aged man to whom my father is talking is the
director.
24. This is a rare opportunity of which you should take advantage
to get a better job.’
25. The boy of whom you made fun is my cousin.
2 6 .1 apologized the woman whose coffee I spilled.
27. The professor whose course I’m taking is excellent.
28. The man whose wallet was stolen called the police.
29. A man brought in a small girl whose hand had been cut.
30. The Smiths, whose house had been destroyed in the
explosion, were given rooms in th e hotel.
31. He introduced me to his students, most of whom were from
abroad.
32. They gave me four very bad tyres one of which burst before I
had driven four miles.
33. The man who answered the phone said Tom was out.
34. Phuong Thao is the singer whose music you like best.
35. She couldn’t come to the party, which is a pity.

355
 EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

1/
1. few 16. most o f
2. some/ many/ a large 17. little- a great deal of
number of 18. few
3. most of 19. little/ a little
4. most of 20. m any-a few
5. most 21. m uch-m any
6. a little 22. most/ many/ a large
7. much num ber of
8. a great deal of 23. most of
9. little 24. many-much
10. most/ a large number oil 25. much
many 26. a great deal of
11. most of 27. most
12. much 28. most of
13. much-little 29. som e/ many/ a large
14. many num ber of
15. much 30. most

II/
1. many 6. much
2. plenty of 7. most
3. millions of 8. much
4. number 9. much
5. a lot of

356
 EMPHASIS

1. It’s very kind o f him to help me.

2. It takes Mrs. Jones too much time to make up.
3. You are mistaken.
4. Do visit us again some time.
5. Don’t you make too much noise.
6. I did do my English test very well.
7. Only by hard work can you succeed.
8. It is the smoke from factory chim neys that polluted the air.
9. My mother made this cake itself.
10.1 do enjoy travelling.
11. David him self teaches in a Technical College.
12. Do help me solve this problem.
13. Ted him self broke the news to me.
14. It is important to know your limitations.
15. It is money, not affection that they want.
16. He did m isunderstand my intentions.
17. It was after she had gone that I rem em bered her name.
18. Do remember to lock the door before you leave.
19. Does Mary herself wash up everyday?
20. It was from Francis that she first heard the news.
21. It is perhaps because he’s a misfit that I get along with him.
22. It is pilots, not ground staff that we need.
23. It is certain that prices will go up.
24. It is better to be early.
25. It is Peter him self not Paul that lent us money.
26. We found it impossible to get a visa.
27. It is today that he is going.
28. We ordered wine itself. We didn’t order beer.
29. Bad roads don’t cause accidents. Speed itself does.
30. It is cruel to tease animals.

357
 styles
1. Mary is a good cook.
2. No one in his team plays football as well as him.
3. She is a good tennis player.
4. English is spoken in Australia.
5. A school is being built for the poor.
6. She hasn’t been seen since 1980.
7. She is a good English teacher.
8. This man is a beggar.
9. She is a careful typist.
10. Hardly had we begun to walk when it rained.
11. This moman sleeps very little.
12. They tend to minimise problems.
13. They strongly desire to put...
14. They gave a great deal of thought to their work.
15. They knew little about the job o f their choice.
16. They are determined to overcom e problems.
17. He pays us a visit whenever...
18. They have tended to choose...
19. Their future work is thought much by some children.
20. Millions of dollars are spent on advertising every year.
21. We are going to be told a story by the teacher.
22. We built this house 100 years ago.
23. They have made all the arrangements.
24. She ought to wear evening dress.
25. She strongly desires for a scholarship.

358
 REPORTED SPEECH

v
1. He said to her she was his friend.
2. Johnny said to his mother he didn’t know how to do that
exercise.
3. My brother advised me not to come back before one o’clock.
4. Mrs Brown told her daughter to cook it in butter.
5. The pupils asked their teacher to give them better marks.
6. Ann exclaimed what a dirty face your son had.
7. The teacher asked his pupils whether they knew how to
behave and rem arked that there must be no talking in
lessons.
8. She wondered who was coming on the excursion the next day
and hoped it wouldn’t rain.
9. Mrs Brown told him to do as he was told and complained that
he was a naughty boy.
10. Jim said that it was a very nice evening and suggested going
out for a walk.
11. The teacher said that it wasn’t so foggy that day as it had
been the day before.
12. My father told me to be modest if I was a good pupil.
13. She told us to shut the door but not to lock it.
14. Tom said that New York is bigger than London.
15. They begged us to help them.
16. She told me not to forget to send my parents her regards.
17. The traveller asked me how long it took to get to London.
18. John said that he had finished studying his lesson.
19. Mary said to John she couldn’t go to the movies with him.

359
 20. He said that he shouldn’t do that if he were me because it was
very dangerous.
21. They said to me when they had finished that game they
would have supper.
22. Johny said that she had to wash her hair and nsked Alice if
she had got any shampoo.
23. He told me to listen and asked me if I heard someone coming.
24. He told me to do as he told me or I would be punished and
said thi i he would teach me who was m aster in that house.
2 5 .1 asked ’.ill what time he had gone to bed the night before.

