ME8391 Engineering Thermo Dynamics

VELTECH VEL MULTITECH VEL HIGHTECH
UNIT – I
PART – A
1. Define the term Thermal Engineering.
Thermal Engineering is the science that deals with the energy transfer to practical
applications such as energy transfer power generation. Refrigeration, gas compression and its
effect on the properties of working substance.
2. What is meant by thermodynamics system? How do you classify it?
Thermodynamic system is defined as the any space or matter or group of matter where the
energy transfer or energy conversions are studies.
It may be classified into three types.
a) Open system
b) Closed system
c) Isolated system
3. What is meant by closed system? Give an example.
When a s*9*2
1ystem has only heat and work transfer, but there is no mass transfer, it is called as closed
system. Example: Piston and cylinder arrangement.
4. Define an open system. Give an example.
When a system has heat, work and mass transfer, it is called as open system.
Example : Air compressor
5. Distinguish between Open and Closed systems. (Ann Univ. Oct‟ 02)
S.No. Closed System Open System

There is no mass transfer. Only heat and Mass transfer will take place, in addition to the
1,
work will transfer. heat and work transfer.
2. System boundary is fixed one. System boundary may or may not change.
Ex: Piston & cylinder arrangement, thermal Air compressor, boiler.
3.
power plant.
6. Define an Isolated System.
Isolated system is not affected by surroundings. There is no heat, work and mass transfer
takes place. In this system total energy remains constant.

1
7. Define specific heat capacity at constant pressure.
It is defined as the amount of heat energy required raising or lowering the temperature of
unit mass of the substance through one degree when the pressure kept constant. It is denoted by
Cp.
8. Define specific heat capacity at constant volume.
It is defined as the amount of heat energy required to raising or lowering the temperature of
unit mass of the substance through one degree when volume kept constant.
9. What is meant by surroundings?
Any other matter out side of the system boundary is called as surroundings;
10. What is boundary?
System and Surroundings are separated by an imaging line is called boundary.
11. What is meant by thermodynamic property? (MU- Apr. 2001)
Thermodynamic property is any characteristic of a substance which use used to identify the
state of the system and can be measured, when the system remains in an equilibrium state.
12. How do you classify the property?
Thermodynamic property can be classified in to two types.
1. Intensive or Intrinsic and

2. Extensive and Extrinsic property
13. Define Intensive and Extensive properties? [MU-Oct. 96, Oct. 98]
The properties which are independent on the mass of the system is called intensive properties.
E.g: Pressure, Temperature, Specific Volume etc.

The properties which are dependent on the mass of the system is called extensive properties.
Eg: Total energy Total volume, weight etc.
14. Differentiate Intensive and Extensive properties. [MU-Apr. 99, Apr.2001]
Sl.
Intensive Properties Extensive Properties
No.
1. Independent on the mass of the system. Dependent on the mass system.
If we consider part of the these properties If the consider part of the system it will have a lesser
2. remain same e.g. Pressure, temperature, value e.g. Total energy, Total Volume, weight, etc.
specific volume, etc.

2
15. What do you understand by equilibrium of a system?
When a system remains in equilibrium state, it should not under go any changes to its own accord.
16. When a system is said to be in “Thermodynamic Equilibrium”?

(Anna Univ. Apr.04 (EEE), MU-Apr. 98; MSU-Apr. 96)
When a system is in thermodynamic equilibrium, it should satisfy the following three

conditions
a. Mechanical : Pressure remains constant

b. Thermal Equilibrium : Temperature remain constant
c. Chemical equilibrium : There is no chemical reaction
17. Define Zeroth law and first law of thermodynamics. (Anna Univ. Nov. 03 Apr.05 (EEE),
MU-Nov. 94, Apr. 2001; BRU – Apr. 96)
Zeroth law of thermodynamics states that when two systems are separately in thermal
equilibrium with a third system, then they themselves are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
First Law of thermodynamics states that when system undergoes a cyclic process net heat
transfer is equal to work transfer
Q = W
18. (a)(i) State First Law of thermodynamics and any two of its corollaries. [Anna Univ.
Apr.04 (EEE)]
Zeroth law of thermodynamics states that when two systems are separately in thermal
equilibrium with a third system, then they themselves are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
First Law of thermodynamics states that when system undergoes a cyclic process net heat
transfer is equal to work transfer.
Q = W
Corollaries of first law of thermodynamics

Corollary I
There exists a property of a closed system such than a change in its value is equal to the
difference between the heat supplied and the work done any change of state.
Corollary II
The internal energy of a closed system remains unchanged if the system is isolated from its
surroundings.
Corollary III
A perpetual motion machine of first kind (PPM-1) is impossible.

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19. What is meant by “Perpetual Motion Machine of First Kind”? [Anna Univ. Apr. 03 (EEE)]
PMM of first kind delivers work continuously without any input it violates first law of
thermodynamics. It is impossible to construct an engine working with this principle.
20. Prove that for an isolated system, there is no change in internal energy. [Anna Univ.
Apr. 03 (Mech)]
For any isolated system. There is no heat, work and mass transfer.
Q=W+=0
According to the first law of thermodynamics,

Q=W+U
 U=0
21. Determine the molecular volume of any perfect gas at 600 N/m 2 and 30C. Universal gas
constant may be taken as 8314 j/kg mole – K. [Anna Univ. Apr. 03 (Mech)]
Given data:
P = 600N/m2
T = 30C=30+273=303K
R=8314 J/kg mole – K
To find:
Molecular volume, V=?
Solution:
Ideal gas equation,

PV=mRT
600  V = 1  8314 303
V=4198.57 m3/kg mole
Result:
Molecular volume, V=4198.57 m3/kg mole
22. An insulated rigid vessel is divided into two parts by a membrane. One part of the
vessel contains air at 10 Mpa and other part is fully evacuated. The membrane ruptures
and the air fills the entire vessel. Is there any heat and / or work transfer during this
process? Justify your answer. [Anna University Nov‟03 (March)]
For rigid vessel and unrestrained expansion

Change in volume dV = 0
Work transfer. W =  pdV = 0
For insulated vessel, heat transfer, Q = 0

4
According to the first law of thermodynamics the sum of work transfer is equal to the sum of heat
transfer.
W=Q=0
23. Define the term process: [MKU – NOV‟96]
It is define as the change of state undergone by a gas due to energy flow.
24. Define the term cycle: [MKU – NOV‟96]
When a system under goes a series of processes and return to its initial condition, it is known
as cycle.
25. What is meant by open and closed cycle?
In a closed cycle, the same working substance will recirculate again and again. In a open
cycle, the same working substance will exhausted to the surrounding after expansion.
26. What is meant by reversible and irreversible process? [MU – Apr‟2001; BNU - Nov‟94]
A process is said to the reversible. It should traces the same path in the reverse direction
when the process is reversed. It is possible only when the system passes through a continuous
series of equilibrium state. If a system does not passes through continuous equilibrium state, then
the process is said to be irreversible.
27. What is meant by point and path function? [MU-Oct. 2000]
The quantity which is independent on the process or path followed by the system is known as
path functions.
Example: Heat transfer, work transfer
28. What is Quasi- static Process? [MU-Oct. 98, Apr. 2000, Apr. 2001]
The process is said to be quasi – static, it should proceeds infinitesimally slow and follows
continuous series of equilibrium states. Therefore the quasi-static process may be a reversible
process.
29. Define the term enthalpy. [MU-Oct. 99]
The combination of internal energy and flow energy is known as enthalpy of the system.
Mathematically, enthalpy (h) = U + pVkJ
Where U –Internal energy
P – Pressure
V – Volume
In terms of Cp&T H = mCp (T2 – T1)kJ

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30. Define the term internal energy. [MKU – Apr. 96]
Internal energy of a gas is the energy stored in a gas due to its molecular interactions.
It is also defined as the energy possessed by a gas at a given temperature.
31. What is meant by thermodynamic work?
It is the work done by the system when the energy transferred across the boundary of the
system. It is mainly due to intensive property difference between the system and surrounding.
32. Sketch isothermal expansion on p-V diagram and state the properties that remain
constant. [Anna Univ. Apr. 2004 (EEE)]
The following properties remain constant.
1. Temperature
2. Internal energy
3. Enthalpy
33. Prove that the difference in specific heat capacities equal to C p – Cv = R. [Anna Univ.
Apr. 03 (Mech)]
Consider a gas heated at constant pressure

So, heat supplied, Q = mCp (T2 – T1)
Work done, W = p(V2 – V1)= m R (T2 – T1)
Change in internal energy, U = mCv (T2 – T1)
According to the first law of thermodynamics,

Q = W + U
So, mCp (T2 – T1) = mR (T2 – T1)+ mCv(T2 – T1)
 Cp = r + Cv
Cp – cv = R

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PART – B
1. A mass of gas is compressed in a quasi-static process from 100 kPa 0.3m3 to 500 kPa,
0.05m3. Assuming that the pressure and volume are related by PV” = constant, find the
workdone by the gas system.
System : Closed system

Process : PV” = C
Known : Initial pressure = 100 kPa
Initial Volume = 0.3m3
Final Pressure = 500 kPa
Final Volume = 0.05m3
To find : Work done
Diagrams :
0.3 m3 0.05 m3
100 kPa 500 kPa
Initial State Final State
P (kPa)
2
500 pVn = C
100 1
2

1
pdV
0.05 0.3
V(m3
P-V Diagram
In this equation all the values are known except the polytrophic index n.
 Consider the process relation
P1V1n = P2V2n
n
 V1   p2 
   
 V2   p1 
Taking natural log on both sides

7
V  p 
n In  1   In  2 
 V2   p1 
In(V1 / V2 )
n
In( p2 / P1 )
Substituting the numerical values
 500 
IN  
n  100 
 0.3 
In  
 0.05 
n = 0.898
Hence the work done

2
1W 2 = 
1
PdV
p2V2  p1V1

n  1
500  0.05  100  0.3

0.898  1
 49.01KJ
Comment Negative sign indicates that the work is done on the system.
2. A certain fluid expands from 10 bar, 0.05m3 to 2 bar, and 0.2m3 according to linear law.
Find the work done in the process.

Process : Linear Law
Known : Initial pressure = 10 bar = 1000 kPa
Initial volume = 0.05m3
Final pressure = 2 bar = 200 kPa
Final volume = 0.2m3
To find : Work done
Diagrams:
10 bar 2 bar
0.05 m3 0.2 m3

8
P (kPa)
1
1000
A1
200 2
A2
0.05 0.2 V (m3)
P-V Diagram
2
Analysis : 1W 2 =  pdV
1
= Area A1 + Area A2
1
= (0.2  0.05)(1000  200)  (0.2  0.05)200
2
= 90KJ
3. Following diagram shows a cycle executed by a closed system on a p-V diagram.

Calculate the work done by the system for each of three processes and also the network
done.
P(kPa)
1
1000
500 3 2
a b
0.1 0.2 V(m3)
p-V Diagram
System : Closed System
Known : Initial and final pressure, Initial and final Volume of all the processes.
Process 1-2 Linear Law 2-3 Isobaric (p=C) 3-1 Isochoric (V=C)
Work done Area 12ba 1 =0
2
1
(0.2  0.1)  (1000  500)  (0.2  0.1)  500
 pdV in KJ
1
2
= 500(0.1– 0.2) -= -50 = p2 (V3 –V2)
 75

9
Network:
Wnet = 1W 2 + 2W 3 + 3W 1
= 75 – 50 + 0
= 25KJ
4. A spherical balloon of 0.5 m diameter contains air at a pressure of 500 kPa. The diameter
increases to 0.55m in a reversible process during which pressure is proportional to
diameter. Determine the work done by the air in the balloon during this process. Also
calculate the final pressure.

Process : Expansion of air in a spherical balloon such that pressure is proportional to
the diameter.
Known : 1. Initial diameter = 0.50m
2. Initial Pressure = 500 kPa
3. Final diameter = 0.55m
To find : 1. Work done

2. Final weight
Diagram :
Air
Air
Dia = 0.5m
Dia = 0.55m
P = 500 kPa
P
(kPa) 2
1
500
0.5 0.55 dia (m)

10
Analysis:
1. Work done
2
2W 1 =  pdV
1
From the condition of the process

P = CD
Where p is the pressure (kPa)
C is a constant
D is the diameter (m)
From the initial condition
500 = C  0.5
C = 500 / 0.5 = 1000
Therefore
P = 1000 D
Substituting p we get,
2
1W 2 =  1000DdV
1
To substitute dV in terms of dD
Consider the volume of the sphere
 3
V= D
6
Upon different we get

dv =  3D 2  dD
6
Substituting dV in terms of dD we get
 
2
1W 2 =  1000 D   3D 2  dD 
1 6 
1000   3 3
0.55
 6 D dD
0.50
0.55
 D4 
500  
 4  0.50
500  
 [0.554  0.50 4 ]
4
 11.39 KJ
2. Final pressure

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P2 = 100 D2
= 1000  0.55
= 550 kPa
5. A rubber balloon flexible is to be filled with hydrogen from a storage cylinder which
contains hydrogen at 5 bar pressure until it has a volume of 1 m 3. The atmospheric
pressure may be taken as 101.32 kPa. Determine the work done by the system comprising
the hydrogen initially in the bottle.
System : Closed
Process : Hydrogen expanding from a cylinder against the atmospheric pressure.
Known : 1. Volume of expansion dv = 1 m3
2. Atmospheric pressure Patm = 101.32 kPa
3. Storage cylinder pressure = 500 kPa.
Diagram:
Balloon after filling

Balloon before filling
Hydrogen
Cylinder
To find : Work done by the hydrogen gas

2
Analysis : Work done =  pdV

1
5 
2
  V  2.0 
1
0.10
 V 
 5In 2  2.0(V2  V1 )  100
 V1  0.15
As the pressure is in bar, it has to be multiplied by 100, to get it in kpa Substituting the limits we
get
 0.10 
1W 2 = 5  In    2.0(0.1  0.15)
 0.15 

12
=  2.027 + 0.1
=  1.027 KJ
6. A compressor receives 10kW of power at 600 rpm from a motor. What is the torque
acting on the shaft connecting the motor and the compressor?
System : Compressor receiving power from a motor through a shaft

Known : 1. Power = 10kW
2. Speed = 600 rpm
To find : 1. Torque
Diagrams:
Compressor
Motor
Analysis : 1. w = 2nt
Rate of work transferred
= 10  103 KJ/s
Speed
= 600 rpm
= 600 / 60 rps
= 10 rps
T  W / 2 n
10  103
=
2   10
= 159.15 N  m.
7. An elastic linear spring of spring constant 144 N/cm is compressed from an initial
unconstrained length to a final of 6cm. If the work required on the spring is 648J, determine
the initial length of the spring in centimeters:
System : Elastic spring

Process : Stretching the elastic spring
Known : 1. Spring constant = 144 N/cm
2. Final length = 6 cm
3. Work supplied = 648 KJ
To find : Initial length in cm

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Diagrams: -

Free Length
Final Length
Analysis :
1 
W k
2
144 
648  
2
  cm
Initial length = final length + deflection ()

=6+3
= 9 cm
8. Calculate the work required to lift 25 kg from an evaluation of 208m above mean sea level
to an elevation 80m higher in (a) min (b) 10 min.
System : A body of mass 25 kg

Process : Lifting the body against gravity
Known : 1. Mass = 25 kg
2. Initial height = 208m
3. Change in height = 80m
4. Time a) min b) 10 min
To find : Work done
Final state
Initial state 80 m
208 m
Mean sea level

14
Analysis : Work done = -mgh

: The negative sign indicates that work is done on the system.
Work is independent on time and hence for both cases work done is – 19620J.
9. Determine the work required to accelerate a body of mass 100 kg from rest to a velocity
of 100 m/s.
System : A body of mass 100 kg

Process : Acceleration of a body from rest
Known : 1. mass = 100 kg
2. Initial velocity
3. Final velocity = 100 m/s.
To find : Work
Analysis
1
W  m(C22  C12 )
2
1
 100  (1002  02 )
2
=  500 KJ
comment : The negative sign indicates that work done on the body to accelerate it.
10. A perfect gas for which the ratio of specific heats is 1.4, occupies a volume of 0.3m 3 at
100 kpa and 27C. The gas undergoes compression to 0.06m3. Find the heat transfer by the
gas in each of the following process.
a) Isobaric
b) pV1.1 = Constant
Assume R = 0.287 KJ/ kgK.
Case(a)
Working fluid : A perfect gas
Process : Isobaric
Known : 1. Initial volume (V1) = 0.3m3
2. Initial pressure (p1) = 100 pa
3. Initial Temperature (T1) = 27C = 300 K
4. Ratio of sp. Heat () = 1.4
5. Final Volume (V2) = 0.06m3
6. Characteristic gas constant  = 0.287KJ/kg K
To find : Heat transfer Q12

15
Diagram:-
0.3 m3 0.06 m3
100 kPa 100 kPa
300 K
P
(kPa)
2 1
 pdV
1
0.06 0.3 V(m3)

p-V diagram
Analysis : Q12 – 1W2 = U
2
Where 1W2 =  pdV

1
= p(V2 – V1) for an isobaric process
= 100 (0.06 – 0.3)
= - 24KJ
2
U =  dU
1
2
=  mC dT from eqn. 3.23

1
= mC(T2 – T1)
To find T2
Since the working substance is an ideal gas

P1V1 = mRT1
P2V2 = mRT2
By rearranging the above equation

p1V1 PV
 2 2
T1 T2
Applying the given process condition p1 = p2

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V1 V2

T1 T2
V2
 T2   T1
V1
0.06
  300
0.3
T2  60k
To find C,
Cp – Cv = R
C 
Cv  p  1   R
 Cv 
R
Cv 
 Cp 
  1
 Cv 
R

v 1
0.287

0.4
KJ
 0.717
kgK
To find m
p1V1
m= [ The given substance is a perfect gas]
RT1
100  0.3
=
0.287  300
= 0.348 kg
Substituting the values of m and T2

U = 0.348  0.717  (60 – 300)
= 59.93KJ
Therefore Q12 = 1W2 + U

= - 24 – 59.93
= - 83.93KJ
Comment: The negative sign in work indicates work is Done on the system.
The negative sign in U shows that internal energy decrease.
The negative sign in heat transfer shows that heat is rejected by the system.

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Case (b)

Process : Polytropic of index 1.1 (pV1.1 = C)
Working fluid : A perfect gas
Known : 1. Initial volume (V1) = 0.3m3
2. Initial pressure (p1) = 100 kPa
3. Initial Temperature (T1)
4. Ratio of sp. heat () = 1.4
5. Final Volume (V2) = 0.06m3
6. Characteristic gas constant  = 0.287 KJ/kg K.
Diagram:-
0.3 m3
100 kPa 0.06m3
300 K
P
(kPa)
2
pV1.1 = C
1
2
 pdV
1
0.06 0.3 V(m3)
p-V diagram
Analysis : Q12 – W2 = U
2
1W2 =  pdV
1
p V  p1V1
= 2 2 for a polytropic process
n  1
since the working fluid is a perfect gas
mRT2  mRT1
1W2 =
n  1

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mR(T2  T1 )
=
n  1
To find m
p1V1
m= [The given substance is a perfect gas]
RT1
100  0.3

0.287  300
 0.348 kgb
To find T2

p1V1 = mRT1
p2V2 = mRT2
By rearranging we get
p1V1 p2V2

T1 T2
or
T2 p2V2

T1 p1V1
The process equation gives

p1V1n = p2V2n
n
p2  V1 
 
p1  V2 
Combining the above equations

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T2  P2  V2 
   
T1  P1  V1 
n 1
 V1   V1 
   
 V2   V2 
n 1
V 
 1 
 V2 
n 1
V 
T2  T1  1 
 V2 
0.4
 0.3 
 300  
 0.06 
 571.1K
Substituting the values of m and
0.348  0.287(571.1  300)

1W2 =
1.1  1
T2 = 270.76KJ
U = mCv (T2 – T1)
= 0.348  0.717 (571.1-300)
= 67.64 KJ
 Q12 = 1W2 + U
= 270.76 + 67.64
= 203.12 KJ
Comment : The negative sign in work indicates that work is done on the gas.
The negative sign in heat transfer shows that heat is coming out of the system.
11. Calculate the change in internal energy, heat transferred and change in enthalpy for 0.5
kg of air expanding according to law pv1.2 = C from 1 Mpa and 300C to 100 kPa. What will
be the workdone by air during the expansion?
System : Stationary system of fixed mass

Process : Polytropic (pV1.2 = C)
Work fluid : Air (ideal gas)
Known : 1. Mass (m) = 0.5 kg
2. Initial pressure (p1) = 1Mpa = 1000kPa
3. Initial Temperature (T1) = 300C = 573 K
4. Ratio of sp. heat () = 1.4
To find : 1. Change in internal energy U
2. Heat transferred Q12
3. Change in enthalpy H
4. Work done 1W2

20
Diagrams:
1 Mpa 100 kPa

300C
Final State Initial State
P
(kPa) 1
1000 pV1.2 = C
100 2
2
 pdv
1
V(m3)
p-V Diagram
Analysis :
2
U =  dU
1
= mCv (T2 – T1)
To find T2

P1V1 = mRT1
P2V2 = mRT2
By rearranging we get
T2 PV n
 2 2
T1 p1V1
From the process equation
p1V1n = P2v2n

21
1
V2  P1  n
 
V1  P2 
1
P n
 2 
 P1 
combining the above equation
T2 P2  V2 
  
T1 P1  V1 
1
 P  P  n
=  2  2 
 P1   P1 
1
1
P  n
 2 
 P1 
n 1
P  n
T2  T1  2 
 P1 
0.2
 100  1.2
 573  
 1000 
 390.4 K
New U  0.5  0.7178  (390.4  573)
 65.47 KJ
Q12 1 W2  U
Q12 can be found only if 1W2 is known
1W2 =  pdV
1
PV  PV
 2 2 1 1 for a polytropic process
n  1
mR(T2  T1 )
 since the working fluid is an ideal gas
n  1
0.5  0.287(390.4  573)

1.2  1
= + 131.02 KJ
1Q12 = 1W2 + U
= 131.02 + (-65.47)
= 65.53 KJ

22
Comment :
The positive sign in work indicates that work is done by the system.
The positive sign in heat indicates that heat is given into the system.
12. A space vehicle has a mass of 500kg and is moving towards the moon. Calculate the
kinetic and potential energies relative to the earth when it is 40 km from the launching
place and travelling at 2400 km / hr and when the acceleration of the earths gravitational
field is 792.5cm/sec2.
System : A moving system of fixed mass

Known : 1. Height h = 40 km
= 40  103 m
2. Velocity C = 2400 km/hr.
2400 103 m

3600 s .
 666.67 m / s.
3. Acceleration due to gravity
= 792.5 cm /sec2
= 7.925 m/Sec2
To find : a) Kinetic energy

b) Potential energy
Analysis : a) Kinetic energy

1
 mC 2
2
1
  500  666.67 2
2
 111.11 106 J
 111.11MJ
b) Potential energy = mgh

= 500  7.925  40  103
= 158.5 106 J
= 158.5MJ
13. During a short period of time the following observation were made for a system of mass
50 kg.
a. Heat received = 107 J

b. Work produced = 4  106 J

23
c. Initial Velocity = 10 km/s.

d. Final velocity = 25 m/s
e) Initial elevation = 20 m
f) Final elevation = 12 m
Find the change in internal energy of the system.
Solution:
System : A moving system of fixed mass

Known : a. Heat received = 107 J
b. Work produced = 4 106 J
c. Initial velocity = 10 km / s
d. Final velocity = 25 m /s
e. Initial elevation = 20 m
f. Final elevation = 12 m
To find : U change in internal energy
Diagrams :
Initial State
Q = 1  107 J 50 kg
10  103 m/s
w = 4  106 J
20m
25  50 kgs.
12m during the process
Datum
Analysis : 1Q12 – 1W2 = E
Note: Since a moving system of fixed mass is analyzed here E  U
 Q12 = 1W2 + U + KE + PE

24
or U = Q12 – 1W2 - KE - PE
1
 Q12 1 W2  m(C22  C12 )  mg ( Z 2  Z1 )
2
 1107  4 106   50   25 103   10 103    50  9.81(12  20)
1 2 2
2  
 110  4 10  1.3125 10  3924
7 6 10
U  1.3 1010 J
14. Air enters a compressor with a velocity of 60 m/s, pressure 100 kPa, temperature 40C
and leaves the compressor with a velocity of 90 m/s, 500 kPa and 120C. Consider the
system as adiabatic. Find the power of the motor for a mass flow rate of 40 kg per minute.
Write the assumption made.
System : Open System

Working Fluid : Air
Process : Steady flow, adiabatic
Known :
Property At inlet At exit

Velocity 60 m / s 90 m / s
Pressure 100 kPa 500 kPa
Temperature 40C 120C
and the mass flow rate = 40 kg / min.
Diagrams :-
In
Q=0
Control
Volume

W
Out
Analysis : Q  W  m [h  ke  pe]
Q = 0 sincde the flow is adiabatic.
Unless the height from the datum of the inlet and out are mentioned pe = 0.

25
 C 2  C22 
Therefore W =  h1  h2   1
 2 
 C12  C22 
 m Cp T1  T2  
 2 
 602  902 
 40 1005  40  120   
 2 
J
 3.306 106
min
3.306 10 J6

60 s
 55.1 KJ / s
 55.1 kW
Comment : Since the working fluid is an ideal gas h1 - h2 is replaced by Cp (T1 – T2).
15. In a steam power station, steam flows steadily through a 0.32 m diameter pipeline from
the boiler to the turbine. At the boiler end, the steam conditions are found to be P = 4 Mpa, t
= 400C, h = 3214 kJ / kg and v = 0.073 m3 / kg. At the turbine end p = 3.5 Mpa, t = 392C, h =
3202.6 kJ / kg and v = 0.084 m3 / kg. There is a heat loss of 8.5 KJ/kg from the pipeline.
Calculate the steam flow rate.
System : Open system

Working fluid : Steam
Process : Steady flow process
Known :
Property At inlet At exit

Pressure 4 Mpa 3.5 Mpa
Enthalpy KJ KJ
3214 3020.6
kg kg
Sp. Volume 0.073 m3 / kg 3
0.84 m / kg
and heat loss of Q = 8.5 KJ/ kg.
To find : The flow are in

26
Diagram:-
Control volume
Inlet Exit
Turbine
Boiler
Analysis : Q – W = m [h + ke + pe]
W = 0 Since it involves only the flow through pipes.

As the flow is steady mass flow rate is same all the inlet and exit.
min  mout
 Volume flow rate   Volume flow rate 
   
 Sp. Volume in  Sp. Volume exit
 Area  velocity   Area  velocity 
   
 Sp. Volume in  Sp. Volume exit
C1 C2
 Since A1  A2
V1 V2
V2
C2  C1
V1
0.084
  C1
0.073
C2  1.15 C1
1
ke  C22  C12
2
1
 1.15C1   C12 
2
2  
1
  0.32  C12
2
 0.16 C12

27
mV1
C1 
A1
0.073m
where 

 0.2 2

 2.32 m
  ke = 0.16  (2.324 m)2

= 0.86 m2
pe = 0
Now Q – W = m [h + ke + pe] becomes
Q
 0   h2  h1  0.86m 2  0 
m
8.5 103 = (3202.6 - 3214) 103 + 0.86m
 2 
0.86m 2  2.9 103
m  58.07 kg / s.
Comment: Though the flow is steady through the pipe the increase in velocity is due to in
increase in specific volume.
16. The stream of air and gasoline vapour in the ratio of 14:1 by mass enters a gasoline
engine at a temperature of 30C and leaves as combustion products at a temperature of
790. The engine has a specific fuel consumption of 0.3 kg/k Whr. The net heat transfer rate
from the fuel – air stream to the jacket cooling water and to the surroundings in 35 KW. The
shaft power delivered by the engine is 26KW. Compute the increase in the specific enthalpy
0 fuel air stream.

Process : Steady flow, process
Known : 1. Air fuel ratio = 14:1
2. Inlet temperature t1 = 30C
3. Exit temperature t2 = 790C
4. Specific Fuel Consumption = 0.3kg/kwhr.
5. Heat rejection rate Q  35KW
6. Shaft work output W = 26 KW
To find : Increase in specific enthalpy h

28
Diagram :-
Fuel air
Stream
ENGINE
Shaft work W =
26kW Exhaust
Q  35kW
Analysis : Q  W  m [h  ke  PE ]

 ke and  pe terms can be neglected unless the relevant data are given.
To find m
Specific fuel consumption = 0.3 kg/kwhr One whr is equivalent to 3600KJ. Hence,
fuel consumption is 0.3 kg for an output of 3600 KJ. Since the output is 26kW, the rate of
fuel consumption.
0.3  kg kJ 
m r   26   
3600  kJ s 
3
 2.17 10 kg / s
The rate of air consumption = 14  rate of fuel consumption
m r  14  2.17 103
 0.03033 kg / s
 m  m a  m f
 0.03033  2.17 103
 0.0325 kg / s
Substituting the numerical values in the SFEE we get
- 35 – 26 = 0.0325 h
 h = -1877 KJ / kg
1 14
Comment: Each kg of the mixture contain kg of fuel and kg of air. This mixture
15 15
undergoes combustion in the engine. Out of the energy liberated during combustion only
1877 KJ is extracted within the engine and the remaining is taken away by the exhaust
gases. This is the reason for higher exhaust temperature.

29
17. A steam turbine operates under steady flow conditions receiving steam at the following
state: Pressure 15 bar. Specific volume 0.17m3/kg internal energy 2700 KJ/kg velocity 100
m/s. The exhaust of steam from the turbine is at 0.1bar with internal energy 2175 KJ/kg.
specific 15 m3/kg and velocity 300 m/s. The intake is 3 m above the exhaust. The turbine
develops 35 kW and heat loss over the surface of turbine is 20 KJ /kg. Determine the steam
flow rate through the turbine.
System : Open System

Known :
Properties At inlet At exit

Pressure 15 bar = 15  103 Pa bar = 0.1  103 Pa
Internal energy 2700  103J/Kg 2175  103 J/Kg
Sp. Volume 0.17 m3 / kg 15 m3 / kg
Height from the datum 3m 0m
Velocity 100 m/s 300 m/s
Work output W = 35  103 W

Q
Heat rejected work q   20 103 J / kg
m
Diagram:
In
W = 35  103W
Control Volume
q = 20  103 J/Kg
Out
Analysis : Q  W  m [h  ke  pe]

(or)
w  
q    u2  p2 v2    u1  p1v1    C22  C12   g ( Z 22  Z12 ) 
1
m  2 
 
 2175 10  0.10 10 15  
3 5
w  
 (2700 103  15 105  0.17)   20 103
m  
   300  100   9.81(3) 
1 2 2
 2 

30

wm
   2325000  2955000   4000  29.43  20 103
m
w
  569.970 103
m
35 103
m 
569.970 103
m  0.0614kg / s.
18. Steam enters a nozzle operating at steady state pressure of 2.5 Mpa and a temperature
of 300C (h1 = 3008.8 KJ/kg) and leaves at a pressure of 1.7 Mpa with a velocity of 470 m/s.
The rate of flow of steam through the nozzle is 1360 kg/hr. Neglecting the inlet velocity of
the steam and considering the flow in the nozzle to be adiabatic, find:
a) the enthalpy hexit

b) the nozzle exit area, if Vexit = 0.132 m3/kg.

Process : Steady flow, adiabatic
Known :
Properties At inlet At exit

Pressure 2.5 mPa -
Temperature 300C -
Enthalpy 3008 KJ/kg -
Velocity negligible 470 m/s
Sp. Volume - 0.132 m3/kg
The mass flow rate in = 1360 Kg/hr
1360
= kg / s
3600
= 0.378 kg/s
To find : Exit enthalpy – h2

Exit Area – A2
Diagram :
In
Out

31
 h  ke  kpe

Analysis : Q W  m
 Flow is given as adiabatic hence Q  0

 Nozzle will not involve W
 Change in potential energy can be neglected in nozzles and diffusers
h = ke
 C12  C22 
  
 2 
 C 2  C22 
h   1 
 2 
As the inlet velocity is negligible
C22
h2 – h1 =
2
4702
=
2
= - 110450 J/kg
C2
h2 = h1  2
2
= 3008.8  103 – 110450
= 2898.4  103 J/kg
= 2898.4 KJ/kg
A2C2
m 
V2
 2
mV
 A2 
b) C2
0.378  0.132

470
 1.062 10 m 2 or 1.062cm 2
4
19. Air enters the diffuser of a jet at 10C, and 80 kPa, with a velocity of 200 m/s. The inlet
area of the diffuser is 0.4m2. Neglecting exit velocity of air determine.
a. the mass flow rate of air

b. the exit temperature of air

Process : steady flow
Known : At the inlet

32
Temperature T1 = 283 K
Pressure P1 = 80 kPa
Velocity C1 = 200 m/s
Area A1 0.4 m2
To find : 1. Mass flow rate m
2. Exit temperature T2
Diagram :
 Area  Velocity 
Analysis : 1. m  
 Sp. Volume 
A1C1 A1C1
 or
V1 RT1 / P1
80  0.4  200
=
0.287  283
= 78.8 kg/s.
 h  ke  pe

2. Q  W  m
 Heat transfer across the control surface and change in potential energy can be
neglected in a diffuser.
 A diffuser will not involve w
 h = -ke
 C 2  C12 
(h2 – h1) = -  2 
 2 
Since air is an ideal gas
 C22  C12 
C p (T2  T1 )    
 2 
C 2
C p (T2  T1 )  1 Since C1 is negligible
2

33
C12
T2   T1
2C p
2002
  283
2 1005
 303K
20. Hellium at 300 kPa, 60C, enters a nozzle with negligible velocity and expands steadily
without heat transfer in a quasi equilibrium manner to 120 kPa. The process is such that
Pv1.67 = constant. Calculate the exit velocity.

Process : Steady flow, adiabatic, pV1.67 = C
Known : 1. Inlet pressure (p1) = 300 kPa
2. Inlet Temperature (t1) = 60C
3. Exit pressure (p2) = 120 kPa
Diagram:
Control
Volume
In Out
Analysis : Q – W = m [h + ke + kpe]
 We can‟t proceed with this equation since the value of enthalpy drop is not known. It
can be substituted by Cp (T2 – T1), but still Cp is an unknown. In problems of this kind,
Equation can be used.
C 2  C12
2
W flow   vdp  2  ( Z 2  Z1 ) g
1
2
Since these is no work interaction in a nozzle and (Z2 – Z1) term can be dropped.
C22  C12
2
   vdp
2 1
Where C1 is negligible
2
C22
    vdp
2 1

34
From the process equation pVn = constant

1
 C n
v 
 p1 
2 1 1
C22
    C n p n dp
2 1
2
 11 
p n 
1
 C  2
1 
n
  1
 n 1
 n 1 n 1 
 p2 n  p1 n 
1
 C  n

n 1
 
 n 
n  1 1n  nn1 n 1

 p1 v1  p2  p1 n 
n  
n 1 1
1  n 1 n 1

 p1 ( p1 ) n v1  p2 n  p1 n 
n  
 nn1 n 1

n 1  p  p n
 since
 p1v1 2 1
n  n 1 n 1 
 p1  p1 
n n
 n 1

n 1  
p1v1    1

n
p
 2
n  p1  
 
 n 1

2n  
RT1    1 [ p1v1  RT1 for an ideal gas)

n
p
C2  2
n 1  p1  
 
 0.67

2 1.67n  8314    120 
  1
1.67
    333 
1.67  1  4   300 
 
 1030 m / s.
21. Imagine two curves intersecting at some point on a p – v diagram. The curves are
representing reversible processes undergone by a perfect gas; one is an adiabatic process
and the other an isothermal process. Show that the ratio of slope of the adiabatic curve to
that of the isothermal curve at the point of intersection is equal to:-

35
System : Closed / Open

Process : case (i) Isothermal
case (ii) Adiabatic
Diagram :
case (ii)
P
case (i)
 dp 
 
 dv  Adiabatic
To prove : 
 dp 
 
 dv  Isothermal
Proof : For case (i) Isothermal Process

pv = RT = constant
By differentiating we get,
Pdv + vdp = 0
vdp = dv
 dp  p
    (1)
 dv  Isothermal v
For case (ii) Adiabatic Process

pv = constant
Taking natural log we get

In (p) +  In (v) = In (C)
By differentiating we get
dp dv

p v
 dp   p 
      (2)
 dv  Adiabatic  v 

36
 dp 
 
 dv  Adiabatic
From (1) & (2) we get 
 dp 
 
 dv  Isothermal
Hence proved.
22. A piston cylinder arrangement as shown in the diagram contains 5g of air at 250 kPa,
300C. The piston is of mass 75 kg and diameter 10 cm. Initially the piston is kept pushed
against the stops. The atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa and temperature is 20C. The
cylinder now code to 20C. Calculate the heat transfer.
Stop
Piston
Air
Cylinder
Process : Constant volume / constant pressure
 When heat is removed from the system temperature decreases and volume remains
constant until the upward pressure exerted on the bottom side of the piston just
balances the atmospheric pressure and the weight of the piston. Further cooling results
in decreases of volume at constant pressure.
Known : T1 = 300C
P1 = 250 kPa
DP = 0.1 m
Patm = 100 kPa
Tatm = 293 K
T2 = 293 K
Diagram :
P 1
21
2
V
To find : Heat transfer Q12
Analysis : To find the pressure which just balance the atmospheric pressure and the weight
of the piston.
Pair  APiston = mPiston  g + Patm  APiston

37
mPiston g
Pair   Patm
APiston
75  9.81
  100 103

 0.1 2

 193.68 103 Pa
 193.68 kPa
Therefore cooling from 250 kPa to 193.68 kPa will be taking place at constant volume.
Temperature at the stage can be computed as follows:-
PV PV
2 2
 1 1
T2 T2
since V2  V1
P2
T2  T2 
P1
193.68
 573 
250
 443.9 K
Therefore further cooling from 443.9 K to 293K will be a constant pressure process. Thus,
Q12 = Q12‟ + Q2‟-2

Q12 = 1W2 + 2W2 + (U2 – U2‟) + (U2 – U1)
Q12 = 1W2 + 2W2 + (U2 – U1)
Since the process 1-2‟ is a constant volume process 1W2 = 0 and as the process 2‟-2 is
isobaric.
2‟W2= P2‟ (V2‟ – V2)

where V2 =
Substituting we get
2‟W2 = 193.68 (2.171  10-3 – 3.2  10-3)

= - 0.199 KJ.
U2 – U1 = mCv (T2 – T1)
= 5  10-3  0.717 (293-573)

= 1.0038 KJ.
Therefore Q12 = -0.199 – 1.0038
= - 1.2028 KJ.

38
23. A closed system undergoes a cycle consisting of two processes. During the first
process, 40 KJ of heat transferred to the system while the system does 60 KJ of work in the
second process, 45 KJ of work is done on the system.
a) Determine the heat transfer during the second process.

b) Calculate the network done and net heat transfer for the cycle.
Solution:-

Process : Cycle consisting of two processes
Known :
To find : Q21, Q, W

Analysis : 1
Q21 = 2W1 + U2-1

Where 2W1 = -45 KJ.
To find (U2-1)
For cyclic process the algebraic sum of any property of the system must be zero.
(U12) + (U21) = 0
 (U12) = (U)12
= - [Q12 – 1W2]
= -[40 – 60]
= +20 KJ
U21 = -45 +20
Q21 = -25KJ
2 Network done = (1W2 + 2W1)

= 40 – 25
= 15 KJ
Net heat transfer = (Q12 + Q21)

= 60 – 45
= 15 KJ.
Comment :
Process Q(KJ) W(KJ)

1-2 40 60
2-1 unknown -45
The negative sign indicates Q21 that 25 KJ of heat is supplied by the system to the
surroundings during the process 2 to 1.

39
24. A system is capable of executing a cyclic process as indicated in the pV sketch; it may
be executed either clockwise abca or counter clockwise adca.
a. When going clockwise to state C, 80 KJ of heat flow to the system and 35 KJ of work are
done by it. When returning to state a for c, 60 KJ of heat flow from the system. Find work
along the path ca.
b. When going counter clockwise to state C, 70KJ of heat flow to the system. Find the work
during the process adc.
P
b c
d
a
V
Solution :
System : Closed (as the total volume changes)

Process : Cyclic with two possible cycles.
Known :
Cycle abca Cycle adca

Process Q(KJ) W(KJ) Process Q(KJ) W(KJ)
a–c 80 35 a–c 70 Unknown
c–a -60 Unknown c–a Unknown Unknown
To find : 1. Work done in the process c – a in path abca

2. Work done in the process c – a in path adca
Analysis : 1.  dQ   dw for the cycle abca

80 – 60 = 35 +cWa
cWa = 20 – 35
= 15 KJ
2. Qac = Wac + Uc – Ua
Wac – Qac – (Uc - Ua)
To find : Uc – Ua.
Irrespective of the path followed U between also are some.
(U)ac in cycle abc = (U) ac in cycle adc

(Uc – Ua) in adc = (Qac – aWc) in path abc

40
= 80 – 35
= 45 KJ
 cWa = Qac – (Uc – Ua)

= 70 – 45
= 25 KJ.
25. For a certain system executing a cyclic process 250J of heat is absorbed by the system
and 100J of heat are rejected. The system also receives 30W-s of electrical power while it
moves a 3 kg mass vertically by means of a pulley arrangement. How far does the mass
move? Take local g=9.65 m/s2.
System : Closed / Open

Process : Cyclic
Known : Qin = 250 J
Qout = 100 J
EEin = 30 w-s
To find : Height through which is a mass to be lifted.

Analysis : Energy in = Energy out
250 + 30 = 100 + W
W = 180J
This must be equivalent to the increase in potential energy of the mass that is mgh = 180.
180
h 
3  9.64
h  6.22m.
26. A three process cycle operating with nitrogen as the working substance has constant
temperature compression 1-2 (T=40C, p1 = 110 kPa); constant volume heating 2-3; and
polytropic expansion 3-1 (n=1.35), the isothermal compression requires – 67 KJ/kg of work.
Determine.
a. P, T and v around the cycle:

b. The heats in and out;
c. The net work. Take Cv = 0.7431 KJ/kg.

Process : Cycle consisting of there processes
Known : P1 = 110 kPa
T1 = 313K
Process Type QKJ/Kg WKJ/Kg

1–2 Isothermal - -67
2–3 Isochoric - -
3–1 PV1.35 = C - -

41
To find : 1. p.T.v. at state points 1, 2 and 3

2. Q, w in all the processes
3. net work
State 1:
Analysis : a) Finding p, T, v of the state points

Consider state 1 and process 1-2 (Isothermal)
P1 = 110 kPa
T1 = 40 + 273
= 313 K
RT1
v1  since N2 , is an ideal gas
p1
 8.314 
   313
  28 
110
 0.845m3 / kg
1W2  67 KJ / kg
That is
v 
p1v1 In  2   67
 v1 
 v  67
In  2  
 v1  p1v1
  110670.845  
v2  v1 e  

 
 0.411m3 / kg
Also p1v1 = p2v2

pv
p1  1 1
v2
 226.17 kPa
and Q12 1 W2  U12 [since the process is isothermal]
 Q12  67 KJ / Kg
Consider state 3 and the process 2-3 (Isochoric)
2W3 =0

42
V3 = V 2
0.411 m3 /Kg
T2 = 313 K
From process 3-1 )pV1.35=C)
p1v11.35 = p3v3 1.35
1.35
v 
p3  p1  1 
 v3 
1.35
 0.845 
 110  
 0.411 
 291.0 kPa
Knowing p3, T3 can be found
p 
T3 = T2  3 
 p2 
 291.0 
 313  
 226.17 
 402.72 K
U 23  Cv (T3  T2 )
 0.7431(402.72  313)
 66.67 KJ / kg
U 31  Cv (T1  T2 )
 0.7431(313  402.72)
 66.67 KJ / kg
p1v1  p3v3
W1 
n  1
3
110  0.845  291 0.411


1.35  1
KJ
76.2
Kg
Q31 3 W1  U 31
 76.2  66.67
9.5 KJ / Kg .

43
Tabulating the property values:
State P(kPa) T(K) V(M3/kg)

1. 110 313 0.845
2. 226.17 313 0.41
3. 291.0 402.72 0.411
b) Heats in and out.
Process QKJ/Kg W(KJ/kg) U(KJ/Kg)

1–2 - 67 - 67 0
2–3 66.67 0 66.67
3–1 9.5 76.2 - 66.67
c) Wnet = - 67 + 76.2
= 9.2 KJ/Kg
Check : Q = - 67 + 66.7 – 9.5
= 9.8 KJ/Kg
Qnet = Wnet from first law
U = 0 + 66.7 – 66.67
Also
U = 0
27. In a steady flow process air is passing through a series of components as shown in the
following diagram. Assuming the heat addition process is reversible isobaric and all others
are reversible adiabatic processes obtain the exit velocity. The power developed by the
turbine is just enough to run the compressor.
System : Open
Process: Steady flow through a compressor, a heat exchanger, a turbine and a nozzle in
sequence.
Known : P1 = 100 kPa
T1 = 300K
M = 0.2 Kg/s
P3 = 600KPa
P5 = 100 Kpa
o o
Wr Wc
To find : Exit velocity from the nozzle

44
Diagram :-
Q = 100 kW
600 kPa
Heat exchanger
2 3
Compressor
Common Shaft
Turbine
4 100 kPa
1 Nozzle
600 kPa 5
100 K
0.2 kg/s
Analysis :
Process : 12
o o
W c  mC p (T2  T1 )
 1  1
P   P  
Where T2  T1  2   T1  3 
 P1   P1 
0.4
 600  1.4
 300  
 100 
 500.6 K
(ii) Process 23
o
Q 23  100kw
o
m C p (T3  T2 )  100
100
T3   500.6
0.2 1.005
T3  993 K
(iii) Process 34
T4  T3  (T2  T1 )
 998  (500.6  300)
 7975 K

45
o o
WT Wc
o o
mC p (T3  T4 )  mC p (T2  T1 )
T3  T4  T2  T1
T4  T3  (T2  T1 )
 998  (500.6  300)

 7975 K

P  T   1
Also 4   4 
P3  T3 
1.4
 7975  0.4
P4 = 600  
 998 
= 273.6 Kpa
(iv) Process 4-5

 1
T5  P5  
 
T4  P4 
0.4
 100  1.4
T5  7975  
 273.6 
 598.2 K
For the flow through the nozzle
C52  C42
 h4  h5
2
Neglecting C4 compared C5 we get
C5  2C p (T4  T5 )
 2  1005(7975  598.2
 632.9 m / s.
The exit velocity of air from the nozzle is 632.9 m/s.
28. An air compressor is used to supply air to a rigid tank that h as a volume of 4m 3.
Originally, the air pressure and temperature in the tank are 101 kPa and 35C. The supply
pipe is 5 cm diameter and the velocity of air in the inlet pipe remains at 15 m/s. The
pressure and temperature of the air in the inlet pipe are constant at 750 kPa and 35C.
Calculate the following:

46
a) the time rate of change of mass inside the tank.

b) the mass of air added to the tank if the pressure of the tank reaches 400 kPa and 50C.
c) time required to reach the tank pressure of 400 Kpa at 50C.
System : Open
Process : Unsteady flow
Known : 1. Volume of the tank V1= 4m3
2. Initial pressure P1 = 101 Kpa
3. Initial temperature T1 = 273 + 35 = 308 K
4. Supply pipe diameter D1 = 0.05 m
5. Velocity of inlet air Ci = 15 m/s.
6. Pressure at the inlet Pi = 750 Kpa
7. Temperature at the inlet Ti = 273 + 35 = 308 K
Diagram :-
Air from the compressor
Tank of volume 4m3 Insulation
To find : 1. Rate of increase in mass of the control volume.

2. Mass of the air in the tank when the pressure and temperature reach 400 kPa and 50C
respectively.
3. Time required for the pressure of the tank to reach 400 kPa at 50C.
Analysis :
1. Rate of increase in mass of the control volume = Rate of mass inflow into the control
volume.
 dm 
That is     A1C1
 dt 
p
Where   i
RTi
750
=
0.287  308
= 8.48 kg/m3

47

Ai   Di2


  0.052

1.963 103 m 2
 dm  3
Therefore    8.48 1.963 10 15
 dt cv
= 0.25 kg/s.
2. Mass of air added = Final mass – Initial mass

= (m2 – m1)cv
pV
Where m1 = 1 1
RT1
101 4

0.287  308
457Kg
pV
m2  2 2
RT2
Final volume V2, is the same as V1 since the vessel is rigid.
400  4
0.287  323
 17.26 kg
Substituting m1, and m2 we get
(m2 – m1) = 17.26 – 4.57

= 12.69 kg
3. Time required to reach 400 kPa and 50C
Increase in mass

Rate of air supply
(m  m1 )cv
 2
 dm 
 
 dt cv
12.69

0.25
 50.76 Seconds

48
29. A rigid vessel of volume 250 litre containing at air 1 bar and 300 k is being filled
adiabatically by connecting it to a pipe supplying air 5 bar and at unknown temperature T 1.
Once the vessel completely filled, it is disconnected from the main temperature and
pressure of the air inside the vessel when it is full is T 2 and 5 bar, respectively. Determine
the temperature T2. Take T1 = T2.
System : Open
Process : Unsteady flow
Known : 1. Volume of the vessel V1 = 250 lit = 0.25 m3
2. Initial pressure p1 = 1 bar = 100 Kpa.
3. Initial temperature T1 = 300 K
4. Final pressure p2 = 5 bar = 500 KPa
5. Pressure of the supply air p1 = 5 bar = 500 KPa
6. Final Temperature T1 = Supply air temperature.
Diagram :-
Supply air
Vessel or Volume 250 litre
To find : Final temperature
Analysis : Balancing mass over the filling process

(m2 – m1)cv = mihi
Balancing energy over the filling process
(E)cv = mihi
m2u2 – m1u1 = mihi
m2CvT2 – m1CvTi = m1CpTi
m2T2 – m1T1 = miTi
Since T2 – Ti and mi = m2 – m1
m2 T2 ( - 1) = m1T2 - m1T1
T 
m2T2 ( - 1) = m1T1  2  
 T1 
Consider this equation
pV pV
m2T2 = 2 2 and m1T1 = 1 1
R R
substituting in the above equation we get

49
p2V2 pV T 
(  1)  1 1  2 (  1) 
R R  T1 
As we vessel in rigid V2 = V therefore

T 
p2 (  1)  p1  2 (  1) 
 T1 
p1
p2 (  1)  T2 (  T1 ) 
T1
p2
T2  T1   T1 (  1)
p1
1 P2T1 
T2  T1  (  1) 
 P1 
T  P 
 1 1  2 (  1) 
  P1 
substituting the numerical values we get
300  500 
T2  1 (1.4  1) 
1.4  100 
 642.9 K
30. What are the Limitations of First Law thermodynamics?
(1) First Law of thermodynamics does not specify the direction of flow of heat and work. i.e.,
whether the heat flows from hot body to cold or from cold body to hot body.
(2) The heat and work are mutually convertible the work can be converted fully into heat
energy but heat cannot be converted fully into mechanical work. This violates the foresaid
statements. A Machine which violates the First law of thermodynamics is known as
perpetual motion machine (PMM - !) of the first kind which is
impossible.
PMM – 1 is a machine which delivers work continuously without any input. Thus, the machine
violates first law of the thermodynamics.
31. During a flow process a 5 kW paddle wheel work is supplied while the internet energy of
the system increases in one minute is 200 kJ. Find the heat transfer when there is no other
form of energy transfer.
Given data:
Work done, W=5kW(since work is supplied to the system)

Internal energy, U=

50
200
 3.33kj / see ]
60
From first law of Thermodynamics.

