ffi Dmwmm'ortrwlmvwtt$ffi$m% ffi

GEBilHG[r!0il G0Un$ ron

rffittn oPIR[r0ns
The continentalwater processes, namely the physical and
chemical processes along various pathways of continental
water (solid, liquid and vapor)at all scales, including those
biological processes that influence this water cycle directly;
and with

The globalwater balance, namely the spatial and temporal

features of the water transfer (solid, liquid and vapor)
between all compartments of the global system, i.e.
atmosphere, oceans and continents, in addition to stored
water quantities and residence time in these compartments.

frtimstn of rwld rrtrr bdr*r 1m 1-l ]

l*rHI Ocgrnr
tl.{g x lty krn:) t1.6t x l$frdt

Burl] ku { l9?0. l9?,1} 0.73 0,1t 0,41

Lr'ovhch (l$?0t 0,?-j 0,16 0,,f7
Lror'itch l9?J1 r 0"fi1 (l.tl 0..14

Brunrgurlncrmd 0.75 0.17 f1.48

Rtichtl { l9?5}
l{r*zrrn rl flJ, { l9l$i 0.$ {r..irI r},+8t t,1? r,{0

P = Precipitation
R = Runoff
E = Evaporation
 Water Sources

The sources of water on Earth are divided into two categories;

surface water and groundwater.

SGOPE OF FIYDROLOGY

As a branch of earth science. lt is concerned with the water in streams and

lakes, rainfall and snowfalls, snow and ice of the land and water occurring
belowthe earth's surface in the pores of the soil and rocks. ln a general sense,
hydrology is a very broad subject of inter-disciplinary in nature drawing support
from allied sciences, such as meteorology, geology, statistics, chemistry,
physics and fluid mechanics.

Scientific Hydrology - the study which is concerned chiefly with academic

aspect.
Surface Water
Engineering or applied Hydrology - a study concerned with engineering
applications:
'Surface water is water that is found in the oceans, lakes,
'Estimations of water resources streams, springs, and ponds. This is the source of drinking
'The study of process such as precipitation, runoff, evapo-transpiration and
water for some 0f our largest communities.
their interaction, and
'The study of problems such as floods and droughts and strategies to combat
them. 'Surface water is exposed to the atmosphere and is affected
hy ambient conditions.
 Abstraction from Surface Water Source

Very
coarso
ECre€n

Stop togg

lnld chaflrr

Penstofl

sill drawn ofl

and retumed A@ess covers
Groundwater
t0 slream Supply pipe and ralu;

Groundwater is the water below the Earth's surface.

DWERSIOI{ STRUCTIJRE FOR A STREAI.I II{TAKE

Abstraction from Grcund Water Source

F-P,Cl
Hecharge

<

Cffifming bed

RIVER BED II{FILIRANON GALLERY INNLIRANON WELL

SPRING FLOW FRO].I A CONFINED AQUIFER

 WATER SOURCE DEVELOPMENT

@ Ar lin€
lo pump
Air compmw uhit
placed s lhat luites
€ml r*ch lhs wE{ {a*
Uphill

Sahly
sslbflsf,
sd ftsl
- 8id kit

SAFE WELI.
DIGGING Rain Water Harvesting and Purification Plant
OPEMTIOI{

MAK,A ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Lucban, Quezon

Sectors in Cagayan are now

ALTERNATE WATER SOURCE
looking into methods to
cushion the impact of the
tr-rNWAIERl unrelenting dry spell. Small
water reservoirs are already
being used ln the province and
are easing the effects of the El
Niflo phenomenon. Built like
small dams or pits, these
reservoirs were constructed by
the provincial governments of
Cagayan and lsabela. These
GaiEnized shed Bteel gutt8rs man-made ponds serve as a
suspended by wire hangErs
Rain Water reserve water supply and also
lmpounding Reservoir as aid in controlling the erosion
Difterent types guttering
01
of water channels.

GATVANNED SHEET SIEEL GUTTERS SUSPENDED BY UIIRE HANGERS

 Hydrologic Cycle

'The amount of water in

the atmosphere,
lithosphere, and
hydrosphere remains
constant, This water is
continually recycled by Precipitation
the action of plants and
the sun, Precipitation in the form of rain,
'Follow a drop of snow, or sleet falls toward the
precipitation through the Earth.
hydrologic cycle to learn As the precipitation falls toward the Earth it can pick up
about the process. contarnrnation in the form of minerals and toxic materials from
industrial air pollution and natural pollution such as dust from a
volcanic eruption.

