Tranfer Forces in Diaphragm ASCE 7-16 (SNI1726-2019)

2/18/2020
ASCE 7-16 cl.12.10 / SNI 1726:2019 ps.7.10
NICK ALEXANDER & DAVY SUKAMTA
WORKSHOP PUSKIM SEMARANG 2020
 TRANSFER FORCES IN DIAPHRAM

 INTERACTION BETWEEN DIFFERENT LATERAL SYSTEMS
 BACKSTAY EFFECT
 GUIDANCE IN EVALUATING TRANSFER FORCE IN DIAPHRAGM
 RECOMMENDED STIFFNESS PROPERTIES
 BUILDING ANALYSIS & DIAPHRAGM FORCES
 DIAPHRAGM ANALYSIS & COMPONENT INTERNAL FORCES
 OVERVIEW OF SOME CASE STUDIES
PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

TRANSFER FORCES IN DIAPHRAGM WORKSHOP PUSKIM SEMARANG 2020 2
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Jenis gaya yang harus diatasi diafragma: Why two sets?

 Gaya Inersia  RESPONS MAKSIMUM PADA SETIAP
 Gaya Transfer LANTAI TERJADI PADA WAKTU YG
GAYA INERSIA
BERBEDA & TIDAK BERSAMAAN
 ELEMEN VERTIKAL TIDAK PERLU

DIDESAIN MENGATASI
PENJUMLAHAN SELURUH RESPONS
MAKSIMUM PADA SETIAP LANTAI
(TERLALU KONSERVATIF)

SNI 1726:2019 ps.7.8.3
ASCE 7-16 cl.12.10.1.1

SNI 1726:2019 ps.7.10.1.1

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INTERACTION BETWEEN DIFFERENT

LATERAL SYSTEMS
GAYA TRANSFER:
 Internal forces due to
displacement compatibility
 Large force transfer due to
vertical discontinuity (BACKSTAY)

Backstay Effect
GAYA TRANSFER:
 Internal forces due to displacement
compatibility
 Large force transfer due to vertical
discontinuity (BACKSTAY)

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 FRAME BEHAVIOUR DOMINATED BY SHEAR MODE
 WALL BEHAVIOR DOMINATED BY FLEXURAL MODE

Source: Taranath
 CONNECTED BY FLOOR DIAPHRAGM
 LARGE TRANSFER FORCE OCCURS DUE TO INTERACTION BETWEEN THE TWO MODES OF BEHAVIOR
 THESE TRANSFER FORCE NEEDS TO BE ADDRESSED ACCORDINGLY TO FACILITATE DISTRIBUTION OF

FORCES BETWEEN LATERAL SYSTEM USED IN THE ANALYSIS

Flexural Mode
Vs
Shear Mode
Source: Moehle

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 VERTICAL DISCONTINUITY WILL ALSO RESULT IN LARGE FORCE TRANSFER WITHIN THE DIAPHRAGM
 MAIN BACKSTAY EFFECT OCCUR AT GRADE LEVEL WHERE ABRUPT STIFFNESS CHANGE OCCURS DUE
TO HUGE LATERAL STIFFNESS PROVIDED BY THE BASEMENT STRUCTURE
 THE FORCE DUE TO BACKSTAY EFFECT CAN BE VERY LARGE AND NEEDS TO BE ADDRESSED
ACCORDINGLY

 EVALUATION OF BACKSTAY EFFECTS MUST CONSIDER TWO APPLICABLE LOAD PATHS:

 LOAD PATH A: OVERTURNING RESISTANCE OF THE FOUNDATION SYSTEM DIRECTLY BENEATH THE TOWER
SEISMIC-FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM
 LOAD PATH B: BACKSTAY RESISTANCE OF THE FLOOR DIAPHRAGMS AND THE PODIUM/BASEMENT PERIMETER
WALLS

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WALLS
OVERTURNING RESISTANCE
BACKSTAY RESISTANCE

 ANALYSIS & DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR TRANSFER FORCE IN DIAPHRAGMS

