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CCWO-Fundamentals of Microbiology
CCWO-Fundamentals of Microbiology
3.Monera
4.Protista
5.Fungi
6.Plantae, and
T.Animalia.
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Five Kingdoms of
Five Kingdoms of Living Organisms Living 0rganisms
2. Protista - are known as protists. They are solitary, single- 4. Plantae (plant), and
celled eukaryotes (but some species form loose aggregations of cells 5, Animalia (animal) kingdoms
called colonies). Animal-like protists are the protozoa; they are consist of the multicellular and
generally larger than bacteria and are mobile. Plant-like protists
well-developed plants and animals
include several divisions of algae; these contain chlorophyll and carry
on photosynthesis,
we are all familiar with. Plant cells
contain photosynthetic pigments,
such as chlorophyll, and plants
carry out photosynthesis. Anirn"l
a: ;,]ilix i*r,:';ffi{tnt^&'Wf, B I
2.Protozoa .;a
n
>w live everywhere. They can inhabit all kinds of environment, such as in
3, Worms
4. Viruses, and
5. Fungi.
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i(6(
s, Fl*a y''
soil, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, seawater, deep in the Earth's
crust, in stratosphere, and even in the bodies of other organisms.
10+
Proteins r@-\
104 1nm
l@ @\
lo,@@l
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Small molecules
Atoms
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srpblrrilli
Euddtng rnd rppend:oEd b:ct!rtr
Gb I ft;ph:
I,$. $pirarl
SPIRAL.SHAPED COMMA.SHAPED
lkba(irial crll aMir ohenilttrialedviihpithqeni( Under ideal conditions, the growth of a population of bacteria occurs in several
hcteda be$6eit5effii aJ i bltrisiEaiN phagq(0lit bf stages termed lag, log, stationary and death.
whlt( blod cel s.
S,LAG PHASE: Growth is slow at first, while the "bugs" acclimate to the food and
IM,heniThi,lipid bihlrriJ lound inGEm ftgai!r
bdcterii ildisrhr sw(e olliprpo $rd\andr (US) inhe5e
nutrients in their new habitat.
ba(lerii. lPSiJ l0ia andtm on tkimmum Jtrlem &LbrI
MinGram MitiEbif,eria.
2. LOG PHASE: Once the metabolic machinery is running, they starl multiplying
exponentially, doubling in number every few minutes.
funD6ed ol pepil6rglFin (poltaaclEri diJ + flolei0), tir
(tllwall mrinuirottuNrallrlEprof i bl&d!l c.ll.The
trlet fi miryshrp.5 in bacr.ir arcrecu (ldrdol), 3. STATIONARY PHASE: As more and more bugs are competing for dwindling
b.dll6 (rod.ilEp.d) rd rpidllum lldnl). &l$"q,1[,.W"{( food and nutrients, booming growth stops and the number of bacteria stabilizes.
bified.irithEmcell will.ndtkreltre IEH m dtflnitr
,hiE.
4. DEATH PHASE: Toxic waste products build up, food is depleted and the bugs
,$-urfase-$_trusture: (iotshff,n)Ihl5 r€llulil(mpaffi eft i5lMdonli in thcle begin to die.
badilia$iihiw botlt in uer nembcE iM pla,fi a
lht ci,topli!micmrmbrift . 0adeia miyhveffi , a kK rmill Bacteria reproduce asexually using a process called binary fission.
fl ,!rlh ii dlleffi tpsirim mlhf (dl.
This process occurs after a cell has grown large enough to divide. Under
App,e-mdasee : Eaeteria moay
the right conditions some bacteria can reproduce in 15 to 20 minutes.
havc tfi'oe folBowuimg
appemdages: This means that one cell can become two in that time and those two will
then become four cells in about half an hour.
will
Faators Afrfeatfimg BastenfiaE Gnowth
For many bacterial cells the temperature, oxygen and pH levels are
perfect in the human bloodstream, for growth, and this can cause many
problems for the human body. When they multiply to high numbers on
things that we ingest it can cause waterborne diseases, food poisoning
and other serious and sometimes deadly diseases.
Protorot Splrochaotss The name "coliform" is given to a whole group of bacteria which can
-J F$obectaria occur in water and indicate potential health problems. They are divided
Cmnarchmot -- l
Cyanobac'terla into two groups: TOTAL coliform (TC), which are all of the coliform
lJanmrchaeola' (bl6tBn algae)
bacteria, and FECAL coliforms (FC), which are a portion of the TC. Both
Euryarchasta lhomophllic
Eulhts{oduc6rE of these bacteria are closely related inside a large family of bacteria
Acldobacterla known as the ENTERICS. However, most of the enterics do belong to the
Proteobactr ria
TC group, but very few belong to the FC group, which is considered
PHYLOGENETIC TREE much more serious from the hygiene viewpoint.
showing the diversity of bacteria, compared to other
organisms. Eukaryotes are colored red, archaea
green and bacieria blue.