CAN KIAN INTERFERE WITI.I HYDROLOGIC CYCLE?

HOW?

YES. Man can actually interfere with virtually any part of the hydrologic cycle.

Evaporation
For example:

T.Through artificial rain On its falltoward the Earth

Cloud Seeding (n.r(r(M)
8.Evaporation suppression ,rcd'$ some of the precipitation
, @'n4f m drdh.#r.rih ';h.
9.Change of vegetal cover - tr lffr L!. turr, 6.r tr
'q
evaporates. The amount of
and land use
1 0. Extraction (over extraction
)
@; evaporation is dependent
of ground water upon severalfactors such as
11.Etc. humiditv, air temoerature
and the amount of wind.
lnterferene at one stage There is a significant amount
can cause repercussions
of precipitation that is recycled
at some other stage of
back to the atmosphere
the
before it ever strikes the
ground.
 lnfiltration
Water Flow
Some of the water that is
'Precipitation hits the forer;t running along the earth's
canopy, brush and grass.{iome of
surface seeps into the soil.
the water evaporates direrlly from
the leaves. This process is called
infiltration.
'While other water flows down the
outside of plants to the ground or
shikes the ground directly, then
runs downhill.

'This water flow picks up

contamination from organic or
inorganic matter.

Surface Water

The water flow

accumulates in
lakes, streams, Transpiration
ponds and rivers.
As the water infiltrates the soil and moves
downward some is taken up by the.roots of
Most rivers will
trees and other plants.
eventually run
The water that is taken in by plants moves
into the ocean.
upward and is given off into the
These sources atmosphere through the leaves of the
are referred to as
surface wal,er,
A large quantity of the water that forms surface water will be
evaporated back into the atmosphere.

ln fact in most of the world this is the largest single loss of surface
water.

;liiliiliiffilffil:
 Evapotranspiration
AQUIFER - a seologic
GROUND WATER TERMINOLOGY formation or layer, made
This transpired moisture mixes
up of pervious materials,
with the moisture that is
that transmits or yield
evaporated from surface waters.
water in appreciable
This combined process is I Bechar06 ar8a
quantities
referred to as evapotranspiration.
I ill table
Poledtometric
gur{ace
\ Arle*,rn
(dralned
perched
aquilsr) UNCONFINED AQUIFER
Wollwa(er
,wsl
perched an aquifer in which the
I w.ett rest
equifsr Upper Water bOUndary

0.,"*6 (water table) is at

1r, atmosphericpressure

AQUICLUDE - an
impermeable layer of
materials (clay or bedrock)

CONFINED AQUIFER _
a saturated aquifer
between 2 aquiludes in
which the pressure is
greater than atmospheric
pressure

PERCHED AQUIFER -a
Aquifer GROUND WATER TERMINOLOGY local saturated lens held
above a regir:nal aquifer
by a layer of impermeable
The water not material
taken up by nocharge ar6a Dry well

plants itl Wat€r table

Potentiom€tric
Eurlace
fdralned
irerched
aquifer)
AqUTIARD - a slightly
permeable aquilude such
continues to W6llwater
Perch6d
as sandy clay
) rest lwel
aquifer
move Seasonal SEMI-CONFINED
well PelTili,'
downward in AQUIFFR - a completely
! saturated aquifer with an
a process upper and/or lower
called aquitard houndary
percolation.

This water continues to move downward until it collects in

gravel and sands called aquifers.
 POTENTIOMETRIC
GROUND WATER TERMINOLOGY SURFACE (piezometric Spring Water
surface) - an imaginary
surface whose height The water continues to
above a confined aquifer
slowly move toward and into
is determined by the
adjacent lakes, streams and
pressure within [\e
the ocean where it is
aquifer. The water ina well
drilled into a confined, or evaporated back inlo the
semi-confi ned aquifer will atmosphere.
rise to the level of the
potentiometric surface. If Springs are formed when
the potentiomentric the edge of an aquifer is
surface is above ground, exposed to the surface.
water will flow out of the
well (a*esian well). The
Water can exit the hillside or
potentiometric surface of
an unconfined aquifer is
mountain, run along the
the water table, The slope ground surface and
of the potentiometric eventually mix with surface
surface is the hydraulic water.
gradient under which
ground water moves

PRIMARY POROSITY -
GROUND WATER TERMINOLOGY describes the voids that
were created when a rock
was formed, such as the
intergranular pores in a
Becharge Orywell sandstone

II I,
lable (dralned
PolBitiometric perd|ed
aquiler) SECONDARY
rudace
Wsllwater POROSITY - relates to
rsl levsl
the voids that developed Water Vapor
after a rock was formed;
for instance, fissures and Groundwater and surface water eventually
solution cavities mix and are evaporated back into the
atmosphere and form water vapor. This
vapor is condensed by atmor;pheric
conditions and forms precipitation which falls
to the ground and the cycle begins again,
providing us with clean fresh water for our
water systems.
WHAT BS THE GMEAT€$T APPLIOATION OF
HYDROTOGY?