MUST CONSIDER ALL FACTORS THAT CAN AFFECT DISTRIBUTION OF FORCE
WITHIN AVAILABLE LOAD PATH:
 STIFFNESS ASSUMPTIONS (MUST BE MODELLED AS SEMIRIGID)

 EFFECT OF DISCONTINUITY (E.G. ELEVATION CHANGE IN SLAB) TO STIFFNESS
 EFFECT OF DISCONTINUITY (E.G. OPENINGS) TO LOAD PATH
 FOR BUILDINGS WHERE HIGHER MODES CONTRIBUTE TO SEISMIC RESPONSE,
DYNAMIC INTERACTION BETWEEN LATERAL SYSTEMS (E.G. FRAME AND WALL),
BETWEEN TOWERS, AND BETWEEN TOWER – PODIUM, MUST BE CAPTURED
ACCORDINGLY (REFER TO SHORTCOURSE HAKI 2016: DIAPHRAGM DESIGN)

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2/18/2020
 STEPS IN DETERMINING DIAPHRAGM ANALYSIS:
 DEFINE CLEAR LOAD PATH FOR SEISMIC FORCE TRANSFER WITHIN THE
DIAPHRAGM
 IDENTIFY COLLECTORS, CHORDS, AND DIAPHRAGM SLAB COMPONENTS
ASSOCIATED WITH THE PREDEFINED LOAD PATH
 USE DIAPHRAGM ANALYSIS RESULTS (I.E. SLAB ELEMENT STRESS CONTOUR AND
FRAME ELEMENT AXIAL FORCE DIAGRAM) TO VERIFY THE INITIAL LOAD PATH
ASSUMPTION
 USE STRUT AND TIE ANALOGY AS REFERENCE IN VERIFYING LOAD PATH AND
FORCE TRANSFER MECHANISM WITHIN THE DIAPHRAGM
 ADJUST LOAD PATH AND DIAPHRAGM COMPONENTS ASSIGNMENT AS
NECESSARY BASED ON ASSESMENT OF DIAPHRAGM ANALYSIS RESULTS
 DESIGN THE DIAPHRAGM (REFER TO SHORTCOURSE HAKI 2016: DIAPHRAGM
DESIGN)

SNI 1726:2019 ps.7.3.1:
ASCE 7-10 clause 12.3.1.2 Diaphragms of concrete slabs or concrete filled

metal deck with span-to-depth ratios of 3 or less in structures that have no
horizontal irregularities are permitted to be idealized as rigid
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2/18/2020
Y
X

 ILUSTRASI PENGARUH STIFFNESS DIAFRAGMA

TERHADAP DISTRIBUSI GAYA PADA DIAFRAGMA
DAN ELEMEN VERTIKAL
 NEHRP RECOMMENDS RANGE OF STIFFNESS
ASSUMPTIONS BETWEEN 0.15 TO 0.5 FOR
DIAPHRAGM STIFFNESS (NAKAKI 2000)
 WHERE ANALYSIS RESULTS ARE SENSITIVE TO
DIAPHRAGM STIFFNESS ASSUMPTIONS, IT IS
RECOMMENDED TO “BOUND” THE SOLUTION USING
UPPER AND LOWER-BOUND STIFFNESS
ASSUMPTIONS FOR DESIGN PURPOSES

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2/18/2020

WALLS
OVERTURNING RESISTANCE
BACKSTAY RESISTANCE

 STIFFNESS ASSUMPTIONS USED IN MODELLING WILL AFFECT DISTRIBUTION OF

SEISMIC FORCE BETWEEN THE TWO LOAD PATHS
 DUE TO UNCERTAINTY IN ACTUAL COMPONENT STIFFNESS AND ACTUAL
DISTRIBUTION OF SEISMIC FORCE, IT IS RECOMMENDED TO BRACKET THE ANALYSIS
RESULT USING UPPER-BOUND AND LOWER-BOUND STIFFNESS PROPERTIES
 ATC 72-1 RECOMMENDS THE FOLLOWING:

