Technologies and Solutions CW III_15%

SECTION A

1. A. (i) CARICOM stands for Caribbean Community and Common Market and is defined
as an organization made up of 15 Caribbean nations to promote economic integration
among members. Five of its members states includes; Barbados, Guyana, Dominica,
Belize and St Lucia.

(ii) Jamaica’s second largest solar PV is the Content Solar Energy Plant having a total
installed capacity of 20MW. It is owned by WRB Energy Enterprises

(iii) Through the continuous enhancing of the installation of PV plants to the national
grid, Jamaica could benefit from a reduction in the usage and importation of fossil fuels,
which is very costly and unclean for the environment when used to generate electricity.
Also another benefit is that the enhancing of both large and small PV installations,
Jamaica will benefit from an increase the grid’s efficiency in which it would be able to
stabilized electricity cost, and enhanced economic growth.

Annual Generation MWh

(iv) C.F =
full nameplate capacity ( MW )∗time(h)
82∗1000
=
51∗365∗24
= 0.184 or 18.4%
Two parameters that affects the capacity of a solar plant are the efficiency of the
panels, meaning a greater efficiency will result in faster power production an increase in
the net output. Also with a reduction in the levelized cost of energy will result in an
increase in the total power production over the plant lifetime which will increase the
capacity factor.

(v) Given; Carbon Intensity = 680 gCO₂/kWh = 0.00068 tCO₂/kWh

BOE = US$70
  Avoided Import BOE/USMIL = (boe displaced* cost of boe)/ 1,000,000
 Avoided (tCO₂) = (power output (GWh)*1000000)(0.00068)

Type of Power BOE Avoided Import Avoided Tonnes of

Renewable Output Displaced BOE Carbon dioxide
Power (GWh) (US$MIL) Emission (tCO₂)/kWh
Wind 302 187,000 187000∗70 = (302*1,000,000)*(0.00068)
=
1000000
= 205,360
= 13.9
Solar 46 28,000 28000∗70 = (46*1,000,000)(0.00068)
¿
1000000
= 31, 280
= 1.96
Hydropower 179 111,000 111000∗70 = (179*1,000,000)(0.00068)
¿
1000000
= 121, 720
= 7.77

1
 B(i).
1- St James- Bogue
2- St Catherine- Old Harbour Bay
3- St Andrew- Rockfort
4- Kingston- Husts Bay

(ii). 69 KV transmission line pathway across Jamaica

Four (4) major load centres

(iii) The triangle marks the area for another large-scale PV installation. The reason behind
this is because the area possesses a consistent and high amount of solar irradiance in the range
5.6kWh/m2 throughout the day and annually which makes it an ideal location.

(iv) Based on the location of Bath Spring one implication that a RE project might encountered is
that of a high rate of power loss and transmission cost to send the electricity to the grid, this would
therefore reduce the efficient of the plant.

Section B
2. a(i) Geothermal resources are reservoirs of hot water that exist at varying temperatures
and depths beneath the earth’s surface . The main technical limitation hindering electricity
production is the need for reservoirs with very high temperatures near the earth’s surface.

(ii) Four Eastern Caribbean island that possess immense potential temperature for
geothermal resources are St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, Grenada and Dominica.

(iii) Actual Power Output (GWh) = Full nameplate capacity* time * capacity factor
= 0.01GW*(365*24h)*(0.9)
= 78.84 GWh

(iv) Geothermal plants whenever it is plenty, has the ability to be used as a base load form
of energy when compare to the other forms of energy therefore if the plant in SVG is
successfully it could be beneficial in helping to provide constant electricity generation and
thereby reducing the dependency on fossil fuel importation, also promote of regional
interconnections and trading among countries.

(v) If further geothermal powers plants are introduced in St Vincent they can integrate an
inter-island grid connection mechanism using high-voltage transmission submarine cables
in order to sell excess electricity to neighbouring countries.
B. (i)
Labelled Diagram of a wind turbine and its major points of energy conversions

(ii). Pmax =2 MW Downstream wind = 8 ms−1 Upstream wind = 13 ms−1

Air flow mass ρ = 1.4kgm−3
Vo
C p = (1+ )¿¿
V
8
= (1+ 13 )¿1−¿ 2¿

(1.62)(0.62)
= 2

C p = 0.5

1 ρA V 3 C p
Pmax = , make A the subject
2
 2 Pmax D2
A= 3 A =π , make D the subject
ρV C p 4

2∗(2∗1000000) 4A
= D=√
(1.4)(13¿¿ 3)(0.5) ¿ π

4000000 4∗2600.95
= 1537.9 D=√ 3.142

= 2 600.95 m2 ∴ D = 57.5m

(iii). New Diameter = 100m

New maximum power output
1 ρA V 3 C p
∴ Pmax =
2

(1.4)(7854)(13 3)(0.5)
= 2

= 6 039 333.3W or 6.04MW

Wind
Net Output = full nameplate capacity* time*capacity factor
= (6.04/1000GW) (365*24h) (0.45)
= 23.8 GWh
Avoided tonnes of carbon dioxide emission
= actual output*carbon intensity
= (23.8*1,000,000 kWh) (0.00068tCO₂e)
= 16,184 tCO₂e/kWh

Geothermal
Avoided tonnes of carbon dioxide = actual output*carbon intensity
= (78.84*1000000kWh) (0.00068tCO₂)
= 53, 611 tCO₂/kWh
Collectively there is a total of 69,795 tCO₂/kWh avoided by St Vincent & the Grenadines