FECAL COLIFORMS
potabitity,
{,
Ntw the presence of TC,
and more particularly FC,
spells trouble with a capital "T"!
HETEROTROPHIC PLATE COUNT
(HPC), formerly known as the Standard
E. Coli Plate Count
Escherichia co/i is common in the human intestine, but it is not usually The HPC is useful in judging the efficiency of
harmful. (However, there are some strains which can cause infections.) various treatment processes for both drinking
What is important to remember is that the presence of FC is the indicator water and swimming pools, and for checking the
quality of finished water in a distribution system.
of the potential pollution of water with fecal material. lf that material is
present, then there is a much greater risk of infectious microorganisms
Some microorganisms will grow as biofilms on
occurring in numbers large enough to cause an infection to break out if A key aspect of biofilms is a conrlrhr.
surfaces like pipelines in contact with water and
the water is consumed. These organisms include viruses, other bacteria, they can cause nuisance through generation of
interaction among the constituor rl
microorganisms. A biofilm formr;
protozoa and a variety of worms. taste and odor or discoloration of drinking
when individual microorganisms
supplies. This is called regrowth. cease to exhibit individual, free
floating behavior, and begin to
It is typically reflected in measurement of associate with each other, and a
increasing HPC in water samples. These surface, and begin to act in concert
elevated HPC occurs especially in stagnant parts with each other. A biofilm grows by
both simple cell division, and by new
of the piped distribution systems, in the plumbing,
free floating microorganisms
in bottled water and the like and plumbed-in
associating with the developing
devices such as water softeners, carbon filters,
biofilm. Biofilms usually develop on
etc. solid surfaces immersed in a liquid.
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Multicellular animals: These critters don't belong to the Kingdom Protista but Ameba Splitting ln Half During Fission
rather the Kingdom Anamalia. Some, like the rotifers look like protists and even
have crlia but they are made of many cells and have organs like other animals.
m
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rypirs daphnia
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M ffit
6M MI The amoeba reproduces by splitting in half. This is called fission. The amoeba's
nucleus or center splits in half and goes to opposite ends of the cell. Then the cell
narrows and splits in half.
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PAMMECIUM
AMOEBA
'The paramecium is larger than the amoeba. lt can be found in ponds with scum or1
them. lt looks like the bottom of a shoe. lt is covered with tiny hairs that help it movc.
called cilia; it is able to move in all directions with its cilia.
'The paramecium eats tiny algae, plants, etc. The cilia propels the food into a tiny
One of the simplest of the protozoa. Found in ponds mouth opening of the paramecium; then shoved down a little tube called a gullot tlrirl
surface of the leaves of water plants. lt looks like a leads to the protoplasm or stuffing of the cell. The food is held in little cells called
microscope. lts shape is constantly changing as il vacuoles. lt has two other vacuoles at either end of its body to get rid of excess
One characteristic of the ameba is its false feet, that water and wastes. As with the amoeba, oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through llrl
The false feet extend out and then the rest of the cell membrane of the paramecium.
along. The ameba eats little animals and plants. lt
sunound the plant or animal and then pops it right 'The paramecium has two nuclei, a big and small one. The big one operates as llrn
The amoeba has tiny sacs in its body called vacuoles director of the cell's activities, rather like a little brain. The smaller one is used for
have food in them. Others collect water and squeeze reproduction. The paramecium splits in half (fission)just as the amoeba does, Iltr .it
Oxygen enters the ameba through its thin covering the I ;
the smaller nucleus splits in half and each half goes to either end of I
,
,
carbon dioxide leaves the ameba through the cell paramecium. Then the bigger nucleus splits and the whole paramecium sp{tsffit
The amoeba avoids light but swims faster in warmer Occasionally two paramecium exchange material and form , ,.* q{
prrr^g.gitff-
is called coniugation. 'fl f' ,t l
@@
Diseases Caused by Protozoa To Human
Disease Transmission
Cau5al Agent 0rgans Afferted
EUGLENA Ye[tor
Amoebiarii Entamoeba Intestine, Liver Witer, Food
plant and also
' The euglena is unique because it is sort of like a
a flagellum that allowr Primary Amoebic
histolytica
Naegleria fowleri
is pearihaped. lt has a whippy tail called Brain, Lungs Water
meningoencephalitis
through the water. Giardiasis
c Giardia Lamblia Intestine Water, Contact
' ihe e"uglena is different than other protozoans because it has Trichomoniasis Trichomonas
own food' The e Urogenital 0rgans ,Sexual Contact
the subitance that plants contain to make their
vaginalis
a plant when it is in the sunlight'!