Q=W+U
Q=5+3.33
Q=-kW
Heat transfer, Q=-1.67kw
(Note:-ve sign indicates that the heat is transferred from the system.)
32. A liquid of mass 18 kg is heated from 250C to 850C. How much heat transfer is required?
Assume Cp for water is 4.2kJ/kgK.
M=18kg
T1=250C=25+273=298K
T2=850C=85+273=358k
Heat transfer, Q=mCp(T2-T1)

Q=18x4.2x(358-298)
Q=4536kJ
33. A closed system receives un input of 450kJ and increases the internal energy of the
system for 325kJ. Determine the work done by the system.
Given Data
Heat received, Q=450kJ

U=325kJ.
By fist law of thermodynamics

Q=W+U
450=W+325
W=450-325=125kJ
34. During the compression stroke of reciprocated compressor, the work done to the air in
the cylinder is 95kJ/kg and 43lJ/kg of heat is rejected to the surroundings. Determine the
change in internal energy.
Given data:
W=-95kg(-ve sign indicates that the work is done on the system)

Q=-43kJ(since the heat is rejected form the system)

51
Solution:
By first law of Thermodynamics

Q=W+U
-43=-95+U
U=-43-(-95)
U=52kJ/kg
The internal energy increases by 52kj/kg.
35. Calculate the distance moved by a locomotive from consuming 2 tone of coal if 10% of
the heat generated by the coal is converted into to coal gas then into mechanical work. The
tractive effort required is 30N/tonne of dead mass of the locomotive where the dead mass
of the locomotive is 2500 tones. Assume 1 kg of coal liberates 35000kJ of heat on burning.
Given data:
Mass of coal, Q=2 tonne =2000kg

Available mechanical work=10%Q
Tractive effort =30N/tonne
Mass of the locomotive =25000 tonnes.
For 1kg of coal, 35000kJ of heat is generated.
Calorific value of coal. CV=35000kJ/kg

Heat generated, Q=mcxCV=2000x35000=70x6kJ
10
W  70  106
100
 70  105 kJ  70  108 J
we know that,
work done = Force x distance
Where work done is nothing but available mechanical work
70x105x103=75000xx
x=93333.3m
=93.3km.
Distance moved by a locomotive, x=93.3km
36. The following data refer to a closed system, which under goes a thermodynamics cycle
consisting of four processes.
Process Heat transfer kJ/min Work transfer kJ/min

a-b 50,000 -
b-c -5,000 34,200
c-d -16,000 -2,200
d-a -3,000

52
Show that the data is consistent with the first law thermodynamics and calculate:
a) Net rate of work outputs is MW

b) Efficiency of the cycle
Given data:
Qa-b =50,000kJ/min
Qb-c =50,000kJ/min
Qc-d =-16,000kJ/min
Qd-a=0
Wd-a=0
Wb-c=34,200kJ/min
Wc-d=-2,200kJ/min
Wd-a=3,000kJ/min
To Find
1.  W  ? and
2. =?
Solution:
Cyclic heat transfer of the cycle,

Q=50000-5000-16000+0
=29000kJ/min
similarly, cyclic work transfer of the cycle,

W=0+34200-2200-3000
=29000kJ/min
From first law of the thermodynamics Q=W

The gives data is consistent with the first law of thermodynamics.
29000
Net work output, W= kJ / sec
60
=483.3kW
=0.48MW
Heat supplied, Qs = 50,000kJ/min( Taking the positive heat only)
Work done

  W
Heat supplied Qs
29000
Efficiency of the cycle,= =
50,000
=58%

53
Result:
 W=0.48MW
1. Total work output of the cycle, 
2.Efficiency of the cycle, =58%
37. A paddle wheel fixed to the shaft of an engine revolves in a closed hollow vessel
containing water. This closed vessel is connected freely on the shaft and restraint to its
turning moment is proved by mass attached to its side. Find the temperature rise for the
following observations.
Engine rpm=650
Load applied = 60kg at a leverage of 1.2m
Quantity of water =200kg.
Duration of test = 20minutes
Given data:
Speed, N=650kg
Load, W=60kg
Leverage,1-1.2m
Mass of water, mw=200kg.
Time, t=20 minutes.
Torque=WxI
=60x10x12 [1kg=10N]
=720N-m
Break power or work done = 2x650x720x20

=58810614.48J
Heat gained by the water in 20min Q=mwCpw  tw

58810614.48=200x4.18x103xtw
[Cpw=4.18kJ/kgK=4.18x103J/kgK]
tw=70.350C.
Result:
Rise in temperature, tw=70.350C

54
38. During a non flow process, the temperature of the system changes form 15 0C. the work
done by the system and heat transfer/0C rise in temperature, at each temperature is given
by
w Q
  6  0.065T  kJ / 0 C and  1.005kJ / 0 C.
dT dT
Determine change in internal energy of the system during the process.
Given data :
T1=150C=15+273=288k
T2=500C=50+273=323k
w
  6  0.065T  kJ / 0 C
dT
Q
 1.005kJ / 0 C.
dT
Solution:
  Q    W .............(1.2)
U   Q  1.005dT ..............(1.3)
 W   6  0.065T  dT ...........(1.4)
Substituting (1.3) & (1.4) in (1.2)

T2 T2
U    Q    W
T1 T1
T2 T2
  1.005dT    6  0.065T  dT
T1 T1
 0.065 2 
 1.005[T2  T1 ] 6 T2  T1   T2  T1.2 

 2  
 
 1.005[323  288]  6  323  288  

0.065
2
 3232  2882  

 520.188kJ
Result :
The change in internal energy, U=520.188kJ.

55
39. A 1kW string motor is applied to tank or water. The tank contains 15kg of water and the
string action is applied for ½ hr. if the tank is perfectly insulated calculate the change in
internal energy of water assuming that the process occurs at constant pressure and that C v
for water may be taken as 4 kJ/kg K. Also calculate rise in temperature.
Given data:
Power P=1kW
Time, t=1/2 hr.
Mass of water, mw =15kg.
For perfect insulation, Q=0.
Cv=4. 18kJ/kg K
Solution:
By First law of Thermodynamics,

Q=W+U
Q=0 for perfect insulation
W=-U
Work done, W=1 x ½ x3600[ 1 hr= 3600 sec]
=1800kJ
U=1800kJ
-ve sign indicates that the internal energy is decreased.
For calculates, we can consider only magnitude.
U=mwCwwt
t=28.7080C
Result:
1. The change in internal energy U=-1800kJ

2. The rise in temperature, t=28.7080C
40. During summer season a room measuring 10x13x6m3 is cooled electrically from initial
temperature 280C to 20C. the air pressure inside the room is same as that of surroundings
and is equal to 72cm of Hg. The pressure remains constant during the cooling process. The
cooling capacity of furniture and wall is 35kJ/k. The specific heat of air is 1.005 kJ/kg k.
calculate the amount of electric energy needed cooling the room. How much air comes out
through gaps and windows during cooling period?

56
Given data:
Volume of air =10x13x6m3

Temperature range =280C to 20C at 72cm of Hg
Cooling capacity of a/c and wall = 35kJ/K
Cpof air, Cpa = 1.005kJ/kg k.
Solution:
We know that, 76cm of Hg = 1.013 bar
1.013
For 72cm of Hg =  72
76
=0.9596 bar
Volume of air, Va = 10x13x6

=780m3
PV1
m1 
RT1
0.9596  100  780
m1 
Mass of air before cooling, 0.28  301
=888.097kg
PV1
m1 
RT2
0.9596 100  780
m1 
Mass of air after cooling, 0.28   273  2 
=972.06kg.kg
The amount of air coming into the room during cooling.
M=m2-m1
M=972.06-888.097
=83.963kg
Cooling effect required from 280C to 20C

Q=mCp(T1-T2)
m1  m2 888.097  972.06
Mean mass, m= 
2 2
=930.08kg
 Q1  930.08 1.005(28  2)
=24302.99kJ
Cooling effect required to cool the walls and furniture

Q2=35x(28-2)
=910kJ

57
 The total cooling effect Q=Q1+Q2

Q=24302.99+910
=25212.99kJ
Q
Electricity needed, E=
3600
25212.99
=
3600
=7kW-hr
Result:
1. Amount of electricity needed, E=7kW-hr.

2. Amount of air comes through gaps & windows 83.963kg.
41. 25 people attended a farewell party in a small room of size 10x8m and have a 5m ceiling.
Each person gives up about 350 kJ of heat per hour. Assuming that the room is completely
sealed off and insulated, calculate the air temperature rise occurring within 10 minutes.
Assume Cv of air 0.718kJ / kg k and R=0.287kJ/kg k and each person occupies a volume of
0.05m3.
Given data:
No. of persons =25

Room size = 10x8m
Ceiling height =5m
Heat /Person=350kJ/hr.
Time, t==10min
Cv0.718kJ/kg K.
R=0.287kJ/kg K.
Each person volume, Vp=0.05m3
Solution:
Volume of the room, Vr=10 x 8 x 5
=400m3
The volume of air, Va=Vr -Vp x n
=400-0.05 x 25
=398.75M3
pVa
m
RT
1.013  100  398.75
Mass of air,=
0.287  293
=472.29kg
[  Assuming, p=1.013 bar & T=200 C ]
By first law of thermodynamics,
Q=W+U
Assume heat addition at constant volume process

58
W=0
Q=U=Heat/ person x no. of persons
=350 x 25
=8750 kJ/hr
8750
Heat loss for 10 minutes, Q  10  1458.33kJ
60
Heat gained by air, Q=mCv=T

1458.33=472.29x0.718xT
T=4.220C.
Result:
The rise in temperature, T=4.220C.
42. Mass of 15kg of air in a piston cylinder device is heated from 25 0C to 900C by passing
current through a resistance heater inside the cylinder. The pressure inside the cylinder is
held constant at 300 kPa during the process and heat loss of 60kJ occurs. Determine the
electrical energy supplied in kW – hr and changed in internal energy. [Madras univ. Apr‟99]
Given data:
M=15kg
T1=250C90+273=298K
T2=900C=90+273-363K
P1=P2=300Pa=300kN/m2
Q=-60kJ
To find:
(i) Electrical energy supplied

(ii) Change in internal energy
Solution:
Work done, W=mR(T2-T1)

=15x0.287(363-298)
=279.825kJ
Work done in kW-hr= Work done x 3600

=279.825x3600
=1007.37x103kW-hr
Change in internal energy
U=Q-W
=-60..279.825=-339.825kJ.

59
Result:
(i) Electrical energy =1007.37x103kW-hr

(ii) Change in internal energy,U=-339.825kJ
43. In a vessel 10kg of O2 is heated in a reversible non-flow constant volume process, so

that the pressure of O2 is increased two times that of initial value. The initial temperature is
200C. calculate the final temperature, change in internal energy, change in enthalpy, and
heat transfer. Take R=0.259kJ/kg K and Cv=0.625 kJ/kg K for oxygen. [ Madras Univ.-
Oct‟98].
Given data:
M=10kg
Process: constant volume
P2=2p1
T1=200C=20+273=293K
R=Cp=Cv=0.259kJ/kgK
So1 Cp=R+Cv=0.259+0.652=0.911kJ/kg K
To find:
T2U,H and Q
Solution:
(i) temperature at the end of the process (T2):

for constant volume process
P1 T1

P2 T2
P1 293

2 P1 T2
T2  586 K
(b) Change in internal energy

U=mxCvx(T2-T1)
=10x0.625x(586-293)
=2669.23kJ
By first law of thermodynamics

Q=W+U
For constant volume process, w=0

Q=U
Q=1910.36kJ

60
Result:
Final temperature T2 =586K

Change in internal energy, U=1910.36kJ
Change in enthalpy, H=26669.23kJ
Work done, w=0
Heat transfer, Q=1910.36kJ.
44. A certain gas of volume 0.4m3, pressure of 4.5 bar and temperature of 1300C is heated in
a cylinder to a 9 bar when the volume remains constant. Calculate (i) Temperature at the
end of the process, (ii) the heat transfer, (iii) change in internal energy (iv) work done by the
gas, (sv) change in enthalpy and (vi) mass of the gas, assume Cp = 1.005kJ/kg K. and Cv =
0.7kJ/kg K.
Given data:
V1=0.4m3
P1=4.5bar=450kN/m2
T1=1300C=130+273=403K
P2=9bar=900kN/m2
Cp=1.005kJ/kg K
Cv=0.71 kJ/kg K and
It is given that the process ion constant volume process
To find:
T2,Q,U, W,H and m.
Solution:
(i) Temperature at the end of the process (T2):

Relation between p.v.T for constant volume process is
P1 T1

P2 T2
P2 900
T2  T1  403  806k
P1 450
Heat transfer (Q):
Q=mCv(T2-T1)kJ
First find out the mass of the gas by using characteristic gas equation.
P1V1=mRT1
Where
R=Cp-Cv=1.005-0.71=0.295kJ/kg K

61
PV 450  0.4
m 1 1
  1.51kg
RT1 0.295  403
Then, Q=1.51 x 0.71 x(806-403)

=433.2kJ
(c) Change in internal Energy, (U):\

From First law, Q=W+U
In this process, W=0
Therefore, Q=U
U=433.2kJ.
(d) Work done by gas (w):

For the constant volume process work done by the gas zero.
W=0
(e) Change in Enthalpy(H)

H=mCv(T2-T1)
=1.51 x 0.71 (806-403)=432.06kJ
H=432.06kJ
(f) Mass of the gas (m):

Already, we find that mass, m=1.51kg.
Result:
(i) Temperature at the end of the process (T2)=806K

(ii) The heat transfer, (Q)=433.2kJ
(iii) Change in Internal energy, (U)=433.2kJ
(iv) Work done by the gas, (W)=0
(v) Change in Enthalpy, (H)=432.06kJ
(vi) Mass of the gas, (m)=1.51kg.
45. 2 5kg of air at 400 C and 1 bar is heated in reversible non-flow constant pressure until
the volume is doubled. Find (a) change in volume (b) work done (c) change in internal
energy and (d) change in enthalpy.
Given data:
M=5kg
T1=400C
P1=1bar =100kN/m2
V2=2V1
P=constant
To find:
1. V2-V1

62
2. W=?
3. U=?
4. H=?
Solution:
From ideal gas equation
p1V1  mRT1
5  0.287  313
V1 
100
=4.49m3
The final volume V2=2v1

=2x4.49
=8.98m3
(i) Change in volume:
V2-V1=8.98-4.49
=4.49m3
(ii) Work transfer:
v2
W  pdv  p  v
v1
2  v1 
=100(8.98-4.49)
=449kJ
(iii) change in internal energy:

U=mCv(T2-T1)
For constant Pressure process
V2 T2

V1 T1
V 
T2  T1  2 
 V1 
 2V 
=313  1 
 V1 
=626K
U=5x0.714(626-313)
=1117.41kJ
(iv) Change in enthalpy
H=mCp(T2-T1)
-5x1.005(626-313)
=1572.825kj.

63
Result:
1. Change in volume, V2-V1=4.49m3

2. Work done, W=449kJ
3. Change in internal energy, U=1117.41kJ
4. Change in enthalpy, H=1572.83kJ.
46. One kg of gas is expands at constant pressure from 0.085 m 3 to 0.13 m3. If the initial
temperature of the gas is 2250C, find the final temperature, net heat transfer, change in
internal energy and the pressure of gas.
Given data:
M=kg
V1=0.085m3
V2=0.13m3
T1=2250C=25+273=498K
Assume Cp=1.005kJ/kg k; Cv=0.71kJ/kg K.
To find:
T2,Q,U&P
Solution:
(i) Final temperature (T2):

By using p, V&T relation
V1 T1

V2 T2
V2
T2   T1
V1
0.13
  498
0.085
T2  761.6 K
(ii) Heat transfer(Q):
Q=mCp(T2-T1)
=1x0.7(761.6-498)
Q=264.9kJ
(iii) Change in Internal energy (U):
U=mCv(T2-T1)
=1x0.7(761.6-498)
U=187.16kJ.

64
(iv) Pressure(p):
p1V1=mRT1
 R  C p  Cv 
mRT1 1 0.295  498  
p1    =1.005-0.71 
V1 0.085  R=0.295kJ/kg K 
 
p1  1728.3kN / m  p 2
2
Result:
(i) Final Temperature (T2=761.6K

(ii) Heat transfer (Q) =264.9kJ
(iii) Change in internal energy (U)=187.16kJ
(iv) Pressure, p1=p2=1728.3kN/m2
47. 0.25kg of air at a pressure of 1 bar occupies as volume of 0.3m 3. if this air expands
isothermally to a volume of 0.9m3. Find (i) the initial temperature, (ii) the final temperature
(iii) external work done, (iv) Heat absorbed by the air, (v) change in internal energy. Assume
R=0.29kJ/kg K.
Given data:
M=0.25kg
P1=1 bar = 100kN/m2
V1=0.3m3
V2=0.9m3
To find:
1. T1=?
2. T2=?
3. W=?
4. Q=?
5. U=?
Solution:
From ideal gas equation.
P1V1 = mRT1
100  0.3
T1 
0.25  0.287
For isothermal process

T1 = T2 = 418.12K

65
 p1   V1 
Work done, W, mp1V, in   orp1v1in  
 
p2  V2 
 0.9 
 100  0.3 in  
 0.3 
=32.96kJ
Heat absorbed, Q = W
= 32.96kJ
Change in internal energy, U = 0.
Result:
1. Work done, W = 32.96kJ

2. Heat absorbed, Q = 32.96kj
3. Change in internal energy, U = 0.
48. A mass of 1.5kg of air is compresses in a quasi static process from 0.1MPa to 0.7 MPa
for which pV = constant. The initial density of air is 1.16kg/m3. Find the work done by the
piston to compress the air.
Given data:
M = 1.5kg
Process = Quasi – static, pV = C (isothermal)
P1 = 0.1MPa = 100kN/m2
P2 = 0.7MPa = 700kN/m2
Initial density (1) = 1.16kg/m3
To find:
Work done, w
Solution:
mass m 
Density =
Volume  V1 
mass m  1.5
 Volume    1.293m3
Density  1 1.16
Volume (V1) = 1.293m3
V2
Forisothermalprocess, W  p1V1in
V1
 0.1847 
 100  1.293  in    251.6kJ
 1.293 

66
(-ve sign indicates that the work is done on the system)
Result:
Work done, W = -251.6kJ
49. 2 kg of gas at a pressure of 1.5 bar occupies volume of 2.5m 3. If this gas compress
isothermally to 1/3 times the initial volume. Find (i) initial temperature (ii) final temperature
(iii) work done and (iv) heat transfer. Assume R = 0.287 kJ/kg K.
Given data:
M = 2kg
P1=1.5 bar = 150k/m2
V1=2.5m3
1 1
V2 V1   2.5  0.83m3R  0.287kJ / kgK
3 3
To find:
T1, T2, W and Q
Solution:
(i) Initial and final temperature (T1 & T2)
P1V1 = mRT1
p1V1 150  2.5

T1 
mR 2  0.287
T1=653.3K
This is a isothermal T1 = T2 = 653.3K
(ii) Work done (W):
V2
W  mRT1 in
V1
 0.83 
 2  0.287  653.3  in  
 2.5 
W = -413.5kJ
Note: Here, negative sign indicates that the work is done on the system.
(iii) Heat transfer (Q):

From First law, Q = W + U
For isothermal process, U = 0

67
Q = W = -413.5kJ
Note: Here negative sign indicates that the heat is rejected by the system.
Result:
i. Initial and Final temperature, T1 = T2 = 653.3K

ii. Work done (W) = -413.5kJ
iii. Heat transfer (Q) = -413.5kJ
50. 10kg of gas at 10 bar and 4000C expands reversibly and adiabatically to 1 bar. Find the
work done and change in internal energy. (Manonmaniam sundaranar univ. – Apr‟96).
Given data:
M = 10kg
P1 = 10bar = 1000kN/m2
T1 = 4000C = 400 + 273 = 673K
P2 = 1 bar = 100 kN/m2
To find
W and U
Solution
By adiabatic relation,
 1
T2  p2  
 
T1  p1 
14 1
 100  14
T2     673  348.58K
 1000 
Work done,
mR  T1  T2 
W
 1
10  0.287   673  348.58 
  2327.74kJ
1.4  1
U = m x Cv x (T2 – T1)
= 10 x 0.718 x (348.58 – 673)

= -2327.74kJ

68
Alternately, from first law, Q = W + U
In adiabatic process, Q = 0
W = -U = -2327.74kJ
Result:
1. Work done, W = 2327.74 kJ

2. Change in internal energy, U = -23 27.74kJ
51. 1.5kg of certain gas at a pressure of 8 bar and 200C occupies the volume of 0.5 m3. It
expands adiabatically to a pressure of 0.9 bar and volume 0.73 m 3. Determine the work
done during the process, gas constant, ratio of the specific heats, values of two specific
heats, change in internal energy and change in enthalpy.
Given data:
M = 1.5kg
P1 = 8 bar = 800kN/m3
V=1 = 0.15m3
T1=200C = 20+273 = 293K
P2=0.9bar = 90kN/m2
V2 = 0.73m3
To find: W,R, Cp / Cv, Cp, Cv, U and H
Solution:
From characteristics gas equation
P1V1 = mRT1
p1V1
R
mT1
800  0.15
R
1.5  293
R = 0.273kJ / kgK
Ratio or two specific heat.
Cp

Cv
 p2 
log10  
  p1 
V 
log10  1 
 V2 

69
 90 
log10  
  800 
 0.15 
log10  
 0.73 
  1.38.
Cp
  1.38
Cv
 Cp  1.38Cv
R  Cp  Cv
 1.38Cv  Cv
0.273  C v 1.38  1
0.273
Cv   0.718kJkgK
0.38
Cp  1.38  0.78  0.99kJ / kgK
By using Relation between T & V for isentropic process

 1  1
T2  V1  V 
   T2   1   T1
T1  V2   V2 
1.38 1
 0.15 
T2     293  160.59K
 0.73 
Change in internal energy (U)
U=mCv(T2 – T1)
=1.5 x 0.718 x (160.59 – 293)
H = -196.6kJ
Work done (W):
p1V1  p2V2 800  0.15  90  0.73

W 
 1 1.38  1
W  .89kJ
Alternately, from first law of thermodynamics, Q = W + U

For isentropic process, Q = 0
W = -U = 142.5kJ
Results:
i. Work done (W) = 142.89kJ

ii. Gas constant  = 0.273kJ/kg K.
Cp
iii. Ratio of two specific heat    1.38
Cv

70
iv. Values of two specific heat, Cp=0.99kJ/kg Cv = 0.718kJ/kg K

v. Change in internal energy (U) = -142.5kJ
vi. Change in enthalpy (H) = -196.6kJ
52. A gas of mass 0.35g pressure 1535 kN/m3 as temperature of 3350C is expanded
adiabatically to pressure of 126 kN/m2. The gas is than heated constant volume until it
reaches 3350C, when its pressure is found to be 275kN/m2. Finally the gas is compressed
isothermally until the original pressure 1535 kN/m2 obtained. Draw the p-V diagram and find
out the following (i) the value of adabatic index (ii) change in internal energy during
adabatic process and (iii) heat transfer during constant volume process Take C p =
1.005kJ/kg k.
Given data:
M = 0.35kg
P1 = 1535 kN/m2
Process 1-2: Adiabatic
T1 = 3350C = 608K
P2 = 126kN/m2
Process 2 – 3: Constant volume
T2 = T1 = 608K
P3=275kN/m2
Process 3-1: Isothermal
To find:
0U and Q
p1 pV=C
Pressure (p) 
pV=C
2
V1 V2
Volume (V)
Solution:
Consider process 2-3: Constant volume process

71
p 2 p3

T2 T3
p2 126
T2   T3   608
p3 275
T2 = 278.57K
Consider process 1-2: Adiabatic process

 1
T1  p3  
 
T2  p2 
Taking log on both sides
 T   1  p1 
log10  1   log10  
 2
T   p2 
 608    1  1535 
log10     log10  126 
 278.57   
 1
0.339   1.0857

0.339  1
  0.3122
1.0857 
0.3122    1
0.6877   1
1
  1.454
0.6877
  1.454
Change in internal energy (U) during adiabatic process
U=mCv(T2 – T1)
Cp

Cv
Cv  kJ / kgK
U = 0.35 x 0.691 x (278.57 – 608)

U = -79.69kJ
Heat transfer during Constant volume process
U=mCv(T3 – T2)
= 0.35 x 0.691 x (608 – 278.57)
U=79.69KJ

72
From first law of thermodynamics, Q = W + U

Q = U [W=0]
=79.69kJ
Result:
i. Value of adiabatic index,  = 1.454
ii. Change in internal energy during adiabatic process (U) =-79.69kJ
iii. Heat transfer during constant volume process (Q) = 79.69kJ
53. A cylinder contains 1 m3 of gas at 100 kPa and 1000C, the gas is polytropically
compressed to a volume of 0.25 m3, the final pressure is 600kPa. Determine (a) mass of the
gas (b) the value of index „n‟ for compression (c) change in internal energy of the gas (d)
heat transferred by the gas during compression. Assume R=0.287 kJ/kg and  1.4.
[Bharathiyar univ, - Nov‟95]
Given data:
V1 = 1m3
P1 = 100kPa = 100KN/m2
T1 = 1000C = 100+273=373K
V2 = 0.25m3
P2 = 600kPa = 600kN/m2
R = 0.287kJ/kgK
 = 1.4
To find:
M,n U and Q
Solution:
By general gas equation
p1V1
m
RT1
100  1
P1V1 = mRT1 ====> m   0.93kg
0.287  373
The value of index „n‟ is given by
 p1 
log10   log10 
600 

 p2    100   1.29
V   1 
log10  1  log10  
 V2   0.25 
From polytrophic equation,

73
n 1
T2  p2  n
 
T1  p2 
1
 600 1.29
T2     373  558K
 100 
Change in internal energy.
U = m x Cv x (T2 – T1)
= 0.93 x 0.718 x (558 – 373)
=123.53kJ
mR  T1  T2 
W
n 1
0.93  0.287   373-558 
Work done, =
1.29  1
 170.19  1
  n
Q  W  
  1
 1.4 - 1.9 
Heat transfer, = -170.1    46.802kJ
 1.4 - 1 
Result:
Mass of gas, m = 0.93kg

Value of index, n = 1.29
Change in internal energy, U = 123.53kJ
Heat transfer, Q = -46.802kJ
54. An ideal gas of molecular weight 30 and specific heat ratio 1.4 is compressed according
to the law pV1.25 = C from 1 bar absolute and 270C to a pressure of 16 bar (abs). Calculate
the temperature at the end of compression, the heat received or rejected, work done on the
gas during the process and change in enthalpy. Assume mass of the gas as 1 kg.
Given data:
Molecular weight, M = 30
Cp
   1.4
Cv
m  1kg
p1  1bar  100kN / m2
p2  16bar  1600kN / m2

74
T1  270 C  27  273  300K

PV1.25  C
To find:
T2, Q, and W
Solution:
For polytropic process, the p,V and T relation

n 1 n 1
T2  p2  n  p2  n
   T2     T1
T1  p1   p1 
1.25 1
 600  1.25
T2     300  522.33K
 100 
Work done:
mR  T1  T2 
W
n 1
Ru Universal as constant 
Gas constant, R=
M  molecular weight 
 0.277kJ / kgK
1 0.277   300  522.33 

W
1.25  1
 246.34kJ
(-ve sign indicates that the work is done on the system) Heat transfer,
  n
Q  W  
  1
 1.4  1.25 
 246.34     92.3782kJ
 1.4  1 
(-ve sign indicates that the heat is rejected from the system)
Change in enthalpy:
H  m  Cp   T2  T1 
 1 1.005   522.38  300 
 233.49kJ
Result:
Temperature at the end of the compression, T2=522.38K

Work done on the system, W = -246.34kJ
Heat transferred from the system, Q = -92.378kJ
Change in enthalpy, H = 223.49kJ

75
55. A perfect gas for which ratio of specific heats is 1.4 occupies a volume of 0,3 m 3 at 100
kPa and 270C. The gas undergoes compression of 0.06m3. Find the heat transfer during the
compression for the following methods (a) pV = constant (b) Isentropic and (c) pV1.1 = C.
Given data:
P1=1000kPa=100kN/m2
V1=0.3m3
T1=270C+273=300K
 = 1.4
V2=0.06m3
Process (i) Constant pressure
(i) pV = C
(ii) pV1=C and
(iii) pV1.1 = C
To find:
Heat transfer (Q)
Solution:
a. pV = C
Heat transfer,
pIV1  p2V2    n 
Q  
n 1   1
100  0.3  587.3  0.06  1.4  1.1 
  1.4  1 
1.1  1  
 39.285kJ
Result:
Heat transfer for

a. pV = C process, Q=-48.28kJ
b. pV1 = C process, Q=0
c. pV1.1 = C process, Q=-39.285kJ
56. In steady flow process, 125 kJ of work is done by each kg of working fluid. The specific
volume, velocity and pressure of the working fluid at inlet are 1.41 m 3/kg,15.5 m/s and 6 bar
respectively. The inlet is 31m above the ground, and the exhaust pipe is at ground level.
The discharge conditions of the working fluid are 0.64 m3/kg, 1 bar and 263 m/s. The total
heat loss between inlet and discharge is 8.7 kJ/kg of fluid. In flowing through this
apparatus, does the specific internal energy increases or decreases and by how much?
Given data:

76
W = 125kJ/kg
V1=0.41m3/kg
C1=15.5m/s
P1=6bar=600kN/m2
Z1=31m
Z2 = 0
V2 = 0.64m3/kg
C2 = 263 m/s
P2 = 1 bar = 1000kN/m2
Q = 8.7 kJ/kg
To find:
Whether the internal energy increases or decrease and how much?
Solution:
The steady flow energy equation is

2 2
C1 C2
gz1   u1  Pv
1 1
 Q  gz 2   u2  P2 v2  W
2 2
C1  C2
2 2
u1  u 2  g  z 2  z1     P2 v2  Pv
1 1
 W  Q
2
 263  15.5 
2 2
u1  u 2  9.81   0  31  10   10  100  0.64  600 x 0.4 

3 3
2
125   8.7 
U 1  U 2  0.304  34.46  182  125  8.7
U 1  U 2  14.14kJ / kg
 U 2  U 1  14.14kJ / kg
Result:
Internal energy increases by 14.14kJ/kg
57. 50 kg/min of air enters the control volume in a steady flow statement at 2 bar and 100
and at an elevation of 100m above the datum. The same mass leaves the control volume at
150m Elevation with a pressure of 10 bar temperature of 300C. the entrance velocity as
2400 m/min. during the process 50,000 kJ/hr. calculate the power developed. (Madras
University Apr 96).
Given data:
50
m = 50 kg/ min = =0.83kg/sec
60
p1 = 2 bar = 200kN/m2

77
T1=100C = 373K
Z1= 100m
Z2 = 150m
P2 = 10 bar = 1000 kN/m2
r2 = 300C = 573k
2400
C1m = 2400m / min = = 40m/sec
60
1200
C2m = 1200m / min = =20m/sec
60s
50, 000
Q = 50,000kJ / hr = = 13.89kJ / sec
3600
To Find:
Power developed, P = ?
Solution:
SFEE is
C2 C2
gz1  1  u1  p1v1  Q  gz2  2  u2  p2v2  W
2 2
C  C2
2 2
W  g  z2  z1   1   h1  h2   Q
2
402  202
W  9.81 100  150    8 103  13.89 103
2
W=5999.5J/kg = 6kJ/kg K
Power developed,
P = W x mass
= 6.0 x 0.83
P = 4.98kJ / sc-4.98kW
Result:
Power developed P = 4.98kW
58. A boiler produces steam from water at 35C. enthalpy of steam is 2675kJ/kg. calculate
the head transferred per kg. neglect the potential and kinetic energies.
Give data:
Tw=35C = 35+273 = 308k
H2 = 2675 kJ/kg
Cpw = 4.19kJ/kg K.
To find:

78
Heat transferred, Q
Solution:
Enthalpy of feed water

h1  C puTw  4.19  308
h1  1290.52kJ / kg
SFEE for boiler heat transferred (Q)

Q = h2-h1=2675 – 1290.52
Q = 1384.48 kJ/kg
Result:
Heat transferred per kg, Q = 1384.48 kJ/kg
59. In a steady flow of air through a nozzle, the enthalpy decreases by 50 kJ between two
sections. Assuming that there are no other energy changes than the kinetic energy
determine the increases in velocity at sectiuon2, if the initial velocity is 90m/s.
Given data:
Enthalpy decrease, (h2-h2) = 50kJ = 50x103J
Velocity at section (1), C1 = 90m/s
To find:
Increase in velocity, (C2 – C1) = ?
Solution:
Steady flow energy equation for a nozzle is

C 2  C12
h1  h2  2
2
velocity at exit, C2  2  h1  h2   C12
= 2  50 10   90
3 2
C 2 =328.78m/s
Increase in velocity C2 – C1 = 238.78m/s
Result:
Heat transferred per kg. Q=1384.48 kJ/kg.
60. At the inlet of the nozzle, the enthalpy and velocity of the fluid are 3000 kJ/kg and 50m/s
respectively. There is negligible heat loss from the nozzle. At the outlet of the nozzle
enthalpy is 2450 kJ/kg. if the nozzle is horizontal, find the velocity of the fluid at exit.
(Bharathidasan University – Nov 94).

79
Given data:
h1=3000 kJ/kg
C1= 50m/s
Q=0
z1= z2
h2 = 2450kJ/kg
C2-C1 = 328.78-90 = 238.78m/s
To find
Velocity of the fluid at exit C2 = ?
Solution:
The SFEE for nozzle

C12 C2
 h1  2  h1
2 2
C2  2  h1  h2   C12
= 2   3000  2450   102  502

C2  1050m / s
Result:
Velocity of fluid at exit, C2=1050 m/s.
61. In a thermal power station, the steam flows, steadily through a 0.3 m diameter pipeline
from boiler to turbine. A boiler exhausts the steam at a pressure of 4.2 bar the temperature
of 420C and the enthalpy of 3216.3 kJ/kg. The specific volume of the steam boiler outlet is
0.076m3 /kg. After flowing through the turbine, the steam conditions are measured as the
pressure of 3.1 bar, temperature of 379C, the enthalpy of 3201.7 kJ/kg and the specific
volume of 0.086 m3/kg. There is a heat loss of 8.3 kJ/kg from the pipeline between boiler
and turbine. Calculate the rate of flow of steam.
Give data:
d1= 0.3m
p1= 4.2 bar = 420kN/m2
T1=420C
h1= 3216.3kJ/kg
v1 = 0.076m3/kg
p2 = 3.1
T2 = 379C
h2 = 3201

80
v2 = 0.086m3/kg
Q =-8.3kJ/kg (heat loss)
To find:
Rate of flow of steam, m=?
Solution:
By mass flow equations

A1C1 A2C2

v1 v2
Since, pipe diameter 0.3m is constant (A1=A2)
C1 C2

v1 v 2
C1 C1
C2   v2   0.086
v1 0.076
C2  1.13C1
The steady flow energy equation for the above system is
C12 C22
 h2  Q  h2   z1  z2 : w  0 
2 2
C22  C12
  h1  h2   Q
2
=  3216.3-3201.7    8.3
=6.3kJ/kg
C22  C12  2  6.3  12.6kJ / kg
1.13C1   C12  12.6 103 j / kg

2
C12  45.5 103
C1  213m / s
Mass rate of flow statement


  0.3  213
2
AC
m 1 1  4  198kg
v1 0.076

81
Result:
Mass rate of flow of steam, m=198kg/sec
62. A turbine operates under steady flow conditions receiving steam at the following state:
pressure = 1.2 mpa, temperature = 188C. The steam leaves the turbine at the following
state. Pressure = 20 kpa, Enthalpy = 2512 kJ/s. if the rate of steam flow through the turbine
is 0.42 kg/s, what is the power out put of the turbine in kW?
Given data:
p1=1.2MPa
T1= 188C
h1= 2785kJ/kg.
C1= 33.3m/s
z1=3
p2= 20 kpa
h2 = 2512kJ/kg
C2=100m/s
z2 = 0m
Q=-0.29kJ/s.
m=0.42kg/s.
To find:
Power output W=?
Solution:
SFEE
 C2   C2 
m  h1  1  z1 g   Q  m  h2  2  z2 g   W
 2   2 
 33.32 9.81 3   1002 
0.42  2785     0.29  0.42  2512   0 W
 2000 1000   2000 
Result:
The power out put of the turbine, W = 112.52W.
63. A steam turbine operates under steady flow conditions. It receives steam 7200
kg/hr from the boiler. The steam enters the turbine at enthalpy of 2800 kJ/kg, a
velocity of 400 m/min and an elevation of 4m. The steam leaves the turbine at
enthalpy of 2000 kJ, a velocity of 8000 m/min and an elevation of 1m. Due to
radiation the amount of heat losses from the power output of the turbine. (madras
university Apr 95)
Given data:

82
7200
m  kg / hr   kg / sec
3600
h2  2800kJ / kg
400
C1  400m / min   6.67m / s
60
z1  4m & z2  1m
h2  2000kJ / kg
C2  8000m / min  133.3m / s
Q  1580kJ / hr  0.438kJ / sec
To find:
Power output of the turbine, p=?
Solution:
The SFEE for the above system is
C12 C2
g1   u1  p1v1  Q  gz2  2  u2  p2v2  W
2 2
C  C2
2 2
W  g  z1  z2   1   h1  h2   Q
2
 6.67   133.3
2 2
#  9.81 4  1    2800  2000  103  0.438 103

2
W = 791605.23 J/kg = 791.6kJ/kg
Power output from the turbine,

P=W x mass
= 791.6 x 2
P=1583.2 kW
Result:
Power output from the turbine, P=1583.2 kW
64. Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through an air compressor. Entering at 7 m/s
velocity, 100 kPa pressure and 0.95 m3/kg, volume and leaving at 5m/s, 700kPa and 0.19
m3/kg. The internal energy of the air leaving is 90kJ/kg greater than that of the air entering.
Cooling water in the compressor jackets absorbs heat from the air at the rate of 58kW. (a)
Compute the rate of shaft work input is the air in kW. (b) Find the ration of the inlet pipe
diameter to the outlet pipe diameter.

83
Given data:
m  0.5kg / s.
C1  7m / s.
P1 = 100kpa
v1 = 0.95 m3 / kg
C2 = 5m /s
P2 = 700kPa
v 2  0.19m3 / kg
U2  U1  90kJ / kg
Q  58kN.
To find:
1. Work input, W =?
D1
2. ?
D1
Solution:
SFEE,
 C2   C2 
  u1  p1v1 1  z1g   Q  m  u2p2 v 2  2  z2 g   w
 2   2 
 C 2
  C 2

  p1v1  1  z1g   Q  m  (u1  u2 )p2 v 2  2  z 2 g   w
 2   2 
Assumez1  z2
 72 52 
0.5  (100  0.95)   58  0.5 90+(700  0.19)+ W
 2000 2000 
work input, W=-5.995K W
( -ve sign indicates that the work is done on the system)

From continuity equation,

84
A1C1 A 2 C2

v1 v2
A 1 C2 v 1 5
   3.57
A 2 C1v 2 7  0.19
4D12
 3.57
4D22
2
 D1 
   3.57
 D2 
D1
 1.89
D2
Result:
1. Work input, W = -5.994k W

D1
2. The ratio of the inlet to outlet pipe diameter,  1.89
D2
65. Air is compressed from 100 kpa and 220C to a pressure of 1 Mpa while being cooled at
the rate of 16 KJ/kg by circulating water through the compressor casing. The volume flow
rate of air inlet condition is 150m3/min and power input to compressor is 500 kW Determine
(a) mass flow rate (b) temperature of air exit. Neglect datum head . [Madras univ. Apr‟97]
Given data:
P1  100kPa
T1  22o C  22  273  295K
p2  IMPa
Q  16kJ / kg.
C1  5m3 / min
W =500kw.
To find:
1. Mass flow rate, m=?

2. Temperature of air exit, T2=?
Solution:
 C2   C2 
m  h1  1  z1g   Q  m  h2  2  z2 g   W.............(1)
 2   2 
From ideal gas equation,
P1V1= mRT1

85
100  150
m
0.287  295
 177.17kg / min
 2.953kg / sec
Neglect datum head, Z1  Z 2  0
C12  C22
Assume change in velocity head, 0
2
 The equation (1) reduces to
m(h1 )  Q  m(h2 )  W
100  150

0.287  295
 177.17kg / min
 2.953kg / sec
Neglect datum head, z1  z 2  0
C12  C22
Assume change in velocity head, 0
2
 Theequation (1) reduces to
m(h1 )  Q  m(h2 )  W
AssumeCp  1.005kJ / kg K for air.
M(c p T1  Q)  mCp T2  W
2.953 (1.005  295-16)=(2.953  1.005T2 )  500
T2  110.6K
Result:
1. Mass flow rate, m=2.953kg/sec.

2. Temperature of air exit, T2=110.6K.
66. During the working stroke of an engine the heat transferred out of the system was
150kj/kg of the working substance, determine the work done, when the internal energy is
decreased by 400 kj/kg. Also state whether the work done on or by the engine. [Nov-01]
Given data:
Q=-150 kJ/kg (Heat is transferred out0

U=-400kj/kg.
To find:
Work done, W=?

86
Solution:

Q=W+U
W=Q-U
=-150-(-400)
=250kJ/kg
Result:
Work output, W=250kJ/kg

(Positive work indicates that the work done is by the engine)
67. A fluid is confined in a cylinder by a spring-loaded frictionless piston so that the

pressure in the fluid is a linear function of the volume (p=a+bv). The internal energy of the
fluid is given by the following equation u = 34+3. 15pV, where us is kJ, p is in kPa and V in
m3. If the fluid change from an initial state of 170kPa. 0.03m3 to a final state of 400 kPa,
0.06m3, with no other work than that done on the piston, find the direction and magnitude
of the work and heat transfer.
Given data:
P. a+bV
U = 34+3.15pV
P1=170kPa
V1=0.03m3
P2=400kPa
V2=0.06m3
To find:
Work transfer, W =?
Heat transfer =?
Solution:
Change in internal energy,
U2  U1  (34  3.15p 2 V2 )  (34  3.15p1V1 )

= 3.15(p2 V2  p1V1 )
= 3.15(400  0.06-170  0.03)
= 59.535kJ
From pressure equation.

P=a+bV
P1= a+b V1.........(1.24)
P2=a+bV2……….(1.25)

87
At initial state, 170=a+b(0.03)
=a+0.03b………….(1.26)
At final state, 400 =a+0.06b………….(1.27)
Equation (1.27)-(1.26) results, s30=0.03b

B=7666.67
Substituting the value of b in (1.26)
170=a+0.03(7666.67)
a=60.0
The pressure equation, p=-60+7666.67V

v2 v2
W  p.dV 
v1
 (60  7666.67V)dV
V1
0.06
 V2 
= -60+7666.67 
 2  0.03
7666.67
W  60(0.06  0.03)  (0.06 2  0.03 2 )
2
= 8.55kJ
By first law of Thermodynamics.
Q = W +U
Q=8.55+59.535
=68.085kJ
Result:
1. Work transfer, W=8.55kJ

(+ve sign indicates that the work is done by the system.)
2. Heat transfer, Q = 68.085 J (+ve heat transfer indicates that the heat is transferred into the
system.)
68. A Piston and cylinder machine contains a fluid system which passes through a
complete cycle of four processes. During the cycle, the sum of all heat transfers is –
170kJ. The system completes 100cycles per minute. Complete the following table showing
the method for each item, and compute the net rare of work out put in kW.
Process Q(kj/min) W(kj/min) E(kJ/min)

a-b 0 2,170 -
b-c 21,000 0 -
c-d -2,100 - -
d-a - - -

88
Solution :
Process a-b:

Q=W+UE
0=2170+E
E=-2170kJ/min
Process b-c
Q=W+E
21,000=0+E
E=21,000kJ/min
Process C-d
-2,100=W-36,600
W=34, 500kJ/min
Process d-a:
Q = -170k(given)
No. of cycles/min = 100
=-17,000kJ/min
cycle Q=Qa-b+Qb-c+Qc-d+Qd-a
-17,000=0+21000-2100+Qd-a
Qd-a=-35900kJ/min.
We know that, in a cyclic process

Q=W
-17,000=W a-b+W b-c+Wc-d+W d-a
=2170+0+34500+W d-a
Wd-a = -53670kJ/min.

E=Q-W
=-35900 –(-53670)
=17770kJ/min.
Rate of work output,
W=-1700kJ/min
17000

60
=-283.3kW.

89
Result:
Process Q(kJ/min) W(kJ/min) E(kJ/min)

a-b 0 2,170 -2170
b-c 21,000 0 21,000
c-d -2,100 34,500 -36,600
d-a -35,900 -53670 17770
69. Five kg of air is compressed poly tropically (n-1.3) from 1 bar and 270C to 3 bar. Find (i)
work transfer (ii) heat transfer (iii) change in internal energy.
Given data:
P1=1bar=1100kN/m2
T1=270C=27+273=300K
P2 = 3 bar = 300kN/m2
N=1.3
To find:
1. Work transfer, W=?

2. Heat transfer, Q=?
3. Change in internal energy, U=?
Solution:
During poly tropic process,

n 1
P  n
T2  T1  2 
 P1 
1.3 1
 300  1.3
=300  
 100 
=386.57K
mR  T1  T2 
Work transfer, W=
n 1
1 .287  300-386.57 
=
1.3  1
=-82.82kJ/kg
 r-n 
heat transfer, Q=  W
 r-1 
 1.4-1.3 
=   82.82
 1.4-1 
Q=20.705kJ/kg.

90
By first law of thermo dynamics,

U=Q-W
=-20.705-(82.82)
=62.1155KJ/kg.
Result:
1. Work transfer, W=-82.82KJ/Kg

2. Heat transfer, Q=20.705kJ/Kg
3. Change internal energy, U=62.115kJ/kg
70. 5kg of air at 40C and 1 bar is heated in a reversible non-flow constant pressure until
the volume is doubled. Find (a) change in volume (b) work done (c) change in internal
energy and (d) change in enthalpy.
Given data:
M=5kg
T1=40C
P1=1bar=100kN/m2
V2=2V1
P=Constant
To find:
1. V2-V1=?
2. W=?
3. U=?
4. H=?
Solution:
From ideal gas equation.

P1V1=mRT1
5  0.287  313
V1 
100
=4.49m
The final volume V2=2V1
=2 x4.49
=8.98m3
Change in volume V2-V1=8.98-4.49

=4.49m3

91
r2
Work transfer, W= pdV  p(V2  V1 )

r1
 100(8.98  4.49)
 449kJ.

U=mCv(T2-T1)
For constant Pressure process
V2 T2

V1 T1
V 
T2  T1  2 
 V1 
 2V 
 313  1 
 V1 
 626K
 U  5  0.714(626  313)
 1117.41kJ
Change in enthalpy
H=mCp (T2-T1)
=5 x 1.005(626-313)
=1572.825kJ.
Result:
1. Change in Volume, V2-V1=4.49m3
2. Work done, W=449kJ
3. Change in internal energy,U=1117.41kJ
4. Change in enthalpy,H=1572.83KJ
71. A gas whose original pressure volume the temperature were 140kNm 2,0.13 and 25 C
respective. It is compressed such that new pressure is 700kN/m2 and its new temperature is
60C. Determine the new volume of the gas.[Nov-01]
Given data:
P1=140kN/m2
V1=0.1m3
T1=25C=25+273=298K
P2=700kN/m2
T2=60C =60+273=333K
To find:
V2=?