PRACTICE TEST

1/
1. (C) should be us
2. (B) should be herself
3. (C) should be when we have to
4. (D) should be hasn't either
5. (D) should be read
6. (B) should be have been
7. (C) should be smells
8. (A) should be had eaten
9. (A) should be finished
10. (C) should be themselves
11. (B) should be any more
12. (A) should be taking
13. (B) should be had
14. (A) should be so good
15. (C) should be as old as

360
16. (D) should be sadder than
17. (A) should be students
18. (B) should be not to remove
19. (A) should be he
20. (B) should be the car costs
21. (D) should be so did Jean
22. (A) should be seen
23. (D) should be isn't there
24. (B) should be to vote
25. (B) should be as
26. (B) should be had to arrive
27. (C) should be from
28. (B) should be never would have met or would never have met
29. (C) should be speaking
30. (B) should be because
31. (B) should be densely packed
32. (D) should be cried out
33. (D) should be either
34. (A) should be was hit
35. (B) should be the manager
36. (C) should be not to allow
37. (C) should be those
38. (D) should be doesn't either
39. (D) should be didn't it
40. (C) should be had been driving
41. (B) should be is
42. (B) should be is
43. (B) should be knows
44. (C) should be your
45. (A) should be zoology book
46. (A) should be Marta's
47. (B) should be themselves
48. (D) should be survival
49. (D) should be fear

361
50. (A) should be on a child’s level
51. (A) should be these
52. (A) should be hardly ever
53. (B) should be is
54. (D) should be close to the city
55. (B) should be o f flying
56. (B) should be was
57. (B) should be which or that
58. (A) should be JoeFs
59. (A) should be what happened
60. (B) should be us
61. (C) should be for
62. (A) should be your
63. (D) should be hasn’t it
64. (D) should be John does too or so does John
65. (A) should be being
66. (D) should be to find
67. (A) should be him to take
68. (D) should be I
69. (B) should be is
70. (A) should be on
71. (D) should be higher
72. (B) should be heating
73. (C) should be among
74. (B) should be dollar
75. (D) should be repair
76. (D) should be isn’t it
77. (A) should be was
78. (B) should be has
79. (D) should be raise
80. (C) should be lying
81. (B) should be go
82. (B) should be going
83. (C) should be 4*

362
 84. (A) should be jog
85. (A) should be volume
86. (A) should be he could have
87. (A) should be occurred
88. (D) should be uncontrollably
89. (B) should be so that
90. (D) should be would
91. (C) should be ought to send
92. (A) should be such a difficult time
93. (C) should be because of
94. (A) should be a
95. (D) should be much homework
96. (A) should be are
97. (A) should be information
98. (A) should be intelligent enough
99. (B) should be many
100. (B) should be from
101. (B) should be stories
102. (B) should be would take
103. (B) should be had told
104. (A) should be review
105. (C) should be five-speed
106. (C) should be hot enough
107. (D) should be had finished
108. (A) should be play
109. (A) should be was
110. (D) should be was drinking
111. (D) should be our friends in Boston yesterday
112. (B) should be outdoors last night
113. (A) should be that
114. (B) should be a little
115. (A) should be so good a game
*116. (B) should be did not
117. (D) should be language

363
 118. (A) should be from
119. (B) should be inferior
120. (A) should be carefull

II/
1. I’m willing to discuss it with you.
2. Did you have a good time last night?
3. I’m happy to do whatever you want me to do.
I. I enjoyed seeing all my old friends again.
5. I’m prepared to work hard, if that’s what I have to do.
6. Are you pleased with your new car?
7. She won’t be happy about me changing the arrangements.
8. I’m looking forward to seeing you next week.
9. Her friends’ messages of sympathy were a com fort to her
during her illness.
10. Please make yourself at home.
II. He takes everything in his stride.
12. W hy don’t you take it easy for a few days and let me look
after the shop?
13. She breathed a sigh of relief when she realised that her bag
hadn’t been stolen.
14. Things have got so bad that I’m reduced to having to borrow
money from other people.
1 5 .1 felt a fool when I realised what I’d done. ,
16. Her lack of education is an embarrassment to her.
17. She went red at the mention of his name.
18. He feels responsible for the accident.
19. He’s got a (guilty) conscience about cheating them.
20. It embarrasses her when people tell her how beautiful she is.
21. The boss likes to humiliate people m front of others.
22. Hopefully, I’ll be going/ I’m going skiing at Christmas.
23. I’m sceptical of7 about his reasons for being nice to me.

364
24. Look on the bright side! You’re young and healthy and will
have plenty more opportunities.
25. Are you optimistic about your chances of getting promotion?
26. I’m not quite sure of7 about the meaning of this word.
27. All I can do is cross my fingers and hope for the best.
28. No doubt he’ll be late, as usual.
29. I’m pessimistic about the future.
3 0 .1 had (my) reservations about him at first, but now he seems
very good at his job.
31. Is she hopeful of getting the job?
32.1 don’t want to have an argum ent with you.
33. In the end we reached a compromise
3 4 .1 disagree with the way he treats people.
35. I’ll meet you half-way.
36. We’ve come to an agreem ent to share the cost.
37 .1 expressed my opposition to his plan.
38. He is in favour of my opposition to share the cost.
39. If you co-operate with me, everything will be all right.
40 .1 never row with my parents.
41 .1 have no objection to changing my plans.
42.1 thought about it for a while and then I agreed to their offer.
43. The neighbours were having a row.
44. Are we in agreement?
4 5 .1 object to having to pay so much for so little.
46. He doesn’t agree with divorce.
47. Don’t take any notice/ Take no notice of him - he doesn’t
know what lie’s talking about.
48. Your mistake didn’t make any difference/ made no difference
to the way things turned out.
49. The recent increases in air fares haven’t had any effect/ have
had no effect on the number of people wanting to fly.