able to make its own food like African Sleeping Sirkness Trypanosoma Blood, Brain Tsetse fly ( Glossina)
lt takes in tin'
darkness, however, it can get food like an animal' brucei
animals much like the amoeba and paramecium' Leichmaniasis ( Kala - azar) Leishmania White Blood Cells,Skin, sand fly (
' inu .ugt.nu has a bright red eyespot which is sensitive to light donovani Intestine Phlemotomus)
Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii Blood, Eyes Domestic cats, Food
euglena flnd light.
. int .ugl.n, rlproduces by fission, splitting lengthwise in two'
The flagellum tlalaria Plasmodium spp, Liver, Red Blood Colls lYlosquito ( anopheles)
gou, *ith one part and the other part grows a new flagellum Babesiosis Babesia microti Red Blood Cells Iick ( Txode)
have unequal
Dinoflagellates have a surprising morphology; the two flagella
lengths'Th-elargeroneiscontainedwithinagroovecalled'cingulum.(orgirdle)
is perpendicular to the first one
wr,icn encirctes ihe cell body and the smallest
runningfromthecentertoposteriorendofcell.Thetwoarefixedatapointcalled
the middle of the
in. irtr.,,distinguished by a slight depression, located near
they are thin and constantly moving,
cell. Flagella are d'ifficult to see because
cause the cell to turn when moving'
Concurr-ent actions of the two flagella
E6dorl6sn{c
rc6sJlum
NodaG
Po{Uo
N'Jd0oh6
Co[ ffill
Cr{ membrsm
Yla&r@olo
Sldags vmdo
Coirlolos
Worms
3.Nematoda
4.Trematoda
5.Cestoda
of the
Trematode infections are usually acquired after ingesting one
by (1) drinking infected water,
infective forms. Most fluke infections are acquired
transmission from wet hands to
(ziswarrowing infected water while swimming;
(3) infected aquatic vegetation, or (4) eating infected
*ortn o, nosi, etc., eating
fish)'
raw meat or raw intermediate hosts (snails, shellfish, crustaceans'
Worms VIRUSES
Cestodes (Tapeworms); bladder worms, Viruses are not plants, animals, or bacteria, but they are
pork tapeworms, broad fish, dog tapeworms' dwarf the quintessential parasites of the living kingdoms. Bacteriophago $trucfu re
and rat tapeworms. Broad fish tapeworms may grow Although they may seem like living organisms because of
to 35 feet long and live ten years inside the persons their prodigious reproductive abilities, viruses are not living
intestines. Some tapeworms can lay as many as one organisms in the strict sense of the word.
million eggs per day. Their bodies are in separate
segments with hooks and suction cups on their skull' Viruses consist of two or three parts: all viruses have
genes made from either DNA or RNA, long molecules that
Tapeworms or cestodes, are ribbon'shaped carry genetic information; all have a protein coat that
segmented worms which inhabit the intestinaltract of protects these genes; and some have an envelope of lipids
many vertebrates (including humans). Some that surrounds them when they are outside a cell.
tapeworms have been known to live up to 20 years
and exceed 10 meters in length. Without a host cell, viruses cannot carry out their life-
sustaining functions or reproduce. They cannot synthesize
You can get infected by accidentally proteins, because they lack ribosomes and must use the
ingesting tapeworm eggs. This can happen by ribosomes of their host cells to translate viral messenger
ingesting fecally contaminated foods and water, by RNA into viral proteins. Viruses cannot generate or store
touching your mouth with contaminated fingers, or by energy in the form ofadenosine triphosphate (ATP), but
ingesting contaminated soil. have to derive their energy, and all other metabolic
functions, from the host cell. They also parasitize the cell
for basic building materials, such as amino acids,
nucleotides, and lipids (fats).
