CEEN 321: ENGINEERING SURVEYING I

Reduce and conduct checks using Hieght of

instrument/collimation (HI) method Given Reduced Level for
BM1 (m): 1500.003
Back Intermediate
sight sight (IS) Fore sight
Station (BS) (m) (m) (FS) (m)
BM1 1.234
1.334
1.654
1.345
2.345
2.453
CP1 2.435 1.897
1.345
1.547
1.654
1.532
2.678
1.345
2.457
CP2 2.008 1.698
1.345

2.345
2.346
2.456
1.397

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Solution
Back sight Intermediate Fore sight (FS) Reduced
Station (BS) (m) sight (IS) (m) (m) HI (m) Levels (m)
BM1 1.234 1501.237 1500.003
1.334 1499.903 RL @ 1,501.237 - 1.334 = 1,499.903
1.654 1499.583 RL @ 1,501.237 - 1.654 = 1,499.583
1.345 1499.892 RL @ 1,501.237 - 1.345 = 1,499.892
2.345 1498.892 RL @ 1,501.237 - 2.345 = 1,498.892
2.453 1498.784 RL @ 1,501.237 - 2.453 = 1,498.784
RL @ 1,501.237 - 1.897 = 1,499.340, HI @ 1,501.237
CP1 2.435 1.897 1501.775 1499.340 + (2.435 - 1.897 )= 1,501.775
1.345 1500.430 RL @ 1,501.775 - 1.345 = 1,500.430
1.547 1500.228 RL @ 1,501.775 - 1.547 = 1,500.228
1.654 1500.121 RL @ 1,501.775 - 1.654 = 1,500.121
1.532 1500.243 RL @ 1,501.775 - 1.532 = 1,500.243
2.678 1499.097 RL @ 1,501.775 - 2.678 = 1,499.097
1.345 1500.430 RL @ 1,501.775 - 1.345 = 1,500.430
2.457 1499.318 RL @ 1,501.775 - 2.457 = 1,499.318
RL @ 1,501.775 - 1.698 = 1,500.077, HI @ 1,501.775
CP2 2.008 1.698 1502.085 1500.077 + (2.008 - 1.698 )= 1,502.085
1.345 1500.740 RL @ 1,502.085 - 1.345 = 1,500.740

2.345 1499.740 RL @ 1,502.085 - 2.345 = 1,499.740

2.346 1499.739 RL @ 1,502.085 - 2.346 = 1,499.739
2.456 1499.629 RL @ 1,502.085 - 2.456 = 1,499.629
1.397 1500.688 RL @ 1,502.085 - 1.397 = 1,500.688
Sum
(BS) 5.677 Sum (FS) 4.992
ARITHMETIC CHECK
1500.003 5.677 - 4.992= 0.685

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1st Reduced Level

Final Reduced Level 1500.688 1,500.688 - 1500.003= 0.685

Reduce using the rise & fall method and conduct checks,
given Reduced Level for BM1 (m): 1499.567
Intermediate Fore
Back sight sight (IS) sight
Station (BS) (m) (m) (FS) (m)
BM1 1.345
1.346
2.345
1.456
2.457
3.456
CP1 1.450 2.345
1.356
2.345
1.235
1.900
1.234
3.450
2.345
CP2 1.967 2.395
2.345
1.455
2.345
1.567
2.340