Hydrology finds its greatest application in the design atrd operation of hydraulic
structures in water resources projects, such as those for:

e.Water Supply
f.lrrigation
g.Flood control
h.Water Power
i.Navigation

ThcWater-[Ise 6]ele
Usable Water Supply
Water is conslantly in motion by way of the hydrologic cyole. Water evaporates as vapor trom
oceans, lakes, and rivers; is transpired from plants; condenses in the air and falls as
precipitation; and then moves ovet and through the ground inlo waterbodies, where the cycle
begins again.

Thre vuatsr"siseayele is corfips$ed of ttre water eye[e with the added

lmfluence of humram actlvtrty. Earrts, re$crvoln's, 6arlau$;, aqueduets ,
wi'ittdrawa8 pipcs [m Rivens, amd gnrulrodrruater we[[s eri] neveal that [ateffmrss !05.7t mll}lm
Gnbk idlln6
tmve a nmajorr Imrpact on t$m water cyall,e"
?St million
culrlc mali

ln the water-use cycle, water moves from a source to a pgi0lgfuSg, and

then to a point of dispo-s-ttiSn.

The sources of water are either surface water or groundwater. Water is The total of all water in the world is approximately 306
withdrawn and moved from a source to a point of use, such as an industry,
million cubic miles,
restaurant, home, or farm.
Of this total supply 296 million cubic miles are in the
After waier is used, it must be disposed of (or sornetimes, reused). Used uater is world's ooeans and
either directly retumed to the environment or passes through a treatment
About ten million cubir; nriles ot 30/o of all water in the
processing plant behre being returned.
world is avallable as frosh water.
 Total Fresh Water
$upply
rc{r! trXF

;r tq{+ tr lti !lFt!

ldrl Wr!( ggpdt

il
h {'+ lloid
W
w
l0[Jl **ri .rH. i{{
'About 75% of the fresh
waier is tied up in polar Im! lwrtcJltr

tt
I#td
Total Usable Fresh
ice caps, soil moisture Water Supply
ancl atmosphere.
l-.I I
W
6rn.n .r* rdrr
I

.While 25% of the fresh ld kufrrbhrFat

water is in the
[[
ir'f.., ".-,'.,54o'.
cllmrr,+* ii
it{t lla
-*ro' I
*'t,
lr
i{q !!qs! sar+ +fir
\''#
WF
0rl rJitini (* fih
groundwater supply,
:tr#H,l lltl frIfl*n .Ilt ffir

L *q!frfi*ffie
"leaving 0.3% of the fresh
0f the usable fresh water,
water in the lakes and
streams.
' 97% is in the groundwater supply and
' 3% is in the surface water supply.

l.tll u*r l$*lf lF lhr WslC

ri
ffi
W
No[.Il .ralon rri* Flhi State of Water: Philippines
I{C trE r Salrr lselrh
Total Groundwater
;l Supply
ri The Government's monitoring data indicates.
@
t rl d{pn {y}* ftr+}
',lust over a third or 36 percent of the country's river
Id Odu tdrrlx systems are classified as sources of public water supply:
I

-l;ll" I I IS dl€r crylE Fiar 'Up to 58 percent of groundwater sampled is

ffi
l
I
e,L 0-0!.dilhi {# nln contaminated with coliform and nceds treatment;
I{l ffiilI*autL 'Approximately 31 percent clf illness monitored for a five-
. The total usable groundwater supply is estimated at 1.06
year period were caused by water-borne sources; and

million cutric miles. 'Marry areas are experiencing a shortage of water

. The lakes and rivers represent 0.03 million cubic miles of supply during the dry season.