Viral populations do not grow through cell
division, because they are acellular; instead,
they use the machinery and metabolism of a *s! t^.l
host cell to produce multiple copies of I!!
themselves, and they assernb/e in the cell.
l' _Y:
En@phalllirl-- t. iii-.
mnlnglll3
I ..tc vim
Common Gold
- Rhhoviru*s
. Herp6 Simpler vi6 i1
rr i*ii
I .Measts -Paminllus@vitos . Cyiotugalolirus
i -t-curim -Repkatotysyncylial
- ArboliruS virus
Pnlumonlr
| - n.ui". .lniueM viG,
| -. - -.-.-.,.,-,/ Ginolvottom.lhl.- Types A aid B
- Prhinfl(@8
vitus
. R6phatoty
syf,cytial virus
- Adenqids
- SARS o@vids
i rypos A B, C, D, E
The life cycle of viruses differs greatly between species but there are six bash
stages in the life cYcle of viruses: ALGAE
proteins and specific
3,Attachment - is a speciflc binding between viral capsid
range of a 'Most algae are found in freshwater and marine environments; a few grow in
receptors on the host cellular surface. This specificity determines the host
tenestrial habitats.
virus. .The algae are not a single, closely related taxonomic group but, instead, are a
receptor
4.Penetration follows attachment; viruses enter the host cell through
viral entry. diverse assemblage of unicellular, colonial, and multicellular eucaryotic organisms.
mediated endocytosis or membrane fusion. This is often called
viral enzymes or 'Although algae can be autotrophic or heterotrophic, most are photoautotrophs.
S.Uncoatrng is a process in which the viral capsid is degraded by
They store carbon in a variety of forms, including starch, oils, and various sugars.
host enzymes thus releasing the viral genomic nucleic acid'
(mRNA) for viruses except 'The body of an algae is called the thallus. Algal thalli range from small solitary
o.Replicatron involves synthesis of viral messenger RNA
of viral proteins cells to large, complex multicellular structures.
positive sense RNA viruses, viral protein synthesis and assembly
.Algae reproduce asexually and sexually.
and viral genome rePlication.
'Algae divisions include)
T.Followin'gthe assembly of the virus particles, postkanslational modification of the
a. Chlonoph$a (green algae),
viral proteins often occurs,
b" Charophyta (stoneworts/brittleworts),
LViruses are releasrdfrom the host cell by lysis-a process that kills the cell
by
the viral genome is also c. Euglerrophyta(euglenoids),
bursting its membrane. whenever the host divides,
point, d. Chrysophyta (golden-brown and yellow-green algae; diatoms),
replicaLd. The viral genome is mostly silent within the host, however, at some
the provirus or prophlge may give rise to active viruses, which lyse their hosl cells. e. Phaeophyta (brown algae),
Enveloped viruses (e.g., HIV) typically are released from the host cell by budding.
f. Rhodophtya (red algae), and
piece of the g. Pynhophyta (dinoflagellates).
During this process the virus acquires its envelope, which is a modified
host's plasma membrane
Chlorophyt? (green algae)
Euglenophyta (euglenoids),
unicells or simple filarnents
Over 5,000 species of green algae are known, mostly
but there are diverse green algae in tropical marine habitats. Euglenophyta, small phylum (division) of the kingdom Protista, consisting of mostly
from fresh water,
unicellular aquatic algae. Most live in freshwater; many have flagella and are
amylopectin) and have
Like land plants, the greens store starch (amylose or .. . motile. The outer part of the cell consists of a firm but flexible layer called a
pigments carotenes' lutein' zeaxanthin'
rnf.rpf,lyif a and b ai well as secondary : pellicle, or periplast, which cannot properly be considered a cell wall. Some
(so*. ci.,rorophyta also have siphonoxanthin.)The chloroplast endoplasmic - euglenoids contain chloroplasts that contain the photosynthetic pigments
are often composed of
ieticulum is absent in green algae, and t heir cell walls chlorophyll a and b, as in the phylum Chlorophyta; others are heterotrophic and
glycosides, xylans, mannans or sometimes calcium can ingest or absorb theirfood. Food is stored as a polysaccharide, paramylon.
cellulose, hydroxproline,
carbonate. Reproduction occurs by longitudinal cell division. The most characteristic genus is
Euglena, common in ponds and pools, especially when the water has been
polluted by runoff from fields or lawns on which fertilizers have been used. There
are approximately 1,000 species of euglenoids.
Dinoflagellates
Asexual reproduction
ln its simplest form asexual reproduction is by budding or binary fission. The onset
of the cellular events is accompanied by the nuclear events of mitosis.
The initial events of budding can be seen as the development of a ring of chitin
around the point where the bud is about to appear, This reinforces and stabilizes
the cell wall. Enzymatic activity and turgor pressure the act to weaken and extrude
the cell wall. New cell wall material is incorporated during this phase. Cell contents
are forced into the progeny cell, and as the final phase of mitosis ends a cell plate,
the point at which a new cell wall will grow inwards from, forms.