92
Solution:
p1V1 p2V2
RT1 RT2
140  0.1 700  V2

298 333
V2  0.0223m 3
Result:
New volume, V2  0.0223m3
72. 0.25kg of air at a pressure of 1 bar occupies a volume o 0.3m 3. If this air expands
isothermally to a volume o 0.9m3. Find (i) the initial temperature , (ii) The final temperature
(iii) External work done, (iv) Heat absorbed by the air, (v) change in internal energy Assume
R=0.29kJ/K.
Given data:
M=0.25kg
P1=1 bar =100kN/m2
V1=0.3m3
V2=0.9m3
To find:
1. T1=?
2. T2=?
3. W=?
4. Q=?
5. U=?
Solution:

P1V1=mRT1
100  0.3
T1 
0.25  0.287
=418.12K.
For isothermal process
T1=T2=418.12.12K

93
 p1   V1 
Workdon,W1mp1V1In   orp1v In  
 p2   V2 
 0.9 
 100  0.3In  
 0.3 
 32.96k.J
Heat absorbed, Q=W

=32.96kJ
change in internal energy ,U=0.
Result:
1. Work done, w=32.96kJ
2. Heat absorbed, Q=32.96kJ
3. Change in internal energy ,U=0.
73. In a steady flow system a working substance at a rate of 4kg/s enter a pressure of 620
kN/m2 at a velocity of 300m/s. The internal energy is 2100 kJ/kg and specific volume
0.37m3/kg. It leaves the system at pressure of 130kN/m2, a velocity of 150m/s, Inter energy
of 1500 kJ/kg and specific volume of 1.2m3/kg. During its passage in the system, the
substance has a heat transfer of loss of 30kJ/kg to its surroundings. Determine the power
of the system. State that it is from (or) to the system.
Given data:
M=4kg/s
P1=620kN/m2
C1=300m/s
U1=2100kJ/kg
V1=0.37m3/kg
P2=130kn/m2
C2=150m/s
U2=1500kJ/Kg
V2=1.2m3/kg
Q=-30kJ/kg
To find:
Power of the system, W=?
Solution;
SFEE

94
 C2   C2 
m  u1  p1v1 1  Z1g  Q   m  u2  p2v 2 2  Z2 g  W 
 2   2 
AssumeZ1  Z2
 C2   C2 
 m  u1  p1v1 1  Z1g   Q  m  u1  p2v 2 2  Z2 g   W
 2   2 
 3002   1502 
4  2100  (620  0.37)   30    4 1500  (130  1.2)   W
 2000   2000 
W  2708.6KW
(+Ve sign indicates that the work is one by the system.)
Result:
Work output from the system, W=2708.6kW
74. A mass of air is initially at 260C and 700kPa and occupies 0.028m3. the air is expanded
at constant pressure to 0.084m3. A polytrophic process with n=1 is then carried out,
followed by a constant temperature process. All the process are reversible.
1. Sketch the cycle in the p-V and T-s planes

2. Find the heat received and heat rejected in the cycle.
3. Find the efficiency of the cycle[Apr-03]
Given data;
T1=260C=273+260=533K
P1=700kPa=p2
V1=0.028m2
V1=0.084m2
Process 2-3 is polytrophic

Process 3-4 is constant temperature.
To find:
1. Sketch p-V and t-s diagram

2. Heat received and heat rejected, Q=?
3. Efficiency of the cycle, =?
Solution;
Process 1-2:
Constant pressure process.

95
v1 T1

T1 T2
V2
 T2   T1
V1
0.084
  533
0.028
 1599
Mass of air,
pV
m
RT
700  0.028
=
0.287  533
=0.128kg
Work done, W1-2  p(V2  V1 )
=700(0.084-0.028)
=39.2kJ
Heat transfer, Q1-2  mCp (T2  T1 )
=0.128  1.005  (1599-533)
Cp of air =1.005kJ/kgK 
=137.13kJ
Process 2-3
Polytropic process

96
n 1
T3  p3  n
 
T2  p2 
1.5 1
533  P3  1.5

1599  700 
P3  25.93kPa
FrompV  mRT
mRT3
V3 
P3
0.128  0.287  533


25.93
 0.755m 3
p1V1  p2V2
Polytropicwork ,W2 3 
n 1
700  0.084-25.93  0.755
=
1.5  1
=78.446kJ
 n
Heat transfer. Q23   W2 3
 1
=19.612kJ
Process 3-1
Constant temperature process, T1=T3=260C=533K

P1
Work transfer, W 3-1=P3V3 In
P3 1
 25.93 
25.93  0.755  In  
 700 
 64.52kJ (Workinput )
Q  64.52kJ [U=0]
Heat received in this cycle, Qs=137.13kJ (consider only +ve heat)
Heat reject in this cycle QR=19.612+64.52(consider only –ve heat)=84.132kJ

97
work done
Efficiency of the cycle, =
Heat sup plied
W  W2 3  W3 1
= 1-2
Qs
39.2+78.446-64.52
=
137.13
=38.74%
Or
QR
Efficiency of the cycle,  =
Qs
84.132
=1.
137.13
=38.74%
Result:
1.p-V and T-s planes and drawn

2. Heat received by the cycle, Qs=137.13kJ
3.Heat rejected by the cycle, QR=84.132kJ
4. Efficiency of the cycle,=38.74%
75. Air at a temperature of 15C passes through a heat exchanger at a velocity of 30m/s and
expands until the temperature falls to 650C. On leaving the turbine, the air is taken at a
velocity of 60m/s to a nozzle where it expands until the temperature has fallen to 500C. If
the air flow rate is 2kg/s, calculate:
(i) The rate of heat transfer to the air in the heat exchanger,
(ii) The power output from the turbine assuming no heat loss, and
(iii) The velocity at exit from the nozzle, assuming no heat loss.
Take the enthalpy of air as h=Cpt, where Cp is the specific heat equals to 1.005kJ/kg K and „t‟ the
temperature.
Given data:
T1=15C=273+15=288K
C1=30m/s
T2=800C=273+800=1073K
C2=30m/s
T3=650C=273+650=923K
C1=30m/s
T4=500C=273+500=773K
m=2kg/s

98
To find:
(i) The rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger, Q1-2=?

(ii) The velocity at exit from the nozzle C4=?
(iii) Power out put from the turbine, W 2-3=?
Solution:
SFEE between 1-2,
 C2   C2 
m  h1  1  z1g   Q  m  h2  2  z2 g   W12 .............(1  28)
 2   2 
Assuming that,
Work transfer ,W 1-2=0 and Z1=Z2
So, the above equation reduces to
 C2   C2 
m  h1  1   Q1 2  m  h2  2 
 2   2 
Here,C1  C2
 Q1 2 m(h2  h1 )
 mCp (T2  T1 )
 2  1.005  (1073  288)

 1577.85W
 C2   C2 
m  h2  2  z2 g   Q2 3  m  h2  3  z3 g   W2 3 .....(1.29)
 2   2 

99
Assuming that Q-3=0 and Z2=z3

Equation (1.29) reduces to
 C2   C2 
m  h2  2   m  h3  3   W2 3
 2   2 
 302   602 
2   1.005  1073    2 x  1.005  923    W2  3
 2  1000   2  1000 
W2-3  298.8kW
Similarly, applying SFEE between 3-4
 C2   C2 
m  h3  3  z3 g   Q3  4  m  h4  4  z4 g   W3  4 .....(1.30)
 2   2 
Assuming that Z3=Z4, Q3-4=0 (adiabatic nozzle) and W 3-4=0
The Equation (1.30) reduces to
 C2   C2 
m  h2  3   m  h3  4 
 2   2 
 602   C42 
2   1.005  923    2  1.005  773  
 2  1000   2  1000 
C4  552.36m / s
Result:
1. The rate o heat transfer in the heat exchanger, Q1-2=1577.85kW

2. The power output from the turbine , W 2-3=298.8kW
3. The velocity of nozzle exit, C4=552.36 m/s
76. A gas of mass 1.5 kg undergoes a quasi-static expansion which follows a

relationship p=a+bv, when a and b are constants. The initial and final pressure are
1000kPa and 200kPa respectively and the corresponding volumes are 0.2m3 and
1.2m3. the specific internal energy of gas is given by the relation u=1.5pV-85kJ/kg.
where p is in kPa and V is in m. Calculate the net heat transfer and the maximum
internal energy of the gas attained during expansion [Nov-03].
Given data:
M=1.5 kg
P=+bV
P1=10000kPa
P2=200kPa
V1=0.2m3
V2=1.2m3

100
U=1.5 pV-85
To find:
1. Heat transfer, Q=?

2. Maximum internal energy,U=?
Solution:
P1=a+bV1 and p2=a+bV2

1000=a+0.2b………(1.31)
200=a+1.2b………(1.32)
(1.32)-(1.31),b=800
From (1.31),a-1160
the relationship becomes P=1160-800V
2 1.2
Work transfer, W= pdV   (1160  800V )dv
1 0.2
1.2
 800V 2 
= 1160V 
 2  0.2
=1160(1-2-0.2)-(1.22  0.22 )
=600kJ
change in internal energy, U=U2-U1
=(1.5p2V2-85)-(1.5p1V1=85)
=(1.5p2V2-1.5p1V1)
=1.5(200 x 1.2-1000 x 0.2)
=60KJ
According to the first law of thermodynamics
Q=W+U
=600+60
=660kJ
Maximum internal energy, U2=mU2
 1.5  200  1.2 

1.5   85 
 1.5 
 232.5KJ

101
Result:
Heat transfer, Q=660KJ

Maximum internal energy, U=232.5kJ
77. A room for four person has two fans, consuming 0.18kW power and three 100W
lamps Ventilation air at the rate of 80kg/hr enters with the enthalpy of 84kJ/kg and
leaves with an enthalpy a 59KJ/Kg. If each person puts out heat at the rate 630kJ/hr.
Determine the rate at which eat is to be removed by a room cooler so that steady
state maintained in the room[ Nov-03]
Given data:
Np=(persons)s, nf=2
Wf=0.81kW (each)
W1=100 W(each)
80
Mass of air, m=80kg/hr=  0.22kg / sec
3600
Enthalpy of air entering, h1=84kJ/kg
Enthalpy of air leaving, h2=59kJ/kg
Qp=630kJ/hr (each person)
To find:
Rate of heat is to be removed =?
Solution;
Rate of energy increase = Rate of energy inflow-Rate of energy outflow
 C2   C2 
E  m  h1  1  z1g  Q   m  h2  2  z2 g  W  .....(1.33)
 2   2 
Assuming that,
C12  C22
0
2
( z1  z2 )g  0
Now , the equation (1.33) reduces to Q=Em (h1  h2 )  W
 npQp
630
 4 
3600
 0.7kJ / s  0.7kW
80
m(h1  h2 )  (84  59)
3600

102
0.55kJ/s=0.55kW
W= electrical energy input
=nfWf+n1W
100
 2  0.18  3 
1000
 0.66kW
 Q  0.70.556  0.66
 1916kW
Result;
Rate of heat to be removed , Q=-1.916kW
78. Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5kg/s through air compressor entering at 7m/s
velocity, 100kpa Pressure, and 0.953/kg specific volume, and leaving at 5m/s. 700kPa,
and 0.19m3/kg. the internal energy of air leaving is 90kJ/Kg greater than that of the air
entering. Cooling water in the compressor jackets absorb heat at the rate of 58kW.
Calculate the rate of shaft work input to the compressor [Nov-04]
Given data:
M=0.5kg/s.
C1=7m/s
P1=100kPa
V1=0.95m3/kg
C2=5m/s
P2=700kPa
V2=0.19m3/kg
U2-U1=90KJ/kg
Q=58kN.
To find:
1. Work input, W=?
D1
2. ?
D2
Solution:
SFEE,

103
 C2   C2 
  u1  p1v1 1  z1g   Q  m  u2 p2v 2  2  z2 g   W
 2   2 
 C2   C2 
  p1v1 1  z1g   Q  m  u1  u2  p2v 2  2  z2 g   W
 2   2 
Assume Z1  Z2
72  52 
 S 100  0.95    58  0.5 90+  700  0.19)+  W
2000  2000 
work input W =-5.995kW
(-ve sign indicates that the work is done on the system from continuity equation)
A1C1 A2C2

V1 V2
A1 C2v1 5
   3.57
A2 C1V2 7  0.19
 4 D12
 3.57
 4 D22
2
 D1 
   3.57
 D2 
D1
 1.89
D2
Result; Work input , w=-5.994 kw.
3. Work input, W =5.994kW
D1
4. The ratio of the inict to outlet pipe diameter  16
D2

104
UNIT – II
PART – A
1. State the Kelvin – Planck statement of second law of thermodynamics? [ MU – Nov‟94,

Oct ‟97, Oct‟ 2000 MKU – Nov‟95, Apr ‟96 ]
Kelvin – Plank states that it is impossible to construct a heat engine working on cyclic process,
whose only purpose is to convert all the heat energy given to it an equal amount of work.
2. State Clausius statement of second law of thermodynamics? [MU-Oct‟97, Oct‟99,

Apr‟2000;MK – Nov‟95]
It states that heat can flow from hot body to cold body without any external aid but heat cannot
flow from cold body to hot body without any external aid.
3. Write the two statements of the Second law of thermodynamics? [ Anna Univ.Apr‟03]
Kelvin planck statement:
It is impossible to construct an engine working on an cyclic process which converts all

the heat energy supplied to it into equivalent amount of useful work.
Clausis statement
Heat cannot flow from cold reservoir to hot reservoir without any external aid. But can flow
from reservoir to cold reservoir without any external aid.
4. State / Carnot‟s theorem?
No heat engine operating in a cyclic process between two – fixed temperatures can be more
efficient that a reversible engine operating between the same temperature limits.
5. What are the Corollaries of Carnot theorems?
i. All the reversible engines operating between the two given thermal reservoirs with fixed
temperature have the same efficiency
ii. The efficiency of any reversible heat engine operating between two reservoirs is
independent of the nature of the working fluid and depends only on the temperature of the
reservoirs.
6. Define – PMM of second kind
Perpetual motion of second kind draws heat continuously from single reservoir and converts
it into equivalent amount of work. Thus it gives 100% efficiency.

105
7. What is difference between a heat pump and refrigerator.
Heat pump is a device which operating in a cycle process, maintains the temperature of a
hot body at temperature higher that the temperature of surrounding.
A refrigerator is a device which operating in a cycle process maintains the temperature of a

cold body temperature lower than the temperature of the surrounding.
8. What is mean by heat engine?
A heat engine is a device which is used to convert the thermal energy into mechanical energy.
9. Define the term COP
Coefficient of performance is defined as the ratio of heat extracted or rejected to work input
Heat extracted rejected

COP 
Work input
10. Write the expression for COP of a heat pump and a refrigerator?
COP for heat pump
Heat rejected T2
COMPHP  
Work input T2  T1
COP for refrigerator
Heat extracted T1
COPref  
Heat input T2  T1
11. Why Carnot cycle cannot be realized in practice?
i) In a Carnot cycle all the four processes are reversible but in actual practice there is no
process is reversible.
ii) There are two processes to be carried out during compression and expansion. For
isothermal process the piston moves as fast as possible. This speed variation during
the same stroke of the piston is not possible.
iii) It is not possible to avoid friction between moving parts completely
12. Name two alternative methods by which the efficiency of a Carnot cycle can be
increased.
i) Efficiency can be increases as the higher temperature T 2 increases

ii) Efficiency can be increases as the lower temperature T1 decreases

106
13. Why a heat engine cannot have 100% efficiency
For all the heat engines there will be a heat loss between system and surroundings. Therefore
we can‟t convert all the heat input into useful work.
14. When the Carnot efficiency will be maximum
Carnot cycle efficiency is maximum when the temperature is OK
15. What are the processes involved in Carnot cycle?
Carnot cycle consist of
i. Reversible adiabatic compression

ii. Reversible isothermal heat addition
iii. Reversible adiabatic expansion
iv. Reversible isothermal heat rejection
16. Sketch the p – V and T – s diagram for Carnot cycle.
PV Diagram T-S Diagram
Process 1 -2: Isentropic Compression

Process 2 – 3: Isothermal heat addition
Process 3 – 4: Isentropic expansion and
Process 4 – 5: Isothermal heat rejection
17. Write the expression for efficiency of the Carnot cycle.
T2  T1
Carnot =
T2
18. Is the second law independent of first law? Explain.
Yes. The second law is independent of first law. The second law speaks about the quality of
energy.

107
19. Define entropy?
Entropy is an index of unavailability or degradation of energy.
20. Define change of entropy. How entropy is compared with heat transfer and absolute
temperature?
The measure of irreversibility when the energy transfer takes place within the system or
between system and surrounding is called a change of entropy. It is simple known as
unaccounted heat loss.
21. Define the terms source, sink and heat reservoir?
Source:
The part where the heat to be rejected to absorbing or work developing device is called source
Sink:
The part which receives heat from work absorbing or working developing device is called sink.
Reservoir:
The part which supplies or receives heat
Continuously without change in its temperature is called as reservoir.
22. Why the performances of refrigerator and heat pump are given in terms of C.O.P. and
not in terms of efficiency?
The performance of any device is expressed in terms of efficiency for work developing
machines. But heat pump and refrigerator are work absorbing machines. So, the performance of
those devices based on C.O.P. only.
23. Comment on the statement “The entrophy of universe tends to be maximum?
If the entropy of universe tends to be maximum the irreversibility will be more due to friction
between moving parts.
24. Write down the equation for Carnot C.O.P of a heat pump which works between two heat
reservoirs of temperature T1 and T2 if T1>T2
T1  T2
Carnot C.O.P. of heat pump =
T1

108
25. What is meant by principle of increase of entropy?
For any infinitesimal process undergone by a system, change in entropy, d S>dQ/T
For reversible dQ = 0, hence, dS=0

For irreversible ds>0
So the entropy of an insolated system would never decrease. It will always increase and
remains constant if the pressure is reversible is called as principle of increase of entropy.
26. What do you mean by “Calusius inequality”?
It is impossible for a self acting machine working in a cyclic process unaided by any
external agency to convey heat from a body at a low temperature to a body at a higher
temperature.
27. Explain briefly clausius inequality.
dQ
 T
 0 is known as inequality of clausius
dQ
If 1.  T
 0 , the cycle is reversible.
dQ
2.  T
 0 , the cycle is irreversible and possible
dQ
3.  T
 0 , the cycle is impossible (Violation of second law).
28. For compression process between same and states, which work will be more, reversible
or irreversible.
Irreversible work will be more in the compressor. Generally for compression, the actual
work given will be higher than the calculated work (W rev).
29. A heat pump pumps 10MJ/KW whr to the high temperature reservoir. What is the
C.O.P.?
Heat Supplied
C.O.P. =
Work input
10  103
  2.78
3600

109
30. Find the entropy of universe when 1000 KJ of heat is transferred from 800K to 500K.
Q Q
Entropy of universe,  Suniv  
T1 T2
1000 1000
 
800 500
 0.75KJ/K
31. Give the expressions to find change in entropy during constant pressure and polytropic
process. Show on T-S diagram.
For constant pressure process,
T2
S  S2  S1  mCpIn
T1
For polytropic process,
 T P 
S  S2  S1  m CPIn 2  RIn 2 
 T1 P1 
or
 T V 
S  S2  S1  m CvIn 2  RIn 2 
 T1 V1 
32. Explain the term “Reversibility”.
If the process traces the same path during the process is reversed is called as reversibility.
33. Can entropy of universe ever decrease? Why?
Entropy of universe can not ever decrease. It will be remains constant or will increase due
to irreversibility.
34. What is the essence of the second law of thermodynamics?
1. To know the feasibility of process

2. To know about the quality of energy

110
35. If Carnot engine efficiency is 50%. Find C.O.P. of Carnot refrigerator working between
same temperatures.
T1  T2
H.E.  50% 
T1
T2
1  0.5
T1
T2 T
 0.5  1  2
T1 T2
T2 T1
COP of refrigerator  
T1  T2 T1
1
T2
1

2 1
1
36. Define the term absolute entropy.
The change entropy of the system with respect to ambient conditions or any other standard
reference condition is known as absolute entropy.

111
PART – B
1. Two heat engines operating on Carnot cycle are arranged in series. The first engine A
receives heat at 927C and rejects heat at a constant temperature T2. The second engine B
receives the heat rejected by the first engine, and in turn rejects heat to a reservoir at 27C.
Calculate the temperature T2, in degree Celsius, for the situation where (a) the work output
of the two engines are equal and (b) the efficiency of two engines are equal.
System : Two Carnot engines A & B operating in series between 927C and 27C
Known : T1 = 927C = 1200 K

T3 = 27C = 300 K
To find : Intermediate temperature T2 when

(a) WA = W B
(b) A = B
Diagram :-
Reservoir at 1200 K
Engine
WA
A
Q2 T2
Engine WB
B
Q3
Reservoir at 300 K
Analysis : case (a) 3 (a)
WA = W B
Since it has been already proved that total work output from any number Carnot
engines operating in series is equal to that of a single Carnot engine operating between the
same reservoirs.

112
 300 
 Q1 1    WA  WB
 1200 
Since W A + W B
 300 
Q1 1    2WA
 1200 
 TH   T2 
Q1    2Q1 1  
 TH  TL   1200 
900  1200  2T2 

 2 
1200  1200 
1200  900
T2  1200 
2 1200
T2  750 K
Case (b)
When
 A  B
 T2   300 
1    1  
 1200   T2 
1
 T2  (1200  300) 2
T2  600 K
2. Two Carnot refrigerators are arranged in series. One receives 300 KJ/cycle from a heat
source at 300K. The heat rejection from this refrigerator serves as the heat input to a
second refrigerator, which delivers its output heat to reservoir maintained at 1000 K. If the
two refrigerators have the same COP, determine
a) Heat rejection to the 1000 K reservoir

b) The intermediate temperature between the two refrigerators in Kelvin and
c) COP of the two refrigerators.
System : Two Carnot refrigerators operating in series
Known : Q3 = 300 KJ/Cycle

T3 = 300 K
T1 = 1000 K
To find : (a) Q1 – heat rejection to the reservoir at 1000 K

(b) T2 – Intermediate temperature in K
(c) COP

113
Diagrams:
Reservoir 1 @ 1000 K
Q1
Ref2 W2
Q2 T2
Ref1 W1
Q3
Reservoir 3 @ 300
(b) (COP)Ref1 = (COP)Ref2
T3 T2

T2  T1 T1  T2
300 T2

T2  300 1000  T2
300 1000  300T2  T2 2  300T2
T2  300 1000
T2  547.7 K
Q2 T2 547.7
(a)  
W2 T1  T2 1000  547.7
Q2
 1.211
W2
Q2
W2 
1.211
W1  0.826 Q2
Also Q1  Q2  W2  1.826 Q2
Where Q2 = Q3 + W 1

114
Q3
 Q3  since COPRef2 = COPRef1
1.211
Q2
  1.211
W2
 1 
 Q1 1  
 1.211 
 300 1.826
 547.7 KJ / Cycle
 Q1  1.826  547.7
Q1  1000.14 KJ / Cycle
(c) COPref1 = COPRed2 = 1.211
3. A Carnot engine receives 90KJ from a reservoir at 627C. It rejects heat to the
environment at 27C. One-fifth of its work output is used to derive a Carnot refrigerator. The
refrigerator rejects 60 KJ to the environment at 27C Find:
a) The work output of the engine.

b) The efficiency of the heat engine
c) The temperature of the low temperature reservoir for the refrigerator in degree
Celsius.
d) The COP of the refrigerator.
System : A cyclic heat engine operating a cyclic refrigerator both working on Carnot
cycle.
Known :
Heat engine Refrigerator

TH = 627C = 900 K 1
WRef = W heat engine
5
TL = 27C = 300 K Qout = 60 KJ
Qin = 90 KJ TH = 300K
To find : (a) W heat engine

(b) heat engine
(c) TL refrigerator
(d) COP Refrigerator

115
Diagrams :-
Source at 900K Environment at

300 K
90 KJ 60 KJ
HE Ref
4
W heat engine
5
Refrigerator space
Sink at 600 K
at TL Ref
1
Wheat engine
5
 T 
Analysis : (a) W heat engine = 1  L  Qin
 TH 
 300 
 1    90
 900 
 60 KJ
 T 
(b) Heat engine = 1  L 
 TH 
 300 
1  
 900 
 0.667 (66.7%)
1
(c) W ref = WHeat engine
5
1
  60
5
 12 KJ
Qin Ref  Qout Ref  WRe f
 60  12
 48 KJ
 TL   Qin 
   
 TH  TL Re f  W  Re f

116
TL 48
 4
300  TL 12
TL  4(300  TL )
TL  240 K
Q 
d) COPRef =  in 
 W  Re f
48
 4
12
4. An irreversible heat pump is designed to remove heat from the atmosphere at 7C and to
supply 43,200 KJ/hr of heat to a constant temperature reservoir kept at 52C. The heat
pump is of COP 80% of the maximum possible between the two reservoirs. Power required
running the heat source kept at 1000 K and the reservoir at 52C which is receiving heat
from the heat pump. Taking the efficiency of the heat engine at 70% of supplied to the 52C
reservoir and also the heat extracted by the heat engine from the reservoir at 1000 K.
System : An irreversible heat pump driven by an irreversible engine.
Known : Qout HP = 43,200 KJ/hr
43, 200 KJ

3, 600 S
 12 KJ / S
TH HP  52  273  325 K
Source at 1000 K
TL HP  7  273  280 K
Qin HE
TH HE  1000 K
W HE
TL HE  52  273  325 K HE
QOut HE
ab
Reservoir at 52C
Qout HP
HP
W HP
Reservoir at
7C

117
To find : (a) Qsupplied to 52% reservoir

(b) Qin for the heat engine
 TH HP 
Analysis : (a) COPHP = 0.8  
 TH  TL
 HP HP 
 325 
 0.8  
 325  280 
 5.78
QoutHP
Also  COPHP  5.78
WHP
QOutHP
WHP 
5.78
12

5.78
 2.08 KJ / s
 325 
HE  0.7 1  
 1000 
WHE
Also HE  0.4725 and WHE  WHP
QinHE
WHP 2.08
 QinHE  
hHE 0.4728
= 4.40-2.08
= 2.322 KJ/s
Hence the total heat supplied to the 

  QinHE  QoutHE
Reservoir kept at 52°C 
= 15 + 2.322
= 17.322 KJ/s
Or
Hence extracted by the heat engine 
  Qin HE
from the reservoir at 1000K 
 4.40 KJ / S
Or
 15.840 KJ / hr

118
5. A heat engine operates between the maximum and minimum temperature of 671C and
60C respectively with an efficiency of 50% of the appropriate Carnot efficiency. It drives a
heat pump which uses river water at 4C to heat a block of flats in which the temperature
difference of 10C exists between the working and the river water on the one hand, and the
required room temperature on the other hand, and assuming the COP of heat pump to be
50% of the ideal COP that can be obtained under the same working conditions, find the heat
input the engine per unit heat output from the heat pump. Why is direct heating
thermodynamically more wasteful?
System : A cyclic heat engine operating a cyclic heat pump with their efficiency / COP
have been defined in terms of ideal efficiency/COP.
Known : For heat engine

TH = 671 + 273 = 944K
TL = 60 + 273 = 333 K
HE = 0.5Carnot
For the heat pump
Tsource = 4C
Tsink = 20C
A temperature difference of 10C required on either side.
671C 20C
T = 10C
Q1
Q4
W
HE HP
Q3
Q2
T = 10C
60C
Analysis :

119
TL
Carnot  1 
TH
333
 1
944
 0.647
H .E .  0.5  0.647
 0.5  0.647
 0.323
TH
COPHP =
TH  TL
Where TH = Tsink + 10C
= 20 + 10
= 30C
= 303 K
TLTSource-10C
= 4-10
= -6C
COPHP = 0.5COPIdeal
 303 
 0.5   
 30  (6) 
303
 0.5   4.2
36
When Q4  1KJ
Q4
W
COPHP
1
  0.238 KJ
4.2
W
Q1 
 HE
0.238
  0.736
0.323
Result : Per unit head output from the heat pump, 0.736 KJ of heat is to be given to the heat
engine.

120
Comment: It can be understood from the result that with the help of 0.736 KJ. 1KJ is
supplied to the conditioned space whereas in direct heating whatever the quantity required
it has to be directly supplied. Moreover direct heating results in degradation of energy.
6. A reversible engine works between three thermal reservoirs. A, B and C. The engine
absorbs an equal amount of heat from the thermal reservoirs A and B kept at temperature
TA and TB respectively and rejects heat to the thermal reservoir C kept at temperature TC.
The efficiency of the engine, which works between the two reservoirs A and C. prove that
TA T
 (2  1)  2(1   ) A
Tn TC
System : A reversible heat engine operating between three reservoirs A, B and C

Known : 1. Heat supplied to the engine from reservoirs A and B are equal.
2. Efficiency of the given engine is equal to  times the efficiency a reversible engine operating
between reservoirs
A and C.
TA T
To prove :  (2  1)  2(1   ) A
TB TC
Diagram :
TA TB
QA HE QB
Wnet
QC
TC
Analysis : As the given heat engine is reversible
QA QB QC
  0
TA TB TC
Since QA  QB
 1 1  Q
QA     C
 TA TB  TC
QC TC TC
or  
QA TA TB

121
Also it is given that
QC  T 
1   1  C 
QA  QB  TA 
Q  T 
1  C   1  C 
2QA  TA 
QC
Substituting for we get
QA
1T T  T
1  C  C     C
2  TA TB  TA
TC TC  T 
  2 1     C 
TA TB  TA 
TA
Multiplying by we get,
TC
TA T
 (2  1)  2(1   ) A
TB TC
7. A solar powered refrigerator receives heat from a solar collector at T h and rejects heat to
the atmosphere at Ta, and removes heat from a space at Tc. The three heat transfers are Qh,
Q
Qa and Qc respectively. Derive an expression for the minimum ratio of C , in terms of the
QA
three temperatures.
If Th = 400K, Ta = 300K, Tc = 270K and Qc = 10KW, what is the minimum Qa? If the collector
captures 0.2KW/m2, what is the minimum collector area required?
System : A refrigerator driven by solar heat

Known : Tn = 400K
Ta = 300K
Tc = 270K
Qc = 10 KW
QC
 0.2 KW / m 2
A
Q 
To find : (i) An expression for  h 
 Qc 
(ii) To find the minimum are of the collector

122
Diagram
Solar
Collector Tn
Qh
Atmosphere Ta
Ref
Qa
Qc
Cold Space
Tc
Analysis : (1) The ratio represents the performance index of the refrigerator which will be minimum
if the processes are reversible. Therefore,
Qh QC QA
  0
Tn TC TA
Dividing by QC and rearranging, we get
Qh  1  1 Qa  1 
    
QC  Th  TC QC  Ta 
From energy balance

Qh + Q C = Q a
Therefore
Qh  1  1  Qh QC  1 
     
QC  Th  TC  QC QC  Ta 
Qh  1  1 Qh  1  1
    
QC  Th  TC QC  Ta  Ta
Qh  1 1   1 1 
    
QC  Ta Th   TC Ta 
Qh  Ta  Tc / TaTc  
 
QC  (Th  Ta / TaTh 
Qh Th  Ta  TC 
  
QC TC  Th  Ta 

123
Q 
The expression represents the ratio of  h  in terms of the three temperatures.
 QC 
Q  400  300  270 
(ii) Substituting the numerical values for Th, Ta, Tc and Qc, we get h    
10  270  400  300 
Qh  4.4kW
Qh kw
Given  0.2 2
A m
Q 4.4
Therefore A   h   22m 2
Qh / A 0.2
Minimum collector are required is 22m2.
8. It is required to maintain a house at a temperature of 17C where the ambient

temperature falls to 0C in winter. A device working on reversed Carnot cycle is proposed
to maintain the temperature of the room. It heat transfer across the walls and roof is
estimated as 2000 KJ per degree temperature difference between inside and outside,
estimate the power required?
If the same device is used to cool the room during summer by supplying the same
amount of power, what is the maximum outside temperature upto which we can maintain
the room temperature at 17C?
Case (i)
System : A heat pump working on reversed

Carnot cycle
Known : TL = 273 K
TH = 300 K
Qh KJ
 2000
T h
Diagram (Room)T1
Q 1
HP W in
Q 2
(Atmosphere) T2

124
Q 1  2000(T )
KJ
 2000 17
h
2000 17 KJ
Analysis : 
3600 s
 9.44 KJ / S
Q 1
COPHP 
W in
where
TH
COPHP 
TH  TL
300
  17.65
300  273
Q L
W in 
COPHP
9.44
  0.535KW
17.65
Case (ii)
System : A refrigerator working on reversed Carnot cycle.
Known : TL = 300K
W in  0.535 KW
Q2 = 2000 (TH – TL)
To find : TH
Diagram :
(Atmosphere)
TH
Q1
Ref Win
Q2
(Room)
TL

125
Analysis : It is given that
Q2  2000 (TH  TL )
2000 (TH  300)
Q2   (a)
3600
As reversed Carnot cycle is being followed
Q2 TL
COP  
Win TH  TL
300
Q2   (b)
TH  300
From equations (a) and (b) we get
2000 (TH  300) 300  0.535


3600 (TH  300)
300
(TH  300) 2 
2000  0.535  3600
TH  317 K (44C )
9. An insulated rigid vessel is divided into two chambers of equal volumes. One chamber
contains air at 500 K and 2 Mpa. The other chamber is evacuated. If the two chambers are
connected d, what would be the entropy change?

Process : Unresisted expansion
Known : T1 = 500K
P1 = 2  103 kPa
To find : Entropy change
Diagrams:
Air Vacuum Air

Analysis :

126
T  P 
S2  S1  CP In  2   R In  2  (or )
 T1   P1 
T  V
S2  S1  CV In  2   R In 2
 T1  V1
After expansion air will occupy the entire volume of the container.
 V2 = 2V1
Also 1W 2 = 0 since it is an unresisted expansion

Q12 = 0 since the vessel is insulated
Applying the first law of thermodynamics
Q  U 1 W2
Therefore U = 0
For air
M CV (T2  T1 )  0
i.e. T2  T1
T  V
Hence S2 – S1 = CV in  2   R In 2
 T1  V1
 2V 
= 0.287 In  1 
 V2 
= 0.199 KJ/kgK
Comment: Though the process is adiabatic entropy increases as the process involving unresisted
expansion is an irreversible process. It also proves the fact that.
dQ
Ds  (or ) ds  0
T
10. An adiabatic chamber is partitioned into two equal compartments. On one side there is
oxygen at 860kPa and 14C. On the other side also, there is oxygen, but at 100 kPa and
14C. The chamber is insulated and has a volume of 7500 cc. The partition is abruptly
removed. Determine the final pressure and the change in entropy of the universe.
System : Closed
Process : Adiabatic Mixing
Known :

127
Subsystem I Subsystem II
Fluid Oxygen Oxygen
Initial pressure 850 kPa 100 kPa
Initial temperature 14C 14C
Initial Volume 7500cc 7500
cc
2 2
Diagrams:
O2 O2
850 kPa 100 kPa O2
14C 14C

Analysis : Here the energy interaction is taking place only between the two fluids and therefore the
energy lost by one fluid should be equal to the energy gained by the other fluid. Taking t F as the
final temperature we get
M1C1 (t1 – tF) = m2C2 (tF – t2)
Since the same fluid is stored in both the systems at the same temperature
C1 = C2 and
t1 = t2 = 14C
Therefore the final temperature will also be 14C
After removing partition total mass of oxygen is occupying the entire 7500cc at 14C. Hence
the final pressure can be computed as given below :
Mass of oxygen  PV
 
1 1
in the subsystem1m RT1
1
850  3750 106


 8.314 
   287
 32 
 0.0427 kg

128
Mass of oxygen  PV
 
2 2
in the subsystem 2 m RT 2
2
100  3750 106


 8.314 
   287
 32 
 0.00503 kg
To find the final pressure
PFVF
 m1  m2
RTF
(m1  m2 ) RTr
PF 
Vr
 8.314 
(42.7  5.03)     287
PF   32 
7.5
 475kPa
S System  S1  S2
= m1
 TF V   T V 
CV In  R In f   m2 CV In t  R In f 
 T1 V1   T2 V2 
8.314 8.314
 0.0427   In 2  0.00503   In 2
32 3
KJ
 8.596 103
K
S Surroundings  0
J
SUniverse  8.596
K
11. Two vessels, A and B each of volume 3m4 may be connected by a tube of negligible
volume. Vessel A contains air at 0.7 Mpa, 95C while vessel B contains air at 0.35 Mpa,
205C. Find the change of entropy when A is connected to B by working from the first
principles and assuming the mixing to be complete and adiabatic.
System : Closed
Process : Adiabatic mixing
Known :

129
Properties Subsystem A Subsystem B

Fluid Air Air
Pressure 0.7 MPa 0.35 MPa
Volume 3 m3 3 m3
Diagrams :
After Mixing
Analysis : Since the energy interaction is taking place only between the two fluids energy
lost by one fluid is equal to the energy gained by the other fluid.
 QA = QB
Taking t2 as the final temperature after mixing ma Ca (t2 – t1a) = mb Cb (t1b – t2).
Since in both A and B the same fluid is stored, Ca = Cb
Also ma
pV
 A A
RAT1 A
700  3

0.287  368
 19.9 kg
pV
mb = B B
RBT1B

130
350  3

0.287  478
 7.65 kg
19.9 (t2  95)  7.65 (205  t2 )
2.6 (t2  95)   205  t2 
2.6t2  t2  205  2.6  95
t2  125.6 C
Entropy Change = SA + SB
 T V 
S A  mA  CV In 2  R In 2 
 T1 A V1 A 
  125.6  273   6 
 19.9 0.717 In    0.287 In   
  95  273   3 
KJ
 5.08
k
 T V 
SmB  CV In 2  R In 2 
 T1B V1B 
  125.6  273   6 
 7.65 0.717 In   0.287 In   
  205  273   3 
KJ
 0.525
K
S sys  5.08  0.525

KJ
 5.605
K
S surr 0
KJ
 Suniverse  5.605
K
mRT2
Final pressure P2 =
V2
(19.9  7.65)  0.287  (125.6  273)

6
 525 kPa

131
12. Air enters a turbine at 400C, 30 bar and velocity 160 m/s. It leaves the turbine at 2 bar,
120C and velocity 100 m/s. At steady state it develops 200 KJ of work per kg of air. Heat
transfer occurs between the surroundings and the turbine at an average temperature of
350K.
Determine the rate of entropy generation.
System : Open
Process : Steady flow
Known :
Properties Inlet Outlet

Pressure 30 bar 2 bar
Velocity 160 m/s 100 m/s
Ambient temperature = 350 K

Work output = 200 KJ/kg
Diagram:
Ambient @
160 m/s 30 bar 350 K
400C 400C
w = 200 KJ/kg
of air
2 bar 120C
100 m/s
To find : Rate of entropy generation
Rate of entropy 
Analysis :   (S ) surr  (S )CV
generation 
(S )CV  m( S2  S1 )
T P
For unit mass (S )CV  CP In 2 R In 2
T1 P1
 393   2 
 1.005 In    0.287 In  
 673   30 
 0.236 KJ / kgK
Q
(S ) sur  sur
Tsur

132
Where Q   
V 2 V 2  

sur QCV  W  m h2  h1 )  2 1  

  2000   
   1002  1602   
 200  1 1.005(393  673)    
   2000   
Qsur  89.2 KJ / kg
89.2
(S ) sur 
350
 0.255 KJ / kgK
Rate of entropy generation = 0.255 – 0.236

= 0.019 KJ/kgK.
13. A turbine operating at steady state receives air at a pressure of p 1 = 3.0 bar and
temperature of 390K. Air exist the turbine at a pressure of p 2 = 1.0 bar. The work developed
is measured as 74 KJ/kg of air flowing through the turbine. The turbine operates
adiabatically, and changes in kinetic and potential energy between inlet and exit can be
neglected. Using ideal gas model for air, determine the turbine the turbine efficiency.
System : Open
Known : P1 = 3.0 bar P2 = 1.0 bar
T1 = 390 K Wa =74 J/kg
Diagrams:
Air in 3 bar
(1) T
1
1 1 bar
~ 2
W
2s
s
Air out
(2)
h1  h2
Analysis : t 
h1  h2 s
T T
 1 2 for an ideal gas
T  T 2 s1
r 1 r 1
T T  r P  r
where 2 s   2 s   2 
T1  P1   P1 

133
0.4
 1  1.4
T2 s     390
 3
T2 s  284.9 K
Wa
 CP (T1  T2 )  74
m
74
 T1  T2 
1.005
 73.63K
T1  T2
Hence t 
T1  T2 s
73.63

390  284.9
 0.7 (or 70%)
14. A closed system is taken through a cycle consisting of four reversible processes.
Details of the processors are listed below. Determine the power developed if the system is
executing 100 cycles per minutes.
Temperature (K)
Process Q(KJ) Initial Final
1–2 0 300 1000
2–3 + 1000 1000 1000
3–4 0 1000 300
4–1 - 300 300
System : Closed
Process : The system is executing cyclic process
Known : Heat transfer in process 12, 23 and 34 and Temperature change in all the
process.
No. of cycles per minute.
To find : Power developed.
Diagrams :
T(K)
3 2
1000
300 1
4
S
134
Analysis : To find power developed W net per cycle must be known. From I Law W net = Qnet which
can be computed from the following table.
Temperature (K)
Process Q(KJ) S
Initial Final
1–2 0 300 1000 0
2–3 1000 1000 1000 1000 KJ KJ
1
1000k k
3–4 0 1000 300 0
4–1 - 300 300 S41
For a cyclic process  = 0

where  is any property
s = 0
(i.e) S12 + S34 + S41 = 0

0 + 1 + 0 + S41 = 0
KJ
S41 = 1
K
Since the process 4-1 is isothermal
Q41
 1
300
Q41  300 KJ
Therefore
Qnet  Q12  Q23  Q34  Q41

 0  1000  0  300
 700 KJ per cycle
Wnet  Qnet  700 KJ
And power developed
Wnet Cycle
 
Cycle sec
100
 700 
60
 1166.7 KW

135
15. Two kilogram of air is heated from 200C at constant pressure. Determine the change in
entropy.
System : Open / closed

Working : Air fluid
Process : Constant pressure heating
Known : 1) t1 = 200C
2) t2 = 500C
Diagram :
t(C)
500 2
p=C
1
200
S
To find : Change in entropy s
Analysis :
 T   P 
 S  m C p In  2   R In  2  
  T1   P1  
T 
 mCP In  2 
 T1 
 500  273 
 2 1.005  In  
 200  273 
 0.987 KJ / K .
16. A Carnot engine operated between 4C and 280C. If the engine produces 300 KJ of
work, determine the entropy change during heat addition and heat rejection.
System : Open / Closed

Process : The working fluid is executing Carnot cycle
Known : 1) t1 = 280C
2) t2 = 4C
3) W = 300 KJ

136
Diagram :
Source @ 280C
Qin
Heat 300 KJ
Engine
Qout
Sink @ 4C
To find : 1. s during heat addition

2. s during heat rejection
Analysis : In Carnot engine heat is added at constant temperature
Therefore
Qin
S 
T1
W
Where Qin 

 T2 
 =1-  
 T1 
 4  273 
 1    0.499
 280  273 
 1.087 KJ / K
300
Therefore Qin = = 601.1 KJ
0.499
Q
 S  in
T1
601.1

(280  273)
2. In Carnot engine heat rejection is also taking place at constant temperature.
Therefore

137
Qout
S 
T2
where Qout  Qin  W
 601.1  300
 301.1KJ
301.1
S 
(4  273)
  1.087 KJ / K
Comment:
In a Carnot change two isothermal process and two isentropic process. Therefore s during
heat addition must be equal to S during heating rejection so that.
 ds  0
which obeys Clausius inequality.
17. Air flows through a perfectly insulated duct. At one section A the pressure and
temperature are respectively 2 bar 200C and at another section B further along the duct
the corresponding values are 1.5 bar and 150C. Which way the air flowing?
System : Open
Known : 1. P1 = 2 bar
2. t1 = 200C
3. P2 = 1.5 bar
4. t2 = 150C
To find : To know flow direction
Diagram :
p = 2 bar p = 1.5 bar

t = 200C t = 150C
Section A Section B
138
Analysis :
This problem cannot be solved by simple application of first law of thermodynamics.

Because there is nothing to tell us whether the fluid is expanding from A to B or being compressed
from B to A.
However, since the duct is insulted the inference is that there is no heat transfer to or from
the environment and therefore there is no change of entropy in the environment. But in any real
process change of entropy of the system plus the surroundings must be positive. In other words
SAB > 0.
TB P
S B  S A  C p In  R In B
TA PA
 273  150   1.5 

 1.005  In    0.287  In  
 273  200   2 
KJ
 0.02966
kg K
Thus SA > SB and the flow is from B to A.
Even though entropy cannot be measured directly it can still be used to find the sense of flow in a
well insulated duct given two salient states as above.
18. A certain fluid undergoes expansion in a nozzle reversibly and adiabatically from 500
kPa, 500 K to 100 kPa. What is the exit velocity?
KJ
Take   1.4 and R  0.287
kgK
System : Open
Process : Reversible adiabatic expansion
Known : 1. Inlet pressure = 500 kPa
2. Inlet temperature = 500 K
3. Exit Pressure = 100 kPa
4. The ratio of specific heats = 1.4
KJ
5. Characteristic gas constant = 0.287
kgK
To find : Exit velocity
Diagram

139
(1) (2)
Flow diagram
Analysis: applying steady flow energy Equation
Q  W  mh  ke  pe

C22  C12
therefore  h1  h2
2
C2  2Cp  T1  T2 
Where Cp and T2 unknowns

 1
To find Cp CP  1    R
 
R
Cp 
 1
kJ
Substituting  and R we get cp =
kgK
It is stated in the problem that the process of expansion reversible.
Therefore,
dQ
ds 
T
Also the process is given as adiabatic. That is

140
dQ
0
T
(or) ds  0
S2  S1  0
T P
Cp In Rin 3  0
T1 P1
 R p 
T2  T1e  In  2  
 CP  p1  
 0.287  100  
 500 e  In  
 1.005  500  
 315.8 K
Substituting numerical values for T2 and Cp, we get
C2  2x1005 (500  315.08)

 608.5 m / s
19. Show from the first principle that, for a perfect gas with constant specific heat capacity
expanding polytropically (Pvn = constant) in a non-flow process, the change of entropy can
be expressed by
n P 
S2  S1  xIn  2 
 1  P1 
Gaseous methane is compressed polytropically by a piston from 25 and 0.8 bars to a
pressure of 5.0 bar. Assuming an index of compression of 1.2, Calcutta the change of
entropy and work done, per unit mass of gas. The relative molecular weight of methane is
16 and  = 1.3.
System : Closed
Process : Polytrapic (pVn = C)
Known : 1. T1 = 298 K
2. P1 = 80 kPa
3. P2 = 500 kPa
4. n = 1.2
5. M = 1.6
6.  = 1.3
To find:

141
1. 1W 2 – Work done
2. S – change inentropy
Analysis : a) To prove
n R P 
S2  S1  x xIn  2 
 1 n  P1 
From first law of Thermodynamics
Q12 = 1w2 + U
p v  p1v1
 2 2  Cv  T2  T1 
n  1
R  T2  T1 
  Cv  T2  T1 
n  1
Cv (   1)T2  T1
  Cv (T2  T1 )
n  1
  1 
  1 Cv (T2  T1 )
 n  1 
  1 n  1
 Cv (T2  T1 )
n  1
n
 Cv (T2  T1 )
n 1
In differential for
n
dQ  Cv dT for a polytropic process
n 1
dQ
Therefore ds =
T
n dT
 Cv
n 1 T
Upon integration we get
n T 
S2  S1  Cv In  2 
 1  T1 
From the process relation

142
n 1
T2  P2  n
 
T1  P1 
T
Substituting for 2 we get
T1
n1
n P  n
S2  S1  CvIn  2 
 1  P1 
n n 1 P
S2  S1  Cv x xIn 2
n 1 n P1
We know that
R = Cp - Cv
n  R P
R = Cv ( - 1) S2  S1  x   xIn 2
n 1  n  P1
 R 
Cv =  
   1
Substituting for Cv we get
(2) Work done
p 2 v1
W2 
n  1
1
R(T2  T1 )
n  1
n 1
p  n
Where T2 = T1  2 
 p1 
0.2
 5  1.2
= 298  
 0.8 
= 404.45 K
Substituting numerical values
 8.3142 
 16  (404.45  298)
 
1 W2 
1.2  1
= -276.6 kJ/kg.

143
(3) Change in entropy
n   R  p2 
S2  S1    x   xIn  
  1  n   p1 
 1.2  1.3   8.314 /14   5 
    In  
 1.3  1   1.2   0.8 
kJ
 0.2645
kg K
Comment: The negative sing in work indicates that work is given into the system. The negative
sign in entropy change indicates that there is heat rejection by the system to the ambient during
compression.
20. A closed system undergoes the internally reversible process as shown below:-
Computer the heat transfer.
Process : Defined by a straight line on a T-S diagram.
Known T1 = 200K
T2 = 600K
S1 = 1 KJ/K
S2 = 3 KJ/K
To find : Heat transfer
Analysis : Q = Area Under the curve representing the process in a T-S diagram =
 200  600 
  (3  1)  800 kJ
 2 

144
21. In a refrigerant condenser superheated vapour of ammonia enters steadily at 1.4 Mpa,
70C. It leaves the condenser at 20C. At 1.4 Mpa condensation begins and ends at 36.28C.
Cooling water enters condenser at 10C and leave 15C. Determine.
a) The amount of heat rejected per kg of ammonia vapour condensed for the given inlet
and exit conditions.
b) Mass of water to be supplied for each kg of ammonia vapour condensed.
c) The change in specific entropy of ammonia
d) The entropy generation per kg of ammonia
Take Cpvapour = 2.9 kJ/Kg K, Cpliquid = 4.4 KJ/KgK and latent heat of evaporation of
ammonia at 1.4 Mpa is 1118 KJ/Kg. Also represent the process in a T-S.
Diagram:
System : Open
Know : T1 = 70C
P1 = 1.4 Mpa
T2 = 20C
Tw1 = 10C
Tw2 = 15C
To find : a) the mount of heat rejected per kg of ammonia vapour condensed for the given inlet and
exit conditions.
(b) mass of water to be supplied for each kg of ammonia vapour condensed.

(c) the change in specific entropy of ammonia
(d) the entropy generation pr kg of ammonia.
Diagrams :
Schematic diagram

145
Analysis : (a) Heat rejected per kg of ammonia

Q12 = Q12a + Q2a – 2b + Q20.2
Latent heat 
 Cp vapour  t1  t 2      Cp liquid  t 2b  t 2 
of evaporation
 2.9 (70  36.28)  1118  4.4 (36.28  20)
 1287.42 kJ / kg.
(b) Water flow rate required per kg of ammonia.
(mCp T)water  1287.42

1287.42
m
4.186  (15  10)
kg of water
 61.51
kg of ammonia
(c) Change in Specific entropy of ammonia
 S12a  S2a 2b  S2b 2

 T  Latent heat T 
Cpvapour xIn  2a    Cp liquid x In  2 
 T1  T2a  T2b 
 36.28  273  ( 1118)
 2.9  In   
 70  273  (36.28  273)
(20  273)
4.4 x In
36.28  273
kJ
 4.153
kg

146
(d) Swater  Sammonia

To
Where Swater  mCpIn
Tm
288
 61.51 4.186  In
283
 4.509
Substituting the values we get
Suniverse  4.509  ( 4.153)

kJ
 0.356
kg of ammonia
Comment: As heat is removed from ammonia its entropy decreases where entropy of water
increases as it receives heat. But total entropy change will be positive as heat is transferred
through finite temperature difference.
22. The specific heats of gas are given by Cp = a + kT and Cv = b+kt, where a b and k are
constants and T is in K. Show that for an isentropic of this gas.
Tb Va-b ekT = constant
System : Closed
Process : Isentropic
Known : 1. Cp = a + kT
2. Cv = b + kT
To prove : Tb Va-b e kT = constant for an isentropic process.

Proof : for a gas
Cp – Cv = (a + kT) – b (b+kT)
(or) R = a-b
For an isentropic process
Ds = 0
dT dv
(or) Cv R 0
T v
Substituting for Cv and R
dT dv
(b  KT)  (a  b) 0
T v
Upon integration
Bin T + KT + (a – b) Inv = constant
Taking antilog
TbeKTVa-b = constant.