fresh water,
' This gives a total of 1.1 million cubic miles of usatlle fresh
water.
 Groundwater in the Philippines
'Groundwaferis replenished or recharged by rain and &! lEd.
MrdrloB)
seepage from rivers. lt contributes 14 percent of the total
PhrlrpplnE
I.orhwrtor lslDod PDdrdbn
I mrkacrfrhrathlH
water resource potentiarl of the Philippines. lqg{,)-orl,ic 1trdl
ilm fftr,ic lrdl
7tc?10 I ?ql ,!l
lJETAI IQ(!GI
.Groundwater is used for drinking by about 50 percent of t Erhrs!r rgxruhuF prdrtca
lrgl ,imti. kdl E:,il? S,0t9,_q1r
1t9l ,imtir hl !t 1co n. nFlrs
the people in the country. 0ihor IEonrd:
Based on the water rights granted by the National Water tl!M
lnt
!nd fffd 5c:urt/ lorniry Ftalik:ol$* FccdrrdA;ritututr-0wilsihol lh! Unitrdlht;ft:
[:iir xn' frcl . a $ unt]ftEnlEh,!rn /d0frL't,r.F I p, tr h a!rfl],1;4qrfll

Resources Board (NWRB)since 2002, /[)Ll,{-tTAT lnisrrutinVn!fr o lln!r rrd A]deturr l:EonEy h,r{La
hltplrar lrantrlmi:![L{nidc,r-qi:ul16+rql$bls1f,/muntney'f ,*r.nm
o/o -
'49 dontestic sector
-
'32% agriculture
'15 % - industry r tullutE*l 1:0Fd&brdgf,
l,dr^siilFd:trb,& FS*
*d$h
^itltulh6,;-
H'uulhr4drLdltr-,^mdl.hdnr
il:s Mli..fS:.rl4lftri$il6
i ril,ntu'drn#hnEd,t

' 4 o/, - other sectors

n;ih'.;J#ak aBg

About 60 percent of the groundwater extraction is without

water-right permits, resulting in indiscriminate withdrawal.
A high percentage (86 percent) of piped-water supply
systems uses groundwater as a source,

Itrrul flgnoroble I/ rer Retu rot &D {&d. torl* Vf*r lSrMffitr by te, Ph.pplffi,
(lR!(l,l9r-?D0l.ircrblrkn rhdlpFrsllidgtsd 1N5
Suda@ rd"r pEduf,,d int{rruly 1[1 l!,!6'q
r:trnr^rtrilc:h.r9i' 130 2,{,
Orcil!p l*ar;dbi qEurd,f t(
rdlurlr:D{$,i !l! 1,116

Tdl i[Hnrlrrn]*r!le udsr rErurE

Ui8tdlue hauAsrAi
lu{se xd( r gmuidNilpt -.nl+l '479 J 1,j:i1
Fu r+ir hi!fl. li{1 {qtic mirr,l 6,0_11 1,i11
Ih6FI (i0mputation of renewable watet resources by country (in kmr/year, average)
Nluol lcnry$teW*t Seouto rmh
{ndudcr flmr lom sthcr ountis)
Inbt Ml-2ttl {:ttic t:ni .(r9 x country: Frhilippines(the)
F;ri'pih, l0[ irii: mdiD p,{ Frr}rnr il[?l r

Irrm d.hgr
Iadl'ir q,rrrY
co!n!Lz i/:u[ir
lruLi: lnr)
]:d ti
!t
l{ F[6i\EhMffihl
frllFphar
Aqrdsr Pffi.
lllMo
I iI.ERNAL REIITWABLE WATER RESOURCES (R!VR)
SdqnlPCC Aft<ohrt
T..--- r.-
\s
*.hr'*rirhdrvrrh
s{ xithdr+roldsa t3]5
I Pr{ipitation I 2l4ul6dr L JUUUUULTUIh
t ,',^l1-1
",,
Idl {itHr,\d:iurh;: tml Water resources produced intemally in a 1oth frequeocy dry year
',lidrirs.bFEr aFi! irltr: nl
llltir$n!,{r! t,reilrqp ti }:bxl
0ss'$l sntfir reFutrs I li3')i )i
Sur{ace vrater produced intemall} {R)
f_@
Uld'.t*rL bl Idqr i* r Fsr:;d !t lrnlr hl
4rrisJur: $tt I
Groundrvaler produced intemally {l) ,t_@
hldri 0vsrlaD lQrx-Qom)
lhiunir 61i l

ry
I

Droliulion (orbu 1tm) Total internal renewaue water resources

Ccsln.tdsrttr toJudirl rriurn mrr

frorhcra.r ti*1 lp,ris. lgq:!

idrlnumtnrol rF:iit il! );

llumlcr 'rl lir;rtcnd ry':ir 7i l;