FUNGI FUNGI
rno; as *ytotogy' *nitn is often regarded as a branch of 0l lhe se6nd nudeus's division for@s
to the study of fungi is a bleb oulfiom lhe ellMll.
shown that fungi are more closely
botany, even ttrougn genetic studies hav-e
The clamp wall9106 unlll it rels
related to animals than to Plants' -1+--\
-J-----:3-, w6 lhe subapimt hyphalgtl.
-_ar----.-a--
E I
J L'ilhikir +.:ij;-:'.
One the nucteus has
ioined lh€ subapial mmpaimoill
lh€dampsealsoll
_,.a^
I c .tffi.ffieryffi)
filaments, called hyphae. ln
Molds are fungithat grow in the form of multicellular Sinee fungido not have chlorophyli, fungi musi absorb food frorn othar*, f ,lirr.r,
cells are called yeasts'
contrast microsJopic fungi that grow as single they don't use light to make food, fungi can live in damp ernd dark plecon Furrgl
neat"
ane supposed to things when they are dead buli sonretinras thuy stnrl r,ailrr1
hyphae has multiple, genetically
A connected network of these tubular branching wiren ttre organism is stillalive.
organism, referred to as a colony or in
ioenticar nuclei and is considered a single
more technical terms a mYcelium' Symptoms of Household Mold Exposure
4.A skin rash: Although you may think that the skin can only become inflamorl hy
phylogenetic grouping' but can be found
Molds do not form a specific taxonomic or direct contact with the mold this isn't always the case. You can develop rednoss irr
Ascomy cota'
iif'u Oiritiont Zy go my cota, D e uteromy cota and
n your skin simply from inhaling the fumes from the mold.
Some molds also produce mycotoxins that 5.Eye irritation: Mold can cause both redness and watering of the eyes. During
can pose serious health risks to humans the cold months, many people associate this with seasonal allergies when in
and animals. Some studies claim that actuality the cause is the mold within their home or office.
exposure to high levels of mycotoxins can 6.Headaches: Breathing in mold can cause headaches in some people. This is
lead to neurological problems and in some especially true of people who suffer with migraines. They are very sensitive to
cases death. certain stimulants and mold can be one of them.
T.Feeling tired: Feeling tired for several days in a row, even when you are getting
Prolonged exposure, e.g. daily workplace adequate sleep can be a symptom of mold exposure.
exposure, may be particularly harmful' 8.Sore throafi Experiencing a raw feeling when swallowing, or hoarseness when
The term "toxic mold" refers to molds that speaking, are both indicative of mold exposure. Spores can become lodged in the
produce mYcotoxins, such as throat and irritate the sensitive membranes.
'stacfrybotrys
chartarum, and not to all 9.Shortness of breath: Breathing in mold spores can cause respiratory
molds in general. difficulties in some people. This is especially prevalent in those with allergies.
The most common mode of vegetative .A.-----o - Vaginitis, Thrush, Vagina,Skin, Mouth
by -./ q \
growth in yeastis asexual reproduction \ Onychia
buddins. @1 ;,9 \
t*4q-,e-@-.*\-*@
Pedis
tinea
Captis
Tinea
Trichoohvton
Microsporum
Suo. Skin
Sop, Skin
Contact
Contact
o Corporis,Tinea spp.
:?H'ffii:['.1inJl,1l,*"spritsinto,,ro<o
the I T " $l Barhae
/S Organs
new cerr' l
u.llfll'n.-
Coccidiodomvcosis Coccidiodes
Aspergillosis Aspergillus
immitis Lunss.
Lungs,
Ears
f,ars
Air
Air
3. Spore
DISHSES RELATED TO WATER 3. WATER-EASED &[$GASES: are found in water that
[. WATER..BOR,NE DISEASES provides the habitat for intermediate host organisms in which
sorne spocifio some parasites past part of the life cycle (e.g.:schistosomiasis)
a. MUCR@BEAL DESEASES -oausedby
organisnns, like:
l) BACTERIA - Salmonellq
Eoherichia Coli, Vibro
Cholerae, Yersinia
Bnteroeolitiea &
ffiW Cercariae maflre
Malaria
Scabies Parasite
'
PIPf,S
CONTA.
NERS,T4
and
Standard Methods of Detection
Values for Microbiological Quali$
and value3 tor Microbiohgidl Quslity
'l J. standsrd ilethods of Detstion
Technique coloni*/100m1 |