147
23. Calculate the entropy change of the universe as a result of the following process:
(a) A metal block of 0.8 kg mass and specific heat capacity 250J/kgK is placed in lake at 8C
(b) The same block, at 8C, is dropped from a height b of 100 m into the lake.
(c) Two such blocks, at 100C and 0C, are joined together.
Case (a)
System : A metal block

Process : Cooling the metal block by dipping it in a lake.
Known :
1. Initial temperature of the block (T1) = 100 + 273 = 373

2. Final temperature of the Block (T2) = 8 + 273 = 281 K
3. Mass of the metal block (m) = 0.8 Kg.
4. Specific heat capacity of the metal block.
J
(C)  250
kgK
To find : Entropy change of the universe.
Diagram :

148
Analysis :
(d) Suniverse  Ssurroundings

T 
Where Swater = mCIn  2 
 T1 
 281 
 0.8  250  In  
 373 
J
 56.6
K
Qsurroundings
Ssurroundings 
Tsurroundings
WhereQsur  Qsys
 m C (T2  T1 )
 0.8  250 (281  373)
 18400 J
18.400
 Ssurroundings 
281
1
 65.48
K
Ssurroundings = -56.6 + 65.48

= 8.84 J/K
Comment: As discussed earlier the entropy change of the universe is positive. The reason
is the irreversible is positive. The reason is the irreversible heat transfer through finite
temperature difference from the metal block to the lake.
Case (b)
System : A metal block

Process : Falling of the metal block into the ake and reaching equilibrium.
Known : 1. Initial temperature = 281 K
2. Final Temperature = n281 K
3. Initial Height = 100m
4. Mass of the metal block (m) = 0.8 kg
5. Specific heat capacity of the metal block
(C) = 250 j/kgK.

149
Where Ssystem = 0, as the system is at the same temperature at both the initial and final state.
Qsurroundings
Ssurroundings 
Tsurroundings
Ssurroundings  Esystem
=mgh
=0.8  9.81 100=784.8J
784.8
 Ssurroundings   2.79J / K
281
 Ssurroundings  2.79J / K
Comment: increase in entropy of the universe indicates that there is a irreversibility or degradation
of energy. That is the high grade potential energy is converted low grade energy during this
process.
Case (c)
Systems : Two metal blocks

Process : Two metal blocks are brought in thermal
contact and allowed to reach equilibrium
Known : Initial temperature of the blocks
T1a =373K
T1b = 273 K
To find : Entropy change of the universe
Diagrams:
1000C 00C T2 T2
(a) (b) (a) (b)


150
Suniverse  Sa  Sb

T 
Analysis : where Sa  mCIn  2 
 T1a 
T 
Sa  mCIn  2 
 T1b 
To find T2
Qa = -Qb
m   T2  Tta   m   T2  T1b 
T1a  T1b
T2 
2
373  273
  323K
2
  T   T 
 Suniverse  mc In  2   In  2  
  Tfa   T1b  
  3232  
= 0.8  250 In  
  373  273  
J
=4.85
K
Comment: In this process also the heat transfer through finite temperature difference makes the
process irreversible which in turn results in increase in entropy of the universe.
24. Find the maximum work developed when air expands in piston-cylinder assembly from
an initial state of 600 kpa and 150 kPa and 500C. Also find the availability at the initial and
final states, max useful work and change in availability. Assume T0 = 300K, P0=100kPa.
Worked Fluid : Air

System :Closed
Process : a polytropic process
Known : P1 = 600kPa
P2 = 150kPa
T1 = 423 K
T2 = 323 K
To find: Max work, availability at the initial and final states, change in availability and max
useful work
600 Kpa 150 Kpa

423 K 323 K
Air Air
Analysis: a) Max work = W rev = (U1-U2) – T0(S1-S2)

151
 T P 
 Cv  T1  T2   T0  CpIn 1 RIn 1 
 T2 P2 
 423 600 
 0.717 (423-323) - 300 1.005In  0.287In 
 323 150 
 109.74kJ / kg.
b. Availability at the initial state
1  U1  U0   P0  V1  V0   T0  S1  S0 
 RT RT   T P 
 Cv  T1  T0   P0  1  0    CpIn 1 R In 1 
 1
P P0   T0 P0 
 0.287  423 0.287  300 

 0.717  423  300   100   
 600 100 
  423   600  
 300  1.00In   R    73kJ / kg
  300   100  
b. Availability at the final state
1  U2  U0   Po  V2  V0   T0  S2  S0 
 RT RT   T P 
 Cv  T2  T0   P0  2  0    CPIn 2 R In 2 
 2
P P0   T0 P0 
 0.287  323 0.287  300 

 0.717(323  300)  100   
 150 100 
  323   150  
  1.003 In    0.287 In  100    4.83kJ / kg
  300   
d. Change in availability
 1  2
 73  4.83
 68.17kJ / kg
e. Maximum useful work = change in availability
= 68.17 kJ/kg
25. Determine the available energy of 80kg of water at 100 0C. Temperature of the
surroundings is 150C.
System: Closed
Process: (To determine the available energy) water is assumed to be cooled at constant
pressure to a dead state. Known: 1. Mass of Water m = 80kg
2. Temperature of water = 1000C
3. Atmospheric Temperature = 150C

152
To find : Available Energy
Diagram:
1000C
B AE
150C E
UAE
C S D
Analysis : From the T-S diagram it is evident that AE = Area under AB – Area BCDE
= Q – TB(SD – SC)
  T 
 mC  TA  TB   TB mCxIn  A  
  TB  
  T 
 mc  TA  TB   TBIn  A  
  TB  
 373 
 80  4.186 100  15    288In  
 288 
 3522.3kJ
Comment : to determine the available portion of total energy content, the system is assumed to
undergo an imaginary process in which it brought to dead state that is state at which comes in
equilibrium with the surroundings.
26. Consider the transfer of 1000kJ of heat from a reservoir at 1200K to 5 kg of a gas
initially at 100kPa and 500 K in a closed tank. For the gas, C v=0.8 kJ/kg K throughout the
temperature range involved. The lowest temperature in the surroundings is 300K.
Determine how much of heat removed from the reservoir is available and unavailable and
how much of that absorbed by the gas is available and unavailable.
Case (i)
Working Fluid: Air
Case (i)
Working Fluid: Air
System A reversible heat engine is assumed to receive the heat from the reservoir at 1200K
and rejecting heat to 300 k sink.

153
Known : Quality of heat extracted = 100kJ

To find : Available and unavailable part of this 1000kJ
Reservoir
Diagrams: @ 1200K
Rev AE
HE
Reservoir
@ 1200K JAE
T(K) A B
1200
Available
Energy
300
D Unavailable
Energy
E F
S
AE – Available Energy, UAE – Un Available Energy

Analysis a. Available Energy = Area ABCD in the Ts diagram.
= (1200 – 300) S
Q
where s=
1200
1000
  0.833kJ / K
1200
 AE  (1200  300)  0.833
 750kJ
b. Unavailable Energy = 300 x s

=300x 0.833
= 250 kJ
Alternatively : UAE = Q – AE
= 1000 – 750
= 250kJ
Case (ii)
System : Closed

154
Process : 1000kJ of heat received by the system at

constant volume
Known : P1 = 100kPa
T = 500K
Cv = 0.8kJ/kg
T0 = 300K
To find : Available and unavailable parts of the

1000 kJ given to the gas
Diagrams:
5 Kg of gas 5 Kg of gas
100 kPa @ V2 = V1
500@
Initial state Final state
B
T(K)
500K A
AE
C
D UAE
E F
Analysis : a. AE = Area ABCE
b. UAE = Area CDEF
 T V 
Where s=m CvIn 2  R In 2  Since V2  V1
 T1 V1 
T2
 5  0.8  In
T1
To find T2 : Consider First Law
Q-W = U since dv = 0
U=mCv  T2  T1   1000

155
1000
T2   T1
mCv
1000
  500
5  0.8
 750
 750 
s  5  0.8  In    1.62kJ / K
 500 
Hence UAE=300  1.62

=486.6kJ
AE=1000-486.6=513.4kJ
27. Helium enters an actual turbine at 300 kpa, 3000C, and to 100kpa, 1500C, heat transfer to
the atmosphere at 101.3 kpa, 250C amounts to 7.0kj/kg. Calculate the entering stream
availability, the leaving steam availability, and the maximum work. For helium C p =5.2kJ/kgk
and. Molecular weight = 4.003 kg/kg.mol
System: open
Process: Steady flow process
Worked Fluid: helium
Known:
P1 = 300 kpa
P2 = 100 kpa
T1 = 473 k
T2 = 423 k
Qcv = -7.0KJ/kg
P0 = 101.32 kpa
T0 = 298k
To find: Availability at the inlet and outlet, maximum work
Diagrams:
in
300 kpa
2000C Qcv=7.0kJ/kg
100kpa
1500C
Analysis: Availability at the inlet

156
V1  H  H0   T0  S1  S2 
 T P
 Cp  T1  T0   T0 Cp in 1 R in 1  on unit mass basis
 T2 P0 
 423  100  
=5.2  423-298   298 5.2 in  2.077 in  
 298  101.32  
 650  298 1.848 
 99.1kJ / kg
Wmax imum  1   2
 866  99.1
 766.9kJ / kg
28. An ideal gas having a constant pressure specific heat of 1.6 KJ/kgk and a molar mass of
30 KJ/kg. Mol, initially at a pressure of 6.7 Mpa and a temperature of 4250C, under goes a
steady Flow process until it reaches a pressure of 1.3 MPa and a temperature of 150 0C. If
the environment is at 100KPa and 250C, find the reversible work that would be obtained in
this process:
System : Open
Working Fluid: An ideal gas
Known : M =30kg/kg.mol
Cp =1.6kj/kgK
P1=6.7mPa P2 = 1.3 < Pa
0
T1 = 425 C T2 = 1500C
T0 = 250C
P0 = 100 kPa
To find: Reversible Work
Diagrams:
6.7 MPa
In 4250
P0 = 100KPa
T0 = 250C
P2 =100KPa
T2 = 1500C

157
Analysis:
Wrev=(h1-h2) – T0 (S1 – S2)
 T P
 Cp  T1  T2   T0 CpIn 1 R In 1 
 T2 P2
8.314 8.314
where R=   0.277kJ / kgK
M 30
   425  273   6.7   
 1.6  425  150)  298 1.6 In    0.277 In  1.   
   150  273    
 336.6kJ / kg
29. In an adiabatic mixing chamber, 80 kg of water at 100 0C are mixed with 50 kg of water at
600C. Determine the decrease in available energy due to mixing. The ambient temperature =
1500C.
System : There are two streams of water mixing adiabatically in a mixing chamber
Known : 1. Temperature of stream 1 = 1000C

2. Temperature of steam 2 = 600C
3. Mass of stream 1 = 80 kg
4. Mass of stream 2 = 50 kg
5. Ambient temperature = 150C
Diagram:
80 Kg 130kg
 
1000C MIXING T3 = ?
CHAMBER

50kg
600C
Analysis: Decrease in available energy is the difference in the total available energy before mixing
and after mixing
Total available energy   Available Energy of Stream 1


before mixing  Available Energy of stream 2

158
  T    T 
 m1C  T1  Ta   Ta  in  1    m2C  T2  Ta   Ta  in  1  
  Ta     Ta  
  373     833  
 80  4.186 100  15   288  in     50  4.186  60  15   288  in  288  
  288    
 4189.4kJ
Available energy after mixing
  T 
 m1  m2  C  T3  Ta   Ta  in  3  
  Ta  
Where T3 is the temperature after mixing which can be obtained through energy balance.
Q1=Q2
m1C(T1 – T2)=m2C(T3-T2)
m1T1+m2T2 = (m1+m2)T3
80  373  50  333
T3 
 80  50 
 357.6K
Therefore AE after mixing =

 357.6  
 80  50   4.186   357.6  288   288  in  
  288  
=39951.3kJ
Decrease in available energy due to mixing

=4189.4 – 3951.8
= 237.6kJ
Comment: Mixing is an irreversible process and hence available energy decreases due to mixing.
30. Oxygen gas is throttled from 5 bars and 270C to 1 bar through a well insulated valve.
Determine the reversible work and irreversibility Take T0 = 288K
System : open
Known : 1. Inlet pressure P1 = 500 kPa

2. Inlet temperature T1 = 300 K
3. Exit pressure P2 = 100 kPa
To find : 1. Reversible work (W rev)

2. Irreversibility (1)

159
Diagram:
Analysis:
Wrev h1  h2   T0  S1  S2  
For a throttling process
h1 = h2 and T1 = T2
 T P 
 T0  Cpin 1  R in 1 
 T 2 P 2 
 P1 
 T0  R  in  
 P2 
8.314  500 
 288   in  
32  100 
 120KJ / kg
Irreversibility (1) = Wrev  120KJ / kg
31. Air enters an adiabatic nozzle, operating at steady state with negligible velocity. At the
inlet, the pressure is 180 kpa, and the temperature is 65 0C. The mass flow rate is 0.15 kg/s,
and the exit pressure is kpa. If the exit velocity is 300 m/s, pressure is 100 kpa. If the exit
velocity 300 m/s, determine:
a. The isentropic efficiency of the nozzle

b. The exit temperature
c. The irreversibility of the process
d. The exit area of the nozzle
Assume T0 = 250C and P0 = 100 kPa.
System : Open
Working Fluid : Air (ideal gas)
Known:
P0 = 100 kPa
P1 = 180 kPa

160
P2 = 100 kPa
T1 = 650C
C2 = 300 m/s
T1 = 338 K
T0 = 298 K
Diagrams:
180kPa 100kPa
650C
in
h 2
2s
To find:
1. istentropic
2. T2
3. I
4. A2
Analysis:
As shown in the h – s diagram
1 – 22  Isentropic
1 – 2  Actual
Since P2 = P2s

161
 1
T2s  P2s  
 
T1  P1 
 1
P  
1S   2  T1
 P1 
0.4
 100  1.4
 2S     338
 180 
 285.75K
Also from I law thermodynamics
Q  W  m  h  ke  pe 
 h  ke
C22  C12
h1  h2 
2
C22  C12
Cp  T1  T2  
2
 C2  C12 
T2  T1   2
 2C 
 p 
300
 338 
2  1.005
T2 = 293.2K or
T2 = 20.20C
h1  h2
a. isentropic 
h1  h2s
Cp  T1  T2 
 since air is an ideal gas
Cp  T1  T2s 
=
 338 - 293.2 
 338  285.75 
= 0.86
T2 = 293.2k or
b) Exit temperature
T2 = 20.2C
c) Irreversibility = T0 [(S2 – S1)sys+Ssurr] since the flow is adiabatic

162
 T   P 
 mT0 C p in  2   R in  2  
  T1   P1  
  293   100  
 0.15  298 1.005 in    0.287 in  
  338   180  
 1.153kJ / S
d) Exit area
m
A2 
P2C2
m
=
 P2 
  C2
 RT2 
0.15
=
 100 
   300
 0.287  293.2 
=4.2110-4 m 2  or  4.21cm 2
32. Carbon dioxide gas is contained in a 1.0 m3 tank initially at 1.2 bar 300k. The
temperature is increased to 400 k by supplying heat from a reservoir at 500k. The ambient
conditions are 1.0 bar and 300k. find the irreversibility. Take CP = 1.043kJ/kgk. And
Cv =0.854kJ/kg
System : Closed
Worked : CO2 – ideal gas
Process : Constant volume heating
Known : P1 = 1.2 bar T2 = 400k
T1 = 300k
Tres – 500k T0 = 300k
P0 = 100kpa Cp = 1.043 kJ/kgk
Cv = 0.854 kJ/kgk
To find : Irreversibility
Diagram:
Reservoir
500K
3
Tank V = 1.0m
Carbon dioxide

163
Analysis: I advance volume is remaining constant
    


 U1  U 2  P0 V1 V2  T0  S1  S2  QR 1  T0  


TR  
 T V   T 
 mCV T1  T2   mT0 CP in 2  Rm 2   QR 1  0 
 T1 V1   TR 
1V1
m
RT1
8.314
R also Cp  Cv
moleculareweight
8.314
=
44
=0.1889kJ/kgk
120 1
 m=
0.1889  300
= 2.12kg
Q R  Qsystem
=Wact  U
=mCV T2  T1 
hence 1=2.12  0.854  300-400   2.12  0.854in
 300   300 
    2.12  0.854  400  300   1  
 400   400 
 181  156  72.4
 47.4kJ
33. The inlet and exit conditions of a working fluid expanding in a turbine are listed below.
Heat is rejected by the fluid at an average temperature of 200C whereas the work
developed is 650kJ/kg. Neglecting the changes in kinetic and potential energies and
assuming T0 = 25C and P0 = 100kpa find:
a) The heat transfer

b) The reversible work
c) The irreversibility

164
Properties P mpa T C Hkj/kgk Skj/kgk

Inlet 2.5 400C 3240 7.0148
Outlet 50kpa 81.33 2530 7.2688
System : Open
Working : Not known
Known : Exit and inlet conditions
W = 650kJ
T0 = 298K
P0 = 100kpa
TRejection = 473K
Diagrams: S = 7.0148 KJ/kgk

S1 = 7.0147kJ/kgk
 
Analysis : Q – W = m[ h KE PE ]
on unit mass basis
Q = W+h
= 650 + (2530 – 3240)
= -60 kJ/kg
Heat is rejected by the system to the surroundings
b) Reversible work
 T 
  in   out   q 1  0 
 T 
 T 
  h1  h0   T0  S1  S0    qRe j 1  0 
 T
 Re g 
 298 
  3240  2530   298  7.0158  7.688     60  1  
 473 
 763.2kJ / kg

165
c) Irreversibility
 Wrev  Wact
 763.2650
 113.2kJ / kg
34. A lead storage battery of the type used in an automobile is able to deliver 5.2 mj of
electrical energy. This energy is available for starting the car.
Suppose we wish to use compressed air for doing an equivalent amount of work in starting
the car. The compressed air is to be stored at 7 mpa 25c. What volume of tank would be
required to have the compressed air have an availability of 5.2mj?
System : Closed existing in a thermodynamic

state
Working fluid : Air (Ideal gas)
Known : Pressure and Temperature
P = 7Mpa
T = 25+273 = 298K
And the required total energy
To find : Volume of the air required

Analysis : Following steps can be adopted to
solve the problem
1. Finding the availability of 1 kg of air @ 7MPA and 298K
2. Computing Mass air required for the required 5.2MJ
3. Calculating the volume required from the mass.
Step 1: Availability @ 7MPa and 298K
   0   u  u0   p0 V  V0   T0  S  S0 
 RT RT0   T   P 
 Cv T  T0   P0     T0  CP in    Rin   
 P P0    T0   P0  
Since T=T0
 0.287  298 0.287  298    7000  
 100     298  0287 In  
 7000 100    100  
 279.2kJ / kg
Step 2: Mass required to supply 5.2MJ
5.2  103

279.2
 18.625kg

166
Step 3: Required volume
mRT
V 
P
18.625  0.28  298

7000
 0.222m3
35. At a certain location the temperature of the water supply is 15C. Ice is to be made form
this water supply by the process shown in the following figures. The final temperature of
ice is -10C, and the final temperature that is used as cooling water in the condenser is
30C?
What is the minimum work required to produce 1000kg of ice?
System: A refrigerator that converts water at 15C into ice at - 10C by pumping the heat from it
and reject the heat to the remaining water increasing its temperature from 15 to 30C
Known:
1. Inlet temperature of water Tla = 288K and

Tib = 288k
2. Exit temperature of ice T2a = 263k
3. Exit temperature of condenser T2b=303k
To find: Wmin
Analysis: From energy balance across the refrigeration we get

Q1 = Q2 +W
where
  Latent heat  
Q2  1000 CPwater  288  273     C pice  273  263 
 of fusion  
= 1000  4186  288-273  335  2.09  273  263  
= 418690kJ
Q1  mcw  4.186   30  15 
The term mcw is the mass of condenser cooling water which is an unknown its value corresponding
to the minimum work can be obtained as follows.
For the work to be minimum heat rejection to the condenser cooling water and formation of ice
must be reversible processes. Thus the entropy change of the universe is zero.

167
Suniverse  0
 S a   S b  0
  273  heat  T 
 S a
 1000 C pw in    C pice in  2 a  
  Tla  273  273  
Where
  273  335  263  
 1000  4.186  in    2.09  in  
  288  273  273  
kJ
 1529.0
k
 303 
 S b
 mcw  4.186  in  
 288 
 0.212  mcw
Substituting the results we get

-1529.0+0.212mcw = 0
1529
(or) mcw =
0.212
=451722kJ
Wmin = Q1-Q2
=4517222.4 – 4186990
=33032kJ
=33.03kJ
36. The exhaust from a gas turbine at 1.12 bar, 800k flows steadily into a heat exchanger
which cools the gas to 700k without significant pressure drop. The heat transfer from the
gas heat an air flow at constant pressure, which enter the heat exchanger at 470k. The
mass flow rate of air is twice that of gas and the surroundings are at 1.03 bar, 20.
Determine
a) The decrease in availability of the exhaust gases, and

b) The total entropy production per kg of gas what arrangement would be necessary to
make the process reversible and how much would this increases the power output of plant
per kg of turbine gas?
Take Cp for exhaust gas as 1.08 and for air 1.05 kJ/kgk. Neglect heat transfer to the
surroundings and the changes in kinetic and potential energy
System : open
Process : steady flow
Known
1) Inlet temperature of the gas Tg1 = 800k
2) Exit temperature of the gas Tg2 = 700k

168
3) Inlet temperature of the air Ta1 = 470k

4) mair = 2mg
5) Temperature of the surroundings T0 = 293k
6) Cpg = 1.08kj/kgk
7) Cpg = 1.05ij/kgk
To find:
a) Decrease in availability of the exhaust gas
b) Entropy production
c) Means of making the process reversible and the corresponding increase in power output.
Diagram:
Analysis:
a) Decrease in availability of exhaust gas
  g1   g2
  h1  h2   T0  S1  S2  
  Tg1 
Cpg   T1  T2   T0  In 
  T 
 g2  
= 1.08 ( 800-700 ) – 293 x In 

800 

 700 
KJ
= 66
kg
b) Entropy production
  s gas   S air
Where
 Tg2 
 S gas  Cps xIn  
 Tg1 

169
= 1.08 x In 
700 

 800 
KJ
= -0.1442
kgk
T 
 Sair  maCp2 xIn  a2 
 Ta1 
For each kg of the exhaust gas, heat transferred to air
= 1 x Cpg x  Tg1  Tg2 
= 1x1.08 x In  800 - 700
KJ
= 108
kg
This heat is fully transferred to air therefore,
 ma Cpa  Tg1  Tg2   108
108
Ta2   470
2x1.05
 521k
Substituting Ta2, we get
 521 
 S air  2x1.05xin  
 470 
KJ
= 0.216
kg of gas k
 Entropy production
= 0.2164 – 0.1442
KJ
= 0.216
kg of gas k
 Entropy production
= 0.2164 – 0.1442

170
KJ
=0.216
kg of gas k
c) In order to make the process of heat transfer reversible a heat engine must be introduced
as shown below:
As all the heat are not given to air the exit temperature of air can no longer be 521 k the actual
exit temperature must be such that the entropy change of universe is zero mathematically
S universe = 0
That is  s gas   s air  0
 Tg2   Tg1 
Cpgin    Cpain  0
T   T 
 g1   g2 
T 
1.05 x In  a2   1.08xin 
800 

 470   700 
Ta2=503k
Work delivered form the heat engine is the increase output which can be obtained from the energy
balance.
That is
W = Q 1 – Q2
= mg Cpg ( Tg1-Tg2) –mgCpg ( Tg1-Tg2)

= 1 x 1.08 ( 800 – 700 ) – 2 x 1.05 ( 503 – 470 )
KJ
= 38.7
kg of gas
37. An inventor claims to have developed an efficient hot engine which would have a heat
source at 10000 C and reject heat to a sink at 500 C and gives a efficiency of 90% Justify his
claim is possible or not.
Given data:
TH  10000 c = 1273k
TL  500 C  323k
n  90%
Solution:
According to Carnot theorem reversible engine gives maximum efficiency than other heat engine.

171
 Maximum efficiency,
Th  TL 1273  323
nmax    0.476  74.6%
TH 1273
Maximum efficiency ( 74.6% ) is less than proposed engine efficiency ( 90% ). Therefore his
claim is impossible. Ans.
Result:
Inventor‟s claim is impossible.
38. An inventor claims that his propose engine has the following specification:
Power developed = 50 kW
Fuel burnt = 3 kg/hr
Calorific value of the fuel = 75000 KJ/kg
Temperature limits = 270 C and 6270C
Find out whether it is possible or not.
Given data:
P = 50kW
Fuel burnt = 3 kg/hr
C.V. of fuel = 75,000 kj/kg
TL  270 C  300k
Temperature limits,
TH  6270 C  900k
Solution:
Heat supplied to the engine = Fuel burnt x C.V

= 3 x 75000 = 225000KJ/hr
QS=62.5kJ/sec=62.5kW
Work done, p = 50kW
From Carnot theorem cannot engine gives maximum efficiently than any other engine.
TH  TL
Carnot efficiency, ncarnot  nmax 
TH
900  300
  0.66  66.6%
900
Efficiency of inventor‟s claim engine,

172
workdone W 50
nactual     0.8  80%
Heat supplied Qs 62.5
here the inventor‟s claim engine has the higher efficiency than maximum engine efficiency
which is possible.
Result:
Inventor‟s claim is impossible
39. Determine whether the following cases represent the reversible irreversible or
impossible heat engines:
i) 900 kW heat are rejected

ii) 560 kW of heat rejected
iii) 108 kW of heat rejected
In each case the engine is supplied with 1120 kJ/sec of heat. The source and sink temperature
are maintained at 560 k and 280 k.
Given data:
TL  280 k i)QR  900kw
TH  560 ke ii)QR  560kw
Qs  1120KJ / sec iii)QR =108kw
Solution:
From Carnot theorem, cannot engine gives maximum efficiency than any other engine.
Maximum efficiency or Carnot efficiency,
TH  TL 560  280
nmax    0.5  50%
TH 560
Case(i)
Qs  QR 1120  900
n1    0.196  19.6%
Qs 1120
n1  nmax  The engine is possible heat engine.
Case (ii)
Qs  QR 1120  560
nH    0.5  50%
Qs 1120

173
n1=nmax
Therefore, it is reversible heat engine because by II law all the reversible engines have
same efficiency.
Case (ii)
Qs  QR 1120  108
nm    0.90  90%
Qs 1120
nm  nmax  it is impossible
Result:
Case (i) is possible heat engine  n1  nmax 

Case (ii) is reversible heat engine  n1  nmax 
Case(iii) is impossible heat engine  nm  nmax 
40. A heat engine of 30% efficiently drives a heat pump of COP = 5. The heat is transferred
both form engine and the heat pump to circulating water for heating building in winter.
Find the ratio of heat transfer to the circulating water from the heat pump to the heat
transfer to the circulating water from the heat engine.
Given data:
Nhe = 30%
COP OF H.P = 5
To find:
Qs
?
Qs
QR QR'
H.E. H.P.
Qs Q 's

174
Solution:
Where,
Q's  heat transfer to the circulating water from heat pump.
Qs - heat transfer to the circulating water from heat engine.

For Heat Engine For Heat pump
Qs  QR Qs
nH.E   0.3 COP  5
Qs Qs  QR
Qs  QR  0.3Qs Qs
Qs  QR 
5
QR  Q  0.3QR  0.7QR
QR
 0.7
Qs Qs
Qs   QR
5
W  Qs  QR  Qs  0.7Qs  1
Qs  1    QR
 5
W  0.3Qs 0.8Qs  QR
w QR
Qs   0.8
0.3 Qs
W  QR  Qs  Qs  0.8QS'
w  0.2Qs
w
Qs 
0.2
Qs w 0.3
    1.5
Qs 0.2 0.2
w
0.3
Result:
Qs
Ratio  1.5
Qs
41. A reversible heat engine operating between reservoirs at 900k and 300k drives a
reversible refrigerator operating between reservoirs at 300k and 250k. The heat engine
receives 1800kJ heat from 900k reservoir. The net output from the combined engine
refrigerator is 360kJ. Find the heat transferred to the refrigerator and the net heat rejected
to the reservoir at 300 k.
Given data :

175
T2 = 900 k
T1=300 k
T3= 250 k
Qs1 = 1800 KJ
To find
Qs2 =?
QR1+QR2=?
T2 = 900 T3 = 250k
H.E W1 W2 H.P
H.E .H
QR.1 QR2
T1 = 300 k
Solution :
Maximum efficiency of heat engine
TH  TL T2  T1
nmax  
TH T2
900  300
 0.66  66.6%
900
w
nmax  1
qs1
W1  Qs1xnmax  1800x0.66  1200KJ
W1  Qs1  QR1  QR1  Qs1  W1  1800  1200
QR1  600kJ

176
TL T3
COPref  
TH  TL T1  T3
250
 5
300  250
QR2
Also, COPref 
Qs2  QR2
QR2
5 ----------- (2.11)
W2
It is given that
W1-W 2=360kJ
W2=W 1-360=1200-360
W2=840kJ
From equation (2.11)
Qs2
5
40
 QR2  5X840  4200kJ
Heat transfer to refrigerator QR2  4200kJ
we know that,
W2 = Qs1 – QR2
840 = Qs2 – 4200 = 5040kJ Ans.
Net heat transferred the reservoir at 300k
= QR1+ Qs1 = 600+5040kJ Ans.
Result:
i) Heat transfer to the refrigerator QR2=4200kJ

ii) Heat rejection to the reservoir at 3000C=5640kJ
42. A carnot heat engine cycle works at maximum and minimum temperature of 1000 0C and
400C respectively. Calculate thermal efficiency and work one if Q s = 1010kJ.
Given data:

177
TH = 10000C = 1273k
Tt = 400C=313 k
Qs = 1010kJ
To find:
n, W
Solution:
Thermal efficiency,
TH  TL
n
TH
1273-313
=
1273
= 75.4% Ans.
w
n
Qs
W  nxQs  0.754x1010
W = 761.54kJ
Result:
n = 75.4%
W = 761.54kJ
43. A Carnot heat engine receives heat from 600o source. The efficiency of the engine is
59%. Find the amount of heat supplied and heat rejected per kW of work output.
Given data:
n = 59%
TH = 6000C
W = 1kW
To find:
Qs = Q R

178
Solution:
w W 1
n  Qs    1.695 kw
Qs n 0.59
w = Qs  QR
QR  Qs  QR
QR = Qs  w  1.695  1
QR  0.695kW
Results:
1. Heat supplied, Qs = 1.695 kW

2. Heat rejected, QR = 0.695 kW
44. The temperature in a domestic refrigerator is to be maintained at 10 0C. The ambient air
temperature is 300C, If the heat leaving through the refrigerator is 3 kW, determine the least
power necessary to pump out this heat continuously.
TL = 100c = 263 k
TH=300C = 303 k
Qs = kw
To find:
Power (w)
TH = 300C
QR
W
Ref
R
Qs
TL = -100C
Solution:
A refrigerator removes heat from refrigerator at the same rate at which the heat leaks
from it.

179
+-For reversible engine, condition of minimum power requirement.
QR Qs

QL TH
TL
QR  xQs
TH
263
QR  x3  2.6kW
303
w = Qs  QR  3  2.6  0.396kW
Result:
Least power necessary to pump out this heat continuously,
W = 0.396kW
45. Two-Carnot engines A and B are operated in series. The first one (a) receives heat at
870k and rejects to a reservoir at temperature T. The second engine (B) receives to a heat
reservoir at 300k. Calculate the intermediate temperature T in 0C between two heat engines
for the following cases.
(iv) The work output of the two engines are equal and
(v) The efficiencies of the two engines are equal.
Give Data
TH = 870k
TL = 300k
Case (i) W A = W B
Case (ii) A = B
To find:
T in C for (i) & (ii) case

180
Solution:
Let QSA and QRA – Heat supplied and rejected to H.E.-A

QSB and QRB --- Heat supplied and rejected to H.E.-B.
Case (i) WA = WB
WA  QS A QRA and WB  QSB  QRB

 QS A  QRA  QSB  QRB WA  WB 
 QS A  QRA  QRA  QRB  QRA  QSB 
2QRA  QS A  QRB
2T  TH  TL  870  300  Q is proportional to T 
1170
T  585k
2
t  312C
Where, T is the intermediate temperature between H.E.-A and h.e.-b.
Case (ii)
 A  B
WA QS A  QRA 870  T
A       (2.12)
QS A QS A 870

181
WB QSB  QRB T  300

B       (2.13)
QSB QSB T
870  T T  300

870 T
 A  B , equating above two equation

T (870  T )  870 (T  300)
870T  T 2  870T  261000
T 2  261000
T  510.88 K
T  237.88C
Result :
(i) If WA = WB, the temperature T = 312C

(ii) If A = B, the temperature T = 237.88C
46. An office room which was heated by electric resistance heater consumer 1200 kW-hr of
electrical energy in a winter month. Instead of this heater if the same office room is heated
by a heat pump which is having 20% of COP of the ideal Carnot pump. The room
temperature is 24C while surrounding is at 0C. If heat supplied from the surrounding by
the heat pump is 0.65 kJ, determine COP and money saved per month. Assume Cost of
Electricity is Rs.1.75 kW/hr.
Given data:
Power consumed by electric heater = 1200kW/hr

COP of H.P. = 20% of COP of ideal Carnot pump
TL = 0C =273k
TH = 24C = 297
Heat supplied by the Hp, Qs = 0.65 kW
Cost of Electricity = Rs. 1.75/kW-hr
To find :
(i) COP of heat pump

(ii) Money saved per month
Solution:
Electricity charge by using heater = 1200 × 1.75

= Rs.2100 per month.
COP of Carnot pump

182
TH 297
   12.375
TH  TL 297  273
COP of Heat pump = 20% of COP of Carnot pump
20
 12.375  2.475
100
Heat supplied
COP of heat pump =
Work done
Heat sup plied 0.65

Work done = 
COP of H .P. 2.475
W = 0.26kW
Power required by heat pump in kW-hr = work done × 3600 = 0.26 × 3600 = 945.45 kW-hr
Electricity charge for running heat pump = 945 × 1.75

= Rs. 1654.50
Money saved per month = 2100 - 1654.50

= Rs. 445.50
Result :
COP of heat pump = 2.475

Money saved per month = Rs.445.50
47. Briefly Explain CLAUSIUS INEQUALITY?
Clausius inequality states that “when a system undergoes a cyclic process, the summation of
dQ
around a closed cycle is less than or equal to zero.
T
Consider an engine operating between two fixed temperature reservoirs TH and TL. Let dQs. units
of heats be sullied at temperature T H and dQR units of heat be rejected at temperature T L during a
cycle.
dQs  dQR
Thermal efficiency,  
dQs
Thermal efficiency of any reversible engine working on the same temperature limit is given by
TH  TL
Thermal efficiency for reversible engine =
TH
The efficiency of an actual engine cycle must be less than that of a reversible cycle. Since no

183
engine can be more efficient than that of a reversible engine. Hence,
dQs  dQR TH  TL
 
dQs TH
dQR TL

dQs TH
dQR dQs

TL TH
dQR dQs
 0
TL TH
dQ
for the entire cycle,  T
0
This equation is known as Clausius inequality. It provides the criterion of the reversibility of a
cycle.
If
dQ
 T
 0 , the cycle is reversible
dQ
 T
 0 , the cycle is irreversible and possible
dQ
 T
 0 , the cycle is impossible.
dQ
Since the cyclic integral  T is less than zero in a cycle, the cycle violates the second law
of thermodynamics. So, it impossible.
We can apply the equality to the Carnot cycle since it is reversible cycle. Then the equation
dQ
 T  0.
becomes, 
48. An inventor claims that his new engine will develop 3 kW for a heat addition of 240
kJ/min. The highest and the lowest temperature of the cycle are 1527C and 32C
respectively. Would you agree his claim? Use Clausius inequality method.
Given data:
W – 3kW = 30  60 = 1800 kJ/min

Q1 = 240 kJ/min
T1 = 1527C

184
T2 = 327C
To find :
Agreement his claim = ?
Solution:
By clausius inequality,
dQ Q1 Q2
 T  
T1 T2
But, Work out, W = Q1 – Q2
1800 = 240 –Q2

Q2 = -1560kJ / min = 0
Q1 Q2 240 1560
    2.47 kJ / min.
T1 T2 1800 600
dQ
Here  T
 0.
So, we agree his claim.
Result:
Inventor claim is accepted.
49. Entropy is an index of unavailability of degradation of energy. Heat always flows from
hot body to cold body and thus becomes lesser value available. This unavailability of
energy is measured by entropy. It is an important thermodynamics property of the working
T
substance = CpIn f
TL
By entropy principle
Entropy of universe, Suniv

185
Tf T
 CPIn  CPIn f  0
TH TH
Tf2
CPIn 0
TH TL
Tf to be minimum
Tf2
CPIn should be equal to zero
T1T2
Tf2
 CPIn 0
T1T2
Tf2
 CPIn  0 & CP  0
T1T2
Tf2
In  Inl
T1T2
Tf2
1
T1T2
Tf  T1T2
 Maximum work, Wmax = CP (T1  T2  2 T1T2
= CP   T  2 T1 T2 
2
 1 
2
Wmax =  T1 T2 
 
50. 1.6 Kg of air compressed according to the law pV1.3C form pressure of 1.2 bar and
temperature of 20C to a pressure of 17.5 bar. Calculate (a) the final volume and
temperature (b) work done (c) heat transferred and (d) change in entropy.
Given data:
M = 1.6 kg
PV1.3 = C  n = 1.3
P1 = 1.2 bar = 120 kN/m2
T1 = 20C = 293 K
P2 = 17.5 bar = 1750 kN/m2
To find :
V2, T2, W, Q, and S

186
Solution:
From general gas equation.
p1V1  mRT1
mRT1 1.6  0.287  293

V1    1.121m3
P1 123
p1V11.3  p2 V21.3
1
V2  p1  1.3
 
V1  p2 
1
 120 1.3
V2     1.121
 1750 
V2  0.1427m3
From polytropic process relation.

n 1
P  n
T2  T1   2 
 P1 
1.3 1
 1750  1.3
 293   
 120 
 543.82 K
p1V1  p2 V2
Work done, W =
n 1
120  1.121  1750  0.1427

W
1.3  1
W  384.02 kJ
Heat transfer.
  n
Q  Wx  
  1
 1.4  1.3 
Q  384.02   
 1.4  1 
Q  96kJ
Change in entropy, S = mR in

187
 1.121   543.83 
 0.1427   1.6  0.718  In  293 
   
S = 1.657 kJ/K.
Result:
(i) Final Volume, V2 = 0.1427m3

(ii) Final Temperature, T2 = 543.826 K
(iii) Work done, W = - 384.02 kJ
(iv) Heat transfer, Q = -96 kJ
(v) Change in entropy S = 1.657 kJ/K.
51. Air expands from 11 bar at 550C to a pressure of 3 bar adiabatically. Determine
temperature at the end of expansion and work done. Find also the change in entropy.
Given data :
P1 = 11 bar = 10 kN/M2
T1 = 550C = 550 = 273= 823 K
P2 = 3 bar = 300 kN/m2
Process : adiabatic
To find :
T2, W and S
Solution:-
The p, V & T relation for adiabatic process
1
T2  p2  
  T2
T1  p1 
1 1.4 1
p    300  1.4
  2   T1     823
 p1   1100 
T2  567.78k
p1V1  p2 V2 mR(T1  T2 )
Work done, W  
 1  1
1 0.287  (823  567.78)

1.4  1
 183.12kJ/ kg.
Change in entropy S = 0 for adiabatic process.

188
Result :
(i) Final temperature T2 =567.78 K

(ii) Change in entropy S = 0
(iii) Work done, W = 183.12 kJ/kg.
52. 1 Kg of air is compressed according to the law p. V 1.25 = c from 1 bar and 15C to 17 bar.
Calculate the change in entropy. Cp = 1.005 kJ/Kg K and Cv = 0.72 kJ/Kg K.
Given data :
M = 1 Kg
pV1.25 = C; n = 1.25
P1 = 1 bar = 100 kN/m2
P2 = 17 bar = 1700 kN/m2
T1 = 15C = 288 K
Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K
Cv = 0.072 kJ/kg K
R = Cp – Cv = 1.005 – 0.72 = 0.285 kJ/kg K.
Solution :
From polytropic relation
n1
p  n
T2   2   T1
 p1 
1.25 1
 1700  1.25
T2     288 T2  507.55 K
 100 
Change in entropy (S)
p  T 
S  mRIn  1   mCpIn  2 
 p2   T1 
1  507.55 
S  1 0.285 e  In    1 1.005 In  
17   288 
S  0.238 kJ / k
Result :
Change in entropy S=-0.238kJ/K.

189
53. One kg of air in a closed system initially at 5 0C occupying a volume of 0.3 m3

undergoes a constant pressure heating process to 1000C. There is no work other than pdV
work. Find the work transfer heat transfer and the entropy change of the gas.
[Madras Univ. Apr‟95]
Given data:
M=1kg
T1=50C
V1=0.3m3
T2=1000C
Solution:
Work transfer, W=P(V2-V1)=mR(T2-T1)=1x0.287(100-5)

[Assume for air, R=0.287kJ/kg K]=27.26kJ
Heat transfer, Q=mCp(T2-T1)=1x1.005(100-5)=95.48kJ
T   373 
Change in entropy,S=mCp In  2   11.005 In  
 T1   278 
=0.295 KJ/K
54. Ten grams of water at 200 C is converted into ice at -10C at constant atmospheric
pressure. Assuming specific heat of liquid water to remain constant at 4.2 j/g K and that of
ice ot be half of this value and taking the latent heat of fusion of ice at 0 0C to be 335 J/g.
Calculate the total entropy change of the system Cp of ice = 2.093 J/gK.
[Madras Univ. Oct-95]

m=10g
Tw=200C
Tice=-100C
Cp1=4.2J/gk
Hfg=335J/g
Solution:
Heat absorbed from the water to form 10g of ice.

Q=Heat absorbed from the liquid + latent heat + heat absorbed from the solid phase.
Q=mwCpw(T1-0)+hfg+miceCpice(0-T2)
=10x4.2(20-0)+335+10x2.093(0-(-10))
=4399.3J
Q 4399.3
Entropy change of atmosphere Ssystem  
T 273
=16.12J/K.
Entropy change of the system from 200 to 00C

190
T 
S1 =m w Cpw In  0 
 T1 
 273 
 10  4.2 In  
 293 
=2.97 /K
Entropy change of the system from 0 to 100C
T 
S1 =m w Cpice In  0 
 T1 
 263 
 10  2.093 In  
 293 
=0.781 /K
Total entropy change S=S1+S2+Ssystem

=-2.97-0.781+16.12
=12.369 J/K
55. A constant volume chamber of 0.3m3 capacity contains 1 kg of air at 56 0C. Heat is
transferred to the air until the temperature is 1000C. Find the work transfer, heat transfer
and the change in internal energy enthalpy and entropy.
[Madras Univ.Oct‟95]
Given data:
V1=0.3 m3
M=1kg
T1=560C
T2=1000C
Solution:
Work transfer, W=0 for constant volume process

Heat transfer = change in internal energy.
Q=U=mCv(T2-T1)
=1 x 0.718(100-56)
=31.59kJ
Change in enthalpy H=U=31.59KJ
T 
change in entropy, S1 =mC v In  2 
 T2 
 373 
 1 0.718 In  
 329 
=0.09kJ/K /K

191
56. 10 kg water 900C mixes with 2.5kg of water at 200C under adiabatic condition. Find the
final temperature and entropy generation.
[Madras Univ.Apr‟97]
Given data:
M1=10kg
T1=900C
M2=2.5kg
T2=200C
To find:
1. Tf=?
2. S=?
Solution:
m1C1T1  m2 C2T2
Tf 
m1C1  m2 C2
C p of water=4.187kJ/kg K.
10  4.187  363  2.5  4.187  293

Tf 
1.4.187  2.5  4.187
=349K
Tf  760 C
 Tf   Tf 
Entropy generation,S=m1C1 In    m 2 C2 In  
 T1   T2 
 349   349 
 10  4.187 In    2.5  4.187 In  
 363   293 
=0.184kJ /K
Result:
1. The final temperature, Tf=760C

2. Entropy generation, S=0.184kJ/K
57. In a certain heat exchange, 45 kg/min of water is to be heated from 600C to 1150C by hot
gases, which enter the heat exchanges at 225 and flow at the rate of 90kg/min. compute the
net change of entropy. Assume specific heat for water and gases as 4.18 and 1.045kJ/kg K.
[Madras Univ. Oct-98]
Given data:

192
Mw=45kg/min
Tw1=600C
Tw2=1150C
Tg1=220C
Mg=90 kg/min.
To find:
Net change of entropy, S=?
Solution:
By energy balance
Heat gained by the water = Heat given out by the gas.
  
mu C p Tw2  Tw1  mg C ps Tg1  Tg2 

45  4.18(115  60)  90  1.045 225  Tg2 
Tg 2  115K .
 Tg 
Now change in entropy of gas, Sg  mg CPs In  2 
 Tg 
 1
90  115 
= 1.045 In  
60  225 
=1.052kJ/K.
 Tw 
Now change in entropy of water, Sw  mwCPw In  2 
 Tw 
 1 
45  388 
=  4.18In  
60  333 
=0.479 kJ/K.
Net change in entropy, S=Sg+Sw

=-1.052+0.479
=0.573 kJ/K.
Result:
Net change in entropy, S=-0.573kJ/K.
58. A perfect gas is contained in a cylinder and undergoes a controlled expansion

according to the law p-A=A+BV, where A and B constants. P be the pressure in kgf/cm 2 and
v the volume in m3. The initial and final pressure are 8.4 kgf/cm2 and 2.8 kgf/cm2 and the
corresponding volumes are 0.056 m3 and 0.168 m3.
Assume  =1.39, R=0.28 kJ/kg K. The initial temperature is 150C. Determine (a) work done by
the gas (b) heat transferred during the process in magnitude and direction (c) change in

193
entropy per kg of gas during expansion (d) maximum value of internal energy per keg
reckoned from 00C.
Given data:
P= A+BV
P1 =8.4kgf/cm2
P2=2.8 kgf/cm2
V1=0.056 m3
V2 = 0.168 m3.
T1 = 150C.
=1.39 & R=0.28 kJ/kg.K.
To find:
(i) Work done, W=?

(ii) Heat transfer, Q=?
(iii) Change in entropy, S=?
(iv) Change in internal energy, U=?
Solution:
P=A+BV --------------------------(2.31)
At p1-8.4 kgf/cm2 7 V1=0.056m3
8.4=A+0.056 B ------------------(2.32)
At p2 = 2.8 kgf/cm2 & V2 =0.168m3
2. 8=A+0.168 B------------------(2.33)
Subtracting eqn. (2.32) from (2.33)
-5.6=0.112B
B=-50
A=112
The equation (2.32) becomes
p=11.2-50V

194
v2
Work done, W=  100 pdv

v1
v2  0 168
=  11.2  50V  dv
v1  0 056
v2  0 168
 50 
=100 11.2V- V 2 
 2  v1  0 056
=100 11.2 .168-0.056   25[(0.168) 2   0.055 
2
=62.72kJ.
p1V1
Mass of the gas, m=
RT1
8.4 100 0.056
=
0.28  288
=0.583kg
mRT
We know that, V=      (2.34)[ pV  mRT ]
p
substituting (2.34)in(2.31)
BmRT
 p  A
p
p 2  Ap  BmRT  0      (2.35)
For getting maximum temperature, differentiate the eqn. (2.35) and equate to zero.
2pdp – Adp + BmRT =0
dT 2 p  A
 0
dp BmR
2p  A  0
p  A/ 2
11.2
p  5.6bar.
2
From eqn(2.31)
5.6=112-50 V
V=0.112m3
At p=5.6 bar & V=0.112m3
pV 5.6 100  0.112

Tmax  
mR 0.583  288
=384.2K
Maximum Internal energy,

195
Umax=Cv(Tmax-T0)
R
 T  T 
  1 max 0
0.28
 (384.2  273)
1.39  1
 79.84kJ / kg.
[ Heat transfer, Q=work transfer [  for pV=C]
=62.72kJ
[ Heat is supplied into the system]

T  V 
Entropy, S=C v In  2   Rin  2  for my gas.
 1
T  V1 
For T1  T2
V 
 S  R In  2 
 V1 
 0.168 
 0.28 In  
 0.056 
 0.308 kJ/kg K.
Result:
(i) Work done, W= 62.72kJ

(ii) Heat transfer, Q=62.72kJ
(iii) Entropy, S=0.308kJ/kg K
(iv) Max internal energy, Umax=79.84kJ/kg.
59. As single stage air turbine is to operate with air inlet pressure and temperature of 1 bar
and 60k. During the expansion the turbine loses are 20kJ/kg to the surroundings which is at
1 bar and 300k. for 1 kg.of mass flow rate determine (i) decrease in availability (ii) maximum
work (iii) the irreversibility. [Madras univ. Oct‟96]
Given data:
P1=1bar
T1=600K
Q=-20kJ/kg
P2=1bar
T2=300K
M=1kg.
To find:
(i) Decrease in availability 1-2=?
(ii) Maximum work, W max=?
(iii) Irreversibility, l=?