365
 50. We were all affected by the news of her death./ The news of
her death affected us all.
51. He contributed to his own failure.
5 2 .1 don’t have a say/ I have no say in the way that the business
is managed.
53. Don’t be influenced by other people.
54. Everyone played a part in the team’s success.
55. His personal problems affect his ability to do his job.
5 6 .1 ignored his unpleasant comments.
57. A lot of people believe that television has an influence on the
way we behave.
58. She’ll go mad when she finds out what’s happened.
59. He lost his temper because we all disagreed with him.
60. She’s in a bad mood today.
61. I’m sick (and tired) of being treated as an inferior.
62. He had a fit when he saw the damage that had been done to
his car.
63. His arrogance gets up my nose.
64. I’ve had enough of people ordering me about.
65. Waiting for buses gets on my nerves.
66. Having to get up so early is a pain in the neck.
67. It makes me sick to see so much food being wasted.
68. Did the exam go well?
69. Although I set off late, I managed to get there on time.
70. My first day at work went smoothly.
71. The whole day went according to plan.
7 2 .1 gave up trying to make friends with the other students
because I was getting nowhere.
73. It seems that whatever I try to do, something always goes
wrong.
74. She always gets her own way.
75. He’s going places.

366
76. Did you succeed in getting a ticket?
77. The evening went badly and ended in an argument.
78. Watch out for thieves if you go to that part o f town.
7 9 .1 took a lot of trouble over this letter.
80. I’ve installed an alarm to protect my car from/ against
thieves.
8 1 .1 bought it on the spur of the moment.
82. You’re jumping to conclusions.
83. I’m very particular about who I discuss my private life with.
8 4 .1 was careful not to offend them.
85. I’ll keep my eyes open for you at the concert, although I
expect it will be very crowded.
86. She’s very fussy about the kind of hotels she stays in.
87. Will you look after the flat while I’m away?
88. Mind your head! Mind you don’t hit your head!
89. I’m not fussy whether we go or not.
90. Look out for a red door when you arrive - that’s my flat.
9L They have security guards to discourage people from trying
to steal/ from stealing.
92. They’re putting pressure on me to make a decision soon.
93. When I make my complaint, I hope that you’ll back me up.
94. She’s always trying to impose her opinions on other people.
95. He has alway supported her in her career.
96. He offered them more money as an incentive to do the job
quickly.
97. The judge gave a harsh sentence to deter other people from
commit ing the same crime.
98. Because of the circumstances, I am forced to act quickly.
99. She was nervous about going to the doctor’s, so I went with
her to give her moral support.
100. He doesn’t earn enough money to support himself.
101. I need as much encouragement as I can get.

367
 102. Many people believe that the death penalty is a deterrent.
103. I had no choice but to apologise.
104. I support Hampshire County Cricket Club.
105. You should take the price into consideration/ take into
consideration the price before you decide whether to buy it or
not.
106. He’s in two minds about whether to go or not.
107. I’ve weighed up the pros and cons and I’ve decided not to
go.
108. Bearing in mind that she’s only just started, she’s doing
very well.
109. She’s having second thoughts about marrying him now.
110. The way he behaves in private constrasts with the way he
behaves at work.
111. This record is no different to/ from the last one they made.
112. Parents try to teach their children to distinguish between
right and wrong.
113. This programme is similar to one that used to be on years
ago.
114. I prefer playing football, as opposed to watching it.
115. There is a subtle difference betw een being mean and being
careful with money.
116. Not having much money is different to/ from being
completely broke.
117. There has been a difference in his attitude recently.
118. It remains to be seen whether he’ll keep his promise or not.
119. I’m afraid I’ll be a bit late because something has cropped
up.
120. The result was a foregone conclusion.

368
Ill/
1. B 25. C 49. D 73. B 97. C
2. D 26. D 50. D 74. D 98. B
3. D 27. A '51. C 75. A 99. A
4. B 28. B 52. B 76. C 100. C
5. B 29. B 53. C 77. D 101. B
6. C 30. A 54. D 78. D 102. C
7. C 3 1 .C ' 55. A 79. C 103. B
8. B 32. D 56. B 80. A 104. A
9. D 33. B 57. A 81. B 105. C
10. A 34. C 58. C 82. D 106. C
11. B 35. D 59. D 83. B 107. c
12. B 36. A 60. A 84. D 108. A
13. C 37. C 61. A 85. B 109. c
14. B 38. A 62. B 86. C 110. D
15. C 39. C 63. A 87. A 111. D
16. A 40. B 64. C 88. C 112. C
17. D 41. A 65. C 89. B 113. B
18. C 42. D 66. B 90. A 114. A
19. B 43. C 67. D 91. C 115. C
20. A 44. B 68. A 92. B 116. B
21. D 45. D 69. B 93. D 117. D
22. C 46. D 70. C 94. A 118. C
23. A 47. C 71. A 95. D 119. B
24. B 48. B 72. C 96. B 120. C

36?
Appendix A

TO CHLTC QUOC TE
CHU1VIET TAT THONG DUNG
DO, CAN, DONG

A- MOT SO TO CHlTC DAN CHU QUOC TE

WFTU (World Federation of Lien hiep cong doan the gidi

Trade Union)
WPC (World Peace Council) Hoi dong hoa binh the gidi
WIDF (Women’s Lien doan phu nil dan chu the
International gidi
Democratic Youth)
WFDY (World Federation of Lien doan thanh nien dan chu
Democratic Youth) the gidi
IUS (International Union of Hoi hen hiep sinh vien the gidi
Students)
lADL (International Hoi lu&t gia dan chu the gidi
Association of Democratic
Lawyers)
01J (Organization of To chtic quoc te cac nha bao
International Journalists)
AAPSO (Afro-Asian People’s To chtic doan ket nhan dan A-
Solidarity Organiration) Phi
AAWA (Afro-Asian W riters’
Hoi nha van A-Phi
Association)
OSPAALA (Organization of To chtic doan ket nhan dan A-
Solidarity of the Peoples of Phi-My La Tinh
Asia, Africa and Latin
America)

370
 B- HE THONG LIEN HIEP QUOC
UN hay U.N. (United Nations) hay UNO, hay U.N.O. (United
Nations Organization) gom sau cd quan chinh:
- General Assembly (Dai hoi dong)
- Security Council (Hoi dong bao an)
- Economic and Social Council (Hoi dong kinh te -Xa hoi)
ECOSOC
- Trusteeship Council (Hoi dong quan thac)
- International Court of Justice (Toa an quoc te) IC
- Secretariat (Ban thii ki)

CO QUAN KHAC CUA U.N.O.