 CASE 1: UPPER BOUND BACKSTAY EFFECT
 UPPER-BOUND ESTIMATE OF FORCES IN THE BACKSTAY LOAD PATH
 LOWER-BOUND ESTIMATE OF FORCES IN THE FOUNDATION BELOW THE TOWER
WILL GOVERN THE DESIGN OF THE PODIUM/BASEMENT FLOOR DIAPHRAGMS
AND PERIMETER WALLS, AND ASSOCIATED CONNECTIONS
 CASE 2: LOWER BOUND BACKSTAY EFFECT
 LOWER-BOUND ESTIMATE OF FORCES IN THE BACKSTAY LOAD PATH
 UPPER-BOUND ESTIMATE OF FORCES IN THE FOUNDATION BELOW THE TOWER
 WILL GOVERN THE DESIGN OF THE TOWER FOUNDATION SYSTEM
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 RECOMMENDED STIFFNESS ASSUMPTIONS FOR THE BASEMENT/PODIUM AND FOUNDATION (ATC 72-1)

 RECOMMENDED STIFFNESS ASSUMPTIONS FOR THE TOWER AND FOUNDATION (ATC 72-1)

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2/18/2020
Two Towers on Common Podium
F11
DAVYSUKAMTA & PARTNERS

Structural Engineers
F22
F12
DAVYSUKAMTA & PARTNERS

Structural Engineers
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2/18/2020
EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE MODAL RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

 (a) Distribusi gaya ELF, Fx  (a) Distribusi gaya per mode, Fx
 (b) Gaya diafragma, Fpx  (b) Gaya diafragma, Fpx
 (c), (d), (e), (f) Kombinasi gaya ELF
dan gaya diafragma

GAYA KOLEKTOR & SAMBUNGANNYA (SNI 1726: 2019 bagian 7.10.2)

TERBESAR DARI:
• W o Fx (transfer forces automatically included)
• W o (Fpx + transfer forces)
• r (Fp.min + transfer forces)

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2/18/2020
KOMBINASI PEMBEBANAN (SNI 1726: REDUNDANSI untuk gaya diafragma?

2019 bagian 7.4.2.3):
 Gaya inersia: r = 1.0
 (1.2 + 0.2 SDS)D + rQE + L
 Gaya transfer: r = r gedung
 (0.9 – 0.2 SDS)D + rQE + 1.6H
KOMBINASI PEMBEBANAN KOLEKTOR DAN SAMBUNGANNYA(SNI 1726: 2019 bagian 7.4.3.2):

 (1.2 + 0.2 SDS)D + W 0QE + L
 (0.9 – 0.2 SDS)D + W 0QE + 1.6H
Strut and tie model:

 Assist in reinforcement layout

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Large openings:
 Analogous to beam with opening
 Additional reinforcements for load path

Reentrant corners:
 Tension reinforcement to transfer shear
 Chord reinforcement at reduced depth

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2/18/2020
Note:
 Deformation incompatibility Slabs and depressions:
 Lap reinforcements
 Eccentric moment to be considered
 IRREGULARLY-SHAPED DIAPHRAGM
 DEFINE LOAD PATH AND IDENTIFY DIAPHRAGM
COMPONENTS

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2/18/2020
Y
X

In-Plane Stresses in Slab Y

X
F11
CASE: (DYNX+0.3DYNY)

DIAPHRAGM
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2/18/2020
Y
Axial Stresses in Beams
X
MAXIMUM BEAM AXIAL FORCE

DIAPHRAGM
Y
Axial Stresses in Beams X
MINIMUM BEAM AXIAL FORCE

DIAPHRAGM SHORT-COURSE
WORKSHOP PUSKIM 2020
PUSKIM SEMARANG 2019
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2/18/2020
Y
X
F22