196
Solution:
For any process, change in entropy
 T   P2  
S=S2 -S1 =m Cp In  2   R In   
  T1   P1  
  300  1
 11.005 In    0.287 In   
  600  1
 0.697 kJ/ K.
Decrease in availability,
 1   2  m  h1  h2   To  S1  S 2  
=m C p T1  T2   To  S1  S 2  
=1 1.005  600-300   300  0.697 
=510.6kJ/kg
Maximum work – decrease in availability
Wmax = 510.6kJ/kg
From SFEE,
H1+Q=h2+W
W=m[(h1-h2)+Q]
=m[Cp(T1-T2)+Q]
=1x[1.005 9600-300)-20]
W=281.5kJ/kg
Irreversibility, I=wmax-W
=510.6-281.5
=229.1kJ/kg
Decrease in availability, 1-2=510.6kJ/kg

Maximum work, W max =510.6kJ/kg
Irreversibility, I=229.1kJ/kg
60. In a steam generator, the steam generating tubes receive heat from hot gases passing
over the oxide surface evaporating water inside the tubes. Flue gas flow rate is 20kg/s with
an average specific heat f 1.04kJ/kg K. The gas T decreases from 650 0 C to 4000C while
generating steam at 3000C water enters the tube as a saturated liquid and leaves with a
quality of 90%. Assume environment temperature as T0=27 0C. Determine the water flow
rate. Availability of hot fluid and cold fluid, irreversibility and second law efficiency.
Given data:
M1 =20kg/s
C1=1.04kJ/kg K

197
T1=6500C
T2=4000C
T3 = 3000C (saturated liquid)
X4=0.9
T0=270C
To find:
1. m2=?
2. 1=?
3. 2=?
4. L=?
5. II =?
Solution:
For heat exchanger energy balance,

Heat given out by the flue gas=Heat gained by the steam Corresponding to 3000C, read hf 7 hfg, Sf
and Sfg
H3=hf=1345kJ/kg,hfg=1406kJ/kg
S3 =sf = 3.255kJ/kg k,sfg =2.453kJ/kg K
h4=hf+x4hfg
=1345+0.9 x 1406
2610.4KJ/kg
s4=sf +x4sfg
=3.255+0.9x2.453
=5.46kJ/kg K
m1C1(T1-T2)=m2(h4-h3)
20x1.04(650-400)=m2(2610.4-1345)
m2=4.11kg/s
Availability of hot fluid,
 1  m1 C p T1  T2   T0  s1  s2  
  923  
=20[1.40(650-40)-300x 1.40In  
  6T3  
 T1 
 3228.88kW  s1 -s2 =Cp In 
 T2 
Availability of cold fluid,

198
 2  m2 C p T1  T2   T0  s1  s2  
=4.11[  2610.4-1345  -300 5.467  3.255
 2473.39kW
Irreversibility, I   1  2
=3228.88-2478.39
=755.49KW
Availability of cold fluid
Second law efficiency, II 
Availability of Hot fluid
2473.39
=  100  76.6%
3228.88
Result:
1. Mass of stem, m2=4.11 kg/s

2. Availability of cold fluid 2=2473.39kW
3. Availability of Hot fluid 1=3228.88kW
4. Irreversibility Hot fluid, I=755.49kW
5. Second law efficiency,II =76.7%
61. Steam flows in a pipeline at 1.5 Mpa. After expanding to 0.1 Mpa in a throttling
calorimeter, the temperature is found to be 1200C. Find the quality of steam in the pipeline
and also calculate availabilities, irreversibility and second law efficiency. Assume T 0=250C
Given data:
P1=1.5Mpa, and p2 = 0.1 Mpa

T2 =1200C
To find:
1. x1=?
2. 1=?
3. 2=?
4. I=?
5. II=?
Solution:
Corresponding to p2=1 bar & T2=1200C from the super heated Table, read
H2=2716.2kJ/kg.
S2=7.4606kJ/kg K
For throttling process

199
H1=h2
H1=2716.2kJ/kg
But at p1 = 15bar, read hf hfg, sf &Sfg
H1=844.89kJ/kg
Hfg=1947.3kJ/kg
Sf=2.3315kJ/kg
Sfg=6.448kJ/kg
H1=hf+x1hg
2716.2 =844.89+x1(1947.3)
x1=0.963
s1=sf+x1sfg
s1=2.3315+0.963(6.4448)
=8.538kJ/kg K
Availability at inlet, 1=h1=T0s1

=2716.2-298 x 8.538
=171.876 kJ/K
Availability at outlet, 2 =h2-T0s2

=2716.2-298 x 7.4606
= 492.94 kJ/kg
Irreversibility, I=2-1
=492.94-171.876
=321.064kJ/kg or
=T0 (s1-s2)
=298(8.538-7.4606)
=321.065kJ/kg
 1 Aout
Second law efficiency, II  or
2 Ain
171.876
=  100
492.94
=34.867%
Result:
1. Quality steam, X1=0.963

2. Availability of inlet, 1=492.94kJ/kg
3. Availability of Outlet 2=171.876kJ/kg
4. Irreversibility, I=321.065kJ/kg
5. Second law efficiency, II=34.87%
62. An inventor claims to have developed a refrigerating unit which maintains the
refrigerated space at -60 while operating in a room where temperature is 270C and has COP
8.5. find out whether his claims is correct or not.

200
Given data:
Inventor‟s refrigerating unit.
TH=270C
TL=-60C
COP=8.5
To find:
Decision = ?
Solution:
T1
COP of carnot =
TH  TL
-6+273
=
27-(-6)
=8.09
here, COPinventor  COPcarnot
 His claim is not correct.
Result:
His claim is not correct because COPcarnot is less than the inventor‟s claimed COP.
63. A heat engine is used to drive a heat pump. The heat transfer from the heat engine and
from the heat pump is used to heat the water circulating through the radiators of building.
The efficiency of the heat engine is 27% and COP of the heat pump is 4. (i) Draw the neat
diagram of the arrangement and (ii) evaluate the ratio of heat transfer to the circulating
water to the heat transfer to the heat engine.[Oct-95]
Given data:
H.E =27%
COPH.P=4
To find:
QR1  QR 2
?
QS 1
Solution:

201
Work done Q  QR1

 H .E   s1
Heat sup plied QS 1
QR1
0.27  1 
Qs1
QR1
 0.73
QS 1
QR1  0.73Qs1      (2.38)
Heat supplied
COPH .P 
Work done
Q R2
=
QS1  QR1
Q R2
4=        (2.39)
QS1  QR1
Substituting (2.38)in(2.39)
Q R2
4=
QS1  0.73 4=QS1
Q R2
=
0.27QS1
Q R2  108QS1      (2.40)
Total heat supplied to the water, Q= QR1 + QR 2

 0.73Qs1  1.08Qs1
 1.81Qs1
Q 1.81Qs1

Qs1 Qs1
=1.81

202
Result:
The ratio of heat transfer to the circulating to the heat transfer to the heat engine,
QR1  QR 2
1.81
QS 1
64. A carnot heat engine takes heat from an infinite reservoir at 550 0C. Half of the work
delivered by the engines used to run generator and the other half if used to run heat pump
which takes heat at 2750C and rejects it at 4400C. Express the heat rejected at 4400C by the
heat pump as % of heat supplied to the engine at 550 0C. If the operation of the generator is
500kW, find the heat rejected per hour by the heat pump at 4400C. [R-92]
Given data:
T1=5500C
T2=2750C
T4=4400C
Wg=500kw
To find:
QR 2
1. ?
QS1
2.heat rejected, Q R2  ?
Solution:
For cannot heat engine
QS 1 QR1

T1 T2
T1
QS 1  QR1
T2
823
= QR1
548
=1.502Q R1      (2.41)
Work done by the heat engine, W=Qs1-QR1
=1.502 QR1-QR1
=0.502 QR1
0.502QR1
Generator input, Wg 
2
=0.251 QR1
Work input to the heat pump.

203
WHP=0.251 QR1
Heat rejected by the heat pump,
QR2 = Qs2 + W HP
= Qs2+0.251 QR1---------(2.42)
QS 2 QR 2
For reverse heat pump, 
T2 T4
T2
QS 2  QR 2
T4
543
= QR 2
713
QS 2  0.77QR 2
Substitutinge Qs2 in(2.42)
 QR 2  0.77QR 2  0.251QR1
1
=0.77QR 2  0.251  Qs1
1.502
QR 2  0.727Qs1
QR 2
 72.7%
Qs1
The generator power input, W g=500kw
0.251 QR1 =500

QR1 =1992.03kW
Qs1=1.502 QR1
=1.502 QR1
=2992.03 kW
QR 2  0.727  2992.03
=2175.21kW
2175.21
=
1000
=7830.74MJ/hr
Result:
QR 2
1. Heat rejected by the heat pump  72.7%
Qs1
2. Heat rejected by the heat pump if the generator has 500kW, QR1 =7830.74 MJ/hr.

204
65. A heat engine operates between a source at 600 0C and a sink at 600C. Determine the
least rate of heat rejection per kW net output of the engine. [Nov-01]
Given data:
TH=6000C=273+600=873K
TL=600C=273+60=333K
To find:
QR/net output=?
Solution:
Take W=1kW. At the least rate of heat rejection, the efficiency should be maximum.
Carnot efficiency of heat engine,

TH  TL
 H .E 
TH
873  333
carnot 
873
=61.86%
W
H.E 
Qs
1
Qs 
0.616
Qs  1.616
QR  Qs  W
=1.616-1
=0.616-1
=0.616/kW of the output
Result:
QR/ net output = 0.616/kW
66. 5 kg of air at 2 bar and 30C is compressed to 24 bar pressure according to the law
p.V1.2= Constant. After compression air is cooled at constant volume to 30C. Determine, (i)
Volume and temperature at the end of compression, (iii) Change in entropy during
compression, (iii) Change in entropy during constant volume cooling. Take Cp=1.005 kJ/kg
K, Cv= 0.718 kj/kg K, Cv=0.718 kJ/kg K. [Dec – 01]
Given data:

205
M=5 kg
P1=2 bar
T1=30C
P2=24 bar
pV1.2= Constant
T3=30C
Cp=1.005kJ/Kg K
Cv=0.718 kJ/kg K
To find:
1. V2=?
2. T2=?
3. S2-S1=?
4. S3-S2=?
Solution:
According to the law,

pV1.2= C
p1V1=p2V2
From characteristic gas equation , pV=mRT
mRT1
V1 
p1
5  0.287  (303)
=
200
=2.17 m3
 From p1V 1.2  p2V21.2
1.2
p 
V2   1   V1
 p2 
1
 2 12
=    2.17
 24 
=0.274 m3
1.2 1
T2  p2  1.2
 
T1  p1 
0.2
Similarly,  24  1.2
T2  303  
 2 
=458.47K
=185.47C

206
Change in entropy during compression,
T  p 
 mCp In  2   mRIn  2 
 T1   p1 
T  V 
S2  S1  mCv In  2   mRIn  2 
 T1   V1 
 458.47   0.274 
 S2  S1  5  0.718In    5  0.287I n  
 303   .217 
=1.483kJ/K
Process 2-3 is a constant volume process.
T 
 Change in entropy, S3  S1  mCv In  3 
 T2 
 303 
=5  0.287In  
 458.47 
=1.487kJ/K.
Result;
1. Final volume at the end o compression, V2=0.274m3

2. The corresponding temp, T2=185.47C.
3. Change of entropy during compression S2-S1-1.483 kJ/K
4. Change of entropy during constant volume, S3-S2=1.487kJ/K
67. 0.2kg of air at 1.5bar and 27C is compressed to a pressure o 15 bar according to the
law PV1.25= Constant. Determine work done on or by air, eat flow to or from the air, increase
or decrease in entropy.[Oct-20002]
Given data:
M=0.2kg
P1=1.5bar
T1=27C=300K
P2=15bar
pV1.25=C
To find:
W, Qs,S=?
Solution:
By general gas equation

P1V1=mRT1

207
mRT1 0.2  0.28  300

V1  
p1 150
=0.148m3
n 1 1.25 1
P  n
 15  1.25
T2   2     300
 P1   1.5 
=475.5k
1 1
 p  n  1.5 1.25
V2   1      0.148
 p2   15 
=0.018195m3
Work done,
p2V2  p1V1
W 
n 1
-1.5  105  0.1148  15  105  0.018195
=
1.25  1
=40.29kJ
Heat transfer
  n   1.4  1.25 
Q W    40.29   
  1   1.4  1 
=15.1088kJ
change in entropy
V  T 
S  mRIn  2   mCv In  2 
 V1   T1 
 0.01148   475.5 
 0.2  0.287  In    0.2  0.718in  
 0.018195   300 
=0.17187kJ/K
Result:
(i) Work done=40.29kJ

(ii) Heat transfer=15.1088kJ
(iii) Change of entropy=0.17187kJ/kgK
68. A domestic food freezer maintains a temperature of -15C. the ambient air is at 30C. If
heat leads into the freezer at a continuous rate of 1.75kJ/s, what is the least power
necessary to pump the heat out continuously? [Apr -03]
Given data:

208
TL=15C=273-15=258K
TH=30C=273+30=303K
Qs=1.75kW
To find:
Least power. W=?
Solution:
TL 258

Carnot COP= TH  TL 303  258
=5.733
Qs
Actual COP of refrigerator =
W
For minimum power required to pump the heat,

Carnot COP = Actual COP
1.75
5.733=
W
W=0.305 kW
Result:
Least power necessary to pump heat, W=0.305kW
69. Find the change in entropy of 1 kg of ice which I heated from ink - 5C to 0C. It melts
into water at 0C.
CPice = 2.093kJ/kgK. The pressure during heating is maintained at 1 atm constant. Latent
heat of fusion of rice =334.96kJ/kg. [Apr-03]
Given data:
M=1kg
Tice=5C=-5+273=268 K
T0=0C=0+273=273K
Cpice=2.093 kJ/kg K
L=334.96 kJ/kg
To find
Change in entropy, S=/
Solution:
Heat released by 1kg of ice,

Q=mCpice (T0-Tice)+mL

209
=1x 2.093 x (273-268)+1x 334.96

=345.425kJ
Entropy change,
S   S ice  ( S )fusion
273
 dT mL 
 mCpice   T
268
 
T0 
 273  1 334.96
 1 2.093In  
 268  273
 1.266kJ / K
Result:
Change in entropy ,S=1.266kJ/K
70. Three identical bodies of A, B and C constant heat capacity are at temperatures of
300,300 and 100K. A heat engine is operated between A and B and a heat pump working as
refrigerator is operated between B and C. The heat pump is operated by the output of heat
engine. If no work or heat supplied from outside , find the highest temperature to which any
one of the body can be raised by the operation of heat engine or refrigerator.
[Apr -03]
Solution;
A heat engine and a refrigerator are operated between temperature limits 300,300 and 100 k.
Tf
A C Tf
300k 300k
QS1
W=QS1-QR1
HE HP
B 300K

210
Let Tf be the final temperature of bodies A and B. T f be the final temperature of body C and C be
the final heat capacity of these three identical bodies.
(S)univ > 0 -------(2.43)

(S)univ = (S)A +(S)B +(S)c +(S)H.E +(S)H.P
But (S)H.E and (S)Ref=0
(S)univ=(S)A+(S)B+(S)C >0
From (2.43). (S)A+(S)B +(S)c > 0
Tf T T  T2 
CIn  CIn f  CIn f '  0  S  CpIn 
300 100 300  T1 
Tf 2Tf '
CIn 0
300  300  100
For minimum value of Tf (S)univ=0
Tf 2 .Tf '
CIn 0
3  106
T 2 .T '
CIn f f 6  In1
3  10
Since In 1 =0, the above equation becomes
Tf 2Tf,  9  106        (2.44)
and also Qs1  QR1  QR 2
C(300  Tf )  C(Tf  100)  C(Tf ' 100)
[ Q  mC (T2  T1 )]
300  Tf  Tf  100  Tf ' 300
Tf'  700  2  Tf    (2.45)
From (2.44) and (2.45), Tf2 (200-2 x Tf)=9 x 106

Tf=300K
Tf=700 -2 x Tf
=700-2 x 300
=100 K
Result:
The maximum temperature can be raised for 100K body and 300 K of B.

211
71. A reversible heat engine operates between a source at 800C and a sink at 30C. What I
the least rate of heat rejection per kW network output of the engine?
Given data:
TH=800C =273+800=1073K
TL=30C =273 +30 = 303 K
To find:
Least rate of heat rejection / KW of network output, Q=?
Solution;
T
Carnot efficiency ,carnot  1 L
TH
303
=1-
1073
=0.7176
Work Output, W =1kW

W=Qs-QR
1-Qs-QR
Qs=1+QR ----------(2.46)
But efficiency of the engine

QR
 1
Qs
QR
0.7176  1 
, Qs
QR
0.7176  1 
1  QR
QR  0.3935kW
Result;
Least rate of heat rejection , QR=0.3935 kW
72. One kg o ice at -5C is exposed to the atmosphere which is at 20C. the ice melts and
comes into thermal equilibrium with the atmosphere (i) Determine the entropy increase of
the turbine. (ii) what is the minimum amount of work necessary to convert the water back to
ice at - 5C? assume Cp for ice as 2.093 kJ/kg K and the latent heat o fusion of ice as 333.3
kJ/kg. [Nov -03]
Given data:

212
T1=5C=273-5=268K
Ta=20C=273+20=293K
Cpi=2.093 kJ/kg K
L=333.3 kJ/kg
To find:
1. Entropy increase of universe, (S)univ =?
2. Minimum amount of work, W min=?
Solution:
Heat absorbed by air from atmosphere, (Q)= Heat absorbed in solid phase+ Latent heat+
eat absorbed in liquid phase
( Q )  mCpi (T0  Ti )  mL  mCpW (Ta  T0 )

Assu min gm  1 kg and Cpw  4.187kJ / kg K
  Q=1 2.093(0-(-5))+1 333.3+1 4.187(20-0)
=427.535 kJ
Entropy change of atm.

Q
( S )atm 
T
425.535
=  146KJ / K
293
Entropy change of sysem
(S)system=(S)ice +(S)fusion +(S)liquid

273 293
dT mL dT
 
268
mCpi
T

T
  mCpw
273
T
 273  1 333.3  293 
 1 2.093In     1 4.187In  
 268  273  273 
 1.556KJ / K
Entropy of universe,
(S)univ =(S)sys +(S)atm

=1.556-1.46
=0.096 kJ/K
If water is to be converted back to ice using reversible refrigerator, heat to be removed from
water.
Q=427.535 kJ
Now, (S)sys =1.556kJ/K

213
Q W
But, (S)atm =
Tatm
(S)ref = 0 as the refrigerant operates in a cycle.

(S)univ =(S)sys +(S)ref +(S)atm  0
Q W
 445.908kJ
Tatm
-1.536+0+W  445.908 -427.535
So, Wmin  28.373 KJ
Result:
1. Entropy increase of universe, (S)univ =0.096 kJ/K

2. Minimum amount of work, W min =28.373 kJ
73. Air is closed vessel of fixed volume 0.15m 3, exerts pressure of 12bar at 250C. If the
vessel is cooled so that the pressure falls to 3.5 bar, determine the final temperature, heat
transfer and change of entropy.
[Apr -05]
Given data:
V1 = 0.15m3
P1 = 12bar = 1200 kN/m2
T1 = 2500C = 273 + 250 = 523 K
p2 = 3.5bar = 350 kN/m2
To find:
1. Final temperature, T2 = ?
2. Heat transfer, Q = ?
3. Entropy change, S = ?
Solution:
From ideal gas equation
p1V1
m
RT1
1200  0.15
  1.2kg
0.287  523
For constant volume process,

214
p2
T2  T1 
p1
3.5
 523   152.54K
12
Heat transfer, Q = mC(T2 – T1)
= 1.2 x 1.005 (152.54 – 523)

( Cp of air = 1.005 kJ/kgK)
= -446.78 kJ
(-ve sign indicates that the heat is rejected from the system)
T  P 
Entropy change, S=mCpIn  2   mR In  2 
 T1   P1 
T 
mCuIn  2  forV  C
 T1 
 152.54   3.5 
1.2  1.005  In    1.2  0.287In  12 
 523   
 1.06kJ / K
Result:
1. Final temperature, T2 = 152.54 K

2. Heat transfer, Q = -446.78kJ
3. Entropy change, S = -1.06 kJ/K
74. Two reversible heat engines A and B are arranged in series. A rejecting heat directly to
B. Engine receives 200kJ at a temperature of 4210C from hot source, while engine B is in
communication with a cold sink at a temperature of 4.4oC. If the work output of a A is twice
that of B, find:
i. The intermediate temperature between A and B,

ii. The efficiency of each engine, and
iii. The heat rejected to the cold sink. [ Apr-05]
Given data:
TH = 4210C = 421 + 273 = 694 K

TL = 4.40C = 4.4 + 273 = 277.4 K
Qs1 = 200kJ
WA = W B
To find:
i. The intermediate temperature between A and B, T = ?
ii. The efficiency of each engine, A and B = ?
iii. The heat rejected to the cold sink, QR2 = ?

215
Solution:
Work output from engine A,

WA = QS1 – QR1
= 200 – QR1
For reversible heat engine,
TH Qs1
        2.47 
T QR1
694 200
So, 
T QR1
TH
WA=2W B
A
QR1
QS2
B WB
QR2
TL
QR1 = 0.288T --------(2.48)
So, W A = 200 – 0.288 T
But W B = 100 – 0.144T --- (2.49) ( 2W A = W B)

and also W B = Qs2 – QR2
= 0.288T – QR2 ------ (2.50) ( Qs1 – Qs2)
Equating equations (2.49) and (2.50)
100 – 0.144T = 0.288T – QR2
 QR2 = 0.432T -100 -------(2.51)
Similarly, for reversible engine B,

216
T Q s2

TL QR2
QR1
So,
T

277.4 QR2
 Q s2  QR1 
0.288T 0.288T
 
QR2 0.432T  100
 T  416.42K
OR
T = 143.420C
So, QR1 = 0.288 x 416.42 = 119.93 kJ
and QR2 = 0.432 x 416.42 – 100
= 79.89 kJ
QR1
Emergency of engine A,A  1 
QS1
119.93
 1  40.04%
200
Q s2
Efficiency of engine A, B  1 
QR2
= 1-
79.89
119.93

 Qs2  QR1 
= 33.39%
Result:
i. The intermediate temperature between A and B, T = 143.42 0C

ii. The efficiency of each engine, A = 40.04% and B = 33.39%
The heat rejected to the cold sink, QR2 = 79.89kJ

217
UNIT – III
PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
PART – A
1. Define latent heat of ice.
Total amount of heat added during conversion of ice of 00C into water of 00C.
2. What is pure substance?
Pure substance is a substance which has a fixed chemical composition throughout its
mass. Examples: Water, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and helium. A pure substance does not have to
be of a single chemical element or compound. A mixture of various chemical elements or
compounds also called as a pure substance as long as the mixture is homogeneous.
3. What is saturation temperature and saturation pressure?
At a given pressure, the temperature at which a liquid boils is called the saturation
temperature. At a given temperature, the pressure at which the liquid boils is called the saturation
pressure. It is also called as vapour pressure.
4. Define latent head of vaporization? (MU – Apr‟2000)
The amount of heat added during heating of water from boiling point or dry saturated stage
is called as latent heat of vaporization or enthalpy of vaporization or latent heat of steam.
5. Find the saturation temp and latent heat of vaporization of steam at Mpa? (MU – Oct‟
2000)
From steam table of 1 MPa or 10 bar

Saturation temperature, Tsat = 179.880C
Latent heat of vaporization, hfg = 2013.6 kJ/kg
6. Define the terms „ Boiling point‟ and „Melting point‟?(AU – Apr2005)
Boiling point:
It is the temperature at which the liquid starts to change its state from liquid to vapour.
Melting point:
It is the temperature at which the solid starts to change its state from solid to liquid.
7. What is meant by super heated steam and indicate its use? (MU – Apr‟2000)
If the dry steam is further heated, the process is called superheating and the steam
obtained is known as super heated steam.

218
Uses:
1. Superheated steam has more heat energy and more work can be obtained using it.
2. Thermal efficiency increases as the temperature of superheated steam is high.
3. Heat losses be to condensation of steam an cylinder wall is reduced.
8. Define: Sensible heat of water?
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of water from 00C to the
saturation temperature under a constant pressure. It is denoted by h f.
9. Define the term “Super heat enthalpy”.
The heat supplied to the dry steam at saturation temperature to convert it into superheated
steam at the temperature Tsip is called superheated or heat of superheat.
10. What are wet and dry steam?
The steam which partially evaporated and having water particles in suspension is called wet
steam.
The steam which fully evaporated state and is not having any water particles is called dry steam.
11. State phase rule of pure substances?
The number of independent variables associated with a multi component, multiphase

system is given by the phase rule. It is also called as Gibbs phase rule. It is expressed by the
equation as
n=C-+2
Where,
n = the number of independent variable.
C = the number of components.
 = the number of phase present in equilibrium.
12. Define dryness fraction of steam (MU – Apr ‟96, Apr „97, & Apr „ 2001)
What is quality if steam? (AU – April 2005)
It is defined as the ratio of the mass of the total steam actually present to the mass of the
total steam.
mass of dry stream

Dryness fraction =
mass of toal mixture

219
13. Explain the terms: Degree of super heat, Degree of subcooling? (AU – April 2005)
Degree of superheat:
It is the difference between superheated temperatures and saturated temperature at the same
pressure.
Degree of subcooling:
It is the amount of which the water is cooled beyond the saturated temperature at the same
pressure.
14. Define triple point and critical point for pure substance? (MU–OCT‟95, OCT ‟96 OCT‟97)
Triple point:
Triple point is the state at where all the three phases i.e. solid, liquid and vapour to exist in
equilibrium.
Critical point:
It represents the highest pressure and temperature at which the liquid and vapour phases
coexist in equilibrium. At the critical point the liquid and vapour phases are indistinguishable i.e.
Liquid directly converted into vapour.
15. When saturation pressure increases, what happens to saturation temperature and
freezing point?(MU – Apr‟2000)
When saturation pressure increases then the saturation temperature is increasing and the
freezing point decreasing.
16. Explain the change of phase of water in T-V diagram?
1–2 Solid stage

2–3 melting stage
3–4 liquid stage
4–5 Vapourising stage
5–6 Superheating stage
Temperature
6
4
5
2770C 3
2730C 2
31
Volume 
Fig T-V diagram of water

220
17. Explain the process of steam generation and how the various stages on T-s diagram
(MU – OCT ‟95)
In the T-s diagram, the region left of the water exists as liquid. In the right of the dry steam
line, the water exists as a superheated steam. In between water and dry steam line, the water
exists as a set steam. Therefore, the dryness fraction lines are represented in these region. The
value of various quantities can be directly read from the diagram.
It can be noted from the figure that the water line and steam line are converging with the
increase in temperature. At a particular point, the water is directly converted into dry steam without
formation of wet steam. This point is called „Critical Point‟.
Figure Temperature – Entropy diagram
18. Draw the h-s diagram for steam and show a throttling process on it (MU-OCT‟97)

221
19. Draw a skeleton p-v diagram for water and show an isotherm passing from compressed
liquid state to superheated vapor state through vaporization processes. (AU-Nov 2003)
Figure p-v diagram water
20. Draw the p-v-T surface of water and also indicate its salient features. (AU-April 2003)
Figure
The three important thermodynamic properties such as pressure (p), specific volume (v)
and temperature(T) are pointed in three dimensional coordinate. This plot is called as p-v-T
surface. Here T and v may be viewed as the independent variable ( the vertical surface). All the
points on the surface represent equilibrium states. The single phase regions appear as curved
surfaces on the p-v-T surface, and the two phase regions as surfaces perpendicular to the p-T
plane.
21. Write the formula for calculating entropy change from saturated water to superheat
steam condition. (MU-Apr ‟99)
 Tsup 
Entropy of Superheated steam, Ssup  S g  C ps log c  
 Ts 
where
Sg – entropy of dry steam

222
Tsup-Super heated temperature

Ts-Saturated temperature
Cps-Specific heat of super heated steam
22. Determine the condition of steam of 2 bar whose entropy is 6.27 KJ/kg.(MU-APR‟99)
From steam Table at 2 bar sg=7.1268 KJ/Kg K
Since entropy of given steam of pressure 2 bar is less than entropy of dry steam at that pressure,
the steam is in wet condition.
23. Determine specific enthalpy and specific entropy of 120 0 C saturated steam?(MU-
Apr‟2000)
From steam table at 1200C

Specific enthalpy, hg=2706kJ/kg
Specific entropy, sg =7.1293 kJ/kg K
24. Find the mass of 0.1 m3 of wet steam at a temperature of 1600 and 0.94 dry?(MU-Oct‟98)
From steam table at 1600C

Vg=0.30676 m3/kg
Specific volume of wet steam = x,vg=0.94x0.30676 m3/kg
=0.2884 m3/kg
Volume of given west steam 0.1

Mass of steam, m= 
Specific volume of wet steam 0.2884
M  0.35kg
25. One kg of steam at 10 bar has an enthalpy of 2500kJ/kg. Find its quality.
H=2500kJ/kg
H=hr+x hfg
At 10 bar from steam tables
Hf = 762.6kJ/kg;hfg=2013.6kJ/kg
2500=762.6+x+2013.6
2500  762.6
x  0.862
2013.6
26. Determine whether water at the following states is a compressed liquid, a super heated
vapor or a mixture of saturated water steam. (a) 18 Mpa, 0.003m3 /kg(b)1300C,200kPa.
Case(a0
P=18Mpa
V=0.003m3/kg
From steam table, corresponding to 18Mpa, read

223
Vg=0.007497 m3/kg
Since v=vg, the steam is in wet condition i.e mixture of liquid and steam.
Case(b)
T=1300C
P=200kPa
From steam table, corresponding to 200kpa, read

Tsat=120.20C
Since T< Tsat. the steam is in superheated condition.
27. What is meant by stem power cycles?
Thermodynamic cycles which use steam as the working fluid is called steam power cycles.
28. Define the term efficiency ratio?
The ratio of actual cycle efficiency to that of ideal cycle efficiency is termed efficiency ratio.
Actual cylcle efficiency

Efficiency ration =
Ideal rankine efficiency
29. What is meant by isentropic efficiency?
For an expansion process

Actual work done
Isentropic efficiency =
Isentropic work done
For a compression process

Isentropic work done
Isentropic efficiency =
Actual work done
30. Define specific steam consumption of an ideal Rankine cycle?
It is defined as the mass flow of steam required per unit power output.
steam flow in kg/hr
Specific steam consumption =
power in kW
31. What is meant by work ratio? What is the importance of work ration in vapour cycles?
Work ratio is defined as the ratio of network transfer to the positive work transfer.
Work ratio affects the actual cycle efficiency comparing two cycles with the same ideal efficiency,
the cycle having smaller work ratio would have smaller actual efficiency.
Higher the work ratio, the SSC is lower, resulting in smaller size plant for the given output.

224
32. Name the different process of Ranking Cycle on T –s diagram?
Process
1 - 2: isentropic expansion
2 – 3: constant pressure and temperature heat rejection
3 - 4: water is pumped to boiler pressure
4 – 5: constant pressure heat addition in boiler up to saturation Temperature
5 – 1: content pressure and Temperature in boiler
33. What are the effects of condenser pressure on the Rankine cycle?
By lowering the condenser pressure, we can increase the cycle efficiency. The main
disadvantages lowering the back pressure increase the wetness of steam isentropic compression
of a very wet vapour is very difficult.
34. A vapour cycle inherently has two advantages over gas power cycle? What are they?
(MU – Oct‟ 95)
(i) Isothermal heat transfer (evaporation and condensation) is possible in practice.

(ii) The work ratio is high compared to the gas power cycles.
35. What are the limits of maximum and minimum temperatures in a steam power cycles?
(MU – Oc ‟95)
The limit of maximum temperature of steam is its critical temperatures i.e 374.15 0C.
36. Mention the improvement made to increase the ideal efficiency of Ranking Cycle.
1. Lowering the condenser pressure

2. Superheated steam is supplied to the turbine.
3. Increasing the boiler pressure to certain limit
4. Implementing reheat and regeneration in the cycle.

225
37. Sketch the flow diagram of Ranking cycle indicating the main components?(MU – Nov
2002)
38. Name the different component in steam power plant working on a Ranking cycle. (MU –
Oct‟ 97)
Boiler, Turbine, Cooling, Tower or Condenser and Pump
39. Discuss the effects of steam pressure and temperature at inlet to the turbine I a Rankine
cycle. (MU-Oct‟95)
At the higher pressure the heat rejection is less and this results in increase in efficiency.
The cycle efficiency does not increase continuously with boiler pressure up to the critical pressure.
The increase in pressure increases the wetness of the steam after expansion, which decreases
the adiabatic efficiency, and reason is that latest heat decreases at high pressure. The increase
the cost of boiler, and turbine and also it erodes the turbine blades.
Increase in temperature of steam supplied to turbine increases the work done by the turbine
and also increases the net cycle efficiency. The efficiency of the superheated cycle continuously
increase with pressure. Super heating reduces the specific steam consumption. It also increases
the dryness fraction of steam at the end to the expansion. We can reduce the back pressure,
which increases the work done.
40. What are the effects o condenser pressure on the Ranking Cycle?
By lowering the condenser pressure, we can increase the cycle efficiency. The main
disadvantages is lowering the backpressure increases the wetness of steam Isentropic
compression has to deal with a non-homogeneous mixture of water and stem. Because of the
large specific volume of liquid vapour is very difficult.
41. Why Carnot cycle cannot be realized in practice for vapour power cycles?
The main difficulty to attain the cycle in practice is that isothermal condensation is topped
before it reaches to saturated liquid condition. Therefore the compressor has to deal with a non-
homogeneous mixture of water and stem. Because of the large specific volume of liquid vapour
mixture before compression, the compressor size and work input have to be a large. The higher
power requirement reduces the plant efficiency as well as work ratio.

226
42. Mention the improvements made to increase the ideal efficiency of Ranking Cycle (MU-
Apr ‟98)
1. lowering the condenser pressure

2. Superheated steam is supplied to the turbine
3. Increasing the boiler pressure to certain limit
4. Implementing reheat and regeneration in the cycle.
43. Draw the block diagram of reheat cycle and indicate its use (MU-Oct‟98)
Use: The main purpose of reheating is to increase the dryness fraction of steam at exhaust
so that blade erosion due to water particles as well as frictional losses reduced.
H.P. Turbine L.P.Turbine

`
Reheater
Condenser
Feed pump
Boile
r
44. Why reheat cycle is not used for low boiler pressure ?(MU-AP‟95)
At the low reheat pressure the reheat cycle efficiency may be less that the Rankin cycle
efficiency. Since the average temperature during heating will then be low.
45. What are the disadvantages of reheating?
The cost of the plant increases due to the reheater and its long connections. It also
increases the condenser capacity due to increased dryness fraction.
46. List the advantages of reheat cycle(MU-Oct‟97)
1. Marginal increase in thermal efficiency

2. Increase in work done per kg of steam which results in reduced size of boiler and auxiliaries
for the same output.
3. We can prevent the turbine from erosion.

227
47. Draw the vapour power reheat cycle on T-s diagram and write ideal efficiency of that
cycle interms of enthalpy (MU – Apr‟98)
1
3
6 2
T
5
4
s
(h1  h2 )  (h3  h4 )
Efficiency ,reheat 
(h1  hf 4 )  (h3  h2 )
48. Draw the regenerative cycle on T-s diagram and show that its efficiency is equal to
Carnot cycle efficiency on the diagram
4 1
3
4 2 2
The regenerative cycle is represented by 1-2-3-4-1 whereas the Carnot cycle I by 1-2, -4” -
1. The area under both the curve is equal and also the area under the heat addition and heat
rejection curves for both the cycles are equal, therefore the Regenerative cycle efficiency is equal
that of Ranking cycle.

228
49. Sketch the schematic diagram of closed and open type feed water heaters in actual
regenerative cycle for steam (MU- Apr‟95)
Turbine
Boiler
B
Condensor
Feed water
heater
Feed pump Feed pump
Turbine
Boil
er
Condenser
Feed heater Feed heater
Feed pump
50. What is the function of feed water heaters in the regenerative cycle with bleeding?
(MU-Oct ‟99)
The main function of feed water heater is to increase the temperature of feed water to the
saturation temperature corresponding to the boiler pressure before it enters into the boiler.
51. When will be the efficiency of the regenerative cycle attains maximum?
The temperature of the bled steam is approximately halfway between the extreme
temperatures of the primary flow cycle.

229
52. What are the advantages of bleeding?
It increases the thermodynamic efficiency as the heat of the bled steam is not lost in the
condenser but it utilized in feed heating.
By bleeding the volume flow at the low pressure end is considerably reduced this reduces the
design difficulties of blades and also condenser size is reduced.
53. What are the disadvantages of bleeding?
Cost of the plant increases and the work done per kg of steam is reduced which results in
higher boiler capacity for given output.

230
PART – B
1. Identify the state of H2O for the following conditions.
a) 5 bar, 300C
b) 5 bar, 2990C
c) 5 bar, 151.90C
d) 250 kPa, 5 lit/kg
e) 2 Mpa, 3000 kj/kg sp. Enthalpy
f) 2 Mpa, 5.88 kj/kg sp. Enthalpy
a) Given p = 5 bar
T = 300C
T given is less than T saturation. Hence it is compressed liquid. At 5 bar T saturation is 151.9 0 C
which is greater than the given temperature hence it is compressed liquid.
b) Given temperature is 2000 C which is greater than the saturation temperature and hence it
is a superheated vapor.
c) Given temperature is equal to the saturation and hence it may be saturated liquid, saturated
vapor or vest steam.
d) For the given pressure (see Appendix A1 – 1 saturated steam – pressure table)
V1 = 1.067 lit / kg
Vg = 718.7kj/kgk
Given sp. Entropy is greater than Sr and less than Sg therefore it should be a wet steam
e) For the given pressure (See Appendix A1 – 1 saturated steam pressure table)
hf = 1.067 lit /kg
hg =7187 kj/kgk
Given Sp. Entropy is greater than hg and hence it is a superheated steam.
f) For given pressure
S1 = 1.7275 kg/kgK
Sg = 6.9405 kj/kgK
2. Complete the following table of Properties for 1 kg of H2O

0 2
S.l. No. P(bar) T( C) V(m /kg) X h(kg/kg) S(kg/kg) U(kg/kg)
1 1.5 -- 0.5 -- -- -- --
0
2 2.0 200 C -- -- -- -- --
3 5.0 25 -- -- -- -- --
4 -- 120 -- -- -- 2.0 --
5 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- --

231
Case: 1 At 1.5 bar Vr = 0.001053m3/kg

Vg=1.1593m3/kgK
Since Vf <Vgiven@ 1.5 bar the given condition is wet steam. For wet steam other properties can be
found only if the dryness fractions known. It can be found from the following equation.
Vgiven=Vr+xVfg@1.5 bar
Vgiven  Vg
X 
Vg  V f
0.5  0.001053
x   0.431
1.1593  0.001053
For wet steam temperature will be the saturation temperature.
T=Tsat @ 1.5 bar

=111.370C
Specific enthalpy energy
=hfxhg @ 1.5 bar

=467.7-150x2226.5
=1426.7kJ/kg
Specific entropy
Sf +xSfg@1.5 bar
=1.4336+0.421(7.2233-1.4336) since Sfg - Sf

=3.93 KJ/kg K
Specific internal energy

=h- pv where p should be in kPa
=1426.7 kJ/kg K
=1351.7 kj/kg
Case2: Given P=2 bar
T=h=pv
When pressure and temperature are known, comparing the given temperature with the saturation
temperature. The state can be identified.
Since Sgiven> Tsaturation the state is superheated vapor referring appendix A1 other properties can be
found
V=1.0803 m2/mkg
H=2870.5kJ/kg
S=7.5066kJ/KJK
U=h-pv

232
=2870.5-200x1.0803
=2654.44kJ/kg
Case 3: Given P=2 bar

T=h-pv
At 5 bar Tsat=151.860C
Since Tgiven< Tsaturation it is a sub cooled liquid
VVf @ Tgiven =0.001m2/kg
H=hf@ Tgiven = 104.89 kj/kg
Ts
 S  S f @ p  given  C pt in
Tg
 151.86  273 
 1.8607  4.186in  
 25  273 
 0.3760kj / kgk
u  u f @ Tgiven
=h=pv
=104.89-5000.001
=104.39kj/kg
Case 4: Given P=120bar
T=2kj/kg
At Tgiven Sf =1.5276kj/kg K
Sg = 7.1296kj/kg K
S f @120 C  S given  S g  S g @1200 C
Hence it is a wet steam

S=Sf+XSfg for wet steam
S  Sf
X 
Sg  s f
2  1.5276
X
7.1296  1.5276
 0.0843
For wet steam pressure will be saturation pressure corresponding to given temperature.
i.e, p=1.985 bar

h=hf + xhfg
=503.71+0.0843 2188.5
=688.2kj/kg
v=vf+xvfg
=0.0010603+0.0843 0.8919
=0.07625
v=vf+xvfg

233
=0.0010603+0.08430.9819
=0.07625m3/kg
uu=h-pv
=688.2-198.50.07625
=673.kj/kg
Case 5: Given P=60 bar

V=0.0m3/kg
Vgiven>Vg@60bar therefore it is super heated steam. Referring superheated table for 60 bar at 540 0C
specific volume is approximately equal to the given value therefore.
H=3547.0kj/kg
S-6.999kj/kg K
U=h-pv
=3517-60000.06
=3157kj/kg
0 2
S.l. No. P(bar) T( C) V(m /kg) X h(kg/kg) S(kg/kg) U(kg/kg)
1 1.5 111.37 0.5 0.431 1.4267 3.9289 1351.7
0
2 2.0 200 C 1.0803 Not applicable 2870.5 7.5066 2654.4
3 5.0 25 0.001 Not applicable 104.89 0.3674 104.39
4 1.985 120 0.07625 Not applicable 688.2 2.0 673.1
5 6.0 540 0.06 Not applicable 3517 6.999 3157
3. A closed vessel of 0.2m3 contains steam at 1 MP and temperature 2500C. If the vessel is
cooled so the pressure falls to 350 kPa. Determine the final temperature, heat transfer and
change of entropy during the process (Madras University)
System :System
Working fluid : Steam (ideal gas equation should
Not be used)
Process : constant volume cooling
Known : p1 = 1MPa [10bar]
: v1 = 0.2m3
: T1=2500C
: p2 = 350 kPa
Diagram:

234
To find : T2,Q,S
Analysis : Before solving for any parameter initial and final states must be identified
Initial State : Given P=10 bar
T=2500C
At 10 bar Tsat@10bar=179.010C
Tgiven>Tsat@10bar Therefore it is a super heat stream
Final State : To fix the final state any two independent intensive properties should be known.
Given p2 = 3.5 bar. Since the system is of fixed mass and process is of constant
volume, final specific volume should be equal to the initial specific volume.
V2 = V 1
=V@10bar 2500C
=0.2327 M3/kg
Knowing pressure and sp. Volume the state can be establish
m3
V f @3.5bar  0.001079
kg
m3
V f @3.5bar  0.5243
kg
Since Vf  V2  Vg it is a wet steam
a) Final Temperature: Since the final state is steam, final temperature is the saturation
temperature is the saturation temperature at 3.5 bar. Therefore final temperature is
138.880C
b) Heat transfer: Q=W+U from I law for a closed system since volume remains constant W=0
Q=U2-U1
=[H2-p2V2]-[H1-p1V1]
=(H2-H1)-(p2V2-p1V1)
=m[(h1-h2)-v(p2-p1)]
Where
h1  h@10bar 2500
 2942.6kj / kgk
h2  h f @ 3.5bar  x2 h fg @ 3.5bar
tofind
V2  V f @3.5bar
x2 
Vg @3.5bar
0.2327-0.001079
=
0.5243
=0.4418
Substituting x we get,
H2 = 584.33+0.4418x2148.1

235
V1
m
V1
0.2
=
0.8595
=0.8595kg.
Q=0.8595(1533.3-2942.6)+0.2327(350-1000)]
=-1341.26Kj
Amount of heat removed from the system is 1341.26kj

c) Change in entropy]
S=S2-S1
=m(s2-s1)
Where s1=S@10bar,2500C
=6.9247 kj/kg K
S2 = Sf@3.5bar+x2 Sfg@3.5bar
=1.7275+0.4418x(6.9405-1.7275)
=4.0306kj/kgK
Substituting the value.

S=m(s1=s2)
=0.8596
=0.8595[4.0306-6.9247]
=-2.4875 kJ/K
Entropy decrease is due to the removal from the system.
4. Steam at 10 bar and 0.85 dry expands according to the law pv1.2 = c to a final pressure of
1 bar. Determine a) final volume b) final enthalpy
System: closed
Process: Polytropic expansion (pv1.2 =c)
Working fluid: Steam (Ideal Gad education could not be used)
Known: p1=10bar n=1.2

X1=0.85 p2 = 1bar

236
P-v diagram
To find: a) Final volume
b) Final enthalpy
Analysis: a)
P2v21.2 = P1v11.2
Where Vt = V6+Vfg1
=Vf1+X1Vg1=0.001127+0.85x0.19444
=0.1664m3/kg
b) Final enthalpy can be found only if the final state is completely fixed:
P2=1 bar
Vg2=1.1336m3/kg
At 1 bar Vf2 =0.001043m3/kg
Since Vf2 <V2<Vg2 it is wet steam

237
1.0336  0.001043
 x2 
1.6940
=0.669
Hence h2 = hf2+x2hfg2
=417.46 + 0.669 x 2258
1927.2 kj/kg
5. Steam at 15 bar and 3000C is expanded hyperbolically to a pressure of 5 bars. Calculate

change in internal energy and work done during the process.
System :Closed
Process :Hyperbolic(pV=c)
Working fluid: Steam (ideal gas eqn. should not be used )
Known: P1 =15bar
T1 = 3000C
P2 5 bar
To find :a) pu – v diagram

:b)W
Analysis : u=u2-u1
=(h2 –p2v2)-(h1-P1v1
=(h2 – h1)-(p2v2-p1v1)
(since the processor is hyperbolic]

238
To find the enthalpy values states are to be identified first

State1 :Given
P=15bar
T=3000C
At 15 bar Ts = 198.330c
Since Tgiven>Tsaturation
h1=3036kj/kg
v1=0.17045 m3kg
State2: Given p2 = 5 bar
To fix the state two independent intensive properties should be known from the process eq.
=p1v1=p2v2
P1V1
 V2 
P2
15  0.17045

5
 0.51135m3 / Kg
knowing p2 & v2 the state can be established
m3
At 5 bar v f  0.001093 and
kg
Vg=0.3748m3/kg
Since V2 is greater than Vg@5bar is a spearhead steam
P2 = 5 bar and
V2 =0.51135m3/kg
At 5 bar and 300oC
V=0.5226m3/kg
m2
Therefore, for 0.51135
kg
T  300 
 300  275  0.5226  0.51135
 0.5226  0.4985
=288oC

239
h  h@ 5bar,175o C 
 h2  h@ 5bar,300o C     300  288
 
@ 5bar,300o C
 300  275 
 3063 
 3063  3012   12
25
 3038.5kj / kg
Since steam is behaving like an ideal gas in the superheated vapour region, the change in internal
energy is very small.
c) work done
 pdv
1
v2
 p1v v 1n
v1
(or)
p1
d) = p1v v 1n
p2
 15 
=1500  0.17045  1n  
 5 
kj
=280.89
kg
6. 150 kg / s steam at 25 bars and 300oC expands misanthropically in a steam turbine to 0.3
bars. Determine the power output of the turbine.
System : Open
Process : Study flow – isentropic
Known : p1=25bars
: T1=300oC
: p2 = 0.3bar
: m= 150kg/s

240
To find : Power output

Analysis :Q-W t=m[h+ke+pe]
Given the flow is isentropic. Assuming the changes in PE & KE negligible
W1=m[h1-h2]
State1 : Given P=25bars
T=300oC
Since Tgiven>Tsat@25bar it is a superheated steam and H1=3008.0kj/kg

S1=6.6424kj/kg
State2: To fix the state at least two independent bar. From process equation S 1 = S2=6.6424
kj/kgK and hence the other properties can be found.
Sf@30kpe=0.9441kj/kgK
Sg@30kpe since Sf<S2 <Sg, it is a wet steam.
To find X2
S2  Sff
X2 
S fg3

 6.6424  0.9441
 7.7672  0.9441
 2239.6
Substituting these values we get
Wt=150(300.0-2239.6)
=115.256Mw.

241
7. Steam is throttled from 15 bars to 1 bar, Temperature after throttling is 120 oC. Find the
initial state if steam.
System : Open
Process : Throttling process (h=constant)
Known : P1=15bars
P2=1bar
T1=125oC.
To find : Initial state

Analysis : To fix the initial state two properties must be known
Given P1 = 15 bars
From the process equation.
H2=h1
=h@1bar.125C
=2726.3
For state 1
P1=15bars
H12726.3kJ/kg
At 15 bars hn<hg1 it is wet steam

242
hn  hf1
X1 
hfg1
2726.3844.85

1946.6
 0.966
The initial state is wet steam of dry fraction 0.966
8. Steam at 30 bar and 350oC is expanded in a non flow isothermal process to a pressure of
1 bar. The temperature and pressure of the surroundings are 25 oC and 100 kpa
respectively. Determine the maximum work that can be obtained from this process per kg
of steam. Also find the maximum useful work and change in availability.
System : Closed
Process : Isothermal expansion
Working fluid : Steam (ideal gas equ. Should not be used)
Known : p1=30bars
P2=1bar
T1=623 K=T2
T0=298 K
P0=100kPa
Diagrams:
To find :a) Wmaxb) Wmax useful

c) 
Analysis :a) Wmax=(u1=u2)-T0(s1-s2)
To get the property values the states are the be first identified.
State: 1 known p1=30 bars

T1=350oC
At 30 bar
Tsaturation =233.9oC

243
Since the given temperature is greater than Tsaturation it is a superheated steam.
From steam table
V1=0.0090526m3/KG
H1=3117.5KJ/Kg
S1=6.9246kJ/kgK
u1=h1
=h1-p1v1
=3117.5-3000 x 0.090526
=2845.9kJ/kg
State:2
P2=1bar
T2=350oC
At 1 bar saturation temperature is 99.63oC. Since the given temperature is greater than the
saturation temperature it is a superheated steam.
From steam table
H2=3175.6kJ/kg
V2=2.8708m3/kg
S2=8.3858kJ/kgK
U2=h2-p2v2
=3175.6-100x2.8708
=2888.52kJ/kg
Wmax=(2845-2888.52)-298(6.9246-8.3858)
=392.82kJ/kg
b) Wmax,useful=(u1-u2)+p0(v1-v2)-To(S1-S2)
=Wmax+po=(V1-V2)
=392.82+100(0.090526-2.8708)
=114.79KJ/kg
c) Change in availability
=Wmax, useful
=114.79kJ/kg
Availability decreases by 114.79kJ/kg.

244
9. Ammonia enters a throttling device at 30oC as saturated liquid. Temperature after

throttling is found to be -6oC. What is the condition of ammonia at the exit.
System :Open
Working fluid :Ammonia
Process :Throttling – isenthalpic
Known :t1=30oC and saturated liquid
T2=-6oC
To find : Condition at the exit
Diagram
Analysis : To fix the final state at least two independent intensive properties must be known,
Given t2=-6oC Also

H2=h1
Since the process is throttling.

H1 can be found from Appendix A2
H1=h1@30oC
=322.9kJ/kg
=h2
At-6oC
Hr=153.5 and
Hg=1436.8kJ/kg
Since hf@-6oC<hg@-6oc the final state is wet.
H2=h12+x2hfg
=hf@-60C+X2hg@-6oC

245
h1  hf1
 X2 
hfg1
h1  hf

hfg1
 0.132
The state after throttling is a mixture of dryness fraction 0.132.
10. In refrigeration plant using R134a, vapours enters the condenser at 0.15 MPa, 60 oC and
leaves as saturated liquid at the same pressure. What is the heart removed per keg of
vapour condensed?
System : Open system.

