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Boyle's Law: Constant
Boyle's Law: Constant
At constant temperature, it is found that the product of the pressure and volume of an ideal gas
are constant
PV=constant
This is named Boyle's Law, after Robert Boyle who formulated it in 1662.
Charles' Laws
Joesph Louis Gay-Lussac published Charles' Law in 1802, attributing it to unpublished work of
Jacques Charles in the 1780's (Gay-Lussac has his own law..though it's not clear he should!).
Charles' Law states that at constant pressure the volume of a gas is proportional to the
temperature.
V∝T
Gay-Lussac's law
Gay Lussac's Law states that for a fixed volume the pressure is proportional to the temperature
P∝T
PV∝T
Our previous laws were for systems of constant mass, but we can see that the amount of mass
should effect the volume (at a given pressure) or the pressure (at a given volume).
PV∝mT
Measuring the amount of mass in moles will allow us to write the ideal gas law in terms of a
universal constant. A mole of gas is a given number of molecules, Avagadro's number,
NA=6.02×1023. If we have a certain mass m of a gas which has a certain molecular mass
(measured in atomic mass units, u, which are also the number of grams per mole.), the the
number of moles n is given by
n=m[g]molecular mass[g/mol]
and
PV=nRT=NNART=NkT
Through laser cooling and molecular trapping techniques it is now possible (but difficult!) for
temperatures on the order of a nK to be achieved. Prof. Dominik Schneble produces ultra-cold
(μK) Bose-Einstein condensates in the basement of this building! Prof. Hal Metcalf was one of
the key players in the original development of laser cooling.
1. There must be a large number of molecules and they should move in random directions
with a range of different speeds.
2. The spacing between molecules should be much greater than the size of the molecules.
3. Molecules are assumed to interact only through collisions.
4. The collisions are assumed to be elastic.
F=Δ(mv)Δt=2mvx2l/vx=mv2xl
The net force on the wall will be the sum of the forces from all N molecules
F=mlΣi=1..Nv2xi
Σi=1..Nv2xiN=v2x¯ → F=mlNv2x¯
v2=v2x+v2y+v2z → v2¯=v2x¯+v2y¯+v2z¯=3v2x¯
F=mlNv2¯3
P=FA=13Nmv2¯Al=13Nmv2¯V
PV=23N(12mv2¯)=NkT
KE¯=12mv2¯=32kT
phy141/lectures/32.txt · Last modified: 2011/11/18 14:27 by mdawber