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Solution

Intermediate Fore Reduced

Back sight sight (IS) sight Rise Levels
Station (BS) (m) (m) (FS) (m) (m) Fall (m) (m)
BM1 1.345 1499.567
1.346 0.001 1499.566 RISE (B.M – I.S), FALL (I.S. -B.M.)
2.345 0.999 1498.567
1.456 0.889 1499.456
RISE (prevoius I.S – I.S), FALL (I.S. - prevoius I.S.)
2.457 1.001 1498.455
3.456 0.999 1497.456
CP1 1.450 2.345 1.111 1498.567 RISE (previous I.S – F.S), FALL (Previous I.S. - F.S.)
1.356 0.094 1498.661 RISE (B.S – I.S), FALL (I.S. - B.S.)
2.345 0.989 1497.672
1.235 1.110 1498.782
1.900 0.665 1498.117
RISE (prevoius I.S – I.S), FALL (I.S. - prevoius I.S.)
1.234 0.666 1498.783
3.450 2.216 1496.567
2.345 1.105 1497.672
CP2 1.967 2.395 0.050 1497.622 RISE (previous I.S – F.S), FALL (Previous I.S. - F.S.)
2.345 0.378 1497.244 RISE (B.S – I.S), FALL (I.S. - B.S.)
1.455 0.890 1498.134
2.345 0.890 1497.244 RISE (prevoius I.S – I.S), FALL (I.S. - prevoius I.S.)
1.567 0.778 1498.022
2.340 0.773 1497.249 RISE (previous I.S – F.S), FALL (Previous I.S. - F.S.)
Sum
(BS) 4.762 Sum (FS) 7.080 6.643 8.961

1499.567 ARITHMETIC CHECK

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1st Reduced Level

Final Reduced 4.762 - 7.08= -2.318

Level 1497.249 SUM (BACK SIGHT) – SUM (FORE SIGHT)
1,497.249 - 1499.567= -2.318
FINAL – 1st R.L.
6.643 - 8.961= -2.318
SUM (RISE) - SUM (FALL)

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i) Misclosure adjustment on instrument stations/change points (start point and sub-sequence). Misclosure Error adjustments= Difference between the
BM (last reading) & the reduced level. Total error/[No. Of change points +1 (BM)]; Adjust cumulatively from the BM (the subsequent R.L and
subsequent values after a change point).
ii) Error Equally distributed:- Adjusted level= Final level + No. of surveyed position * [misclosure error / No. of count of surveying point]

NB: The two method do not give same values of adjusted reduced levels for the 1 st adjustment to the 2nd from last adjustment, excluding the known
points (BM or datums);

Reduce using the rise & fall method and conduct checks, and adjust the
Reduced levels , with i) using the propagation/adjustment based on instrument
stations/change points; ii) Using adjustment equally distribution of errors, given
Reduced Level for BM1 (m): 1300.678 BM2 (m)= 1299.547 m
Intermediate
Back sight sight (IS) Fore sight
Station (BS) (m) (m) (FS) (m)
BM1 2.978
2.987
2.345
2.347
2.567
2.876
CP1 2.678 2.367
2.679
2.398
2.455
1.345
1.234
2.345
2.456

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CP2 2.345 3.456

2.467
2.356
2.456
3.456
BM2 3.478

Solution
i) using the propagation/adjustment based on instrument stations/change points
Intermediate
Back sight sight (IS) Fore sight Reduced Adjustment Adjusted
Station (BS) (m) (m) (FS) (m) Rise (m) Fall (m) Levels (m) REMARKS value (m) R.L. (m)
BM1 2.978 1300.678 1300.678
2.987 0.000 0.009 1300.669 0.056 1300.725
2.345 0.642 0.000 1301.311 0.056 1301.367
2.347 0.000 0.002 1301.309 0.056 1301.365
2.567 0.000 0.220 1301.089 0.056 1301.145
2.876 0.000 0.309 1300.780 0.056 1300.836
CP1 2.678 2.367 0.509 0.000 1301.289 0.056 1301.345
2.679 0.000 0.001 1301.288 0.113 1301.401
2.398 0.281 0.000 1301.569 0.113 1301.682
2.455 0.000 0.057 1301.512 0.113 1301.625
1.345 1.110 0.000 1302.622 0.113 1302.735
1.234 0.111 0.000 1302.733 0.113 1302.846
2.345 0.000 1.111 1301.622 0.113 1301.735
2.456 0.000 0.111 1301.511 0.113 1301.624
CP2 2.345 3.456 0.000 1.000 1300.511 0.113 1300.624
2.467 0.000 0.122 1300.389 0.169 1300.558
2.356 0.111 0.000 1300.500 0.169 1300.669

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2.456 0.000 0.100 1300.400 0.169 1300.569