Working fluid: R134a
Process : Condensation at constant pressure
Known : 1)p1=0.15MPa
2)t1=6oC
3)p2 = 0.15MPa
To find : Heat removed per kg of vapour condensed
Diagram:
Analysis : By apply SFEE, neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energies.
. . .
Q W  m[h]
On unit mass
Q-W-h
Since there is no work interaction

Q=h2-h
H1=f(p1,t1)from appendix A 4,3

=454.9kJ/kg
h2=f(p2)from appendix A4,3

246
=177.3KJ/kg
Therefore, q=177.3-454.9
=-277.6KJ/kg
11. One kilogram of water at 300oC expands against a piston in a cylinder until it reaches
ambient pressure, 100kPa, at which point the water has a quality of 90%. It may be
assumed that the expansion is reversible and adiabatic. What was the initial pressure in the
cylinder and how much work is done by the water?
System :Closed
Process :Reversible adiabatic
Known :1) Initial temperature t1=300oC
2) Final Pressure p2=100kPa
3) Final quality x2=0.9
To find :1) Initial pressure (p1)
2) Work done(1W 2)
Diagram:
12. The neon has a molecular weight of 20.183 and its critical temperature, pressure and
m3
volume are 44.5K,2.73 MPa and 0.0416 . Reading from a compressibility chart for a
kg.mol
reduced pressure temperature and reduced volume?
System :neon gas at thermo dynamic stage

Known :M=20.183 Tcr =44.5K
Per=2.73Mpa Vcr=0.0416m3/kg mol
Tr=1.3 Pr=2
Z=0.7
To find: a) V b)p c)t d)vr
Analysis: since (a) cannot be solved before solving b and C consider (b)

247
zRT
(a) 
P
zRu T

pM
0.7  8.314  57.85

5460  20.183
 3.05  10 3 m3 / gk
b)gives pr  2
p  2  pcr
 2  2.73Mpa
 5.46Mpa
c)given Tr  1.3
T
1.3  T  1.3  44.5
Tcr
 57.85K
V 3.05  10 3
d)Vr  
Vcr 2.06 10 3
 1.48
13. It is required to store 32kg of oxygen at 300K and 10MPa. Determine the volume of the
tank using ideal gas equation and generalized compressibility char T cr=154.6K and
pcr=5.04MPa.
System : oxygen existing in a thermodynamic state

M=32.183
Known =t=300K
P=10Mpa=10x103KPa
To find: volume
Analysis =a) using pV=mRT

248
mRT
V
p
 8.314 
32  
  34 
10  103
 0.249m3
b) using generalized compressibility chart
p 10  10
pr  
pcr 5.04  103
 1.984
T
Tr 
Tcr
300
= 1.94
154.6
Z fromchart  0.95
0.95  m  R  T
V
p
 8.134 
0.95  32    300
 32 
=
10  103
V  0.236m3
14. Find the pressure of nitrogen gas at T=175 K and V=0.00375 m3/kg. Using.
a) Ideal gas equation

b) Vander walls equation of state
Take molecular weight of nitrogen of state
Tcritical  126.2K
Pcritical  3.39Mpa
system: nitrogen existing in a thermodynamic state

known: T= 175k
v=0.00375m3/kg Tcr=126.2K
Per=3.39MPa

249
To find: pressure
Analysis: a) u sin g p=RT
 8.314 
 175
Rt  28.013 
p 
 0.00375
 1385KPa =13.85MPa
 a
b)Using  p  2   v  b   RT
 v 
Rt a
p  2
v b v
8.314
whereR   0.297KJ / kgK
28.013
27R2T2 27  0.2972  126.22
a 
64Pcr 64  3.39  103
 0.175
R  Tcr 0.297  126.2

b 
8  Pcr 8  3.39  103
 1.38  10 3
0.297  175 0.175
P 3

0.00375  1.38  10 0.00375 2
 4986kpa =9.486MPa
15. The normal boiling point of cf3 Br is 58oC critical temperature and pressure and
molecular mass Tc=340.9 k=405 Mpa, M=148.9 using R-K equation state, calculate the
specific volume of substance these conditions.
System: CF3Br is a thermo0 dynamics state

NBP=-58.7oC
NBP=58.7oC
Known: Tc=340,9J
Pc=405 Moa
M=148.9
To find: Specific value
Analysis: the R-K equation can be modified and expressed as:

250
RT a   b

p PT 12     b 
b
R0 8314.4
where R=   55.84J / kgK
M 148.9
5
R2T 2
a  0.42748
Pc
 55.84    340.9 
2 2
 0.42748   706.186
4.05  106
RT
b  0.08664  c
Pc
55.84  340.9
0.08664   0.4072  10 3
4.05  10 6
T  58.7  273  214.3K
Analysis: From Energy Balance
Mair C(T1-T2)=msteam(hb-ha)
From steam table
Ha=hf@5bar
KJ
 639.90
kg
ha=hg@5bar
KJ
 2747.48
kg
Substituting numerical values we get
200  2747.48  639.90 

mair 
1.005  600  300 
 1398kg / hr
b) increase in available Energy per unit time

251
 t 0  Sair  Sair 
where Ssteam  msteam  Sb  Sa 
=msteam  Sg  S f 
@ 5bar
200
  6.8198  1.8602 
3600
kw
 0.275
k
substituting the numerical values We get
UAE = 298[0.275-0.164]
=32.98kw.
16. CALCULATION OF WORK DONE AND HEAT TRANSFER IN FLOW PROCESSES
Final form of equations for various steady flow processes of systems are given in the
tabular form.
Systems Work done Heat transfer

Boiler W=0 Q=h2-h1
Turbine W=h2-h1 Q=0
Condenser W=0 Q=h1-h2
Nozzle W=0 Q=0
IMPORTANT FORMULA E
For properties of steam:
Properties Wet steam Dry steam Superheated steam

Enthalpy (h) in kJ/kg hwet=hf+xhfg hg=hr+hfg hsup=hg+CP(Tsup-Ts)
Specific volume (v) in m3/kg Vwet=xvg Vdry=Vg T
 sup  g sup
Ts
Density () in kg/m3 1 1 1
wet  g  sup 
v wet Vg v sup
Work done (W) in kJ/kg W wet=100Pvwet Wg=100pvg Wsup=100pvsup
Internal energy in UWet=hwet-W wet Ug=hg-W g Usup=hsup-Wsup
Specific entropy (s) in KJ/kg K Swet=sr+XSfg Sdry = Sf+Sfg T 
Ssup=Sg+Cpsloge  sup 
 Ts 

252
For Non – flow processes:
Processes Work done Heat transfer

Constant volume W=0 Q=(h2-h1)-(p2Vsup2-p1x1vgf)
Constant W=p(v2-v1) Q=h2-h1
pressure
Constant W=p(v2-v1) Q= h2-h1
temperature
Hyperbolic V  V 
W  p1v1 loge  2  Q  p1v1 loge  2   h2  h1 
 V1   V1 
Isentropic W=u1-u2 Q=0
Polytropic p v p v n
W 1 1 2 2 Q p1v1  p2 v 2   h2  h1 
n 1 n 1
For Flow Processes:
Systems Work done Heat transfer

Boiler W=0 Q=h2-h1
Turbine W=h2-h1 Q=0
Condenser W=0 Q=h1-h2
Nozzle W=0 Q=0
17. Determine the state of steam at a pressure of 12 bars with its specific volume of
0.175m3/kg?
Given data:
P=12bar
V=0.175m3/kg
To find:
State of steam (whether dry, wet or super heated)
Solution:
From steam table of pressure scale at 12 bar, specific volume of dry steam, v g=0.16321m=3/kg,
Ts=188oC.
Since v>vg, the steam is in super heated condition.
Note:
V>Vg  Super heated

V=vg  dry steam
V<Vg Wet steam

253
We know that
T 
 sup   g  sup 
 Ts 
  0.175 
Tsup  sup  Ts     188
g  0.16321 
Tsup  201.58o C
The steam is super heated to 201.58oC
Result:
The state of steam is super heated
18. Determine the condition of steam at a temperature of 220oC and enthalpy of 2750kJ/kg.
Given data:
T=220oC
H=2750KJ/Kg
To find:
State of steam
Solution:
From steam Table of temperature scale at 220oC

Hf=943.7kJ/kg
Hfg=1856.2kJ/kg
Hg=2799.9kJ/kg
Since h<hg, the steam is in wet condition
Note:
h>hg  Super heated steam

h=hg dry steam
h<hg  wet steam
hwet=hf+xhfg
hwet  hf
x
hfg
2750  943.7
  0.973
1856.2

254
Result:
The given steam is wet steam of 0.973 dry.
19. Find the specific volume and enthalpy of steam at 9 bar when the condition of steam is
(a) wet with dryness fraction 0.98(b) dry saturated and (c) super heated, the temperature of
steam 240oC.
Given data:
P=9bar
(i) x=0.95(ii)x=1
(ii) super heated Tsup=240oC
Solution:
From steam table at 9 bar
Ts=175.4oC
Vg=0.21501m3/kg
Hr=742.6kJ/kg
Hfg=2029.5kJ/kg
Hg=2772.1KJ/kg
(a) Wet steam, x=0.95
wet=xg=0.95  0.21501=0.204m3/kg
hwet=hf+xhfg = 742.6+0.952029.5
hwet=2670.625kJ/kg
b) Dry steam
vg=0.21501m3/kg
hg=2772.1KJ/kg
c) Super heated steam Tsup= 240oC

T 
 sup   g  sup 
 Ts 
 240 
 0.21501   
 175.4 
v sup  0.294m3 / kg
Corresponding to p=9 bar and T =240oC from the superheated enthalpy table
Hsup=2923.29KJ/kg

255
Results:
(a) Wet steam v=0.204m3.kg

h=2.670.625KJ/kg.
(b) Dry saturated v= 0.21501m3/kg

h=2772.1kJ/kg
(c) Super heated v=0.294m3/kg

h=2923.29kJ/kg
20. Find the internal energy of unit mass of steam at a pressure of 7 bar (i) when its quality
is 0.8(ii) when its dry and saturated and (iii) super heated, the degree of superheat being
65oC. The specific heat of super heated steam at constant pressure is 2.277kJ/kg.
Given data:
P=7bar
(i) X=0.80
(ii) Dry saturated and
(iii) Superheated, (Tsup-Ts)=65oC
Find :
Internal energy
Solution:
Ts=164.9oC; Vg=0.27288m3/kg
Hr=697.1kJ/kg; hfg=2064.9kJ/kg
Hg=2762kJ/kg; sf=1.992kJ/kgK
Sfg=4.713kJ/kgK sg=6.705kJ/kgK
(i) When x=0.8
hwet=hf+xhfg=697.1+0.82064.9
hwet=2349.02kJ/kg
wet=xg=0.80.27288
wet=0.2183m3/kg
Work done,
W=100p vwet
W=10070.2183

256
W=152..8kJ/kg
Internal energy,
U=h-W
U=2349.02-152.8
Uwet=2196.22kJ/kg
ii) When it is dry and saturated
hg=2762kJ/kg
Wdry =100pg
=10070.27288
=191kJ/kg
ug=h-W
=2762-191
=2570.984kJ/kg
iii) When super heated
hsup=hg+Cp(Tsup-Tsat)
=2762+2.277(65)
hsup=2910jH.kg
Wsup=100pVsup
 229.9  273 
=10070.27288  
 164.9  273 
 Tsup  Ts  65
Tsup  Ts  65
=164.9+65
Tsup  229.9o C
=219.36kJ/kg
Usup=h=W
=2910-219.36
Usup=2632.189kJ/kg
Results:
(i) When steam is wet, uwet =2196.2kJ/kg.

(ii) When stem is dry, Udry=2570.984kJ/kg
(iii) When super heated, Usup=2690.6kJ/kg

257
21. Determine the condition of stem whether it is we, dry or super heated for the following
cases by using stem tables only.
(i) Steam has a pressure of 10 bar and specific volume 0.22m3/kg

(ii) Steam has a pressure 15 bar and temperature 225oC
(iii) Steam has a temperature 200oC and enthalpy 2790.9kJ/kg.
(iv) Steam has temperature of 120oC and entropy 7kJ/kg K.
Given Data:
(i) p=10bar v=0.22m3/kg

(ii) p=15bar T=225oC.
(iii) T=200oC h=2790.9kJ/kg
(iv) T=120oC s=kJ/kgK
To find:
Conditions of steam
Solution:
(i) p=1bar;v=0.22m3/kg From S.T. at 10bar, vg the steam is super heated.

(ii) P=15bar;t=225oC From S.T. at 15 bar, Ts=198.3oC since Ts<Ts the stem is super heated
.
(iii) T=200oC;h=2790.9kJ/kg From S.T. at 200oC,hg=2790.9kJ/kg since h=hg the steam is dry
saturated.
(iv) T=120oC; s=7kJ/kgK From S.T. at 120oC sg=7.129kJK since s<sg, the steam is in wet
condition.
Results:
(i) Stem is super heated

(ii) Steam is super heated
(iii) Steam is dry saturated and
(iv) Steam is wet.
22. One kg of steam contains 1/3 liquid and 2/3 vapor by volume. The temperature of the
steam is 150oC. Find the quality, specific enthalpy of mixture.
Given data:
m  1kg
1
v f  volume of vessel
3
2
v g  volume of vessel,and
3
T3  150o C

258
To find:
Quality (x), specific volume, v and specific enthalpy, h
Solution:
From steam Table at 150oC

P=4.76bar;vf=0.001091m3/kg; vg=0.39245m3/kg
Hf=632.1kJ/kg; hfg=2113.3kJ/kg.
1
f 1
 3
g 2 2
3
 f mw  f 1
 
 g ms  g 2
mw 0.001091 1
 
ms 0.39245 2
mw
 179.85
ms
Dryness fraction, x
ms 1
x 
m w  ms  m w 
  1
 ms 
1
x  0.005529
179.85  1
Wetness fraction
Y=1-x1-0.00552=0.99447
Volume of mixture
=xg+yf
=0.0055290.39245+0.994470.001091
=0.00325m3/kg
Enthalpy of mixture

259
h   xhfg    yhf 
  0.005529  2113.3    0.99447  632.1
h  640.289KJ/ kg
Results:
(i) Quality of steam, x=0.005529

(ii) Specific volume, v=0.00325m3/kg
(iii) Enthalpy of mixture, h=640.289kJ/kg.
23. Steam at a bar and 0.7 dry expands of constant volume until 5.5 bar. Find the final
condition of steam and the heat absorbed by 1kg of steam.
Given data:
M = 1kg
P1 = 4bar
X1 = 0.7dry
Process: constant volume
P2 =5.5bar
Find:
Final condition of steam and Q
Solution:
Ts-143.6oC; hf1=604.7KJ/kg
Hfg1=2132.9kJ/kg; vg1=0.4622m3/kg
H1=hf1+xhfg1
=604.7+0.72132.9
h1=hwet=2097.73kJ/kg
1=xg
=0.70.4622
1=0.3235m3/kg
From Steam Table at 5.5 bar
g2=0.34298m3/kg;
hf2=655.5kJ/kg
hfg2=2096.1kJ/kg
Volume is constant during the process

260
V2=V1=0.3235m3
Since v2<vg, the steam is we:
0.3235
x2   0.943dry
0.34298
h2  hf 2  x 2hg2
 655.5  0.943  2096.1
h2  2632.79kJ/ kg
For constant volume process, W=0

By first law of thermodynamics,
Q=U
Heat transfer,
Q=U2-U1
=(h2-p2v2)-(h1-p1v1)
=(h2-h1)-v2(p2-p1) [ v1=v2]
=(2632.79-2097.73)-03235(550-400)
=486.53kJ
Result:
Final condition of steam is wet at 0.973 dry

Heat absorbed, Q=486.53kJ/kg
24. A closed vessel of 0.2 m3 contains steam at 1 MPa and temperature 250oX. If the vessel
is cooled so that pressure falls to 350 kPa. Determine the final temperature, heat transfer,
and change of entropy during the process. (MU-Nov‟94&Oct‟95)
Given data:
V1=02m3
P1=1MPa=10bar
T1=250oC
P2=350kPa=3.5bar
To find:
T2,Q and S.
Solution:
From steam tables at 10bar, Ts=179.9oC
Since T1>Ts, the state would be in the super heated region from steam tables (in super heated
region)

261
At 10bar and 250oC

Vsup=0.2328m3/kg
From steam tables at 3.5bar

Vf2=0.001079m3/kg
Vg2=0.52397m3/kg
T2 =139.9oC
Mass of the steam, m
v1 0.2
m 
v sup 0.2328
=0.859kg
Volume of vapour at final stage, V2

Vg2=mx vg2
=0.859  0.524
Vg2=0.45m3
Since the vessel is closed, the cooling process is undergone by constant volume. Therefore,
V1=V2
The vapour must be wet in its final stage because V g2>V1
The dryness fraction, x
v1 0.2
m   0.444
v g2 0.45
The final temperature of steam is equal to the saturation temperature at 3.5bar.
T2 = 139.9oC
Final enthalpy of wet steam h2=hf2+hfg2
From steam table at 3.5bar,
Hf2=5843kJ/kg
Hg2=2147.3kJ/kg
H2=5843+0.4442147.3
H2=1537.7kJ/kg
From super heated steam table at 10bar and 250oC
H1=2943kJ/kg

262
Heat transfer,
Q=m(h2-h2)
=0.859(2943-1537.7)
=1207.15KJ
From S.T. at 10 bar ad 250oC

S1=6.926kJ/kg K
From S.T. at 3.5 bar
Sf2=1.727kJ/kgK
Sfg2=5.212kJ/kgK
Final entropy,
S2=s12+xsfg2
S2=1.727+0.4445.212
S2=4.041kj/kgK
Change in Entropy
s=m(s2-s1)=0.859(4.041-6.926)
=-249kj/kgK
Result:
Final Temperature, T2=129.9oC

Heat transfer, Q=1207.15kJ/kg
Change in entropy, s=-2.48kJ/kgK
25. Steam is contained in a closed vessel of 30 litres capacity at a pressure of 10 bar with
dryness fraction 0.95. Calculate its internal energy. Due to loss by radiation, the pressure of
steam falls to 7 bar, calculate the total loss of heat and final quality of team. (MU-Apr;96)
Given data:
V1=30 lits
P1=10bar
x1=0.95
P2= 7bar
To find:
U1,Q and x2
Solution:
From steam tables, corresponding to 10 bar, read Vghf & hfg

263
Hf1=726.6kJ/kg
Hg2=2013.6kJ/kg
Vg1=0.1932m3/kg
V1=x1vgt
=0.95(0.1932)=0.1847m3/kg
h1=hf1+hg1
=7626+0.952013.6
=2675.52kJ/kg
V1
Mass of steam m= 1000litres  1m3 
V1 
30

1000  0.1846
 0.163kg
Internal energy,
U1=mu1
=m(h1-p1v1)
=0.163(2675.52-10000.1847)
U1=406.02kj
For closed vessel

V1 = v2
From steam tables, corresponding to 7 bar, read

Vg2 =0.27268m3/kg
Now, vg2>v2, the steam is in wet condition

V2=x2vg2
0.1846=x20.27268
x2=0.677
h2=hf2+x2hg2
=697.1+0.6772064.9
=2095kJ/kg
For constant volume process, W=0

Q=U
Heat transfer,
Q=U2-U1
=m(h2-p2v2)-(h1-p1v1)
=m[(h2-h1)-v2(p2-p1)] [ v1=v2]
=0.163[(2095-2675.52)-0.1846(1000-700)]
=-103.65kJ

264
Result:
1. Internal energy, U1=406.02kJ

2. Final quality of steam, x2=0.677
3. Total Heat loss, Q=-103.65kJ
26. Steam initially at 400kPa and 0.6 dry is heated in a rigid vessel of 0.1m 2 volume. The
final condition is 600kPa. Find the amount of heat added and mass of steam. (MU-Apr‟97)
Given data:
V1= 400kPa
x1=0.6
v1=0.1m3
P2= 600kPa
To find:
Q and m
Solution:
From steam tables, corresponding to 4 bar, read vg,hf & hfg
Hf1=604.7kJ/kg
Hg2=2132.9kJ/kg
Vg1=0.4622m3/kg
Specific volume,
V1=x1vgt
V1=0.60.4622
=0.277m3/kg
h1=hf1+x1hg1
=604.7+0.62132.9
=1884.44kJ/kg
Mass of steam,
v1
m
v1
0.1

0.278
 0.36kg
or rigid vessel, V1=v2

v2=0.277m3/kg

265
H2=670.4kJ/kg
Hfg2=2085.1kJ/kg
Vg2=0.31546m3/kg
Here, vg2>v2, The steam is in wet condition
V2=x2vg2
0.277=x20.31546
x2=0.88
h2=hf2+x2hg2
=670.4+0.882085.1
=2505.2kJ/kg
BY first law of thermodynamics
Q=W+U
For rigid vessel, v1=v2, So, work transfer W=0
Q=U
Total heat transfer
=m[U2-U1]
=m[(h2-p2v2)-(h1-p1v1)]
=m[(h2-h1)-v1(p2-p1)] [ v1=v2]
Total heat transfer.
Q=0.36[(2505-1884.44)-0.277(600-400)]
=-203.46kJ
Result:
1. Heat transfer, Q=203.46kJ
2. Mass of steam, m=0.36kg
27. 2kg if steam initially at 5 bar and 0.6 dry is heated at constant pressure until the
temperature becomes 350oC. Find the change in entropy and internal energy. (MU-Oct‟97)
Given data:
m= 2kg
p1=5bar
x1=0.6
T2= 350oC
To find:
S and U

266
Solution:
From steam tables, corresponding to 5 bar, read Vg1 hf1 hfg sf1 & sfg
Hf1 =640.1kJ/kg; hfg1=2017.4lJ/kg
Sf1=1.86kJ/kgK; Sfg1=4.959kJ/kgK
3
Vg1=0.37466m /kg
Specific volume v1=x1vg1

=0.6  0.37466
=0.225 m3/kg
Enthalpy,h1=hf1+x1hfg1
=640.1+0.62107.4
=1904.54kJ/kg
Entropy,s1=sf1+x1sfg1
=1.86+0.64.959
=4.835kJ/kgK
From steam tables, corresponding to 5 bar & 350oC read
V2=0.5701m3/kg
H2=3168.1kJ/kg
S2=7.634kJ/kgK
Change in entropy,
S=m(s2-s1)
=2(7,634-4.835)
=5.598KJ/k
U=m(U2-U1)
=m(h2-h1)-(p2v2-p1v1)
=m[(h2-h1)-p2(v2-v1)] [ p1=p2]
=2[(3168.1-1904.54)-500(0.5701-0.225)]
=-2182.02kJ
Result:
1. Change in entropy, S=5.598kJ/K

2. change in internal energy, U=2182.02kJ

267
28. 2.5kg of steam is heated at constant pressure of 250kPa and 100 oc until temperature is
250oC. Find the amount of heat added and change in entropy.
Given data:
M=2.5kg
Process: constant pressure
P=250kPa
T1=100oC
T2=250oC
To find:
Q and S
Solution:
From Mollier diagram
at p-250KPa=2.5bar and 100oC

h1=2700kJ/kg
s1=7.04kJ/kgK
Along p=2.5bar line at 250oC

H2=2950kJ/kg
S2=7.65kJ/kg K
Heat added
Q=m(h2-h1)=2.5(2950-2700)
=625kJ
change in entropy, S=m(s2-s1)

=2.5(7.65-7.04)=1.525kJ/K
29. One kg of steam at a pressure of 700kPa and dry is heated at constant pressure until it
becomes saturated. Determine change in internal energy work done.
Given data:
M=1kg

268
P=700kPa=7bar
X1=0.6
Process: Constant pressure process

X2=1
To find:
U and W
Solution:
From steam Table at 7 bar
Hf1 =697.1kJ/kg; hfg1=2064.9lJ/kg

Hg1=1.86kJ/kgK; vg1=0.27288m3/kg
V1=mkvg1
=10.60.27288
=0.164m3
h1=m(hf1+x1hg1)
=1(697.1+0.62064.9)=1936.04kJ
Since the final condition of steam is dry and also pressure remains same at 7 bar.
V2=vgf=0.27288m3/kg
V2=mVgf=10.27288=0.27288m3
H2=mhg2=12762=2762kJ/kg
U=u2-u1
=(h2-h1)-(p2v2-p1v1)
=[(h2-h1)-p1(v2-v1)] [ p1=p2]
=(2762-1936.04)700(0.273-0.164)
=749.66kJ
Work done,
W=p(V2-V1)
=700(0.273-0.164)
=76.3kJ
Result:
Change in internal energy, u=749.66kJ

Work done, W=76.3kJ

269
30. Steam at 15 bar and 300oC is expanded hyperbolically to a pressure of 5 bar. Calculate
change in internal energy and work done during the process.(MU-Apr‟99)
Given data:
P1=15bar
T1=300oC=573K
P2=5bar
To find:
U and W
Solution:
Corresponding to 15 bar & 300oC. read
H1=3038.9kJ/kg
V1=0.1697m3/kg
Pv=C for hyperbolic process
P1v1=p2v2
p1v1 15  0.1697
v2    0.5091m3 / kg
p2 5
Corresponding to 5 bar, read
Vg2=0.37466m3/kg
Since v2<vg2, the steam is in super heated condition,
For hyperbolic process T2=T1. From superheated steam tables, corresponding to 5 bar and
300oC, read
H2=3064.8kJ/k
By first law of thermo dynamics
Q=W+U
For hyperbolic process U=0, Q=W
From hyperbolic relation
v   0.5091 
Q  p1v1In  2   1500  0.1697  In  
 V1   0.1697 
 279.65KJ/ kg

270
Result:
1. Change in internal energy, U=0

2. Work done, W=279.65kJ/kg
31. A mass of 0.9 kg of steam initially at a pressure 1.5MPa and temperature of 250 oC
expands to 150Kpa. Assume the process is isentropic. Find the condition of steam and
work transfer.
Given data:
M=0.9kg
P1=1.5MPa=15bar
T1=250oC
P2=150kPa=1.5bar
Process: isentropic
To find:
Condition of steam and work transfer
Solution:
From steam table, corresponding to p1 =1.5MPa T1=250oC, read
V1=0.152m3/kg
H1=2923.5kJ/kg
S1=6.71kJ/kg
For isentropic process.
S1=S2
 S2=671kJ/kg K
From steam table. Corresponding to 150kPa. Read

H2 =467.1kJ/kg; hfg2=2226.2kJ/kg
Sf2=1.43kJ/kgK; sfg2=5.79kJ/kgK
Sg2=7.223kJ/kgK; vg2 =0.159m3/kg
Now, sg2>s2 the steam is in wet condition
S2=sf2+x2sfg2
6.71=1.434+x25.79
x2=0.912
h2=hf2+x2hg2
=467.1+0.9122226.2=2497.39kJ/kg

271
v2+x2vg2
=0.9121.159=1.057m3/kg
Q=W+u
For isentropic process, Q=0
W=-u
u=u2-u1
Work transfer/kg
=(h1-p1v1)-(h2-p2v2)
=[(h1-h2)-(p1v1-p2v2)] [ p1=p2]
=(2923.5-2497.39)-(15000.152-1501.057)
=356.66kJ/kg
Total work, W Total-mW

=0.9(356.67)
=321kJ
Result:
(i) The condition of steam is 0.912 dry

(ii) Work transfer, W=321kJ
32. A steam at 10bar and 0.85 dry expands according the law of pV 1.2=C to final pressure of
1bar. Find the final volume and final enthalpy.
Given data:
P1=10bar
X1=0.85
P2=1bar
Expansion according to pV1.2=c
Find:
Final volume and final enthalpy
Solution:

Vg1=0.1943m3/kg
Force the initial condition of steam is wet, initial volume

272
V1=xvg1
=0.850.1943
V1=0.1653m3/kg
P1v212-P2v212 [ p1v1n=p2v2n]
1
p  12
v 2  v1   1 
 p2 
 0.1653  10 
1
12
v 2  1.1263m3 / kg
Hf2 =417.5kJ/kg; hfg2=2256.9kJ/kg

Vg2=1.6938m3/kg
Since V2<vg2 the condition of steam is wet for steam
v2+x2vg2
v 2 1.1262
x2    0.66
v g2 1.6938
h2=hf2+x2hg2
h2=417.5+0.66(2256.9)
h2=1907.054kJ/kg
Result:
(i) Final Volume = 1.1262m3/kg

(ii) Final enthalpy=1907.054kJ/kg
33. Two kg of steam at a pressure of 8 bar occupies volume of 0.3m3. If the air expands to a
volume 1.5m3 according to the law pV1.35=C. Calculate work done and change in entropy
during the process.
Given data:
M=2kg
P1=8bar
V1=0.3m3
Expansion:pV1.35=C
V2=1.5m3

273
To find:
Work done (W) and Change in entropy (S)
Solution:
0.3
v1   0.15m3 / kg
2
Vg1=0.24051m3/kg
Hf1 =720.9kJ/kg; hg1=2046.5kJ/kg
Sf1=2.046kJ/kgK; Sfg1=4.614kJ/kgK
Since v1<vg1, the steam is in wet condition after expansion.
Dryness fraction,
v1 0.15
x   0.623
v g1 0.24051
h1hf1xhg1
=720.9+0.6232046.5
h1=1997.25kJ/kg
S1=sf1+xsfg1
=2.046+0.6234.614
s1=4.92kJ/kgK
P1v21.35-P2v21.35
1.35
v 
1.35
 0.3 
p2   1   p1    8
 v2   1.5 
p2  0.91bar
From steam Table at 0.91 bar
Vg2=1.8501m3/kg
1.5
Given v 2   0.75m3 / kg
2
Sincev 2  v g2,the steam is in wet condition dryness
0.75
fraction,x 2   0.405
1.8501

274
int erpolation
At 0.9bar,v g  1.8691
At 0.92bar, v g  1.8311
1.8691  1.8311
 0.019
2
at0.91bar
v g  1.8691  0.019
 1.8501m3 / kg
From steam table at 0.91 bar (by interpolation)

Hf2=406.5kJ/kg; hfg2=22.66.4kJ/kg
sf2 =1.2735kJ/kgK; sfg2 = 6.1185kJ/kgK
h2hf2x2hg2
=406.5+0.4052266.4
h2=1324.39kJ/kg
S2=sf2+xsfg2
=1.2735+0.4056.1185
s2=3.7515kJ/kgK
1V1  2 V2
Work done,W=
n 1
800  0.391 1.5

1.35  1
W=295.7kJ
Change in entropy
S=m S1=S2
=2(3.7515-4.92)
S=-2.377kJ/K
Result:
Work transfer, W=295.8kJ

Change in entropy, S=-2.337kJ/K
34. Steam is expanded as for the law V1.15=C from 10 bar and 0.92 dry to 3 bar. Find work
done and heat transfer from a non flow system.
Given data:
V1.35=C
1=10bar

275
x1=0.92
2=3bar
To find:
1. W=?
2. Q=?
Solution:

hf1=762.6kJ/kg; hfg1=2013.6kJ/kg3
Vg1=0.1943m3/kg
V1=xvg1
=0.920.1943
=0.179m3/kg
h1hf1x1hg1
=762.6+0.922013.6
=2615.112kJ/kg
1v11.15-2v21.15
1
  1.15
v 2   1   v1
 2 
1
 10 15
    0.179
 3 
 0.51m3 / kg
1v1  2 v 2
Work done,W=
n 1
1000  0.179  300  0.51

1.15  1
W=173.33kJ/kg
From steam tables corresponding to 3 bar, read Vg2 =0.60553m3/kg
Here, vg2 >v2,the steam is in wet condition

v2=vf2+x2vfg2
0.51=0.001074+x2(0.60553-0.001074)
x2=0.842

276
h2 =hf2x2hg2
=561.4+0.8422163.2
=2382.81kJ/kg
Heat transferred, Q= h2-h`1 =2382.81-2615.112=-232.3kJ/kg
Result:
1. Work done, W=173.33kJ/kg

2. Heat transfer, Q=-232.3kJ/kg
3. (-ve sign indicates that the heat is transferred from the system)
35. One kg of steam at a pressure of 9 bar with the temperature of 200 oC throttled to a
pressure of 1 bar. Find the quality of steam, and entropy change during the process.
Given data:
M=1kg
1=9bar
T1=200oC
2=1bar
Throttling process
To find:
The quality of steam and enthalpy change
Solution:
From steam tables at 9 bar Ts=75.4oC

Since T1>Ts, the steam is in super heated conditions From steam table at 9 bar and 200 oC
H1=2832.7kJ.kg
S1=6.751kJ/kgK
For throttling process, there is no change in enthalpy.
h2=h1=2832.7kJ/kg

Hg2=2675.4kJ/kg and Ts=99.63oC
Since h2>hg2. the steam is in super heated condition

Corresponding to h2=283.7kJ/kg from the superheated
Table at 1 bar, read T2 =178.46oC(By linear interpolation)
Degree of super heat, (Tsup-Ts)=178.46-99.63=78.83oC

Similarly, read s2=7.798 kJ/kg K

277
Entropy change during the process
S2-s1=7.7398-6.75
=0.987 KJ/kgK
Result:
1. Final quality of steam or Degree of super heat,

Tsup-Tsat=78.83oC
2. Entropy change, s=0.989kJ/kg K
Throttling process
36. A sample of steam from a boiler drum at 1.5 Mpa is put through a throttling calorimeter
in which the pressure and temperature are found to be 100kpa, 100 oC. find the quality of the
sample taken from the boiler.
Given data:
P1=1.5bar
T2=100oC
P2=100kpa
To find:
The quality of sample, x=?
Solution:
From the super heated steam tables, corresponding to 100kpa & 100 oC.
H2=2676.2kJ/kg
H2=hf1+x1hfg1
From steam tables corresponding to 1.5Mpa, read
Hf1=844.6kJ/kg
Hfg1=1945.3kJ.kg
We know that, for throttling process
H2=h1
H2=hf1+hfg1
2676.2-844.6+x1(1945.3)
x1=0.942
Result:
The quality of the sample, x1=0.942

278
37. Steam of 1 Mpa and 0.9 dry is throttled to a pressure of 200kPa. Using steam table, find
the quality of steam and change in entropy. Check your answer mollier chart? State
whether this process is reversible or irreversible.
Given data:
P1=1Mpa=10bar
X=0.9
Throttling process
P2=200kPa=2bar
To find:
(i) Quality steam

(ii) Change in entropy
(iii) During the throttling process, enthalpy remains constant.
H2=h1
From steam tables at 1Mpa or 10bar

Hf1=726.6kJ/kg; hfg1=2013.6kJ/kg;
Sf1=2.138kJ/kg K` sfg1=4.445kJ/kg K
H1=hf1+xhfg1
H1=762.2+0.92013.6
H1=2574.84kJ/kg
Sf1=sf,+xsfg
Sf1=2.138+0.9x4.445
Sf1=6.1385kJ/kgK
From S.T at 200kPa or 2 bar

Hf2 =504.7kJ/kg; hfg2=2201.6kJ/kg
Sf2=1.53kJ/kgK; sfg2=5.597kJ/kgK
H2=hf1+x2hfg
H2=504.7+x22201.6
Since h1=h2
2574.84=504.7+x22201.6
x2=0.94
Quality of steam is wet.
S2=1.53+0.94(5.597)
S2=6.79kJ/kg K
Change in entropy s=s2-s1=6.79-6.138

s=0.625kJ/kg K.

279
Generally throttling process is an irreversible process.

From mollier chart
For x1=0.9 at 10bar line note the enthalpy steam S1 =6.1kJ/kg K

Since the throttling process is constant enthalpy process, draw horizontal line in the Mollier chart
upto 2 bar pressure line as shown in fig. 3.16. Now read entropy of final state of steam.
S2=6.76kJ/kgK
Change in entropy, (s2-s1)=0.66kJ/kg K

Since s is positive, the process is irreversible.
Results:
(i) Quality of steam is 0.94 dry

(ii) Change in entropy is 0.66kJ/kg K.
(iii) Process is irreversible process.
38. A sample of steam from a boiler drum at 2.0Mpa is passed through a throttling
calorimeter after which the pressure and temperature are found to be 1 bar and 150oC.
(a) Find the dryness fraction of steam taken from the boiler.
(b) If the calorimeter must show at least 8oCsuperheat for acceptable results, what is the
minimum dryness fraction that could be measured from the given pressures?
Given data:
P1=2MPa
P2=1bar
T2=150oC
To find :
1. x1
2. minimum dryness fraction for 8oC super heat, xmin

280
Solution:
Case a:
From steam tables, corresponding to 4 bar 150oC, read

H2=2776.3kJ/kg
Se know that, for throttling process

H2=h1
H1=hf +x1hfg,
From steam tables corresponding to 2MPa, read,
Hf, =908.6+x1(1888.7)
X1=0.989
Case b:
From steam tables, corresponding to 1 bar
Ts=99.63oC
T2=Ts+Tsup
=99.63+8
=107.63oC
From steam tables, corresponding 1 bar and 107.6 read.
H2=2691.48kJ/kg
H2=h1=hf,+x1hfg,
2691.48=908.6+x1(1888.7)
x1=0.944
Result:
1. Dryness fraction, x1=0.989

2. The minimum dryness fraction when the superheat 8oC
Xmin=0.944
39. A steam initially at a pressure of 15bar and 0.95 dry expands isentropic ally to 7.5 bar
and is then throttled until it is dry. Determine per kg of steam:
(i) Change in entropy

(ii) Change in enthalpy and
(iii) Change in internal energy.
Given data:

281
P1=15bar
X1=0.95
Process: isentropic
P2=7.5bar
Then throttled until it is dry
Find:
(i) S(ii) h and (iii) u
Solution:
From Mollier diagram at pressure 15 bar dryness fraction 0.95
H1=2680kJ/kg; v1=0.1318m3/kg
S1=6.2kJ/kg K
The steam expands isentropically (vertical line)7.5 bar.
Note the following
H2=2560kJ/kg x2=0.
S2=s1=6.2kJ/kg K
Then steam is throttled until it is dry (horizontal line)
H3=h2=2560kJ/kg; p3=0.055bar
S3=8.33kJ/kg K; v3=32m3/kg
Change in entropy
s=s3-s1=8.33-6.2=2.13kJ/kg K
change in internal energy,
u=u3-u1
=(h3-h1)-(p3 v3-p1v1)
=(2560-2680)-(5.532-15000.1318)
=-141.7kJ/kg
Results:
(i) Change in entropy, s=2.13kJ/kg K

(ii) Change in enthalpy, h=120kJ/kg
(iii) Change in internal energy, U=-141.7kJ/kg

282
40. A boiler generates steam at 3 bar and 0.85 dry from water at 45 oC; 540 kJ/s heat is
added during the evaporation. Calculate the amount of steam generated per hour.
Given data:
P=3bar
X=0.85
T2=45oC
Heat added =540kJ/sec.
To find:
Steam generated per hour
Solution:
From stream Table at 3 bar

Hf=561.4kJ/kg; hfg=2163.3kJ/kg
45oC, hw=hr=188.4kJ/kg
Enthalpy of steam,
Hwet = 561.4+0.852163.3
Hwet=2400.2kJ/kg
Heat supplied for 1 kg of steam = hwet-hw

=2400.2-188.4
=2211.8kJ.kg
Total heat supplied, H=540kJ/sec=1944000kJ/hr
1944000
1944000kJ/hr of heat   878.92kg / hr
2211.8
Result:
Amount of steam generated = 878.92kg/hr.
41. Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 10Mpa 500oC at the rate of 3kg/s and leaves at
50kPa. If power output of turbine is 2MW. Determine velocity of steam at exists of turbine.
(MUOct‟97)
Given data:
P1=10Mpa=100bar
T1=500oC
M=50kg/s
P2=50kg/s

283
W=2MW=2000kw
To find:
C2
Solution:
From steam tables corresponding to 100 bar & 500 read

H1=3374.6kJ/kg
S1=6.599kJ/kgK
In adiabatic process, entropy remains constant.
S1=S2
s2=6.599kJ/kg K
From steam tables corresponding to 0.5 bar, read
Hf2=340.6kJ/kg; hfg2=2305.4kJ/kg;
Sf2=1.09kJ/kg K` sfg2=6.504.445kJ/kg K
S2=sf2+x2sfg2
6.599=1.091+x2(6.504)
x2=0.847
 h2=hf2+x2hfg2=
=340.6+0.8472305.4=2293.27kJ/kg
BYSFEE
 C12   C12 
M h1   z1g   Q  m  h2   z2g   w
 2   2 
Neglect P.E. & C1=0

For adiabatic process, Q=0
The SFEE reduces to

 C12 
M  h1   m  h2  w
 2 
 C2 
3  3374.6  3  2293.27  1   2000
 2 
C2  910.67m / sec

284
Result:
The exit velocity of the turbine, C2=910.67m/sec.
42. 150kg/sec of steam at 25 bar and 300°C expand isentropically in a stream turbine to
0.33bar. Determine the power output of the turbine. (MU-Apr‟99)
Given data:
M=150 kg/sec
P1=25 bar
T1=300°C
P2=0.33 bar
To Find:
Power output, W=?
Solution:
Corresponding to25 bar & 300°C , read

H1=3010 4KJ/kg
S1=6.648KJ/kg K
For isentropic process

S1 =S2
S2=6.648 kJ/kg K
S2=Sf2+X2 Sfg2
Corresponding to 0.33 bar, read Sf and Sfg

6.648=0.971 +x2x6.766
X2=0.84
h2=hf2+2hfg2
=298.6+0.84 x 2330.6
=2256.304 kJ/kg
Turbine work,W=m(h1-h2)
=150(3010.4-2256.304)
=113113.3kW
=113.11mW
Result:
The power output of the turbine, W=113.11MW

285
43. A nozzle is supplied with steam of 1Mpa at 200°C with a velocity of 100m/s.The
expansion takes place to a pressure of 300kPa. Assuming isentropic efficiency of nozzle to
be 90%.Find the final velocity.
Given data :
P1=1Mpa =10 bar

T1=200°C
C1=100m/s
P2=300kPa=3bar
isentropic=90%
To find:
C2
Solution:
From steam tables at 10 bar,Ts=179.9°C

Since T1>Ts, the state would be in the superheated region.
From Steam tables(in super heated region),
At 10 bar and 200°C
H1=2826.8K.kg
From steam tables at 3 bar

Sf2=1.672kJ/ kgk; hf2=561.2kJ/kg
Sfg2=5.319kj/kgk; hfg2=2163.2 KJ/kg
S2s=Sf2+x2sSfg2
S1=S2x
6.692=1.672+x2Sfg2
x2=0.94
h2s=hf2+x2hfg2
=561.5+0.94 x2163.2
=2594.91kJ/kg
h1  h2
isentropic efficiency,n 
h1  h2s
2826.8h2
0.9=
2826.8  2594.91
h2  2625.79K / kg
From SFEE
 C2   C2 
m  h1  1  z1g   Q  m h2  2  z2 g   W .....(1)
 2   2 

286
The following assumptions are made for the nozzle
z1=z2; Q=0
W=0; m=1kg
The equation (1)reduces to
C12 C2
h1   h2  2
2 2
C2  641.89m / sec
Result :
The final velocity of nozzle, C2=641.89 m/sec.
44. A vessel of volume 0.04m3 contains a mixture of saturated water and steam of a
temperature of 250C. The mass of the liquid present is 9kg. find the pressure, mass,
specific volume, enthalpy, entropy and internal energy.
Given data:
V = 0.04m3
T = 250C
M1 = 9kg
To find:
P,m,h,S and U
Solution:
From steam tables corresponding to 250C read

vf = vl = 0.00125\m3/kg
vg = v3 = 0.050037m3/kg
p = 39.776bar
Total volume occupied by the liquid
V1=mlvl = 9x0.001251
= 0.0113m3
Total volume of the vessel,
V = volume of liquid + volume of steam = v1+vs
0.04 = 0.0113+Vs
Vs = 0.0287m3
Vs 0.0287
Mass of steam, ms =   0.574kg
Vs 0.050037
Mass of mixture of liquid and steam, lm = m1+ ms = 9 + 0.574 = 9.574 kg

287
Total specific volume of the mixture.
V 0.04
v   0.00418m3 / kg
M 9.574
we know that,
V=vf + xvfg
0.00418 = 0.001251+ x(0.050037 –0.001251)[vfg = vg – vf]

x = 0.06
From steam tables corresponding to 250cC, read

hf = 1085.8 J/kg hfg = 1714.6KJ/kg
sf = 2.794 KJ/kg sfg = 3.277KJ/kg K
Enthalpy of mixture,
h = hf + xhfg
= 1085.8 + 0.06 x 1714.6
= 1188.67Kj/kg
Entropy of mixture,
S=sf x sfg
= 2.794 + 0.06 x 3.277
= 2.99kJ/kg K
internal energy, u=h-pv

= 1188.67 – 39.776 x 102 x 0.00418
= 1172 kJ/kg
Result:
Pressure, P = 39.776 bar

Mass of mixture, m=9.574kg
Specific volume, v=0.00418m3/kg
Enthalpy, h=1188.67 kJ/kg
Entropy, s = 2.99kJ/kg K
Internal energy, u=1172 kJ/kg
45. In a steam generator compressed water at 10 Mpa, 30C enters a 30 mm diameter tube
at the rate of 3 litres /sev. Steam at 9 Mpa, 400C exit the tube. Find the rate of heat transfer.
(November – 2003)
Given data :
P1 = 10 bar
Tw = 30C
D = 30 mm = 0.03 m

288
V1 = 3 litres/sec = 0.003 m3/sec

P2 = 9 bar
T2 = 400C
To find:
Q
Solution:
From Steam tables corresponding to 30C, read

vf1 = 0.001004 m3/kg
hf1 = h1 = 125.7 kJ/kg
v1 = mVf1
v1 0.003
Mass flow rate of steam, m =   2.988 kg / s
v f1 0.001004
 D2   0.032
Area of the tube A =   7.068  10 4 m2
4 4
mv1 2.988  0.001004
Inlet velocity, C1    4.24 m / s
A 7.068  10 4
From Steam tables corresponding to 9 Mpa and 400C, read
v2 = 0.02993 m3 /kg
h2 = 3121.2 KJ/kg
mv 2 2.988  0.02993
Final velocity, C 2   4
 126.53 m / s.
A 7.068  10
From SFEE
 C2   C2 
m  h1  1  z1g   Q  m  h2  2  z2g   w
 2   2 
Neglect P.E. & W = 0, then the SFEE reduces to
 C2  C 2
m  h1  1   Q  m  h2  2 
 2   2 
 4.2462   126.532 
2.988  125.7    Q  2.988  3121.2  
 2  1000   2  1000 
Q = 8974.45 kw
Result:
The rate of heat transfer to the water, Q = 8974.45 kw

289
46. Steam at 0.8 Mpa, 250C and flowing at the rate of 1 kg/s passes into a pipe carrying wet
steam at 0.8 Mpa, 0.95 dry. After adiabatic mixing the flow rate is 2.3 kg/s. Determine the
properties of the steam after mixing.
[November – 2004]
Given Data:
P1 = 0.8 Mpa = 8bar

T1 = 2500C
M1 = 1 kg/s
P2 = 0.8 Mpa = 8 bar
X2 = 0.95
M3 = 2.3 kg/s
To find:
Properties
Solution:
The sum of mass of the steam before mixing = the sum of mass of the steam after mixing.
m1+ m2 = m3
m2 = m3 – m1 = 2.3 – 1 = 1.3 kg/sec
The energy balance equation for adiabatic mixing,

m1h1 + m2h2 = m3h3 ……….(1)
Corresponding to 8 bar and 250C, read

H1 = 2950.4 KJ/kg
Corresponding to 8 bar, read h1 & hfg
hfg = 720.9 kJ/kg; hfg2 = 2046.5 kJ/kg
 h2  hf 2  x 2hfg2
= 720.1+0.95  2046.5
= 2664.27 kJ/kg
Substituting all the values of the equation (1)
1 2950.4 + 1.3  2664.27 = 2.3  h3
 h3  2788.67 kJ/kg.
Hg  2767.4kJ / kg
Since h3 > hg, the steam is in superheated condition. From the Mollier chart, corresponding to 8
bar and h3 = 2788.67 kJ/kg, read

290
Superheated temperature, T3 = 180C

Entropy, s3 = 6.645 kJ/kgK
Specific volume, v3 = 2.5 m3/kg
The condition of steam after mixing is 0.8 Mpa & 180C
Result:
The condition of steam after mixing is 0.8 Mpa & 180C.

Enthalpy, h3 = 2788.67 kJ/kg
Entropy, s3 = 6.645 kJ/kg K
Specific volume, v3 = 2.5 m3/kg
47. Ten kg of water of 45C is heated at a constant pressure of 10 bar until it becomes
superheated vapour at 300C. Find the change in volume, enthalpy internal energy and
entropy. [April – 2005]
Given Data:
M = 10 kg
P1 = p2 = 10 bar
T2 = 300C
To find :
V, h, S and U
Solution:
From steam tables, corresponding to 45C, read vv, & hf V1

= vf1 = 0.001010 m3/ kg.
h1hf1 = 188.4 kJ/kg

S1=Sf1 = 0.638 kJ/kg K
From steam tables, corresponding to 10 bar and 300C read
H2 = 3052.1 kJ/kg. s2 = 7.125 kJ/kg K

V2 = 0.258 m3/kg.
Change in volume, V = m (v2 = v1)

= 10(0.258 – 0.001010)
= 2.5699 m3
Change in volume, V = m (h2 = h1)

= 10(3052.1- 188.4)
= 28637 KJ

291
Change in entropy, V = m(s2 = s1)

= 10 (7.125 – 0.638)
= 64.87 KJ/K
Change in internal energy, V = m (u2 = u1)
 m (h2  h1 )  (p2 v 2  p1v1 )
 m (h2  h1 )  p1(v 2  v1 )  p1  p2 
 10 (3052.1 -88.4) -1000 (0.258 - 0.001010)
Result:
1. Change in volume, V = 2.5699 m 3

2. Change in volume, h = 28637 KJ
3. Change in entropy, S = 64.87 KJ/K
4. Change in internal energy, U = 26067.1 kJ

292
UNIT – IV
PART – A
1. State Boyle‟s law?
Boyle‟s law states. “The volume of a given mass of gas varies inversely as its absolute
pressure, when the temperature remains constant.
1
v
p
2. State Charle‟s law.
Charle‟s law states, “The volume of a given mass of a gas varies directly as its absolute
temperature, when the pressure remains constant.
VT
3. State Joule‟s Law.
Joule‟s law states, “The internal energy a given quantity of gas depends only on the
temperature”.
4. State Regnault‟s law
Regnault‟s law states that CP and Cv of a gas always remains constant.
5. State Avogadro‟s law.
Avogadro‟s law states. “Equal volumes of different perfect gases at the same temperature
and pressure, contain equal number of molecules”.
6. State Daltons law of partial pressure?
Dalton‟s law of partial pressure states. “The total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to
the sum of the partial pressures exerted by individual gases if each one of them occupied
separately in the total volume of the mixture at mixture temperature”.
P = P1 + P2 + P3 + …… Pk
7. Distinguish between ideal and real gas.
An ideal gas is one which strictly follows the gas laws under all conditions of temperature
and pressure.
In actual practice, there is no real gas which strictly follows the gas laws over the entire
range of temperature and pressure. However hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and air behave as an
ideal gas under certain temperature and pressure limits.