WFP (World Food ChUdng trinh lUdng thuc the

Programme) gidi
UNEP (UN Environment ChUdng trinh LHQ ve moi
Programme) trUdng
UNDP hay PNUD (UN ChUdng trinh LHQ ve phat trien
Development Programme)
UNHCR (UN High Cd q uan cao uy LHQ ve ngiidi ty
commissioner for Refugees) nan
WFC (World Food Council) Hoi dong lUdng thiic the gidi
UNCTAD (UN Conference Hoi nghi LHQ ve thiidng m ai va
on Trade and Development) p h at trien
NUFPA (UN Fund for Quy hoat dong dan so LHQ
Population Activities)
UNICEF (UN Children’s Quy nhi dong LHQ
Fund)
UNIDO (UN Industrial To chtic LHQ ve phat trien cong
Development Organization) nghiep
UNITAR (UN Institute for Vien dao tao va nghien ctiu LHQ
Training and Research)

371
 TO CHlfC CHUYEN MON , TO C H l/C TU”TRI KHAC
THUOC LIEN HIEP QUOC
IAEA (International Atomic
Energy Agency)
UPU (Universal Postal
Union)
ITU (International
Telecommunications Union)
WB (World Bank)
IBRJD^kitemational Bank for
Reconstruction and
Development)
ILO (International Labor
Organization)
IDA (International
Development Association)
IFC (International Finance
Corporation)
IFAD (International Fund for
Agricultural Develepment)
IMF (International Monetary7
Fund)
UNESCO (United Nations
Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization)
FAO (Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN)
ICAO (International Civil
Aviation Organization)
WMO (World Meteorological
Organization)
IMCO (Intergovernmental
Cd quan nang ltfdng nguyen tu
quoc te
Lien minh bUu chinh the gi6i
Lien minh vien thong the gidi
Ngan hang the gidi
Ngan hang the gidi ve tai thiet
va phat trien
To chilc lao dong quoc te
Hiep hoi phat trien quoc te
Cong ty tai chinh quoc te
Quy quoc te phat tn en nong
nghiep
Quy tien te quoc te
To chtic LHQ ve giao due, khoa
hoc va van hoa
To chtic LHQ ve lUdng thuc va
nong nghiep
To chilc hang khong dan dung
quoc te
To chilc khi tUdng the gidi
To chuc tu van lien chinh phu ve
Maritime Consultative hang hai
Organization)
WIPO (World Intellectual To chilc the gich ve sd hOu tri
Property Organization) thiic
WHO (World Health To chilc y te the gidi
Organization)

TO CHlTC KINH TE X A HOI KHU VU C

ESCAP (UN Economic and Uy ban kinh te Xa hoi chau A va

Social Commission for Asia Thai Binh Dudng
and Pacific)
ECWA (UN Economic Uy ban kinh te Tay A
Commission for Western
Asia)
ECA (UN Economic Uy ban kinh te chau Phi
Commission for Africa)
ECLA (UN Economic Uy ban kinh te chau My La
Commission for Latin Tinh
America)
ECE (UN Economic Uy ban kinh te chau Au
Commission for Europe)
OAS (Organization of To chilc cac nUdc chau My
American States)

TO CHUC, CH U O N G T R iN H KHU VU C CH AU A, THAI

BiNH DU O N G
ADB (Asian Development Ngan hang phat trien chau A
Bank)
RCTT (Regional Centre for Trung tain chuyen giao ky thuat
Transfer of Technology) cua khu vUc
APDC (Asian and Pacific Trung tam phat trien chau .■>
Development Centre)
CIRDAP (Centre on In­
tegrated Rural Development
for Asia and the Pacific)
TC (Typhoon Commitee)
ICLMB (Interim Commitee
for Coordmation of
Investigations of the Lower
Mekong Basin)
CCOA (Commitee for
Coordmation for Jomt
Prospecting for Mineral
Resources in Asian Offshore
Areas)
AIT (Asian Institute of
Technology)
APIB (Asian Pacific Institute
for Broadcasting)
ACCU (Asian Cultural
Centre for UNESCO)
Thai Binh DUdng
Trung tam phat trien nong thon
toan dien chau A-Thai Binh
Dtfdng
Uy ban bao
Uy ban lam thdi phoi hdp
nghien cifu ha ltfu song Mekong
Uy ban phoi hdp dieu tra tai
nguyen khoang san ngoai khdi
chau A
Vien ky thuat chau A
Vien phat trien phat thanh va
truyen hinh chau A-Thai Binh
Dtfdng
Trung tam van hoa chau A phuc
vu UNESCO

C- M O T SO TO CHlTC QU O C TE V A
QU O C G IA KH AC
•>
AI (Arab League): Lien doan A Rap
ASEAN (Association of South-East Asian Nations):
Hiep hoi cac quoc gia Dong Nam A
ANZUS (Australia, New Zealand, US Pact):
, A

Khoi My, O-xtray-U-a, Niu Di-ldn

CENTO (Central Treaty Organization):
Khoi hiep lidc trung tam(1955) trUdc
kia gom Tho Nhi Ky-Irac, Iran va My