3.456 0.000 1.000 1299.400 0.169 1299.569
BM2 3.478 0.000 0.022 1299.378 1299.547 0.169 1299.547
Sum (BS) 8.001 Sum (FS) 9.301 2.764 4.064

1st Reduced Level

1300.678 ARITHMETIC CHECK
Final Reduced Level 8.001 - 9.301= -1.300
1299.378 SUM (BACK SIGHT) – SUM (FORE SIGHT)
1,299.378 - 1300.678= -1.300
FINAL – 1st R.L.
2.764 - 4.064= -1.300
SUM (RISE) - SUM (FALL)

Error in
Levelling 0.169
No of CP +1 3
0.056
Cummulative Error addition after Change points & after the first point

Intermediate Fore No. of Adjusted

Back sight sight (IS) sight Rise Reduced surveyed Reduced Work out for adjusted
Station (BS) (m) (m) (FS) (m) (m) Fall (m) Levels (m) position levels reduced levels
BM1 2.978 1300.678 1300.678 1300.678
2.987 0.000 0.009 1300.669 1 1300.678 1300.669 + 1 * 0.169/ 19
2.345 0.642 0.000 1301.311 2 1301.329 1301.311 + 2 * 0.169/ 19
2.347 0.000 0.002 1301.309 3 1301.336 1301.309 + 3 * 0.169/ 19
2.567 0.000 0.220 1301.089 4 1301.125 1301.089 + 4 * 0.169/ 19

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2.876 0.000 0.309 1300.780 5 1300.824 1300.78 + 5 * 0.169/ 19

CP1 2.678 2.367 0.509 0.000 1301.289 6 1301.342 1301.289 + 6 * 0.169/ 19
2.679 0.000 0.001 1301.288 7 1301.350 1301.288 + 7 * 0.169/ 19
2.398 0.281 0.000 1301.569 8 1301.640 1301.569 + 8 * 0.169/ 19
2.455 0.000 0.057 1301.512 9 1301.592 1301.512 + 9 * 0.169/ 19
1.345 1.110 0.000 1302.622 10 1302.711 1302.622 + 10 * 0.169/ 19
1.234 0.111 0.000 1302.733 11 1302.831 1302.733 + 11 * 0.169/ 19
2.345 0.000 1.111 1301.622 12 1301.729 1301.622 + 12 * 0.169/ 19
2.456 0.000 0.111 1301.511 13 1301.627 1301.511 + 13 * 0.169/ 19
CP2 2.345 3.456 0.000 1.000 1300.511 14 1300.636 1300.511 + 14 * 0.169/ 19
2.467 0.000 0.122 1300.389 15 1300.522 1300.389 + 15 * 0.169/ 19
2.356 0.111 0.000 1300.500 16 1300.642 1300.5 + 16 * 0.169/ 19
2.456 0.000 0.100 1300.400 17 1300.551 1300.4 + 17 * 0.169/ 19
3.456 0.000 1.000 1299.400 18 1299.560 1299.4 + 18 * 0.169/ 19
BM2 3.478 0.000 0.022 1299.378 1299.547 19 1299.547 1299.378 + 19 * 0.169/ 19
Sum
(BS) 8.001 Sum (FS) 9.301 2.764 4.064

1st Reduced Level

1300.678 ARITHMETIC CHECK
Final Reduced Level 8.001 - 9.301= -1.300
1299.378 SUM (BACK SIGHT) – SUM (FORE SIGHT)
1,299.378 - 1300.678= -1.300 FINAL – 1st R.L.
2.764 - 4.064= -1.300 SUM (RISE) - SUM (FALL)

Error in Levelling : 0.169

Reference

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 CEEN 321: ENGINEERING SURVEYING I

BC Punmia, Ashok K Jain and Arun K Jain, Surveying Vol. I sixteenth ed. (2005), LAXMI PUBLICATION (P) LTD

Distribution of misclosure error in levelling survey. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFD242ORXLw

Jerry Mahun, ‘Misclosure’ https://www.jerrymahun.com/index.php/home/open-access/elevations/172-elevations-chap-e-new?showall=1

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