293
8. What are Maxwell relations?
 T   P 
 v    S 
 s  v
 T   v 
 P    S 
 s  p
 P   S 
 T    v 
 v  T

 v  S 
 T    P 
 p  T
These are known as Maxwell relations
9. Define Joule – Thomson Co – efficient.
The Joule – Thomson co – efficient is defined as the change in temperature with change in
pressure keeping the enthalpy remains constant. It is denoted by the
 T 
 
 P h
10. Define co-efficient of volume expansion and isothermal compressibility.
Co-efficient of Volume expansion:
The co – efficient of volume expansions is defined as the change in volume with change in
temperature per unit volume keeping the pressure constant. It is denoted by 
1  v 

v  T p
Isothermal compressibility:
It is defined as the change in volume with change in pressure per unit volume keeping the
temperature constant. It is denoted by K
1  v 
K
v  P 
11. What is compressibility factor?
We know that, the perfect gas equation is pv = RT. But for real gas, a correction factor has
to be introduced in the perfect gas equation to take into account the deviation of real gas from the
perfect gas equation. The factor is known as compressibility factor (z) and is defined by
Pv
Z
RT

294
12. What is Clasius clapeyron equation?
Clapeyron equation which involves relationship between the saturation pressure, saturation
temperature, the enthalpy of evaporation and the specific volume of the two phases involved.
dP hfg

dT Tv fg
13. State Tds equations
Tds Equation are
 v 
Tds  CP dT  T   dp
 T p
 P 
Tds  Cv dT  T   dv
 T T
14. State the assumptions made in kinetic theory gases.
1. There is no intermolecular force between particulars.

2. The volume of the molecules is negligible comparison with the gas
15. State Helmholtz function.
Helmholtz function is property of a system and given by subtracting the product of absolute
temperature (T) and entropy (S) from the internal energy U.
16. State Gibbs function.
Gibbs function is property of a system and is given by G = U – TS + pv = H – TS [ H = U + pv]
Where
H – Enthalpy
T – Temperature
S – Entropy
17. State third law of Thermodynamics.
It is states that the entropy of any pure substance in thermodynamics equilibrium

approaches zero as the absolute temperature approaches zero.

295
PART – B
1. A Mixture of 2 kg Oxygen (M=32kg/kgmol) and 2kfg argon (m=40 Kg/kmd) is present in an
insulated piston in cylinder arrangement at 100kpa, 300K. The piston now compresses the
mixture to half of its initial volume. Find the final pressure, temperature and piston work,
assume c, for oxygen and argon for oxygen and argon as 0.6618kj/kgk and 0.3122KJ/kgK
respectively (Anna University Nov.2003)
System : Closed
Process : Adiabatic compression
Working fluid : Mixture of oxygen and argon.
1. Mo2 = 32kg/kg mol

2. Mar = 40kg/kg mol
3. T1 = 300t\k
Known4. P1 = 100kpa
5. V2 = ½ V1
6. Cv02= 0.6618kj/kgk
7. Cv02= 0.3122kJ/kgK
Diagram:
2KgO2
2kg Ar
at 100 kpa, 300K
To find: 1. p2; 2. T2 ; 3.1W 2
MRT1
Analysis : a. p1 = V1 
p1
Where m=mo2+mAr
=2+2
=4kg
 mo2   mAR 
R  Ro2    RAR
 mo2  mAR   mo2  mAR 
2 8.314 2 8.314
= x  x
2+2 32 22 40
kj
=0.234
kgk

296
V 1
 2  2  x0.23x300
100
3
=2.806m
(mo2Cvo2 )  (mr Cv AR )
Cv 
(mo2  mAR )
Diagram:
2kg O2
+
2kg Ar
at 100kPa, 300K
Final State
V1
V1 
2
Initial State
2  0.6618  2  0.3122

22
kJ
 0.487
kgK
C p  Cv  R
 0.487  0.234
 0.721
C
 p
Cv
0.721

0.487
 1.480
It is given that

297
V1
V2 
2
=1.4033
Since the process is adiabatic, assuming the process to be reversible
 1
T2  V1 
 
T1  V2 
 1
T2  V1 
 
T1  V2 
=300(2) 0.48
=418.K
mRT2 
p2 
V2
4  0.234  418.4

1.403
 279.15kpa
p2V2  p1V1
1 W2 
  1
279.15 1.403  100  2.806

1.48  1
 231.3kJ
2.Consider an ideal gas at 300k and 0.86m3/kg. As a result of some disturbance that state
of the gas changes to 302K and 0.87m3.kg. Estimate the change in the pressure of the gas
as a result of these disturbances.
Let p= f(T.v)
 p   p 
dp =   T    dv
 T   v 
For an ideal gas
pv=RT

298
RT
p
v
 p  RdT
   2
 T v v
 p  Rtdv
and    2
 v T v
RdT Rtdv
 dp   2
v v
From the given data

dT=2K
dv=0.01m3/kg
Substituting these values we get
 0.287  2 0.287  301 0.01

dp    
 0.865 0.865
=-0.461kpa
3.Derive the equation.
 CP    2v 
   T  2
 p T  T  p
and prove that Cp of an ideal gas is a function of T only. (Madras University)
From I law of thermodynamics.
Dq=dh-vdp
For an ideal gas undergoing constant pressure process

Dq=Cp dt
Or Tds = Cp dt
 s 
 Cv  T  
 T v
Differentiating w.r.t. v at constant T we get

299
 Cv    s 
  T  
 v T v  v v
or
 Cv    s 
 v   T T  v 
 T  T
  p 
=  
T  T v
From Maxwell relation
 Cv   2 p 
   T  2
 v T  T v
For an ideal gas

Pv=RT
RT
p
v
 p  R
  
 T v v
  p    R 
   
T  T  T  v 
0
 C 
or  v   0
 v T
Cv is a function of temperature alone.
4. Show that the relation p(v-b)=RT satisfies cyclic relation. where b and R are constant.
cyclic relation in terms of pa v and T can be expressed as
 p   v   T 
       1
 v T  T  p  p v
where,
 p    RT  RT
     
 v T v  v  b T (v  b ) 2

300
 T  1
   p
 p v  
 
 T v
1

p  RT 
 
T  v  b v
1
=
R/v-b
v-b
=
R
 u    RT   RT 
     b   Since v b
 T  p T  p p  p 
R
=
P
 p   v   T   RT   R   v  b 
        - 2   
 v T  T  p  p v  (v  b)   p   R 
R
=
p(v-b)
=-1
5. Verify the validity of the Maxwell relation
 s   v 
   
0
 for steam at 300 C and 500Kpa.
 p T  T  p
 s   s   S600 Kpa  S400 Kpa 

     
 p T  p T  600  400  3000 C
 7.3724  7.5662 
= 
 200
=9.69x10-4
 v   V  V3500 C  V2500 C 
      
 T  p  T 500 / kpa  350  250  500 kpa
 0.5701  0.4744 
= 
 100 500 kpa
=9.6 10-4

301
 s   v 
Hence     
 p T  T  p
6. Determine hfg for water at 1000C from the following data
T(0C) p(kpa)
95 84.55
100 101.35
105 120.82
Consider the clausius – clpeyron eqn
 p1  h fg  1 1 
    
 p2  R  T1 T2 
 120.82  h fg  1 1 
In    8.314   
 84.55      368   378  
 
 18.016 
0.357  (1.558 104 )h fg
h fg  2291kJ / kg
T1=95+273
=368K
T2=105+273
=378K
p1=84.55kpa
p2=120.82kpa
7. Determine the Joule Thomson coefficient for a van der walls gas given by the
 a
equation.  p  2  (v  b)  RT
 v 
Prove that for large volume (or low pressure), the inversion temperature is equal to za/br.
joule-Thomson Coefficient
 T 
  
 p 
1   T  
= T   v
Cp   p  p 

Differentiating

302
 a
 p  2  (v  b)  RTw.r.t.toT @ cons tan t , Pweget
 v 
 a   T   2a  T  
 p     ( v  b )  3   R
 v 2   p  p  v  p  p 
 v   a 2a 2ab 
   p 2  2  3  R
 T  p  v v v 
 v   a 2ab 
   p 2  3  R
 T  p  v v 
 
 T  1  RT 
   
 p h C p  p  a  2ab 
 v2 v3 
 a 
  p  2  (v  b ) 
1  v 
  
C p  p  a  2ab 
 v2 v3 

 2a 3ab 
bp   2 
1  v v
=  
C p  p  a  2ab 
 v2 v3 
For large value of v at low-pressure.
 2a 
 bv 
 T  1
=  v 
  
 p h Cp  p 
 
1  2a 
=  b  
Cp  pv 
1  2a 
=  b  
Cp  RT 
When

303
 T 
  0
 p h
2a
then b=
RTinversion
2a
or Tinversion 
bR
8. Determine the change of internal energy, enthalpy and entropy for an isothermal process
when the gas obeys Vander Wall‟s equation.
System : A van der Waal‟s gas under going a process

To obtain : An expression for each of the following
1)U2-u1
2)h2-h1
3)s2-s1
We know that from Eqn. 9.25
 u   p 
  T   p
 v T  T v
For Van der Waals gas
 a
 p  2  (v  b)  RT
 v 
RT a
p  2
vb v
 p  R
  
 T v v  b

304
 u  RT
Therefore    p
 v T v  b
 a
= p 2  p
 v 
 p  a
   2
 T v v
a
duT  2 dVT
v
1 1
(u2  u1 )T  a   
 V1 V2 
1 1
(u2  u1 )  a   
 V1 V2 
We know that
U2=h2-p2v2
U1=h1-p1v1
There fore
H2 –h1 = (u2-u1)+(p2v2-p1v1)
1 1
( p2v2  p1v1 )  a   
 V1 V2 
Equation 9.34 gives
dT  p 
ds  C v   dv
T  T v
But from Equations 9.25
 p   u  1
       p 
 T v  v  p  T
It has already been proved that for Vander Waals gas
 u  a
   2
 v T v
 p   a 1
Therefore    p 2 
 T v  v T
Substituting the above expression in the expression for ds we get

305
dT  a 1
d s =C v  p     dv
T  v2  T
dT RT 1
=C v    dv
T v b T
dT dv
=C v R
T v b
Let us Consider an is other malo process
V b 
( ss  s1 )T  RIn  2 
 V1  b 
9. Prove that Cp-Cv=R for an ideal gas
System : Ideal gas undergoing process

To prove : Cp-Cv=R
Proof : From Equation 9.37
 v   p 
C p  Cv  T    
 T  p  T v
For an ideal gas
pv=RT
 v  R
  
 T  p p
 v  R
  
 T  p V
Therefore
R R
C p  Cv  T  
p V
RT
R
PV
R
10. Calculate the specific volume of dry saturated steam at a pressure of 147 kPa at which
the values of temperature T and latent heat L are 110.79 0C and 2223.3KJ/kg respectively.
Further, saturation temperature of steam at pressure of 157 kPa is 112.74 0C . Neglect the
specific volume of water.

306
From Clausius – Clapeyron equation
dp j fg

dT T  V fg
h fg dp
(Or )Vg  
T dT
h fg T
 
T P
2223.3 112.74  110.79
 
 273  110.79  157  147
 1.133 / Kg
11. Prove that constant pressure lines in the wet region of a mollier diagram are straight
and not parallel and that the slope of a constant pressure line in the superheat region
increases with temperature.
Let h=f(s.p)
 h   h 
dh    ds    dp
 s  p  p  s
Also dh=Tds+vdp
Comparing the coefficients of dh, we get
 h 
  T
 s  p
This relation give the slop of the isobars in the Mollier diagram as shown below.
h P=C
dh
ds
 In the wet region for a given pressure temperature remains constant and hence it is a
straight line.

307
 Higher the pressure, higher will be the saturation temperature and higher will be the
slope. there fore isobars slope upward more steely as the pressure increases.
 As temperature increases beyond the saturation line, that is, in the superheated
vapour region, these lines bend slightly upward in that region.
12. Show that for a perfect gas obeying Pv=RT,

(1) Cv and Cp are independent of pressure
(2) Internal energy u is independent of pressure
Let s = f(T,v) and u=f(T,v)
 s   s 
Then ds =   dT    dv.........(1)
 T v  v v
 u   u 
du =   dT    dv.........(2)
 T v  T v
Also du=Tds-pdv..............(3)
From (2) and (3)
 u   u 
Tds-pdv =    dT    dv
 T v  T T
 u 
Tds-pdv =c v dT    dv
 T T
Cc dT 1  u 
ds     p  dv.........(4)
T T  T T
From equations (1) and (2) by comparing the coefficients
Cv  S 
 
T  T v
 S 
of dT, weget C v   
 T v
 S   2S 
  T  
 T v  T V v
From equation 9.16

308
 s   s 
=    
 v T  T v
 2s   2 p 
   2 
 vT v  T 
 Cv   2 p 
   T  2
 v T  T v
RT
Givenp 
V
 p  R
  
 T v v
 C 
therefore  v   0
 v T
Thus Cv is a function of temperature alone or Cv is independent of pressure from equation

9.29
 s 
C p =T  
 T  p
 C p  2s
  
 p T T p
From equation 9.18
 S   v 
    
 p T  T  p
2s   2v 
T   2 
T p  T 

309
Therefore
 C p    2v 
     2
 p T  T  p
For an ideal gas.

RT
V=
P
 V  R
 
 T  p P
  2v 
 2  0
 T  p
or
 C p 
  0
 p T
That is Cp is independent of pressure

(ii) From equation 9.25
 u   p 
  T   p
 v T  T v
Given pv=RT
 p  R
  
 T v V
 u  R
  T  p
 V T V
 u 
   p p
 V T
0
Hence u is a function of temperature alone and independent of pressure.

310
Derive the following relations.
 a 
i) u=a-T  
 T v
 g 
ii) h=g-T  
 T  p
  2a 
iii) Cv  T  2 
 T v
  2a 
iv) Cp =-T  2 
 T  p
i) Let a = f(v,T)
 a   a 
da    dv    dT  (1)
 V T  T v
The Hemhotz function „a‟ is given as
A = u – Ts
Da = du – Tds – SdT
Da = - pdv – SdT  (4)
From (1) and (4), we get
 a 
   s
 T v
again considering the equation
a = u – Ts
u = a+Ts
  a  
 a  T   
  T  
 a 
u  a T  
 T 
(ii) let g = f (p,T)
 g   g 
dg    dp    dT  1
 p T  T  p
The Gibb‟s function is given as

g = h – Ts

311
dg = dh-Tds-sdT (2)
Also
Dh = dq +vdp
Dh = Tds+vdp  (3)
Substituting (3) in (2)

Dg = Tds + vdp – Tds – sdT
Dg = vdp – sdT
Comparing (1) & (4), we get
 g 
    s   5
 T v
Again considering the Equation g = h – Ts we get

H = g + Ts 6
Substituting (5) in (6), we get
  g  
h  g  T    
  T  p 
 g 
h  g T  
 T  p
s 
 iii  Cv  T  
 T v
it has already been proved that
 a 
   s
 T v
 s    a 
2
 
  2
 T v  T v
 2a 
Cv  T  2 
 T v
(iv) We know that
 S 
Cp  T  
 T  p
Therefore

312
 g 
and    s
 T 
 s   2 g 
Therefore      2
 T  p  T  p
 2 g 
C p  T  2 
 T  p
13. AVessel of volume 0.28 m3 contain 10 kg of air at 302K. determine the pressure exerted
by the air using
(1) Perfect gas equation

(2) Vander Waals equation
(3) Generalised compressibility chart.
[Tale Critical temperature of air is 132.8 K; Critical pressure of air is 37.7 bar]
Given data:
Volume, v = 0.28 m3
Mass, m = 10 kg
Temperature T = 302.8K
Critical Temperature (Tc) = 132.8K
Critical Pressure (pc) = 37.7 bar
= 37.7  100 kN/m2
To find:
Pressure (p)
Solution:
1. Perfect gas equation:
pv = mRT
mRT
 p=
v
10  0.287  302
 p= [  R for air is0.287 kJ/kgk]
0.28
= 3095.5 N/m2
p = 3095.5 kPa
[  1 N/m2  1 pascal]

313
2. Vander Waals equation:
 q
 p  v 2  (v-b) = RT ....(A)
 
27R2 (Tc )2 27  (0.287)2  (132.8)2
a= 
64pc 64p
[Critical Pressure, pc = 37.7 bar = 37.7  100 kN/m2]

[ 1 bar = 100 kN/m2 ]
27  (0.287)2 (132.8)2
a
64  (37.7)  (100)
a = 0.162.
We know that
RTc 0.287  132.8

b 
8pc 8  37.7  100
b = 1.26  10-3
Substituting a, b values in Vander Waals Equation
 0.162 
(A)   p 
 v 2

 -3

 v-1.26  10  0.287  302
Where
V - Specific volume
Volume v 0.28
v=  
mass m 10
v = 0.028 m3/kg
Substituting Specific volume
 0.162 
  p+ 2   
0.028-1.26  10-3  0.287  302
 (0.028) 
 p = 3034.7 kN/m2

314
3. Generalized compressibility chart:
T 302
TR =   2.27K
Tc 132.8
TR  2.27 K
vPc 0.028  37.7  100

vR  
RTc 0.287  132.8
v R  2.76 m3 / kg
Reduced temperature is 2.27 K and reduced specific volume is 2.76 m3/kg both are
intersects at one point. Mark this point on compressibility chart. From chart, corresponding (z)
value is 0.99. We know that,
pv
Compressibility factor (z) =
RT
p  0.028
 0.99 =
0.287  302
 p = 3064.5 kN/m2
Results :
1. Pressure p (By perfect gas equation) = 3095.5 kN/m2

2. Pressure p (By Vander Waals equation) = 3034.7 kN/m2
3. Pressure p (By compressibility chart) = 3064.5 kN/m2
15. Compute the specific volume of steam at 0.75 bar and 570 K using Vander Waals
equation. Take critical temperature of steam is 647.3 K and Critical pressure is 220.9 bar.
Given data:
Pressure, p = 0.75 bar = 0.75  100kN/m2 = 0.75  100 kPa

[ 1 bar = 100 kN/m2  100kPa]

315
Temperature, T = 570 K
Critical Temperature, Tc = 647.3 K
Critical Pressure, pc = 220.9  100 kN/m2
To find
Specific volume (v)
Solution :
We know that Vander Waals equation
 a
 p  v 2  (v - b) = RT
 
27R2 (Tc )2
Where, a =
64pc
Universal Gas Constant 8.314

Where, R =  kJ / kgK
Molecular weight of Steam 18
R  0.462 kJ/kgK
27  (0.462)2  (647.3)2
a=
64  (220.9)  100
a = 1.70
RTc 0.462  647.3
We know, b = 
8pc 8  220.9  100
b = 1.69  10-3
Substituting a, b and pressure and temperature values in Vander Waals equation.
 1.70 
 
  0.75  100  2   v  1.69  10 3  0.462  570
 v 
 1.70 
  75  2  (v - 1.69  10-3) = 263.34
 v 
By trial and error method, we get

Specific volume v = 3.58m3/kg
Result :
Specific volume v = 3.58 m3/kg.

316
16. An ideal gas mixture consisting of 3 kg of air and 7 kg of nitrogen at a temperature of

25C occupies a volume of 1m3. Determine the specific enthalpy, the specific internal
energy and specific entropy of the mixture. Assume that air and nitrogen are ideal gases.
Take R for air is 0.287 kJ/kgK and for nitrogen is 0.297 kJ/kgK. The other properties of air
and nitrogen are given as under.
Name of the Properties

gas H, kJ/kg U, kJ/kg S, kJ/kg
Nitrogen 309.64 221.11 6.46
Air 298.52 212.90 2.35
Given data :
For air
Mass, ma = 3 kg
Temperature, T = 25C + 273 = 298 K
Volume, v = 1m3
Gas constant, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK
Enthalpy, h = 298.52 kJ/kgK
Internal energy, U = 212.90 kJ/kg
Entropy, S = 2.35 kJ/kgK
For Nitrogen
Mass, mn = 7 kg
Volume, v = 1m3
R = 0.297 kJ/kgK
h = 309.64 kJ/kg
U = 221.11 kJ/kg
S = 6.46 kJ/kgK
To find :
1. Specific volume (v) of the mixture

2. Pressure (p) of the mixture
3. Specific Enthalpy (h) of the mixture
4. Specific Internal energy (U) of the mixture
5. Specific Entropy (S) of the mixture
Solution:

317
volume v 1
Specific Volume of air, v a   
mass ma 3
v a  0.333m3 / kg
volume 1 1
Specific Volume of nitrogen, v n   
mass mn 7
v n  0.142m3 / kg
maRa Ta
Pressure of air, Pa 
v
 pv = mRT 
3  0.287  298
pa 
1
pa  265.5 kN/m2
Pressure of nitrogen,
mnRnTn 7  0.297  298

pn  
v 1
pn  619.5 kN / m 2
For mixture
Total mass, m = ma  mn  3  7  10kg

m = 10 kg
Volume, v = 1m3
v 1
1. Specific Volume of mixture, v m  
m 10
= 0.1m3 / kg
2. Pressure of mixture, p = p a  pn  265.5  619.5

= 876.07 kN/m2
maha  mnhn
3. Specific Enthalpy of mixture, h =
m
3  298.52+ 7  309.64
=
10
= 306.34 kJ/kg

318
maUa  mnUn
4. Internal energy of mixture, U =
m
3  212.90+7  221.11
=
10
= 218.64 kJ/kg
maSa  mnsn
5. Specific Entropy of mixture, S =
m
3  2.35+7  6.46
=
10
= 5.227 kJ/kg.
Results:
1. Specific Volume of the mixture, vm = 0.1m3/kg

2. Pressure of the mixture, p = 876.07 kN/m2
3. Specific Enthalpy of the mixture, h = 306.34 J/kg
4. Specific Internal energy of the mixture, U = 218.64 kJ/kg
5. Specific Entropy of the mixture, S = 5.227 kJ/kg.
17. A perfect gas of 0.25 kg has a pressure of 298 Kpa, a temperature of 80C, and a volume
of 0.08m3. The gas undergoes an irreversible adiabatic process to a final pressure of 350
kPa and find volume of 0.10 m3, work done on the gas is 25 kJ. Find cp, cv.
Given data :
m = 0.25 kg
p1 = 298 Kpa
T1 = 80C + 273 = 353 K
v1 = 0.08m3
p2 = 350 Kpa
v2 = 0.10m3
W = -25 kJ
[Work done on the gas in Negative valve]
To find:
Cp and Cv
Solution:
We know that,
Perfect gas equation

P1v1 = mRT1
pv 298  0.08
 R= 1 1   0.270
mT1 0.25  353

319
Characteristic gas constant, R = 0.270 kJ/kgK
Similarly
P2v2 = mRT2
p2 v 2 350  0.10
 T2  
mR 0.25  0.270
T2  518.5K
We know that
Heat transfer, Q = W + U
Q  W  mCv  T2  T1   U= m Cv  T2  T1  
 Q = -25 + 0.25  Cv (518.5  353)
For adiabatic process, Q = 0

 0 = -25 + 0.25  Cv (518.5  353)
 Cv  0.604 kJ/kgK
We know that, R = Cp  C v
0.270 = Cp  0.604
 Cp  0.874 kJ / kgK
Results:
Cv = 0.604 kJ/kgK
Cp = 0.874 kj/kgK
 T  1   v  
    T    v 
 P h CP   T p 
From equation, we can determine the Joule-Thomson coefficient () in terms of measurable
properties such as pressure (p), temperature (T), specific volume (v) and Cp.
Let, Enthalpy is a function of pressure and temperature.
i.e. h = f(p, T)
 h   h 
 dh=   dp    dT
 p T  T p
For Throttling process, Enthalpy remains contact
H=C
 dh = 0

320
Substitute dh value in equation.
 h   h 
 O =   dp    dT
 p T  T p
 h   h 
   dp    dT  0
 p T  T p
Divided by dT
 h   p   h 
       0
 p T  T h  T p
 h   p   h 
       
 p T  T h  T p
 h   1   h    T  
          =   
 p T     T p   p h 
 h  1  h 
     
 p p   p T
 h  1  h 
 Cp       
 p p   p T
 h 
The property  Cp    is known as constant temperature coefficient.
 p T
18. Prove that internal energy of an ideal gas is a function of temperature alone?
Solution:
We know that, ideal gas Equation

Pv = RT
RT
p ...(A)
v
We know that, Internal energy Equation
 p 
dU  Cv dT  T   dv  pdv
 T 
Divided by dv [From Equation (30)]

321
 U   T   p 
    Cv    T    p
 v T  v T  T  v
 U   p    T  
    T    p  Cv    0 
 v T  T  v   v T 
 U    RT 
   T p
T  v 
[From Equation (A)]
 v T
 U  R
    T p
 v T v
 RT 
=p-p  p = v 
 
 U 
   0
 v T
If the temperature remains constant, there is no change in internal energy with volume.
Hence internal energy is a function of temperature alone.
19. Prove that specific heat at constant volume (Cv) of a Vander Waals gas is a function of
temperature alone? [May 2005 Anna University]
Solution:
We know that, Vander Waals equation

 a 
 p  v 2  (v - b)= RT
 
 a  RT
 p + 2  
 v  (v  b)
RT a
 p=  2
(v-b) v
 p  R
   
 T  v v  b
  2p 
 2 0
 T  v
We know that,

322
 Cv    2p 
 v   T  2
 T  T 
 Cv    2p 
 v   0   0
 T  T
2

Thus if the temperature remains constant, there is no change in specific heat with specific
volume. Hence specific heat of constant volume is function of temperature alone.
20. Find the value of (h)T for a fluid that obeys the equation of state
RT a
P  2
v v
Solution:
We know that,
 U   p 
    T  p
 v T  T 
  p  
 dU = T    p  dv ........(A)
  T v 
We know that
RT a
P  2 (Given)
v v
RT a
 P-  2
v v
RT a
 P  2
v v
 RT   a 
   p  dv   2  dv
 v  v 

323
 a  RT
 (dU)T   2  dv [From equation (A) and P = ]
v  v

v2
 U = v
v1 2
dv
v2
 -1
 U = a  
 v  v1
1 1
 U = a   .......(B)
 v1 v 2 
We know that,
a a
h  U  P2 v 2  P1v1    P2 v 2  p1v1
v1 v 2
a a  RT a  2  RT a 
h     v   2  v1
v1 v 2  v 2 v 22   v1 v1 
 RT a 
 P = v  v 2 (Given)
 
a a  a a 
 h =       
 v1 v 2   v1 v 2 
2a 2a
= 
v1 v 2
1 1
 (h)r = 2a    .
 v1 v 2 

324
UNIT – V
PART – A
1. Define Psychrometry?
The science which deals with the study of behaviour of moist air (mixture of dry air and
water vapour) is known as psychrometry.
2. Define dry bulb temperature (DBT). [MU – Oct „97]
The temperature which is measured by an ordinary thermometer is known as dry bulb

temperature. It is generally denoted by td.
3. Define wet bulb temperature? [MU-Oct. ‟96 & „99]
It is the temperature of air measured by a thermometer when its bulb is covered with wet
cloth and is exposed to a current rapidly moving air. It is denoted by t w.
4. Define Dew point temperature? [MU – Oct ‟95, April ‟97 & Oct 98]
The temperature at which the water vapour present in air begins to condense when the air
is cooled is known as dew point temperature. It is denoted by t dp .
5. Define specific humidity?
It is defined as the mass of water vapour present in one kg of dry air. Specific humidity (W)
or Humidity ratio (or) Moisture content
Mass of water vapour


Mass of dry air
6. State saturation ratio? [Mu-Oct. ‟95 & April 2000]
It is defined as the ratio of specific humidity of the moist air to the specific humidity of
saturation air at the same temperature.
Degree saturation (or) Percentage humidity (or) Saturation ratio
Specific humidity of moist air


Specific humidity of saturated air
7. Define relative humidity? [MU-April „98]
It is defined as the ratio between mass of water vapour in a given volume and saturated
mass of water in same volume and temperature.

325
Relative humidity ()

Mass of water vapour in a given volume

Saturated mass of water vapour in sazme volume and temperature
8. State Dalton‟s law of Partial pressure? [MU – Oct. „98]
The total pressure exerted by air and water vapour mixture is equal to the barometric
pressure.
i.e. pb = pa + pv
Where, pb = Barometric pressure
pa = Partial pressure of dry air
pv = Partial pressure of water vapour
9. What is meant by Humidification?
The addition of water vapour to the air is known as humidification.
10. Define sensible heat factor?
The ratio of sensible heat to the total heat is known as sensible heat ratio (or) sensible heat factor
Sensible heat
Sensible heat factor =
Total heat
11. Define the following: a) Approach b) Range?
Approach: The difference in temperature of cooled-water temperature and the wet bulb
temperature of the entering the air is known as the approach.
Range: The range is the temperature difference between the inlet and exit states of water.

326
PART – B
1. An air conditioning unit receives an air – water vapour mixture at 101 kpa, 35oC and 80%
relative humidity.
a. The dew point

b. The humidity ratio
c. The partial pressure of air
d. The mass fraction of water vapour
System: Air water vapour mixture know:
1. DBT = 35oC
2. P = 101kpa
3.  = 80%
Diagram:
To find:
1)Dew point temperature

2) Humidity ratio
3) Partial pressure of air
Analysis: Dew point temperature
It is the saturation temperature of steam corresponding to the partial pressure P v. To find Pv

consider relative humidity.
v
  0.8
s
where s is the saturated pressure corresponding to 35oC as shown in the Ts diagram. Form steam
table (appendix)
s = 5.63 kpa. Therefore

Pv = 0.8 x Ps
= 0.8 x 5.63
= 4.5 kpa

327
Thus the dew point is the saturation at 4.5 kpa. From steam table it is obtained that
DPT = 30.93oC
v
2. Humidity ration () = 0.622 
s
v
 0.622 
s   v
4.5
 0.622 
101  4.5
kgofw.v
 0.029 
kgofd.a
3. Partial pressure of air
=  - v
= 101 – 4.5
= 96.5kpa
4. Mass fraction of water vapour
Mv

Mv  Ma
Mass associated with each kg of dry air as indicated by humidity ratio is 0.029kg. There fore
0.029

0.029  1.0
= 0.02818
Result
1. Dew point temperature = 30.93oC

kg of w.v
2. Humidity ratio = 0.029
kg of d.a
3. Partial pressure of air = 96.5 kpa
4. Mass function of water vapour = 0.02818
2. Give for an air water vapour mixture that Tmix = 700C and Pmix = 200 kpa and air = 180 kpa,
find the dew point humidity ratio and relative humidity?
System: Air water vapour mixture

Known: 1 Tmix = 700C
2. Pmix = 200 kpa
3. 180 kpa

328
To find: 1. Dew point temperature (DPT)

2. Humidity ratio ()
3. Relative humidity ()
Diagram:
Analysis: 1. Dew point temperature
It is the saturation temperature of steam corresponding to the partial pressure (v) of the water
vapour in the mixture. Form Dalton‟s law of partial pressure.
P = a + Pv
200 = 180 + Pv
Pv = 20kpa

v
 0.622 
a
20
 0.622 
180

v

s
where s is the saturation pressure corresponding to the mixture temperature 70 0C, from steam
table at 70oC, saturation pressure is 31.19kpa
20
Therefore f =
31.19
= 0.641(64.1%)
Result:
1. Dew point temperature = 60.060C
kg of w.v
2. Humidity ratio = 0.0691
kg of d.a
3. Relative humidity () = 64.a%

329
3. The wet bulb and dry bulb temperature of most air mixture at a total pressure of 1 atm
are measured with a string psychrometer and are found to be10 and 20 oC respectively.
Determine the humidity ratio the relative humidity the degree of saturation enthalpy and
volume of the mixture per unit mass of dry air.
System: Air water vapour mixture
Known
1. DBT = 20oC
2. WBT = 100C
3. p = 1 atm
= 101.32kpa
To find

3. Degree of saturation ()
4. Enthalpy (h)
5. Volume (v)
Analysis 1. Humidity ratio ()
To compute humidity ratio knowing DBT and WBT consider the expression given in equation.
Cpa  t 2  t1   v2 hv2  hf 

1 
hv1  hf
Where t2 is the WBT = (10oC)
T1 is the DBT = (20oC)

2 is the humidity ratio of saturated air at the given WBT given as
s2
2  0.622
  s2
Ps2 is the saturation pressure corresponding to the given WBT. From steam table at 100C
Ps2 = 1.2276kps
kg of w.v
Therefore 1 = 0.622
kg of d.a
kg of w.v
 7.63  10 3
kg of d.a
Cpa is the specific heat at constant pressure of air (1.005kj/kgk) h v1 is the enthalpy of water vapour

330
at the given DBT. From steam table at 200C.
Hv1 = hg
= 2538.1kj/kg
hv2 is enthalpy of water vapour at the given WBT from steam table at 10 0C
hv2 = hg
=2519.8kj/kg
hf is the liquid enthalpy at the given WBT. From steam table at 10oC
hf = 42.01kj/kg
Substituting the numerical values we get
1.005  20  20   7.63  10 3  2519.8  42.01

1 
2538.1  42.01
Pvt
2. Relative humidity () =
 st
where v1 is the partial pressure of water vapour in the moist air s1 as the saturation pressure
corresponding to the given DBT to find v consider the expression for w1 that is
v1
1  6.22
  v1
Upon rearranging we have
1p
Pv1 
0.622  3.55  103
= 0.575kpa
From steam table at 20C ps1 = 2,359kpa

Substituting pv1 we have
0.575

2.339
= 0.246(24.6%)
3. Degree of saturation ()
W

Ws
ps1
where Ws  0.622 
p  ps1

331
Ps1 is the saturation pressure corresponding to the given DBT. From steam table at 20 oC
Ps1 = 2.339kpa
2.339
Therefore W s =
101.32  2.339
4. Enthalpy of moist air per kg of dry air(h)
= Cpat + w (2500 + 1.88t)
where Cpa = 1.005KJ/kgk

t = DBT
7 = 20oC
w = 3.55 x 10-3
Therefore h = 1.005 x 20 + 3.35 x 10-3 (2500 + 1.88 x 10)
5. Specific volume of moist air per kg of dry air(v)
Ra T

pa
0.287  293

101.32  0.575 
4. An air – water vapour mixture at 30oC and me am has a relative humidity of 60 per cent.
Obtain
a. The humidity ratio

b. The specific volume
c. The enthalpy in KJ / kg dry air
d. The dew – point
Using psychrometric chart
System : Air – water vapour mixture
Known : 1) P = 1atm
2) DBT = 300C
3)  = 60%
To find:
1. The humidity ratio ()

2. The specific volume (v)
3. The specific enthalpy (h)
4. The dew – point

332
Analysis : The following steps are to be adopted to obtain the unknown properties.
Step 1: Locate meeting point of 300C DBT with  = 60% curve on the psychrometric chart.
Step 2: Follow the horizontal line passing through the state located as above in the right hand side
and read the y – axis value to obtain the humidity ratio.
kg of w.v
W = 0.016
kg of d.a
Step 3: Comparing the relative distance of the point located on either side to the adjacent constant
specific volumes lines, the specific volume of given mixture can be computed.
V = 0.87m3 / kg of d.a
Step 4: Follow the constant enthalpy line passing through the given state up the enthalpy scale
and read the corresponding enthalpy value.
Step 5: Follow the horizontal line passing through the located point on the left hand side until the
saturation line and read the corresponding temperature
DPT = 21oC
5. Air at 1 atm, 20oC, and 40 per cent relative humidity enters a heating section at a rate of
10m3/min, and leaves at 30oC, determine (a) the rate of heat transfer in the heating section,
and (b) the relative humidity of the air at the exit.
Known:
1. P = 1atm
2. DBTin = 200C
3. in = 60%
4. DBTout = 30oC
5. Vin = 10m3/min

333
Diagrams:
To find:
1. The rate of heat transfer in the heating section

2. The relative humidity of air at the exit
Analysis:
Rate of heat transfer in the heating section

Q = ma(h2 – h1)
Where ma is the mass flow rate of air that can be obtained as follows:
Pv in = in Ps in
= 0.4 x Psat @ 20oC
The values 1 and 2 are also to be read from the psychometric chart
kg of w.v
1  0.018
kg of d.a
kg of w.v
2  0.0078
kg of d.a
ma = 115 (0.018 – 0.0078)
Therefore
= 1.173 kg/min
2. Substituting all the values we get
ma = 15 (29.5 – 78) + 1.173  42

334
KJ
= - 5528
min
Heat load on the cooling coil

KJ
 5528
min
 92 KJ / s
Tonnage capacity of the cooling coil

92
=
3.5
 26.3 tons
Result :
1. Condensate removed = 1.173 kg/min

2. Tonnage capacity of the cooling coil = 26.3 tons.
6. Air is at 37C dry bulbs and 15% relative humidity. The air is to be cooled by evaporation
cooling until the relative humidity is 60%. Determine
a) The final temperature
b) For 0.5 m3/s of air, the water required.
System : Air – Water vapour mixture

Process : Steady flow process – evaporative cooling
Known :
1. t1 = 37C
2. 1 = 15%
3. 2 = 60%
4. V = 0.5 m3/s
Diagrams

335
To find :
1. The final temperature t2

2. Water required for 0.5 m3/s of air
Analysis:
1. To find the final temperature the steps to be followed are:
Step 1 : Fix the inlet state on the psychrometric chart

Step 2 : Follow a constant enthalpy line passing through state 1 until it reaches 60% relatives
humidity line.
Step 3 : Read the corresponding temperature form the x –axis t2 = 24C
2. To compute the water required
mw  ( 2  1 )ma
V
ma 
Va1
RT1
Va1 
Pa1
Where
Pa1  P  Pv1
= 101.32 -  Ps1
= 101.32 - 0.15  Psat @ 37C
= 101.32 - 0.15  12.513
= 99.442 Pa
Hence
0.287  310
Va1 
99.44
= 0.895 m3 / kg
0.5
 ma 
0.895
= 0.56 kg/s
1 and 2 can be read directly from the psychrometric chart corresponding to states 1 and 2

336
kg of w.v.
1  0.006
kg. of d.a
kg. of w.v.
2  0.011
kg of d.a.
Water required
= (0.011 – 0.006) x 0.56

= 2.79 x 10-3kg/s
Result
1. The final temperature = 240C
2. Water required = 2.79 x 10-3kg/s
7. An atmospheric air stream at 100C and 40% relative humidity is first heated to 33oC and
then passed through an evaporate cooler until the temperature reaches 22 oC. Determine
a. The heat added

b. Final relative humidity
c. Increase in moisture content
System : Air water vapour mixture

Process : Steady state – sensible heating followed by
evaporative cooling
Known:
1. t1 = 10oC
2.  = 40%
3. t2 = 330C
4. t3 = 220C

337
= 0.4 x 2.339
= 0.9356kPa
Pain = Pin - Pvin
= 101.32 – 0.9356
= 100.4kpa
Hence
RTain
Vain 
Pain
0.287  293

100.4
= 0.838m3/kg
Therefore
Vin
Ma 
Vain
10

0.838
= 11.9kg/s
h2 – h1 = [(ha2 – ha1) +  (hv2 – hv1)
= [Cps (t2 – t1) +  (1.88) (t2 – t1)
where
v1
  0.622
  v1
0.9356
 0.622 
100.4
kg of w.v
 5.79610 3
kg of d.a
Therefore
h2 – h1 = [1.005 (38 – 20) + 5.796 x 10-3 x 1.88(30-20)]

= 10.158 KJ/kg of d.a
2. Relative humidity at the exit

Pv 2
2 
Ps2
Since the humidity ratio remains constant in a sensible heating process
kg of w.v
 5.79610 3
kg of d.a
P
2  0.622 v 2
  Pv 2

338
The total pressure is also remaining constant
0.622 Pv2 = 2 x p = 2 pv2

pv2 = (0.622 + 2) = 2p
2  p
Pv2 
 0.622  2 
5.796  10 3  101.32

 0.622  5.795  10 3
=0.9354kPa
From steam table at 30oC
Ps2 = Psaturation @ 30C

= 4.246kpa
Therefore
Pv 2
2 
Ps2
0.9354
=
4.246
=22.03%
The above problem can be solved by using psychometric chart also.
Step 1: Compute the mass flow rate of dry air as given above
Step 2: Fix state 1 on the psychometric chart using the inlet condition and read the corresponding
in value.
h1 = 34.5 KJ/kg
Step 3: Follow the horizontal line from state 1 until it meets the vertical from 30C DBT. This point
represents the exit condition on psychometric chart road the corresponding in and 
h2 = 45.0KJ/kg
2 = 22%
1) The rate of heat required in the heating section
Q = ma (h2 – h1)
= 11.93 (45.0 – 34.5)
= 125.26 KJ/min

339
2) The exit relative humidy

2 = [Directly read from the chart]
Results:
1) The rate of heat required at the heating section = 125.26 KJ/min

2) Relative humidity at the exit = 22%
8. Moist air at 32C and 60% relative humidity enters the cooling coil of a dehumidifier with
a flow rate of 115kg air/min. The air leaves saturated at 10C calculated the condensate
removed and the tons of refrigeration required.
System : Air – Water vapour mixture

Process : Steady – flow dehumidification by cooling.
Known.
1) t1 = 32C
2) 1 = 60%
3) ma = 116kg/min
4) t2 = 10C
5) 2 = 100%

340
To find
1) Condensate removed
2) TOR
Energy balance across the control volume gives

Q = ma h2-ma h1+m1h1
Q = ma (h2 –h1) + m1h1
Where h2 and are to be obtained as follows
1. State 1 is to be fixed on the psychrometric chart that is the inter section point of 32C DBT
line with 60% relative humidity line.
2. State 2 is to be fixed on the saturation line corresponding to 10C
3. Specific enthalpy values corresponding to states 1 and 2 are to be read.
h1 = 78KJ/kg
h2 = 29.5KJ/kg
and hf is the specific enthalpy of the condensate that is hf at 10C from steam table
h1@10C = 42KJ/kg
To find mf the following steps are to be followed.

mf = ma  1  2 
9. Air has a dry bulb temperature of 25C and bulb temperature of 15C. If the barometer
reads 1 bar, calculate
1. Vapour pressure
2. Specific humidity
3. Saturation ratio
4. Relative humidity
5. Drew point temperature
6. Vapour density
7. Enthalpy of mixture
Given data:
Dry bulb temperature, td = 25C

Wet bulb temperature, tw = 15C
Barometric pressure, Pb = 1 bar
To find:
Vapour pressure(PV)
specific humidity (W)
saturation ratio ()
relative humidity ()
dew point temperature (tdp)

341
vapour density ()

enthalpy(h)
Solution:
1. Vapour pressure
we know that,
Pv = Psw =
Pb  Psw  td  t w 
f
1527.4  1.3t w
[from equation (13)]
Where
Pb = Barometric pressure (or) atmospheric pressure

Td = Dry bulb temperature
Tw = wet bulb temperature
Psw = Saturation pressure corresponding to wet bulb temperature
From steam table, we find that for 15C wet bulb temperature corresponding saturation pressure
Psw is 0.01704
1  0.01704  25  15 
Pv  0.01704 
1527.4  1.3 15 
Pv  0.0105bar
we know that,
P
W = 0.622 [From Equation (6)]
Pb  Pv
0.0105
= 0.622 x
1  0.0105
w = 6.6 x 103 kg/kg of dry air
3. Saturation ratio (or) Degree of saturation:
Pv  Pb  Ps 
   [From equation (8)]
Ps  Ps  Ps 
Where

342
Ps – Saturation pressure corresponding to dry bulb temperature
From steam table, we find that for that for 25C dry bulb temperature, corresponding saturation
pressure is 0.03166 bar
i.e. Ps = 0.03166bar
0.0105  1  0.03166 

0.03166  1  0.0105 
  0.324
4. Relative humidity:
Pv
 ....... 10 
Ps
0.0105
=
0.03166
 = 0.33 = 33%
5. Dew point temperature (tdp):
From steam table, we find that for partial pressure (Pv) = 0.005 bar, corresponding specific
volume tdp is 8C
Tdp= 8C
6. Vapour density (v):
From steam table, we find that for 25C dry bulb temperature, corresponding specific volume, (Vg)
is 43.40m2/kg
Vg= 43.40m2 /kg

Vapour density, v = 1/vg = 1/43.40 = 0.0230
v = 0.0230kg/m3 of saturated steam
Hence vapour density at = 33%

=0.230 x 33
v = 0.0075kg/m3
7. Enthalpy of mixture:
h = CP td + Whg
where,
cp = Specific heat at constant pressure = 1.005KJ/kgk

hg = Specific enthalpy of air corresponding to dry bulb

343
Temperature
From steam table, for 25C dry bulb temperature, corresponding specific enthalpy is 2547.3KJ/kg
i.e. hg = 2547.3KJ/kg
 h  1.005  25  6.6  10 3  2547.3

h  41.9KJ / kg
Results:
1. Vapour pressure, v = 0.0105bar

2. specific humidity, W = 6.6 x 10-3kg/kg of dry air
3. saturation ratio,  = 0.324
4. relative humidity,  = 0.33
5. dew point temp, (tdp) = 8C
6. vapour density, v = 0.0075kg/m3
7. Enthalpy of mixture, h=41.9KJ/kg
10. An air water mixture at 20C and 1 bar has relative humidity 80%
Calculate
1. Partial pressure of the vapour and the air

2. specific humidity
3. saturation ratio
4. dew point temperature
5. density of the air
6. if the mixture is cooled at constant pressure to a temperature of 10C, find the amount of
water – vapour condensed pr kg of dry air.
Give data:

Barometric pressure, Pb = 1bar
Relative humidity,  = 80% = 0.8
To find:
1. Partial pressure of the vapour and the air (v and pa)
2. specific humidity (W)
3. saturation ratio ()
4. dew point temperature (tdp)
5. density of the air (a)
6. amount water vapour condensed (Temperature 10C)

344
Solution:
We know that
Pv
Relative humidity =  = ....... 10 
Ps
Where, v-Vapour pressure

Ps – Saturation pressure corresponding to dry bulb temperature
From steam table, we find that for 20C dry bulb temperature corresponding saturation pressure
is 0.02337 bar
i.e. Ps = 0.02337bar
Pv

0.02337
Pv
 0.8 
0.02337
partial pressure of the vapour, v = 0.0186 bar
we know that,
Barometric pressure = Partial pressure of the vapour + partial pressure of the air
b = v + a = 0.0186 + Pa
partial pressure of the air, Pa = 0.981bar
2. Specific humidity:
P 0.0186
W  0.622 
Pb  Pv 1  0.0186
W  0.0117kg / kg a dry air
3. Saturation ratio:
v  b  s 
   [from Equation  8 ]
s  b  v 
0.0186  1  0.02337 
  0.792
0.2337  1  0.0186 

345
4. Dew point temperature (tdp)
From steam table, we find that for partial pressure, v = 0.0186, corresponding temperature 16C
So, dew point temperature tdp = 16C
5. Density of the air (a)
From gas law, we know that
Pava = Ra Ta
Specific volume of air
Ra Ts 0.287  293
 Va  
a 0.9814  100
 0.856m3 / kg
Gas constant R=0.287 KJ/kgk

Ta = td + 273 = 20 + 273 = 293
a = 0.9814bar = 0.9814 x 100kN/m3
Density of the air
1 1
   1.16kg / m3
Va 0.856
  1.16kg / m3
6. From steam table, for 10C corresponding pressure is 0.01277bar.
i.e. v = a = 0.01227bar
Specific humidity
v 0.01227
 0.622 
W=0.622 b  v 1  0.01227
 7.7  10 3 kg / kg of dry air
Amount of water vapour condensed
=7.7 x 103 kg/kg of dry air
Result:
1. Partial pressure of the vapour, v = 0.0186bar

Partial pressure of the air, a = 0.9814bar
2. Specific humidity, W=0.0117 kg/kg of dry air

346
3. Saturation Ratio,  = 0.792

4. Dew point temperature, tdp = 16C
5. Density of the air, a = 1.16kg/m3
6. Amount of water vapour condensed= 7.7 x 10-3 kg/kg of dry air
11. The atmospheric air has a dry bulb temperature of 20C and specific humidity of 0.0095
kg/kg of dry air. If the barometer reads 760mm of Hg,
Determine
1. Partial pressure of vapour

2. relative humidity
3. dew point temperature
Give data

Specific Humidity, W = 0.0095 kg/kg of dry air
Barometric pressure = 760mm of Hg = 1bar
To find:
1. Partial pressure of vapour (v)
Solution:
v
we know that, W = 0.622
b  v
v
 0.095 
1  v
 1  v  0.0095  0.622v
 0.0095  0.622v  0.0095v
 0.0095  v  0.622  0.0095 
Partial pressure of vapour v = 0.0152bar
v
=
s
Where, s – saturation pressure corresponding to dry bulb temperature
From steam table, for 20C dry bulb temperature corresponding pressure is 0.02337bar

347
i.e. saturation pressure, s = 0.02337bar
0.0152

0.2337
   0.65
From steam table, we find that for partial pressure, v = 0.0152bar, corresponding temperature is
14C
So, dew point temperature, (tdp) = 14C
Results:
1. Partial pressure of vapour, v = 0.0152bar

2. relative humidity,  = 65%
3. dew point temperature, (tdp) = 14C
12. The sing psychrometer is a laboratory test recorded the following reading?
Dry bulb temperature = 25C
We bulb temperature = 15C
Barometer reading =760mm of Hg
Partial pressure of the vapour = 10mm Hg
Determine specific humidity and saturation ratio.
Given data:

Wet bulb temperature tw = 15C
Barometer pressure = 760mm of Hg
b = 1 bar
Partial pressure of the vapour, v = 10mm of Hg

v = 0.0133bar
[1mm of Hg = 0.00133bar; 10mm of Hg = 0.0133 bar]
To find
1. Specific humidity, W
2. Saturation ratio, 
Solution:

348
v 0.0133
w = 0.62  0.622 
b  v 1  0.0133
w = 8.3 x 10-3 kg/kg of dry air
2. Saturation ratio:
v  b  s 
  
s  b  v 
where
s = Saturation pressure corresponding to dry bulb temperature
From steam table, we find that for 25C dry bulb temperature, saturation pressure is 0.03166bar
i.e. s = 0.03166bar
0.0133  1  0.03166 
 
0.03166  1  0.0133 
  0.41
Results:
1. Specific humidity, W = 8.3 x 10-3kg/kg of dry air

2. Saturation ratio,  = 0.41
13. A mixture of air and water – vapour possesses a volume of 700m3 at 1bar pressure and
temperature 35C. Its relative humidity is 75%. Find the specific humidity, dew point
temperature, mass of air and mass of vapour in the mixture.
Given data:
Volume, v = 700m3
Barometric pressure, b = 1bar
Relative humidity,  = 75% = 0.075
To find
1. Specific humidity, W
2. Dew point temperature, tdp
3. mass of air, ma
4. mass of vapour, mv

349
Solution:
we know that,
v

s
where,
v = Partial pressure of the vapour
From steam table, we find that for 35C dry bulb temperature, corresponding pressure is
0.05622bar
i.e. s = 0.05622
v

s
v
0.75 
0.05622
Vapour pressure, v = 0.0421bar
v 0.0421
Specific humidity, W=0.622  0.622 
s   v 1  0.0421
W=0.027kg/kg of dry air
From steam table, we find that for vapour pressure,

v = 0.0421bar, corresponding temperature is 30C
so, dew point temperature, tdp
From gas law, a V=ma Ra T
v
 ms   s 
 Ra T 
s  700
 ma 
0.287  308
[Volume, V=700m3 gas constant, Ra = 0.287KJ/kgk

temperature, 35+273 = 308k]

350
a  700
 ma 
0.287  308
[we know b  a  v ]
a  b  v  1  0.0421
a  0.9579bar
a  0.9579  100kpa  1bar=100kpa

0.9579  100  700
ms 
0.287  308
Mass of air, ma  758.55kg
mv
Specific humidity,w = From Equation 1 
ma 
mv
 0.027 
758.55
Mass of vapour, mv  20.48kg
Result:
Specific humidity, W= 0.027kg/kg of dry air

Dew point temperature, tdp = 30C
Mass of air, ma = 758.5kg
Mass of vapour, mv = 20.48 kg
14. Atmospheric air at 76cm of Hg has 25C dry bulb temperature and 15C wet bulb
temperature using psychrometric chart, calculate the following.
a. Relative humidity
b. Humidity ratio
c. Dew point temperature
d. Enthalpy
e. Partial pressure of vapour
f. Specific volume of air
g. Saturation pressure corresponding to
dry bulb temperature
h. Saturation pressure corresponding to
wet bulb temperature
Given data:
Barometric reading = 76cm of Hg = 760mm of Hg = 1bar
Dry bulb temperature = 25C

Wet bulb temperature = 15C

351
To find:
(a) Relative humidity

(b) Humidity ratio
(c) Dew point temperature
(d) Enthalpy
(e) Partial pressure of vapour
(f) Specific volume of air
(g) Saturation pressure corresponding to dry bulb temperature
(h) Saturation pressure corresponding to wet bulb temperature
Solution:
(a) Relative humidity ()
mark point (1) on the psychrometic chart by given dry bulb temperature (25C) and wet bulb
temperature (15C)
Reflective humidity passing through point (1) is 35%
So,  = 35%
(b) Specific humidity (W):
From point (1) draw horizontal line to the right till it cuts specific humidity line.
From the chart we know that specific humidity.
W = 0.007 kg/kg of dry air
(c) Dew point temperature (tdp);
From point (1) draw a horizontal line to the left till it cuts saturation curve. At this point
temperature is 8oC.