374
A.F.L.-C.I.0 (American Federation of Labour and Congress of
Industrial Organization):
Jong cong hoi My-To chilc cong doan
cong nghiep
INTERCOSMOS : ChUdng trinh hdp tac nhieu mat trong
linh vile nghien cilu vu tru
W.C.C (World Council of Churches):
Hoi dong nha thd the gidi
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries):
To chilc cac ntfdc xuat khau dau mo
EEC (European Economic community):
Khoi thi triidng chung chau Au
N.A.T.0 (North Atlantic Treaty Organization):
Khoi Bac Dai Tay Dildng
O.A.U (Organization of African Unity):
To chilc thong nhift chau Phi
O.E.C.D (Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development):
To chilc hdp tac kinh te va phat trien
C.P.S.U (The Communist Party of Soviet Union):
Dang cong san Lien Xo
S.W.A.P.0 (South West Africa People’s Organization)
To chilc nhan dan Tay Nam Phi
M.F.N.S (Most Favored Nation Status):
Quy che toi hue quoc
P.L.O (Palestinian Liberation Organization):
To chilc giai phong Palestin

375
 D- CHU1V IE T T A T T H O N G DUNG

Abp: Archbishop (Tong giam muc)

A.c: .
A.D:
ad lib. (La-tinh: ad libitum)
a.m. (La-tinh.
m eridiem ).............
arr. (arrives):
Ass, Assoc. : .........
Asst. : ...................
Ave. : ......................
b : ............................
B .A :........................
* Bachelor of Arts (cii nhan van
B.B.C:
B .C :...........
B p :.............
Bng. (-Gen)
Bros. : . .. .
B.Sc : .........
B.V.M. : . . .
C................ :
Aircraftman (Phi cong)
Alternating current (dong dien
xoay chieu)
Anno Domini (Sau khi Chua
Giesu ra ddi)
advertisement (quang cao)
cUdng. ling kh&u
ante
trUdc trUa
gid tau den
Associate (trd ly)
Assistant (trd ly)
Avenue (dai lo, pho)
born (sinh nam...)
chUdng)
British Broadcasting
Corporation (dai BBC Anh)
Before Christ ''trUdc khi chua
sinh)
Bishop (giam muc)
Brigadier (-general) : Thieu
ttfdng
Brothers (anh em nha ..., trong
ten mot hang)
Bachelor of Science <cii nhan
khoa hoc)
Blessed Virgin Nlarv Due Me
Dong Trinh Mary)
centum (IOC1) -centigrade (chia

176
 100 do), co khi viet cent
c . 1/ the ky, 2/ Circa : khoang,
3/ cubic, 4/ centimetre
Capt .......................................... Captain (dai uy)
......... ....................................... Cardinal (Hong y giao chu)
Cf. (La-tinh): ........................ Confer (hay so v6i)
Ch. Chap. : ............................... Chapter (chUdng)
C-in-C : ................................... Commander - in - Chie. (Tong
til lenh)
Cmdr. ........................................ Commander (ngildi chi huy)
Co............................................. company (cong ty)
d o :........................................... care of Mr. X (nhd ong X
chuyen)
C.O.D : ..................................... Cash on delivery (tra tien khi
nh&n hang)
Col.: ......................................... Colonel (dai ta)
Col.: ................... ...................... College (trildng dai hoc)
d. : died (chet nam ...)
dep. : ......................................... departs (tau d i ... gid)
dep.: .......................................... department (cuc, sd, ban...)
D.M. : Doctor of Medicine (bac sy y
khoa)
doi. : ......................................... dollar (do la)
doz.: .......................................... dozen (12)
D.ph (il) hay Ph.D. : ............. Doctor of Philosophy (tien sy
triet hoc)
Dr.: .......................................... Doctor (bac sy, tien sy)
D.Sc.: ........................................ Doctor of science (tien sy khoa
hoc)
E-: ............................................ East (Dong)
ed- : ...... ..................................... editor (ngildi bien t&p), edited by
eg.: La-tinh : .......................... exempli gratis (Thi du)
Esq- : ........................................ Esquire (ong, viet sau ten ho)
eic.............................................. van van

377
exc. : ........................................ except (trif)
F. : ......... : ................................. Fahrenheit
F.M. : ....................................... Field-Marshnl (thonp che)
F .O .: ......................................... Foreign Office (Bo ngoai giao
Anh)
F.r. : .......................................... Father (Cha : linh muc), French
(Phap)
Gen. : ....................................... General (tUdng)
G .H .Q . : General Headquarters (Bo tong
tif lenh)
G.M.T. : .................................... Greenwich M ean Time (gid
GMT)
G.N.P. : ..................................... Gross National Product (Tong
san liidng quoc gia)
G.P.O. : ..................................... General Post Office (Tong cuc
huu dien)
H.B.M. : ................................... Her (His) Britannic Majesty
(Quoc vUdng-Hoang hiiu Anh)
H.E. : ........................................ His (Her) Excellency (Ngai, Phu
nhan')
H.H. : ..................................... His (Her) Highness (Hoang
than, Cong chua)
H.M. : ....................................... His (Her) Majesty : Vua. Hoang
h&u
H .O .: ....................................... Home Office (Bo noi vu)
Hon. : ...................................... Honorary (danh du - N'gai)
hp. : ......................................... horse - power (ma luc)
H.Q. : ....................................... Headquarters (sd chi huy)
H.R.H. : ................................... His (Her) Royal Highness
(Hoang than, cong chua)
lb., ibid : La-tinh : .................. ibidem (trong cung sach, chudng
hay doan nay)
i.e. : La-tinh : .......................... id est (nghia la)
Inc. : ......................................... incorporated (sap nhap)