DIAPHRAGM
Y
X
MAXIMUM BEAM AXIAL FORCE
CASE: (0.3DYNX+DYNY)

DIAPHRAGM
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Y
X
F12

DIAPHRAGM
Y
X
F11
CASE: (0.3DYNX+DYNY)

DIAPHRAGM
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 ACI 318-11 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary
 ASCE 7-16: Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
 ATC-72-1: Modeling and Acceptance Criteria for Seismic Design and Analysis of Tall
Buildings
 NEHRP SEISMIC DESIGN TECHNICAL BRIEF NO. 3: Seismic Design of Cast-in-Place
Concrete Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
 NEHRP SEISMIC DESIGN TECHNICAL BRIEF NO. 5: Seismic Design of Composite Steel
Deck and Concrete-Filled Diaphragms
 SNI 1726:2019: Tata Cara Perencanaan Ketahanan Gempa Untuk Struktur Bangunan
Gedung dan Non Gedung

20

Tranfer Forces in Diaphragm ASCE 7-16 (SNI1726-2019)

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2/18/2020

ASCE 7-16 cl.12.10 / SNI 1726:2019 ps.7.10

NICK ALEXANDER & DAVY SUKAMTA

WORKSHOP PUSKIM SEMARANG 2020

 TRANSFER FORCES IN DIAPHRAM

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

Jenis gaya yang harus diatasi diafragma: Why two sets?

 ELEMEN VERTIKAL TIDAK PERLU

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

SNI 1726:2019 ps.7.8.3

ASCE 7-16 cl.12.10.1.1

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

INTERACTION BETWEEN DIFFERENT

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

 FRAME BEHAVIOUR DOMINATED BY SHEAR MODE

 WALL BEHAVIOR DOMINATED BY FLEXURAL MODE

 THESE TRANSFER FORCE NEEDS TO BE ADDRESSED ACCORDINGLY TO FACILITATE DISTRIBUTION OF

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

 EVALUATION OF BACKSTAY EFFECTS MUST CONSIDER TWO APPLICABLE LOAD PATHS:

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

 EVALUATION OF BACKSTAY EFFECTS MUST CONSIDER TWO APPLICABLE LOAD PATHS:

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

 ANALYSIS & DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR TRANSFER FORCE IN DIAPHRAGMS

 STIFFNESS ASSUMPTIONS (MUST BE MODELLED AS SEMIRIGID)

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

 STEPS IN DETERMINING DIAPHRAGM ANALYSIS:

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

SNI 1726:2019 ps.7.3.1:

ASCE 7-10 clause 12.3.1.2 Diaphragms of concrete slabs or concrete filled

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

 ILUSTRASI PENGARUH STIFFNESS DIAFRAGMA

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

 EVALUATION OF BACKSTAY EFFECTS MUST CONSIDER TWO APPLICABLE LOAD PATHS:

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

 STIFFNESS ASSUMPTIONS USED IN MODELLING WILL AFFECT DISTRIBUTION OF

 ATC 72-1 RECOMMENDS THE FOLLOWING:

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

Two Towers on Common Podium

DAVYSUKAMTA & PARTNERS

DAVYSUKAMTA & PARTNERS

EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE MODAL RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

GAYA KOLEKTOR & SAMBUNGANNYA (SNI 1726: 2019 bagian 7.10.2)

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

KOMBINASI PEMBEBANAN (SNI 1726: REDUNDANSI untuk gaya diafragma?

KOMBINASI PEMBEBANAN KOLEKTOR DAN SAMBUNGANNYA(SNI 1726: 2019 bagian 7.4.3.2):

Strut and tie model:

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

In-Plane Stresses in Slab Y

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

MAXIMUM BEAM AXIAL FORCE

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

MINIMUM BEAM AXIAL FORCE

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

PERANCANGAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TAHAN GEMPA SESUAI SNI 1726:2019

MAXIMUM BEAM AXIAL FORCE