352
(d) Enthalpy (h):
Draw a inclined line along the constant wet bulb temperature line till it cuts enthalpy line. At
this point enthalpy is 43 KJ/kg
Saturation Curve
Wet bulb temp.
Sp.humidity (W)
15 C
o
.007
.006
.005
10 15 20 25
o
Dry bulb Temperature (td), C
i.e. h = 43 KJ/kg
(c) Dew point temperature (tdp) :
(e) Partial pressure of vapour (v) :
Draw a horizontal line to the left till it cuts vapour presence line. At this point vapour
pressure is 8.0 mm of Hg v = 8.0 mm of Hg.
(f) Specific volume of air (v):
Specific volume line passing through point (1) is 0.85 m3/kg. So v = 0.853/kg

353
(g) Saturation pressure corresponding to dry bulb temperature.
Draw a horizontal line form point (2) till it cuts partial pressure line. At this point pressure is
12mm of Hg
s (tw) = 12 mm of Hg
Results:
a. Reflective humidity,  = 35%

b. Specific humidity, W = 0.007 kg/kg a dry air
c. Dew point temp, tdp = 8oC
d. Enthalpy, h = 43 kJ/kg
e. Partial pressure of vapour, v = 8 mm of Hg
f. Specific volume, v = 0.85m3/kg
g. Saturation pressure corresponding dry bulb temperature = 23 mm of Hg
h. Saturation pressure corresponding wet bulb temperature = 12mm of Hg
15. Atmospheric air at 1 bar pressure has 30OC dry bulb temperature and 50% relative
humidity. Using psychrometic chart calculate dew point temperature, enthalpy and vapour
pressure
Given data:
Barometric pressure, b = 1 bar

354
Dry bulb temperature, td = 30oC

Relative humidity = 50%
To find:

2. Enthalphy, (h)
3. vapour pressure, (v)
Solution:
1. Dew point temperature:
Mark point (1) on the psychrometric chart by given dry bulb temperature (30oC) and relative
humidity (50%).
From point (1), draw a horizontal line to the left till it cuts saturation curve. At that point
temperature is 18o C
2. Enthalpy (h):
From point (1) draw a inclined line along the constant wet bulb temperature line till it cuts
enthalpy line. At this point enthalpy is 65kJ/kg
i.e. h = 65kJ/kg

355
3. Vapour pressure (v):
Draw a horizontal line from point (1) till it cuts vapour pressure line. At that point pressure is
17mm of Hg.
v = 17mm of Hg
Results:
1. Dew point temperature, tdp = 18oC

2. Enthalpy, h = 65kJ/kg
3. Vapour pressure, v = 17mm of Hg
16. An air - water vapour mixture enters an adiabatic saturator at 30oC and leaves at 20oC,
which is the adiabatic saturation temperature. The pressure remains constant at 100kPa.
Determine the relative humidity and humidity ratio of the inlet mixture.
Given data:

Wet bulb temperature, tw = 20oC
Barometric pressure, b = 100 kPa = 1bar
To find
1. Relative humidity, ()
2. humidity ratio, W
Solution:
We know that,
v
 … (A)
s
[From equation 10]

356
Where, v = Vapour pressure
We know that,
Partial pressure vapour, v  sw 

b  sw  td  t w 
1527.4  1.3t w
Where [From equation 13]
sw – Saturation pressure corresponding to wet bulb temperature
b – Barometric pressure
td – Dry bulb temperature
tw – Wet bulb temperature
From steam stable, for wet bulb temperature, 25oC, corresponding pressure is 0.02337 bar.
i.e. sw = 0.02337 bar
 v = 0.02337 -
1  0.02337  30  20 
1527.4  1.3  20 
v = 0.0168bar
From steam table, for 30oC dry bulb temperature, corresponding temperature is 0.04242bar
i.e. s = 0.04242 bar
Substitute v, s valve in equation (A)
v 0.0168
A      0.39
a 0.04242
 = 0.39
2. Humidity ratio:
v
W = 0.622 [From equation (6)]
b  v
0.0168
 0.622 
1  0.0168
W = 0.0106 kg/kg of dry air

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Results:
1. Relative humidity = 0.39

2. humidity ratio, W = 0.0106kg/kg of dry air
17. A sling psychrometer reads 40oC dbt and 36oC wbt. Find the humidity ratio, relative
humidity, dew point temperature, specific volume of air, density of air, density of water
vapour and enthalpy.
Given data:

Wet bulb temperature, tw = 36oC
To find:
1. Humidity ratio, (W)

2. Relative humidity, ()
4. Specific volume of (Va)
5. Density of air, (a)
6. Density of water vapour, (v)
7. Enthalpy, (h)
Solution:
1. Humidity ratio:
v
W = 0.622 x …. (A)
b  v
We know that, partial vapour pressure,
b  sw  td  t w 
v  sw 
1527.4  1.3t w
Where
sw = Saturation pressure corresponding to wet bulb temperature
b = Barometric pressure = 1 bar
From steam table,
For 36oC wet bulb temperature, corresponding pressure is 0.05940 bar
i.e. sw = 0.05940 bar

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 v = 0.05940 -
1  0.05940  40  36 
1527.4  1.3  36 
Partial pressure of vapour, v = 0.0568 bar

Substitute v and b value in equation (A)
0.0568
(A)  W  0.622
1  0.0568
Humidity ratio, W = 0.037 kg/kg of dry air
v

s
0.0568

s
Where, s – Saturation pressure

From steam table,
For 40oC dry bulb temperature, corresponding pressure is 0.07375 bar.
i.e. s = 0.07375 bar
0.0568

0.07375
Relative humidity,  = 0.77
3. Dew point temperature (tdp):
From steam table, we find that for partial vapour pressure v = 0.0568 bar, corresponding
temperature is 35oC
So, dew point temperature (tdp) is 35oC
4. Specific volume (Va) of air:
From gas law,
Ra Ta 0.287  316
 va    0.96m3 / kg
a 0.9432  100
Gas content, R = 0.287 kJ/kg

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Ta = td + 273 = 40 + 273 = 313

a = b - v = 1-0.0568 = 0.9432 bar
= 0.9432 x 100 kPa
=0.9432 x 100 kN/m2
Specific volume of air, va = 0.96m2/kg
5. Density of air:
1 1
a  
v a 0.96
Density of air a = 1.04 kg/m3
6. Density of water vapour (v):
From steam table we find that for 40oC dry bulb temperature, corresponding specific volume
(vg) is 19.546m3/kg
1 1
v 
v g 19.456
v = 0.05116 kg/m3
Vapour density of relative humidity,  = 0.77
Vapour density, v = 0.05116 x 0.77
v = 0.039 kg/m3
7. Total enthalpy:
h = Cp td = Whg
where
Cp – Specific heat = 1.005kJ/kgk

Hg – Specific enthalpy of air corresponding dry bulb temperature.
From steam table,
For 40oC dry bulb temperature, corresponding specific enthalpy I 2574.4kJ/kg

 h = 1.005 (40) + 0.037 (2574.4)
 h = 135.45kJ/kg
Results:
1. Humidity ratio, W = 0.037 kg/kg of dry air
2. relative humidity,  = 0.77
3. dew point temperature, tdp = 35oC
4. Specific volume of dry air, va = 0.96 m3/kg
5. density of air a = 1.04kg/m3

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6. density of water vapour, v = 0.039kg/m3

7. total enthalpy, h = 135.45kJ/kg
18. The atmospheric conditions are td = 25oC and specific humidity = 8.6 x 10-3 kg/kg of dry
air. Determine the following
a) Partial pressure of vapour
b) Relative humidity
c) Dew point temperature
Given data:

Specific humidity, W = 8.6 x 10-3 kg/kg of dry air
To find:
a. Partial pressure of vapour, (v)

b. Relative humidity, ()
c. Dew point temp, (tdp)
Solution:
1. Specific humidity:
v
w = 0.622 x
b  v
v
8.6 x 10-3 = 0.622 x
b  v
b – Barometric pressure = 1 bar
v
8.6 x 10-3 = 0.622 x
1  v
(1 - v) 8.6 x 10-3 = 0.622 x v
 8.6 x 10-3 = 0.622 v + 8.6 x 10-3 v

 8.6 x 10-3 = v (0.622 + 8.6 x 10-3)
Vapour pressure, v = 0.0136 bar
v

s

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Where, v = 0.0136 bar, corresponding temperature is 11oC.

So, Dew point temperature, tdp = 11oC
Results:
1. Partial pressure of vapour, v = 0.0136 bar

2. Relative humidity,  = 43%
3. Dew point temperature, tdp = 11oC
19. Dry bulb and wet temperatures of 1 atmospheric air steam air 40 oC and 30oC
respectively. Determine
(a) The humidity ratio

(b) Relative humidity
(c) Specific enthalpy
20. The most is at 45oC dry bulb temperature and 30oC wet bulb temperature calculate
a. Vapour pressure
b. Dew point temperature
c. Specific humidity
d. Relative humidity
e. Degree a saturation
f. Vapour density
g. Enthalpy of mixture
A sling psychrometer reads 40oC DBT and 30oC WBT. Calculate specific humidity, relative
humidity, dew point temp, enthalpy and specific volume of mixture. Assume atmospheric air as
1.0132 bar.
Note: The procedure for finding the solution for the above problems (No. 4, 5, 6 and 7) are same
as problem no. 1
Atmospheric air at a pressure of 1 bar and 25oC gas a relative humidity of 75% find
1. Partial pressure of the water vapour and the air

2. Specific volume
3. Dew point temperature
5. Degree of saturation
6. Density of the mixtures
7. Water vapour condensed per kg of dry air when the mixture is cooled at constant
pressure to a temp of 10oC.
[Note1: The procedure for finding the solution for the above problem is same a problem no 2
Note 2: These problems can also be solved by using psychromic chart]

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21. The atmospheric air at 1 bar, dry bulb temperature 16 oC and wet bulb temperature 10oC
enters a heating coil whose temperature is 41oC assuming by pass factor of heating coil is
0.5. Determine dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, relative humidity of the air
leaving the coil and the sensible heat added to air per kg of dry air.
Given data:
Barmetric pressure, b = 1 bar

Initial dry bulb temperature, td1 = 16oC
Wet bulb temperature, tw1 = 10oC
Heating coil temperature, td3 = 41oC
By pass factor = 0.5
To find
1. Dry bulb temperature of the air leaving the coil (td2)
2. Wet bulb temperature of the air leaving the coil (tw2)
3. relative humidity of the air leaving the coil (2)
Solution:
Step1:
The initial condition of air i.e. 16oC dry bulb temperature and 10oC wet bulb temperature is
marked on the psychrometric chart at point 1.
Step 2:
Draw a vertical line from 41oC (Heating coil temperature) and draw a horizontal line from
point 1. Both are meeting at point 3.
Step 3:
We know that,

363
t d3  t d2
By pass factor (BPF) = [From equation (14)]
t d3  t d2
41  t d2
0.5 
41  16
 td2 = 28.5oC
Final dry bulb temperature, td2 = 28.5oC
Step 4:
Draw a vertical line from 28.5oC 9Final dry bulb temperature)
Till it cuts horizontal line mark this point as 2
Step 5:
From psychrometric chart, we know
Wet bulb temperature line passing through the point 2 is 17oC

So, tw2 = 17oC and
Relative humidity line passing through the point 2 is 30%

364
Step 6:
Draw a inclined line from point 1 and point 2 along the constant wet bulb temperature line
till it cuts total enthalpy line.
From Chart,
At point 1, Enthalpy h1 = 30kJ/kg

At point 2, Enthalpy h2 = 45kJ/kg
Sensible heat added Q = m(h2 – h1) ( h2 > h1)
m = 1 kg
 Q = (h2 – h1) = (45-30)

Q = 15kJ/kg
Results:
1. Finally dry bulb temperature, td2 = 28.5oC.

2. Final wet bulb temperature, tw2 = 17oC
3. Final relative humidity, 2 = 30%
4. Sensible heat added Q = 15kJ/kg
22. Atmospheric air with dry bulb temperature of 30oC and wet bulb temperature of 18oC
without changing its moisture content calculate the following.
1. Original relative humidity

2. Final relative humidity
3. Final wet bulb temperature.

365
Given data:
Initial dry bulb temperature, td1 = 30oC

Initial wet bulb temperature, tw1 = 18oC
Final dry bulb temperature, td2 = 16oC
To find:
1. Original relative humidity (1)

2. Final relative humidity (2)
3. Final wet bulb temperature (tw2)
Solution:
Step 1:
The initial condition of air i.e., 30oC dry bulb temperature and 18oC wet bulb temperature is
marked on the psychrometic chart at point 1.
From pscyrhometric chart we know that, relative humidity (1) passing through point 1 is 32%.
i.e. 1 = 32%
Step 2:
Draw a vertical line from 16oC (final dry bulb temperature) and draw a horizontal line from
point 1. Both lines intercept at point 2 as shown in figure.

366
Step 3:
From psychrometric chart,
We know that, relative humidity () passing through point 2 is 70%
i.e. 2 = 70%
Draw a inclined line from point 2 along the constant wet bulb temperature line till it cuts
saturation curve. At that point temp is 11oC.
i.e. tw2 = 11oC
Results:
1. Initial relative humidity, 1 = 32%

3. Final wet bulb temperature, tw2 = 11oC

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23. 50m of air at 35oC DBT and 50% RH is called 25oC DBT maintaining its specific humidity
constant. Determine
1. Relative humidity of called air

2. Heat removed.
Given data:
Volume of air, v = 50 m3
Dry bulb temperature, td1 = 35oC
Relative humidity, 1 = 50%
Final dry bulb temperature, td2 = 25oC
To find:
1. Final relative humidity (2)

2. Heat removed.
Solution:
Step 1 :
The initial condition of air i.e. 35C dry bulb temperature and 50% relative humidity is
marked on the psychrometric chart at point 1.

368
Step 2 :
Draw a vertical line from 25C (Final dry bulb temperature) and draw a horizontal line from
point 1. Both lines intercept 2 as shown in figure.
Step 3 :
From psychrometric chart, we know relative humidity () passing through the poi9nt 2 is 86%.
So, 2 = 86%
Step 4 :
Draw a inclined line from point 1 and point 2 along the constant wet bulb temperature line
till it cuts total entering line.
From chart,
At point 1, enthalpy h1 = 79 KJ/kg

At point 2, enthalpy h2 = 68 kJ/kg
Step 5 :
We know that,
Heat added Q = ma (h2 – h1)  h1  h2 
Q = ma (79 – 68) …..(1)
v
ma  …..(2)
va
Where
Ma – Mass of air kg/s
v - Volume of air m3/s
va - Specific volume of air m3/kg

369
From psychrometric chart, we know that,

Specific volume of air (va) passing through point 2 is 0.864
So, va = 0.864
Substitute va and v values in Equation (2)
v 50
(2)  ma    57.8 kg
v a 0.864
 
 v unit is m3 
 
v unit is m3 / kg 
 3

m = v  m  kg
 a 3 
 v a m / kg 
Substitute ma value m equation (1)

Head added, Q = 57.8 (79 - 68)
Q = 636.5 KJ
h unit is KJ/kg
m unit is kg 
 
Q = m(h2  h1 ) 
 
  kg  KJ / kg 
  KJ 
Results:-

2. Heat added Q = 636.5 KJ
24. One kg of air at 24C, 70% RH is mixed adiabatically with 2 kg of air at 16C, 10%RH.
Determine final condition of the mixture?
[Oct. ‟98 – M.U.]
Given data:
First steam :
Mass of air, m1 = 1 kg
Dry bulb temperature, t d1  24C
Relative humidity 1 = 70%
Second steam :
Mass of air, m2 = 2 kg

370
To find:
Final condition of the mixture
i.e. final specific humidity (W 3), final enthalpy (h3) final dry bulb temperature (t d3 ) . Final
relative humidity (3).
Solution:
Step 1 :
The first steam air i.e. 24C dry bulb temperature and 70% RH is marked on the
psychrometric chart at point 1.
Step 2 :
The second stream of air i.e. 16C dry bulb temperature and 10% RH is marked on the
Step 3:
Join the points 1 & 2 from the psychrometric chart, we know that, Specific humidity of the
first mass of air.

371
Specific humidity of the second mass of air
W2 = 0.001 kg/kg of dry air
We know that,
m1 W3  W2

m2 W1  W3
1 W3  0.001

2 0.013  W3
0.013-W3
  W3  0.001
2
 0.013-W3  2W3  0.002
 W3  0.005 KJ/kg of dry air
Specific humidity after mixing

W3 = 0.005 KJ/Kg of dry air.
Step 4 :
Draw a horizontal line from W 3 = 0.005 till it cuts 1.2 line. None the point 3.

372
Step 5:
From psychrometric short, we know that,
1. Relative humidity (), passing through point 3 is 40%

i.e. 3 = 40%
2. Draw a vertical lien from point 3. Till it cuts dry bulb temperature line. At this point temperature
is 20C
3. Draw a inclined line from point 3 along the constant wet bulb temperature line till it cuts total
enthalpy line.
Enthalpy, h3 = 32 KJ/kg
Results:
Specific humidity after mixing, W 3 = 0.005 KJ/kg of dry air

Relative humidity after mixing (3) = 40%
Dry bulb temperature after mixing, t d3  20C
Enthalpy after mixing, h3 = 32 KJ/kg
25. If the two steams of air having temperature 15C and 20C pressure of both 1.013 bar,
relative humidity 20% and 80%, flow rate 18m3/min and 25 m3/min respectively are mixed
adiabatically and the pressure is maintained at 1 bar. Calculate a) specific humidity b)
Specific volume.
Given data :
First steam of air:

Dry bulb temperature, td1  15C
Flow rate, v1 = 18m3/min = 0.33/s

373
Second steam of air:

Flow rate, v2 = 25m3/min = 0.41m3/s
To find:
2. Specific volume
Solution:
Step 1:
The first steam of air i.e. 15C dry bulb temperature and 20% relative humidity is marked on
the psychometric short at point 1.
Step 2:
The second steam of air i.e. 20C dry bulb temperature and 80% relative humidity is
marked in the psychometric chart at point 2.

374
Step 3 :
Chart, we know that,

Specific humidity of the first steam of air
Specific humidity of the second steam of air

Step 4:
We know that,
m1 W3  W2
 .....(1)
m2 W1  W3
First steam flow rate, v1 = 0.3m3/s (Given)

375
v1
Mass, m1  ........(2)
v s1
From psychometric chart, we know specific volume (vs) passing through point 1 is 0.83
 v s1  0.83 m3 / kg
0.3
 (2) m1   0.361 kg/s
0.83
m1  0.361 kg/s
Second steam flow rate, v2 = 0.41 m3/s (Given)
v2
So mass m2  .........(3)
v s2
From psychometric chart, we know specific volume (v) passing through point 2 is 0.85
 v s2  0.85 m3 / kg
0.41
 (3) m2   0.482 kg/d
0.85
m2  0.482 kg/s
Substitute m1 & m2 value in Equation (1)
0.301 w 3  0.12
(1)  
0.482 0.002  w 3
 (0.002 - W3 ) 0.361  0.482 (W3  0.012)
 7.22  10-4  0.361 W3 = 0.482 W3  5.7  10 3
 6.5  10-3  0.843 W3
 W3  7.7  10 3 kg/kg of dry air
Specific humidity after mixing.
Step 5:
Draw a horizontal line from W 3 = 0.0077 till it cuts 1-2 line. Name point 3.

376
From Psychometric chart we know that specific volume passing through point 3 is 0.84 m 3/kg
v s3  0.84 m3 / kg
Re sults :
1. Specific humidity, W1 = 0.002kg/kg of dry air
W2 = 0.012kg/kg of dry air

2. Specific volume, Vs = 0.83m3/kg

1
3
Vs2 = 0.85m /kg
3
Vs3 = 0.84m /kg
26. An air conditioning system is designed under the following condition.
Outdoor condition -320C DBT and 75% RH

Required Indoor condition -220C DBT and 70% RH
Amount of fee air calculated -200m3/min
Coil dew point temperature - 140C
The required condition is achieved by first cooling and dehumidifying and then by heating.
Calculate the following.
1. Capacity of cooling coil in tonne

2. Capacity of heating coil in kW
3. Mass of water vapour removed in kg/s
Given data:

377
Outdoor condition:
Dry bulb temperature, t d = 32oC

1
In door conditions
Dry bulb temperature, t d =220C

2

Amount of free air circulated v = 200m3/min
V = 3.33m3/s
Coil dew point temperature, i.e. Surface temperature,
Ts = 140C
To find:
1. Capacity of cooling coil in tones

3. Mass of water vapour removed in kg/s
Solution:
Step 1:
The out door condition of air i.e. 320C dry bulb temperature and 75% relative humidity is
marked on the psychrometic chart at point 1

378
Indoor condition of air i.e. 220C dry bulb temperature and 70% RH is marked on the psychrometic
chart at pint 2.
Step 2:
Draw a vertical line from 140C (Dew point temperature) till it cuts saturation curve. Name
the point 4.
Join Point 1 and Point 4. Draw a horizontal line from point 2 till it cuts 1- 4 line name the print 3.
Step 3:
Draw a inclined line from point 1,2,3 and 4 along constant wet bulb temperature line till it
cuts total enthalpy line
From point
At point 1, enthalpy h1 = 82kJ/kg

Draw a horizontal line from point 1, 2, 3 and 4 till it cuts specific humidity (W) line
From chart we know that,

W2 = W 3 = 0.0175kg/kg of dry air
W4 = 0.009kg/kg dry air
From Chart we know that,

Specific volume (v) passing through point 1 is 0.88
i.e. v1 = 0.88m3/kg

379
Cooling coil capacity = ma (h1 – h3) ….(1)
( 1 to 3 is cooling process [dry bulb temperature decreases])

V 3.33
ma    3.78kg / s
V1 0.88
ma = 3.78kg/s
Substitute ma value in (1)
(1)  cooling coil capacity = 3.78 (82-48)
= 128.52kJ/s = 128.52kW
178.52
  36.72tonnes
3.5
[ 1 tonne = 3.5kW]
Cooling coil capacity = 36.72tonne
We know that,
Heating coil capacity = ma x (h2 – h3) = 3.78 x (53-48)
= 18.9kJ/s = 18.9kW
We know that,
Mass of water vapour removed = ma(W 1 – W 3)
= 3.78(0.020 – 0.0115)
Mass of water vapour removed = 0.03213kg/s

380
Results:
1. Cooling coil capacity = 36.72tonne

2. Heating coil capacity = 18.9kW
3. Mass of water vapour removed = 0.03213kg/s
27. An air conditioning system is designed under the following conditions.
Outdoor conditions 130C DBT and 90C WBT

Required conditions 200C DBT and 60% RH
Amount of free air circulated 0.30m3/min person.
Seating capacity – 60 persons
The required condition is achieved first by heating and then by adiabatic humidifying
determine the following

2. Capacity of humidifier.
Given data:
Outdoor conditions:

Wet bulb temperature, tw1 = 90C
Required indoor conditions:

Amount a free air circulated = 0.30m3/min/person

V = 5 x 10-1 m3/s/person
Seating capacity = 60 person
So, Amount of free air circulated = 5 x 10-3 x 60m3/s

V = 0.3m3/s.
To find:
1. Heating coil capacity in kW

2. Capacity a humidifier
Solution:
Step 1:

381
Out door conditions of air i.e. 13oC dry bulb temperature 9oC wet bulb temperature is marked on
the psychrometic chart at point 1.
Required indoor conditions of air 200C dry bulb temperature and 60% relative humidity is marked
on the psychrometic chart at point 2.
Step 2:
Draw a incline line through point 2 along constant wet bulb temperature line till it cuts total
enthalpy line
Draw a horizontal line from point 2 both the lines intersect at point 3.
Step 3:
From Psychrometric chart

382
We know that,
h1 = 30kJ/kg
h2 = h3 = 43kJ/kg
W1 = W 3 = 0.006kg/kg of dry air
Specific volume passing through point 1 is 0.82m3/kg
i.e. v1 = 0.82m3/kg
V 0.3
We know that, ma    0.36kg / s
V1 0.82
ma = 0.36kg/s
Heating coil capacity = ma(h3 – h1)

( 1-3 line, dry bulb temp increases)
= 0.36 (43-30)
= 4.68kJ/s = 4.68kW
Capacity of the humidifier = ma(W 2 – W 1)
= 0.36(0.008-0.006)
= 7.2 x 104kg/s
Results:
Heating coil capacity = 4.68kW

Capacity of the hudifier = 7.2 x 10-4kg/s
28. Water at 30oC flows into cooling tower at the rate of 1.1kg per kg of air. Air enters the
tower at a dry bulb temperature of 20oC and a relative humidity of 60% and leaves it a dry
bulb temperature of 260C and 90% relative humidity. Make up water is supplied at 20oC.
Determine the following

383
i. The temperature of water leaving the tower.

ii. The fraction of water evaporated
iii. The approach and range of the cooling tower
Given data:
Inlet water temperature = 30oC

Mass of water, mw = 1.1kg
Inlet dry bulb temperature, t d =20oC
1

Outlet dry bulb temperature, t d = 26oC
2
Relative humidity,  = 90%

Make up water temperature = 200C
To find:
1. The temperature of water leaving the tower  t w 4


2. The fraction of water evaporated
3. The approach and range.
Solution:
The initial condition for air, i.e. 20oC dry bulb temperature and 60% relative humidity is
marked on the psychormetric chart at point 1.
The final dry bulb temperature 260C and relative humidity 90% is marked on the

384
The corresponding wet bulb temperatures are
t w1  15o C
t w2  24o C
The corresponding specific humidifier and enthalpies are
h1 = 43kJ/kg of dry air

h2 = 86kJ/kg of dry air
W1 = 0.0088kg water vapour/kg dry air
W2 = 0.0218kg water vapour/kg dyr air
Water entering the tower  t w  = 30oC

2
Enthalpy t w = 125.8kJ/kg. [From steam table]

3
Make up water temperature = 20oC

Enthalpy hw = 84 kJ/kg [ From steam table]
c
We know that, Energy balance equation

385
m
hW3  hw 4  h2  h1   W2  W1  hW 
mW 
1

1.186  43   0.0218  0.0088   84 
hw3  hw 4  38.06kJ / kg
hw3  hw 4
t w3  t w 4 
CpW
38.09
30  t w 4 
CpW
where, Cp w = Specific heat of water = 4.17kJ/kgk
38.09
30  t w 4 
4.17
t w4  20.86o C
We know that,
Approach = t w  t w = 20.86-15 = 5.86oC
4 1
Range = t w  t w = 30-20.86 = 9.14oC

3 4
Fraction of water evaporated
=m(W 2 – W 1) = 1 (0.0218 – 0.0088)
Fraction of water evaporated = 0.013kg/kg dry air
Results:
1. Temperature of water leaving the tower, t w  20.860C

4
2. Fraction of water evaporated = 0.013kg/kg of dry air
3. Approach = 5.86oC; Range = 9.140C

386
ME 1201 – ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
(Common to Production Engineering) (Regulation 2004)
Answer ALL questions.
PART – A (10 X 2 = 20 marks)
1. What is heat?
2. Prove that cp – cv = R
3. State zeroth law of thermodynamics. What is its application?
4. Deduce the relation between the COP of heat pump and refrigerator.
5. What is meant by thermodynamic temperature scale? How do you device such scale?
6. What do you understand by pure substance? Give some typical examples.
7. What is critical pint? What are the properties of water at critical point?
8. What are the unique features of van der Waals equation of state?
9. What is compressibility factor? What does it signify? What us its value for van der Waals
gas at critical point?
10. What is dew point temperature? How is it related to dry bulb and wet bulb temperature at
the saturation condition?
PART – B (5 X 16 = 80 marks)
11. (i) Prove that internal energy is a property. (4)
(ii) 1KG of gas at 1.1 bar, 270 is compressed to 6.6 bar as per, the law pv1.3 = const. Calculate
work and heat transfer, if
1. When the gas is ethane (C2H6) with molar mass of 30Kg/k mol and cp of 2.1 k\KJ/Kg.K
2. When the gas is argon (Ar) with molar mass of 40kg/K mol and cp of 0.52 KJ/Kg.K (12)
12. (a) (i) “Two reversible adiabatic lines cannot intersect”. Is this statement true or false?
Justify the answer.
(ii) A reversible engine operates between a source at 972oC and two sinks, one at 127oC
The energy rejected is same at both the sinks. What is the ratio of heat supplied to the heat
rejected? Also calculate the efficiency. (12)
Or

387
(b) (i) What are the conditions for reversibility?
(ii) Differentiate between heat pump and refrigerator.

(iii) 50 kg of water is at 313 k enough ice at -5oC is mixed with water in an adiabatic vessel such
that at the end of the process all the ice melts and water at 0 oC is obtained. Find the mass of ice
required and the entropy change of water and ice. Given c p of water = 4.2 KJ/Kg-K, cp of ice =2.1
kg/kg-K and latent heat of ice = 335 kJ/kg.
13. (a) (i) Draw the p-T diagram off a pure substance and label at the phases and phase changes.
(ii) What do you understand by dryness fraction? What is its importance?
(iii) A rigid tank of 0.03 m3 capacity contains wet vapour at 80 kPa. If the wet vapour mass
is 12 kg, calculate the heat added and the quality of the mixture when the pressure inside the tank
reaches 7 Mpa.
Or
(b) (i) What are the major problems of Carnot vapour cycle?
(ii) What are the methods for improving the performance of Ranking cycle?
(iii) Stream enters the turbine at 3 Mpa and 400 oC and is condensed at 10 kPa. Some
quantity of steam leaves the turbine at 0.6 Mpa and enters open feed water heater. Compute the
fraction of the steam extracted per kg of steam and cycle thermal efficiency.
(14) (a) (i) Write down the Dalton‟s law of partial pressure and explain its importance.
(ii) 0.45 kg of CO and 1 kg of air is contained in a vessel of volume 0.4 m 3 at 15oC. Air has
23.3% of O2 and 76.7% of N2by mass. Calculate the partial pressure of each constituent and total
pressure in the vessel. Molar masses of CO. O2 and N2 are 28.32 and 28 kg/K mol.
Or
(b) (i) What is the use of Clapeyron equation? And write it down for liquid-vapour region.
(ii) Explain the flow process of a real gas through a throttle value. Derive the expression for Joule
Thomson coefficient and deduce its value for an ideal gas.
(a) (i) Differentiate between

Dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature.
Wet bulb depression and dew point depression.
(ii) Air at 16oC and 25% relative humidity passes through a heater and then through a humidifier to
reach final dry bulb temperature of 30oC and 50% relative humidity. Calculate the heat and
moisture added to the air. What is the sensible heat factor?

388
Or
(b) (i) In an adiabation mixing of two streams, derive the relationship among the ratio of mass of
streams, ratio of enthalpy change and ratio of specific humidity change.
(ii) Saturated air at 20oC at a rate of 1.167 m3/sec is mixed adiabatically with the outside air at
35oC and 50% relative humidity at a rate of 0.5 m 3/sec. Assuming adiabatic mixing condition at 1
atm, determine specific humidity. Relative humidity dry bulb temperature and volume flow rate of
the mixture
NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2005.
PART A – (10 X 2 = 20 Marks)
1. Heat is form of Energy which is transferred by virtue of temp difference between the bodies.
2. h = u + pv
h = u + RT
dh du
 R (1)
dT dT
Cp = Cv + R
Cp – Cv = R (1)
3. When 2 bodies are in thermal eqm. With the third body individually, then all the three bodies are
in thermal eqm. Among themselves.
 it is the law of temperature

 used for analyzing bodies in thermal eqm.
4.
T2
1   COP R  1
T1  T2
T2  T1  T2 T1
= 
T1  T2 T1  T2

389
1 + (COP)R = (COP)HP
5. It is scale which is independent of the properties of working substance and has only positive
temperatures.
It can be devised with the help of heat engines.
6. It is a substance with fixed chemical composition throughout its mass. Eg. Water, helium,
nitrogen air etc.
7. Point at which the saturated liquid and saturated vapour states are identical
For water, Pc = 22.09 mPa = 221 bar
Tc = 647.3 K = 374.15oC
m3
Vc = 0.0568 m3/kmol = 0.003155
kg
8.  it is a 2 constant real gas equation.
 It accounts for intermolecular forces and volume occupied by the molecules.
9. It is the ratio of actual vol of real gas to that of ideal gas   Zc = 0.375.  
1 1
 
2  
2
10. It is the temp. at which condensation of vapour in air vapour mixture beings, it it is cooled at
constant pressure
All are equal at saturation condition.
PART B – (5 X 16 = 80 marks)
11. (i) U is a property: Proof (4)
1
T P  
(ii) 2   2   T2=453.6K
T1  P1 
Ru kJ
(1)R=  0.277
m kg.K
kJ
Cp-Cv=R Cv=1.823
kg.K

390
Cp
  1.152
Cv
mR(T1  T2 )
W
n 1
141.8kJ
 n
Q W
 1
Q=+138.1KJ
R kJ
(ii) R= u  0312
m kg.k
kJ
Cv  Cp  R  0.312
kg.K
Cp
=  1.667.
Cv
-n
Q= W
 -1
=-58.6HJ
12. (a) (i) true (1)

Proof (3)
(ii)
972+273 T1
Q1
HE W
Q2 Q3
127+273 T2 27+273 T3
Fig 2Marks
 Q1   Q2   Q3 

   0
 T1   T2   T3 
Q2  Q3

391
Q1
 7.26
Q2
Qs Q
 1  3.63
QR 2Qz
QR
=1 -  72.46%
Qs
Or
(b) (i) No free expansion

No Friction
No loss of equilibrium condition (2)
(ii) HP maintains High Temp when R maintains LT. COP of HP=(COP of R)+1
(2)
(iii) Heat lost by water =Heat gained by ice. (2)
muCpW (Tm  Tw )  mi [Cpi 273  Ti )  L

mi  24kg.
T  KJ
(S)  mCpIn  m   28.67
 T  K
 T   KJ
(S)1  m1 Cp1In  m   L   30.7
  T1   K
13. (a) (i) P.T diagram with labels (4)
ms
(ii) x= (1)
m
Indicates quality of steam (1)
V 
 m3 / hg
(iii) m  0.0025 
1  2  . 

1  f1  x1fg1 at 80 kPa 


x1  0.0007 
u1  uf1  x1ufg1 =393.1 kJ/kg

Or 
u1  h1  p11  393.1 kJ/kg 

392
u2  uf 2  x 2 fg2 at 7mPa.
x 2  0.0441.
u2  u f 2  x 2 fg2  1316kJ/ kg.


(Or) 
u2  h2  p2 2  1316KJ/ kg.
Q=u=m(u2  u1 )  11mJ
Or
(b) (i)  Isotropic compression to extremely high pressures.

 isothermal heat transfer at variable pressures
(ii)  Increasing the boiler pressure

 Increasing the steam Outlet temp
 Decreasing the condenser pressure
 Reheating
 Regeneration (2)
(iii)
h1=191.83KJ/kg
h2=192.43KJ/kg
h3=670.56 KJ/kg
h4=673.2KJ/kg 4 Marks
h5=3230.9KJ/kg
h6=2829.63KJ/kg
x2 =0.836
h2=2192.22 KJ/kg
h3  h2 
y 
h6  h2 
y  0.181 kg / kg of steam 

393
qm  (h5  h4 )  255.7kJ / kg.

qm  (1  y)(h2  h1 )  1.638.36kJ / Kg.
qout
=1-  35.9%
qm
14. (a) (i)  =   Pi  (3)

Importance (3)
23.3
(ii) m02 = xl  0.233kg
100
76.7
mN2 = xl  0.767kg
100
(ii) mc2 = 0.45kg (2)

Ru
R o2 
M o2
Ru
RN 2  (2)
M N2
Ru
Rco 
Rco
mi RiT
Pi  (2)
V
P02 = 0.4359 bar
PN2 = 1.6399 bar (2)
Pc0 = 0.9621 bar
P   pi  3.04 bar (2)
Or
(B) (I) For the determination of change in enthalpy associated with a phase change process (or)
properties associated with phase change.
 P  h jg  1 1 
In  2     
 P1  R  T1 T2 sat
Or
 dP  h jg h jg
 dT   TU  T .D
 sat jg g
(ii)Throttling process is an isenthapic process and fig(2)
P-T diagram with h= lines and cooling heating zones inversion curve. (2)

394
Derivation
 T  1   V  
   V  T   
 P  Cp   T  p 
 = 0 for an ideal gas. (2)
15. (a)(i)tdb=T recorded when bulb is not

affected by the moisture present in air
t = T recorded when the bulb is (4)
covered by wet cloth exposed to air
WBD = tdb – TWb (4)

DPD = tdb - tdP
(ii)

395
C 183 KEY
h1 = 23kj /Kg
hA = 37.5kJ /Kg
h2 = 64.5kJ/Kg
q = (h2 – h1)
q = 41.5kJ/kg (3)
W1= 0.0028kJ/kg.
W2 = 0.0134 kJ/kg.
Moisture added = W 2 = w1=0.0106kJ/kg. (3)
hA  h1
SHF =  0.35 (2)
h2  h1
Or
(b) (i)
m1+ m2 = m3 (1)
m1h1+m2h2 = m3h3 (1)
m11+m22 = m23 (1)
and
m1 h3  h2 3   2
  (5)
m2 h1  h3 1  3
(ii) Saturated air
h1 = 57.9kJ/Kg
1 =0.015kg/Kg
1= 0.85m3/Kg
2 = 0.0175kg/kg
2 = 0.898 m3/kg

396
V1
ma1=  1.3725kg / s (1)
1
V2
ma2 =  0.557 kg / s (1)
2
ma3 = ma1+ma2= 115.76kg/s.
ma1  2  3 h2  h2
  (1)
ma 2 1  1 h3  h1
3 = 0.0157 kg/kg
h2 = 64.57kJ/kg of dry air (1)
From chart
T3 = 26C (1)
3 = 80% (1)
3 = 0.865 m3/kg
V3 = ma3 3 =1.67m3/sec. (1)

397
M-2059
B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MAY/JUNE 2006.
Third Semester
Mechanical Engineering

(Common to Production Engineering)
(Regulation 2004)
Standard Steam Table, Moilerchart, Psychrometric charts are permitted

Answer ALL Questions
PART-A-(10X2=20 MARKS)
1. What is the relationship between a system and its environment when the system is (a)
Adiabatic (b) Isolated?
2. What is meant by enthalpy?
3. State the clausius statement of School Law of Thermodynamics.
4. State few examples of irreversible process.
5. What is a pure substance? Give examples.
6. How evaporation differs from boiling?
7. State Dalton‟s law of partial pressures. On what assumptions this law is based?
8. What is an equation of state?
9. Define the Carnot cycle with P-V and T-S diagram.
10. What is specific humidity? When does it become maximum?
m ms
W Wmax 
G G
11. (i) Derive the general energy equation for a steady flow system and apply the equation to a
nozzle and derive an equation for velocity at exit. (8)
(ii) In an air compressor, air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/sec. At entry to the
compressor, air has a pressure of 105 kPa and specific volume of 0.86 m 3/kg and at exit of
the compressor those corresponding values are 705 kPa and 0.16 m 3/kg. Neglect Kinetic
and Potential energy change. The Internal energy of air leaking the compressor is 95 kJ/kg
greater than that of air entering. The cooling water in the compressor absorbs 60 kJ/sec. of
heat from the air. Find power required to derive the compressor. (8)
12. (a) Two kg of air at 500 kPa, 800C expands adiabatically in a closed system until its volume
is doubled and its temperature becomes equal to that of the surroundings which is at 100
kPa, 5oC for this process, determine
(i) The maximum work

(ii) The change in availability and
(iii) The irreversibility.

398
For air taken, Cv =0.718 kJ/kg K, u=Cv T Where Cv is constant and Pv =mRT where P is
pressure in kPa, V volume in m3,‟m‟ mass in kg, R a constant equal to 0.287 kJ/kg K and T
temperature in K. (16)
(or)
(b) Establish the inequality of Clausius and express Entropy change in irreversible process.
(16)
13. (a) In a single heater regenerative cycle the steam enters the turbine at 30 bar, 400 oC and the
exhaust pressure is 0.10 bar. The feed water heater is a direct – contact type which operation at 5
bar. Find
(i) The efficiency and the steam rate of the cycle, and
(ii) The increase in mean temperature of heat addition efficiency and steam rate as
compared to the Rankine cycle (with out regeneration) Neglect pump work. (16)
(or)
(b) One kg of steam is contained in an elastic balloon of spherical shape which supports an
internal pressure proportional to its diameter. The initial condition of steam is saturated vapour at
110oC. Heat is transferred to steam until pressure reaches 200Kpa. Determine:
(i) Final temperature
(ii) Heat transferred. Take Cps = 2.25 kJ/kg K. (16)
14. (a) Entropy is a function of any two properties like P and V, P and T etc., for a pure substances
with the help of Maxwell‟s Equation. Prove
(i) Tds=Cv.dT + T [/k].dv
(ii) Tds=CP.dT-V.dp.T
(iii)Tds=[KCv/].dp+[CP/v].dv. (16)
(or)
(b) Determine change of Internal Energy and change of entropy when the gas obeys Vander
Waal‟s equation. (16)
15. (a) The atmospheric air at 30oC DBT and 75% RH enters a cooling coil at the rate of 200 m 3
/min. The coil dew point temperature is 14oC and the by pass factor is 0.1 determine
(i) The temperature of air leaving the coil

(ii) Capacity of the cooling coil in TR
(iii) The amount of water vapour removed
(iv) Sensible heat factor for the process. (16)
(or)
(b) The volume flow rate of air is 800 m3 / min of re-circulated at 22o C DBT and 10oC dew
point temperature is to be mixed with 300 m 3/min of fresh air at 30oC DBT and 50% RH.
Determine the enthalpy, Specific volume, Humidity ratio and dew point temperature of the mixture.
(16)

399
T 8241
B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, Nov/Dec 2006.
Third Semester
Mechanical Engineering

(Common to Production Engineering and B.E. (Part-Time)- Second Semester - Regulation
2005)
Standard Steam Table, Moilerchart, Psychrometric charts are permitted

Answer ALL Questions
PART-A-(10X2=20 MARKS)
1. What is the convention for positive and negative work?
2. What are the corollaries to the first law of Thermodynamics?
3. Given Kelvin – Planck statement of the second Law of Thermodynamics.
4. What is a process involved in a Carnot cycle, sketch the same in P-V and T-S diagram.
5. Define critical pressure and temperature for water.
6. Sketch the Rankine cycle on a P-V plane and name the various process.
7. State the Avagodro‟s law and state its significance.
8. Write the Maxwell‟s questions and its significance.
9. Explain the terms (a) Specific humidity (b) Dew point temperature.
10. What is adiabatic mixing and write the equation for that?
PART - B (5 X 16=80 MARKS)
11. (a) In an isentropic flow through nozzle, air flows at the rate of 600kg/hr. At inlet to the
nozzle, pressure is 2 MPa and temperature is 127 oC. The exit pressure is 0.5 MPa. Initial
air velocity is 300 m/s determines (i) Exit velocity of air (ii) Inlet and exit area of nozzle.
(or)
(b) A centrifugal pump delivers 2750 kg of water per minute from initial pressure of 0.8 bar

400
absolute to a final pressure of 2.8 bar absolute. The suction is 2m below and the delivery is
5m above the centre of pump. If the suction and delivery pipes are of 15cm and 10cm
diameter respectively, make calculation for power required to run the pump.
12. (a) A heat engine operating between two reservoirs at 100 K and 300 K is used to drive heat
pump which extracts heat from the reservoir at 300 K is used to drive heat pump which extracts
heat from the reservoir at 300 K at a rate twice that at which engine rejects heat to it. If the
efficiency of the engine is 40% of the maximum possible and the co-efficient of performance of the
heat pump is 50% of the maximum possible, make calculations for the temperature of the reservoir
to which the heat pump rejects heat. Also work out the rate of heat rejection from the heat pump if
the rate of supply of heat to the engine is 50 kW.
(or)
(b) One kg of air is contained in a piston cylinder assembly at 10 bar pressure and 500 K
temperature. The piston moves outwards and the air expands to 2 bar pressure and 350 K
temperature. Determine the maximum work obtainable. Assume the environmental conditions to
be I bar and 290 K.
Also make calculations for the availability in the initial and final states.
13.(a) 1 kg of steam initially dry saturated at 1.1 MPa expands in a cylinder following the law
PV1.13=C. The pressure at the end of expansion is 0.1 MPa. Determine
(i) The final volume

(ii) Final dryness fraction
(iii) Work done
(iv) The change in internal energy
(v) The heat transferred.
(b) Steam at a pressure of 2.5 MPa and 500 oC is expanded in a steam turbine to condenser
pressure of 0.05 MPa. Determine for Rankine cycle:
(i) The thermal efficiency of Rankine cycle

(ii) Specific steam consumption.
If the steam pressure is reduced to 1 MPa and the temperature is kept same 500 oC. Determine the
thermal efficiency and the specific steam consumption. Neglect feed pump work.
14. (a) Derive Tds Equation when
(i) T and V independent

(ii) T and P independent
(iii) P and V independent
(b) Explain and derive the
(i) Jules Thompson co-efficient
(ii) Clausius Clapeyron equation.

401
15. (a) A room 7m x 4m x 4m is occupied by an air water vapour mixture at 38 oC. The atmospheric
pressure is 1 bar and the relative humidity is 70%. Determine humidity ratio, dew point
temperature mass of dry air and mass of water vapour. If the mixture of air – water vapour is
further cooled at constant pressure until the temperature is 10oC. Find the amount of water vapour
condensed.
(or)
(b) Air at 20oC, 40% RH is mixed adiabatically with air at 40 oC 40% RH in the ratio of 1 kg of the
former with 2kg of later. Find the final condition of air. Draw the process in chart also as diagram.

402

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VELTECH VEL MULTITECH VEL HIGHTECH

1. Define the term Thermal Engineering.

2. What is meant by thermodynamics system? How do you classify it?

It may be classified into three types.

3. What is meant by closed system? Give an example.

4. Define an open system. Give an example.

Example : Air compressor

S.No. Closed System Open System

6. Define an Isolated System.

VELTECH VEL MULTITECH VEL HIGHTECH

7. Define specific heat capacity at constant pressure.

8. Define specific heat capacity at constant volume.

9. What is meant by surroundings?

10. What is boundary?

System and Surroundings are separated by an imaging line is called boundary.

11. What is meant by thermodynamic property? (MU- Apr. 2001)

12. How do you classify the property?

Thermodynamic property can be classified in to two types.

1. Intensive or Intrinsic and

E.g: Pressure, Temperature, Specific Volume etc.

Eg: Total energy Total volume, weight etc.

14. Differentiate Intensive and Extensive properties. [MU-Apr. 99, Apr.2001]

VELTECH VEL MULTITECH VEL HIGHTECH

15. What do you understand by equilibrium of a system?

16. When a system is said to be in “Thermodynamic Equilibrium”?

When a system is in thermodynamic equilibrium, it should satisfy the following three

a. Mechanical : Pressure remains constant

Corollaries of first law of thermodynamics

A perpetual motion machine of first kind (PPM-1) is impossible.

VELTECH VEL MULTITECH VEL HIGHTECH

According to the first law of thermodynamics,

Ideal gas equation,

Molecular volume, V=4198.57 m3/kg mole

For rigid vessel and unrestrained expansion

VELTECH VEL MULTITECH VEL HIGHTECH

23. Define the term process: [MKU – NOV‟96]

It is define as the change of state undergone by a gas due to energy flow.

24. Define the term cycle: [MKU – NOV‟96]

25. What is meant by open and closed cycle?

27. What is meant by point and path function? [MU-Oct. 2000]

Example: Heat transfer, work transfer

29. Define the term enthalpy. [MU-Oct. 99]

VELTECH VEL MULTITECH VEL HIGHTECH

30. Define the term internal energy. [MKU – Apr. 96]

31. What is meant by thermodynamic work?

The following properties remain constant.

Consider a gas heated at constant pressure

According to the first law of thermodynamics,

VELTECH VEL MULTITECH VEL HIGHTECH

System : Closed system

Initial State Final State

 Consider the process relation

Taking natural log on both sides

VELTECH VEL MULTITECH VEL HIGHTECH

Substituting the numerical values

Hence the work done

System : Closed system

Initial State Final State

VELTECH VEL MULTITECH VEL HIGHTECH

0.05 0.2 V (m3)

3. Following diagram shows a cycle executed by a closed system on a p-V diagram.

0.1 0.2 V(m3)

System : Closed System

VELTECH VEL MULTITECH VEL HIGHTECH