Vie', ftroE aountt] Prufiles orFline at htplitrinhtrPn,ler/fl.0rg

! I nritrntr l0:t, { trl,h,*rHI ld' m, r Fmrkl rnr rnFl r:* -l ltr ++rnd p,{ffi ,
I
rxleRrunl RruevABLE vATER nEsouncEs I'latutal

Swhct tatcr
Surfac€ rater enteriog the coutrtrt [S1 r"ffifit
lnllow not sumitteo lo treaties I or4l
lnflow submirted to treaties

tru
lnilow securPd through treali€s
Accou.rted inllol
The Philippines' 1976 Water Code explicitly says that all
Floy itr border rieers [SV]r)
Total,low ol bordet rilers f-o.oo-'l water-from under the ground or flowing in rivers-is
Accounted flo, ol bodH riy€rs I---ssd F::ffi, owned and protected by the fJovemment, and that water
Shared lales [SVrl)
Accoulted part of sharedl.kes
rffil f mool- users need to secure a permit to use natural water
Surlacr ialer ltiuing ihe cowtr! [SV
outlloe not submi$ed to Ue.ties
TE resources. Not every water user in the Philippines has a
0utlloe suhmiiled to tteatiet pennit, The task of implementing the Water Code and
FIov to be reserved bJlrelties l-IItll. issuing water permits falls unto NWFTB's hands.
Sujltce yrter: tolal erlero.l [natuall

SurrcG trtsr: tolal etternrl {.ctu.l) .."f]-r-ffiJ . f--noT,jl

"Many people don't realize that getting their water permit
&N,dvarcr
Groundxrter enteriog lhc eowttt IOYr] i--mdl rP
=P not only means securing their water rights. lt also means
Groundvatel teaving the countrq [GYIr] L@ t-iiiol. water can be allocated more effectively to different water
7olil users and maintain ecological balance.'
Total cttemal rilrr lctources lnitutall .",f oo,lol
"f:i!d
Toail ptternrl y.ler resourccs Iaclual] ...,.f-6661

TOTAL REI{EVABtE VATEB RESOURCES IIBYAI

WATER USERS AND THffiIR R[G${T$
Sstr.ce r.ter : total ,...dffi r##r....., -lhe
Philippines' Water Code defines the extent of the rights anrl
Gloundratel : tolrl -.{]ililo-l fl@l,u'* obligation of warer users. All water users are bom with fundamental water
O{!rlrp {-Eree.l lT4;666-1.
rights, some acquire water rights, and sorne have water rights thrust
Yrtaa resource5: totil "",..{,"l*l [-8666-l*.-*u.
upon them.

EXPLO]ITAALE VATEB RESOUBCES

"[he
Water Code recognizes human beings' fundamental right to water-
Begular rserable surlic€

hrrgdar t(nerable surhct rater

rttf,r
'fl
.[_:] it exempts drinking, cooking, bathing, and other domestic or household
Bcgular reosrible gIouodraler ,f::] uses tom the permit requirement.
Etploitable rater rEoulces: Total *,-,f,lil
People also do not need water permits to collect water from rivers or
llon ianeYable resourcas
lakes using hand carried receptacles, or to use these waters for bathing
or washing, watering or dipping of domestic or farm animals, and for
!'Iote5
irr overlrp between surface ind ground witer= rstimited to be StZol thr ground viter reghilge boating or water transportation.
I: No data avrilaok, on the p.r t e*ploir at ,e

S6u,ce
B€ne{ahle waterresourrei data r FAOlAQUASTAT. l999 philippinet-w{;{/712010; 10:$i PI"l
Water users who use water beyond domestic purposes
acquire their water rights when the NWRB grants their
application for a water permit. Mostly bulk water usens, they
include

3.municipalities or tcwns that extract water for community purpo$es

4. farmer organizations that use water for irrigation
S.commercial rwater users that extract water for power generation
6.fi sheries, livestock raising
T.industrial Bepbhor he Phhines
fU. ilanoxAL wtrEB BI$uBcEs goso
8. recreational & Fkr, NlABuJdq, ED$ Dilman, tudon Cry

Land other purposes.

The '1997 lndigenous Peop/es Righfs A ct thntst water ights upon indigenous peoples.
Trarlitional water use practioes, though not mentioned in the Water Code, are protected by
the Act, which bestows customa ry water rights to indigenous communitie s.

"When you extract water

horn the underground
water tahle, you not only
risk polluting the entire
system, but also run the
risk of land subsidence.
This is what is happening
in the CAMANAVA area."
Composed of four cities in
northern Metro Manila,
the CAMANIAVA area has
been sinking slowly
because of groundwater
over-extraction, causing
frequent floods.