378
 I Owe You (van til, giay nd)
I.O .U
International Standard Book
ISBN
Number (so sach theo tieu
chu&n quoc te)
International Standard Serial
ISSN
Number (so loai theo tieu chuain
quoc te)
it, ita l........................................ italic (chii in nghieng)
Lieut., hay Lt : ........................ Lieutenant (trung uy)
Lieut., hay Lt -C ol., -Gen. :. Trung ta, trung tUdng
Gov. (tiic Governor) : ............. Tinh triicfng, pho thong doc (My)
M.A. .......................................... Master of Arts (b in g van
chiidng sau dai hoc, gifla B.A. va
Doctorate)
M aj.: ....................................... Major (thieu ta luc quan)
Maj. Gen. : ............................... Major-General (trung ttfdng)
memo. : ..................................... memorandum (ghi nhd)
misc. : .......................... ............. Miscellaneous (linh tinh)
M .P.: ...................................... .. Member of Parliament (nghi si)
M.P. : ....................................... Military Police
Ms., MS., M S S .: .................... manuscript (ban thao)
M. Sc. : ..................................... Master of science (b&ng khoa
hoc sau dai hoc, giiia B.A. va
Doctorate)
M t.: .......................................... Mount (mii)
N .B .: La-tinh : ...................... nota bene (ghi can than, ghi
chu)
N.c.o. : ..................................... non-commissioned officer (ha si
quan)
nem. con : la-tinh : ............... nemine contradicente (nhat tri)
N°. No. (so' nhieu : Nos, Nos.): number (s) (so)
nr. : ........................................... near(gan)
ob. : La-tinh.............................. obit (chet)
P- : .................................................... page (trang) -S o nhieu : p.p.
p.a. : . . „>ri. . 1,1.............................. per annum (moi nam)
P-C. : ..........., . . ......................... percent (phan tram)
pd. : . . vj . . . v . ....... .......... ....paid (da tra tien)
per p~o. : La-tinh : ............... .....per procurationem (uy nhiem)
p.m. : . .........................................sau 12 gid trUa
P .O .: ....................................... .... petty officer (ha si quan thuy
quan)
P.P.C. : (P h a p )...........................Pour prendre conge (cao liO
P.S. : ........................................ ... postscript (tai but)
Pte. : ....................................... .....Private (binh nhi)
P.T.O hay T.O : .......................... Please turn over (xin lat tiep
trang sau)
Q. : ................................................ Queen (hoang hau)
R.A.F. : ........................................Royal Air Force (Khong quan
Hoang gia Anh)
Rev, Revd. : ............................ ... Reverend (DCfc Cha. Tha)
R.S.V.P. : ( P h a p )................. .... Repondez s’ll vous plait (xin tra
ldi)
S. : .................................................Saint (Thanh). South (Nam)
Sec. : ................. ..................... .... Secretary (thu ky)
S.O.S. : ................................... .....Save Our Souls (dien cau cufu)
S.s. : ........................................ ....Steamship (tau thuy)
St. : ......................................... .... Saint (Thanh), street (pho)
T.B. : ....................................... .....Tuberculosis (benh lao)
U.K. : ....................................... ...United Kingdom (nUdc Anh)
U.S.S.R. : ................................... Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (Lien X6)
v. ................................................... versus (chong lai v6ij
v.g. ............................................. ...very good (tot lam)
viz. : ............................................ la, ay la
vol. : ............................................ volum e (tap sach)
W. : ..............................................W est (Tay)
Xmas ........................................ ....Christmas (Le N'oen)

380
 E-DO, CAN, DONG

DO

12 inches (0 .3 0 4 8 metre)
1 foot
1 yard 3 feet (0.9144 metre)
1 mile 1,760 yards (1 ,6 0 9 .3 5 metres)
1 league 3 miles

THEO HE THONG MET

■

1 centimetre 10 millimetres (0.3937 mch)

1 metre (39.37 mches) 100 centimetres
1 kilometre (0 .6 2 1 3 7 mile) 1,000 metres
1 mch 2.54 centimetres
1 foot 0.3048 metre
1 yard 0.9144 metre
1 mile (mi) 1,609.35 metres

DO BE MAT
■

1 square (sq.) foot = 144 sq.inches

1 sq.yard = 9 sq feet
1 hectare (2.4 17 acres) = 10,000 sq.metres (sq.m)
1 acre = 0.405 hectare
1 sq.mile (sq.mi) = 2.599 sq.kilometres (so i

381
 KHOI LUQNG

1 cubic foot = 1,728 cubic inches

1 cubic yard = 27 cubic feet
1 litre = 1 / pints
1 pint = 0.568 litre
1 gallon = 4.55 litres

CAN

1 centigram = 10 milligrams
1 kilo (gram) kg = 1,000 grams
1 ton = 1.000 kilograms
1 ounce (avoirdupois) = 28.35 grams
1 pound (avoirdupois) = 0.454 kilogram

382
Appendix JB?

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

BANG LIET KE CAC DONG TU BAT QUY TAC

Present Past Past Meaning

Participle
abide abode abode chd ddi, gid gin
arise arose arisen noi dky, noi len
awake awoke awoken danh thtic, tinh
backbite backbit backbitten noi xau, noi 16n
backslide backslid backslid tai pham, lai xa nga
be was/ were been thi, la, d
bear bore b om sinh
bear bore borne mang, chiu
beat beat beaten d£p, danh
become became become trd nen
befall befell befallen xay t6i
beget begot begotten gay ra, sinh ra
begin began begun bat dau
behold beheld beheld nhin, ngam
bend bent bent cui xuong, uon cong
bereave bereft bereft doat cii6p
beseech besought besought nai, van xin
beset beset beset nhot, vay
bet bet bet danh cuoc (ca)
bestride bestrode bestridden ngoi, diing giang
betake betook betaken di, d&"n than vao
bethink bethought bethought nghi, nhcl lai

