Cnarbis WatetSlnenf 335

cooling systen very diffrcult, ifnot inFossible,ro implement are complex.The processcs lnvolvedh rhe heatingand
in domesticnewpowerplint consrruction. Also, rhelargecool- cooling of ihe cooliry pond warermasscan be sunmadzed
rng waierrequiremenrof a oncc rhroughsystemLimitspoten
tial plant sitesto bcaiionsnearlargerivers.lakes,andoceans.
For exisiingplantlocationswith a once-ihrouglr circulat
ing waiersystemthatmay facc.evisedenvironmcntal regu . Absor+nm ol shofii.ve . Enrision oi sbonware sole
lalions on the heatedcirculaiing water discharge,a helper &diation liofr rhe sun and the
. Emissionof lonewaverldiation
coolng tower systemma] be required.As shownin Fig. . Absoetiondl lonCsave
12 5, helpercoolingtowerscanbe reroliuedto the exisdng radiationtnn $e armorpheE ' Conv€.tionb€twecnihe Rrter
oncc tbrough syslem to rejeci a portion of dre circulatjng . rieat Fjectcd to the l.nd fmm
water heatload directly to the atmosphereratherthanro the . Evrpor.ln'n of pond watcr into

12.1.2 Coolins
Pond 12.1.3 Recirculatins
Coolins
System

Given the scarcityof environmentallyacceprableldrge
bodiesof watefavailablefor once-through cooling.alterna-
live coolingsysiemanangcmenr! mustbe devclopedeco-
nomically.A coolingpond crn be the sinplcsr nnd leasr
expensjvealternatemcthodfor providingplart circulaiiner
water.The key to dre economicvinbility of coolingpond
conslruciion is the availability of suffrcieni land ar reason
ablecostandgeoEEaphic condirionssuirablcfor pond or late
A coohrgpondis a bodyof waterinio whichthecircutar-
ng watcr'€Jectsthe powcrcyclewasieheat_The cooling
pond then ultimately rejects the acquiredheat ro the arno,
sphere.The plant circulating water systcm a[angemenr is
similartodlatof theoncethroughcnculatingwarersysren.
Cootingpondsrequirelargesurfaceareasbecauserhcy hnve
low heat transferrates. Thc temperarureol rhe circulaiing
watcr retuned io thepower plant dependson the hearrrans
fcr capacityof the pond. If the cooling pond doesnor have
suflicieni surfacc areato reject the acquiredhear fionr the
clrculating waterbeforeir is recirculared,fie pond tempem-
turewillrise until an equilibriutnis esiablishcdbetween the
healingdndcooiingprocesses in thepond.Thehearrransier
mechadsmsbetweenthe water sudaceand ihe ahosphere
Wasiehealcventualy findsiis way rothe earrhk armosphere.
In the once tfuough cooling water system,hearis rcmoved
Iron1 the iteam tu$ine exhaust and rransferrcdto waier
bodicssuchas oceans,rivcrs!and lakes.The hcaris rhen
graduallytransfenedto the .itmosphercby evaporation.con-
vecrion,and radirtion. However the body of waier may be
negaiively affectedin dris wasreheatrransferprocess.In a
recirculatingcooling syslcm.the circulaiingwater serves
as an intermediateheat transfer medium from which the
wastc heatis dlecdy rejectcdto rhe atmospherc.
The most colnmonrecirculatingcoolingwater sysrem
arrturgement ncorporatesin evaporarive coolinetower as
shownin Fig. 12-6.In this affangement,wasrcheatremoved
frotn the sieamixrbinc exhaustis carried by the circularing
water lo ihe cooling tower, which rcjects the heat to rhe
atmosphere. Becauseof this dired parhto rhe atmospherc.
sunounding waler bodics typically do not suffer adverse
thermal eftlcis. Cooling towers have been used for many
years at powcr plants in locanons whcre some warer is
available for cooling system use, but where once tbrough
coolingis nol viable.
I2.2 CIRCULATING
WATIRSYSITM
COMPONTNTS
AND
ARRANGIMTNTS

1-l onl) J [e$ 'ndto-.q, itrlenl conpolent.,,,Tpri.emosl

TUFBTNE circulaiingwatersystens.Basicdcscriptions
of rhecompo
=--- I
| LD VI/ATEB
IN
(<F
coNDENSERI

T-
-
.T-
I 1,fi?1"
our /ocEAN,
LAKE.
COLDWATEBiN
r) COLD OR R]VEF
HOT J"
WATER

COOLING
TOWEB

Fig,U-5. HelFr torer coolnrg

slnem. F i g .U - 6 , R e r i r c ! l J r ' n! a
e , , l n B$ J r e r\ s r e m .