383
 bid bid. bade bid(den) dat gta
bind bound bound lam dinh vao
bite bit bitten can
bleed bled bled (lam) chay mau
blend blended blended hop nhau
bless blessed blest ban phUclc
blow blew blown thoi
break broke broken dap vd
breed bred bred nuoi day
bring brought brought mang, dem
broadcast broadcast broadcast truven thanh
browbeat browbeat browbeat(en) doa nat
build built built xav dung
burst burst burst no
buy bought bought mua
cast cast cast lieng, nem
catch caught caught bat dUdc:
chide chid, chided chid(den), ray mang
chided
choose chose chosen chon lUa
cleave clove cleft, cloven bam viu vao
cling clung clung bam, giii lay
clothe clothed clothed mac (quan ao)
come came come den
cost cost cost tn gia
creep crept crept bo, ieo
crow crowed, crew crowed gay. ga gay
cut cut cut cat
dare dared dared dam
deal dealt dealt giao thicp
dig dug dug dac
do did done lam

384
 drew drawn rut ve
draw
dreamed dreamed md, md mong
dream
dreamt dreamt
drank drunk uong
drink
drive drove driven lai xe
dwell dwelt dwelt d, tru ngu
eat ate eaten an
fall fell fallen rdi, t6
feed fed fed nuoi
feel felt felt cam thay
fight fought fought chien dau
find found found tim ra
flee fled fled tau thoat, chay
fling flung flung nem, lieng
fly flew flown bay
forbear forbore forborne kieng
forbid forbade forbidden cam
forego forewent foregone bo, chifa
foreknow foreknew foreknown biet trUdc
foresee foresaw foreseen thay trUdc
foretell foretold foretold noi trUdc
forget forgot forgotten quen
forgive forgave forgiven tha thti
forsake forsook forsaken bo
forswear forswore forsworn the bo
freeze froze frozen dong lai
gainsay gainsaid gainsaid choi, cai
get KOt gotten dUdc, trd nen
gild elided, gilt glided gilt ma vang
gird girt girt cuon that
give gave given cho
go went gone di

385
grind ground ground nghien xay
grow grew grown moc, trong
hamstring hamstrung, hamstrung cat gan cho que
hamstringed hamstringed
hang hung hung treo
hang hanged hanged treo co
have had had CO
hear heard heard nghe
heave -ed, hove -ed, hove nang len
hew hewed -ed, hewn don chat
hide hid hidden an, tron
hit hit hit dung, dap
hold held held cam, giut
hurt hurt hurt (lam) dau
inlay inlaid inlaid kham. dat
keep kept kept c&m. giii
kneel knelt knelt quy goi
knit knit (ted) knit (ted) dan
know knew known biet
lade laded laded, laden chat len tau
lay laid laid dat, de, de
lead led led dan, dua den
lean leaned, leant leaned, leant dua vao
leap leaped, leapt leaped, leapt nhav
leam learned. learned, hoc
leam t leam t
leave left left ra di. bo
lend lent lent cho mudn
let let let de, cho
lie lay lain nam
light lit, lighted lit, lighted thap sang
lose lost lost mat

386
 made made lam, che tao
make X a' f*
meant meant y muon noi
mean
meet met met gap
misdealt misdealt chia bai sai
misdeal
misgive misgave misgiven gay lo au
*> . - •
mislay mislaid mislaid de lai sai
mislead misled misled lam lac dUdng
mistake mistook mistaken pham sai lam
misunderst­ misunderst­ misunderst­ hieu 14m
and ood ood
mow mowed mowed, x6n, cat
mown
outbid outbade outbid (den) tra gia cao hdn
outdo outdid outdone lam qua
outgo outwent outgone di qua
outgrow outgrew outgrown 16n hdn
outride outrode outridden ctfdi di trU6c
outrun outran outrun chay tril6c
outshine outshone outshone sang hdn
outspread outspread outspread cang rong ra
outwear outwore outworn ben hdn
overbear overbore overborn(e) de xuong, dan ap
overcast overcast overcast lam u am
overcome overcame overcome thang, che ngvf
overdo overdid overdone lam qua
overdraw overdrew overdrawn rut qua so" tien co
trong ngan hang
overeat overate overeaten an qua
overfeed overfed overfed cho an qua
overgrow overgrew overgrown moc nhieu qua
overhang overhung overhung treo Id liing
overhear overheard overheard vo tinh nghe

387
grind ground ground nghien xay
grow grew grown moc, trong
hamstring hamstrung, hamstrung cat gan cho que
hamstringed hamstringed
hang hung hung treo
hang hanged hanged treo co
have had had CO
hear heard heard nghe
heave -ed, hove -ed, hove nang len
hew hewed -ed, hewn don chat
hide hid hidden an, tron
hit hit hit dung, dap
hold held held cam. giut
hurt hurt hurt (lam) dau
inlay inlaid inlaid kham, dat
keep kept kept c im , giQ
kneel knelt knelt quy goi
knit knit (ted) knit (ted) dan
know knew known biet
lade laded laded, laden chat len tau
lay laid laid dat, de, de
lead led led dan, dua den
lean leaned, leant leaned, leant diia vao
leap leaped, leapt leaped, leapt nhav
leam learned, learned, hoc
leam t leam t
leave left left ra di. bo
lend lent lent cho muon
let let let de. cho
lie lay lam nam
light lit, lighted lit, lighted thap sang
lose lost lost ‘ mat

386
 made made lam, che tao
mske
meant meant y muon noi
mean
met met gap
meet
misdeal misdealt misdealt chia bai sai
misgive misgave misgiven gay lo au
mislay mislaid mislaid de lai sai
mislead misled misled lam lac dudng
mistake mistook mistaken pham sai him
misunderst­ misunderst­ m isunderst­ hieu 14m
and ood ood
mow mowed mowed, xen, cat
mown
outbid outbade outbid (den) tra gia cao hdn
outdo outdid outdone lam qua
outgo outwent outgone di qua
outgrow outgrew outgrown ldn hdn
outride outrode outridden cUdi di trUdc
outrun outran outrun chay trUdc
outshme outshone outshone sang hdn
outspread outspread outspread cang rong ra
outwear outwore outworn ben hdn
overbear overbore overborn(e) de xuong, dan ap
overcast overcast overcast lam u am
overcome overcame overcom e thang, che ngU
overdo overdid overdone lam qua
overdraw overdrew overdrawn rut qua so tien c o
trong ngan hang
overeat overate overeaten an qua
overfeed overfed overfed c h o an qua
overgrow overgrew overgrown m o c nhieu qua
overhang overhung overhung treo Id lung
overhear overheard overheard v o tinh nghe

387
overlay overlaid overlaid phu len
overlie overlay overlain dat nam tren
overleap overleapt overleapt nhay qua
overpay overpaid overpaid tra qua
override overrode overridden gat ra mot ben
overrun overran overrun tran qua
oversee oversaw overseen quan sat
overset overset overset (l&t) do nhao
overshoot overshot overshot ban trUdt qua
oversleep overslept overslept ngu qua
overtake overtook overtaken vUdt qua
overthrow overthrew overthrown pha do
partake partook partaken tham gia, du ph&n
pay paid paid tra tien
put put put dat, de
quit quit quit bo
read read read doc
steal stole stolen an cap, an trom
stick stuck stuck gan, dinh
sting stung stung chi'ch, dot
stink stank stunk boc mui hoi
strew strewed -ed. strewn n, ri len
stride strode stridden bu6c dai
strike struck struck danh dap
string strung strung cot day
strive strove striven co' gang
swear swore sworn the thot
sw'eep swept swept qu6t
swell swelled swollen sung, phu len
swim swarr swum bdi loi
swing swung swung danh du
take took taken lay. dem. dan

388
 taught taught day hoc
teach
tear tore torn x6 rach
told told noi, ke, bao
tell
think thought thought nghi, ttfdng
thrive thrived, thrived, thinh vUdng
throve throven
throw threw thrown lieng, n6m
thrust thrust thrust d^y manh, dam
tread trod trod(den) cha dap, gilm
unbend unbent unbent uon thang, thang ra
unbind unbound unbound md, thao ra
underbid underbid underbid bo th^u thap hdn
(den)
undergo underwent undergone chiu, trai qua
undersell undersold undersold ban re hdn
understand understood understood hieu biet
undertake undertook undertaken dong y thiic hien
underwrite underwrote underwritt­ ky xac n M n d dUcfi
en
undo undid undone thao, cdi
upset upset upset lat, lam do
wake waked, woke waked, (danh) thUc
woken
waylay waylaid waylaid chd, rinh
wear wore worn mac, doi, mang
weave wove woven det, ket lai
wed wedded wedded, wed ket hon
weep wept wept khoc
win won won thang, dUdc
wind wound wound quanh co, uon khuc
withdraw withdrew withdrawn rut lai, k6o ra
withhold withheld withheld rut lai, kiem che

389
 withstand withstood withstood chong, khang ctf
wring wrung wrung 6p, vdt
write wrote written viet
rebuild rebuilt rebuilt xay lai
recast recast recast due lai
relay relaid relaid dat lai
rend rent rent x6 nat
repay repaid repaid hoan tra lai
reset reset reset dat lai, l&p lai
retell retold retold ke lai
rid rid rid giai thoat
ride rode ridden di xe ..., cUdi
ring rang rung rung (chuong)
rise rose risen moc, ndi len
rive rived rived, riven bo, xe, biia
rot rotted rotten ri, muc, thoi
run ran run chay
saw sawed sawed, sawn cUa, xe
say said said noi
see saw seen trong thay
seek sought sought tim
sell sold sold ban
send sent sent gvfi
set set set lan (m at trdi)
sew sewed sewn may, khau
shake shook shaken lac
shear -ed, shore -ed, shorn cat b in g k6o
shed shed shed lam do, chay
shine shone shone chieu sang
shoe shod shod mang giav
shoot shot shot ban

390
 showed showed/ chi cho xem
show
shown
-ed, shred -ed, shred xe vun ra
shred
shrink shrank shunk co lai
shrive shrove shriven giai toi, ngoi toa
shut shut shut dong
sing sang sung hat
sink sank sunk chim, dam
sit sat sat ngoi
slay slew slain giet, sat hai
sleep slept slept ngu
slide slid slid trdn trUdt
sling slung slung quang, n6m
slink slunk slunk len, chuon
slit sht sht rach, khUa
smell smelt smelt ngUi, hoc mui
smite smote smit(ten) danh, d£p
sow sowed sown gieo hat
speak spoke spoken noi
speed sped sped di mau
spell spelt spelt danh v ln
spend spent spent tieu, xai
spill spilt spilt lam do
spin spun spun quay tron
spit spat spat khac, nho
split split split che, biia
spoil spoilt spoilt lam hu hong
spread spread spread trai ra
spring sprang sprung nay, nhay len
stand stood stood dting, dung
stave stove staved bop dep

391
NHA XUAT BAN TH£ GIOI
46 Trdn Hung Dao-Ha Noi-ViCt Nam
Tel 84-4-8253841
Fax 84-4-8269578

BAI T A P N GQ P H A P T IE N G A N H
Xudn Bd

Chiu Irdch nhiem xuat hdn

M AI I Y Q lIAN Ci

Bien tap: I I UY T O N G
Sua bin in: D A N G IMIL/ONCi N A M
Trinh hay hia: N G Q X I.’ A N k l I Oi

. In 1000 cuon kho 14,5x 20,5 cm L.i xi’ nghiep in 15, c a so ; Pham Nuu
l,ao. Giay chap nhan (Jang ky Kl IXH so 6 -S 6 7 /X B -Q L X H - ip 25 than*’
6 nam 2001. In xong nop lini chieu quy II nam 2 0 0 2