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Hewlett-Packard Company
Microwave Instruments Division
1400 Fountaingrove Parkway
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Forward model Reverse model
Port 1 Port 2
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ED = Fwd Directivity E L = Fwd Load Match

E S = Fwd Source Match ETT = Fwd Transmission Tracking S11m − E D S 22m − E D ’ S21m − E X S12 m − E X ’
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E RT E RT ’ E TT E TT ’
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E D’ = Rev Directivity E L’ = Rev Load Match E RT E RT ’ E TT E TT ’
E S’ = Rev Source Match E TT’ = Rev Transmission Tracking
S 21m − E X S22 m − E D ’
E RT’ = Rev Reflection Tracking E X’ = Rev Isolation ( )(1 + ( E S ’− E L ))
E TT E RT ’
S21a =
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(1 + E S )(1 + E S ’) − E L ’ E L ( )( )
E RT E RT ’ E TT ETT ’
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− EX ’ − ED
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E S ’) − E L ’ E L (
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E TT
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Network Analyzer Basics

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S − ED S − ED ’ S − E X S12 m − E X ’
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E RT E RT ’ E TT E TT ’
S11a =
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E RT E RT ’ E TT ETT ’

S − EX S − ED ’
( 21m )(1 + 22 m ( E S ’− E L ))
ETT E RT ’
S21a =
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(1 + 11m E S )(1 + 22 m E S ’) − E L ’ E L ( 21m )( )
E RT E RT ’ ETT ETT ’

S − EX ’ S − ED
( 12 m )(1 + 11m ( E S − E L ’))
E TT ’ E RT
S12a =
S11m − E D S 22 m − E D ’ S21m − E X S12 m − E X ’
(1 + E S )(1 + E S ’) − E L ’ E L ( )( )
E RT E RT ’ E TT ETT ’

S − ED ’ S − ED S − E X S12 m − E X ’
( 22 m )( 1 + 11m E S ) − E L ’( 21m )( )
E RT ’ E RT ETT E TT ’
S22a =
S11m − E D S 22 m − E D ’ S 21m − E X S12 m − E X ’
(1 + E S )(1 + E S ’) − E L ’ E L ( )( )
E RT E RT ’ ETT ETT ’


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Load match:
18 dB (.126)

Directivity: DUT
40 dB (.010) 16 dB RL (.158)
1 dB loss (.891)

.158 Measurement uncertainty:

-20 * log (.158 + .100 + .010)
= 11.4 dB (-4.6dB)
(.891)(.126)(.891) = .100
-20 * log (.158 - .100 - .010)
= 26.4 dB (+10.4 dB)

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Measurement uncertainty:
-20 * log (.158 + .039)
= 14.1 dB (-1.9 dB)
Load match: -20 * log (.158 - .039)
18 dB (.126) = 18.5 dB (+2.5 dB)

Directivity: 10 dB attenuator (.316)

40 dB (.010) SWR = 1.05 (.024)
DUT
16 dB RL (.158)
.158 1 dB loss (.891)

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(.891)(.024)(.891) = .019

Worst-case error = .010 + .010 + .019 = .039

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RL = 18 dB (.126)

RL = 14 dB (.200)

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Calibration Uncertainty
= (1 ± ρ ρ )
S L

= (1 ± (.200)(.126)
= ± 0.22 dB
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Source match = 14 dB 1 dB loss (.891)
16 dB RL (.158) Load match = 18
(.200)
dB (.126)
1

(.126)(.158) = .020

(.126)(.891)(.200)(.891) = .020

(.158)(.200) = .032

Total measurement uncertainty: Measurement uncertainty

+0.60 + 0.22 = +0 .82 dB = 1 ± (.020+.020+.032)
-0.65 - 0.22 = - 0.87 dB = 1 ± .072
= + 0.60 dB
- 0.65 dB
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Calibration Uncertainty
(IIHFWLYHVRXUFHPDWFK G% = (1 ± ρ Sρ L)
= (1 ± (.0178)(.126)
= ± .02 dB
DUT
Source match = 35 dB 1 dB loss (.891)
(.0178) 16 dB RL (.158) Load match = 18
dB (.126)
1

Measurement uncertainty
(.126)(.158) = .020
= 1 ± (.020+.0018+.0028)
= 1 ± .0246
(.126)(.891)(.0178)(.891) = .0018 = + 0.211 dB
(.158)(.0178) = .0028 - 0.216

Total measurement uncertainty:

0.22 + .02 = ± 0.24 dB

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10 dB attenuator (.316)
SWR = 1.05 (.024 or 32.4 dB) Calibration Uncertainty
Analyzer load match =18 dB (.126) = (1 ± ρ ρ )
S L
= (1 ± (.0178)(.0366)
= ± .01 dB
DUT
Source match = 35 dB 1 dB loss (.891)
(.0178) 16 dB RL (.158) Effective load match = (.316 x .316 x .126 + .024)
= .0366 (28.7dB)
1

Measurement uncertainty
(.0366)(.158) = .006 = 1 ± (.006+.0005+.0028)
= 1 ± .0093
(.0366)(.891)(.0178)(.891) = .0005 = ± 0.08 dB
(.158)(.0178) = .0028

Total measurement uncertainty:

0.01 + .08 = ± 0.09 dB

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Source match = 14 dB 16 dB RL (.158) Load match = 18
(.200)
dB (.126)
1

(.126)(.158) = .020

(.158)(.200) = .032

Total measurement uncertainty: Measurement uncertainty

+0.44 + 0.22 = + 0.66 dB = 1 ± (.020+.032)
-0.46 - 0.22 = - 0.68 dB = 1 ± .052
= + 0.44 dB
- 0.46 dB
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Network Analyzer Basics
DJB 12/96 na_basic.pre
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Date Subject to Change
Copyright 1998
Hewlett-Packard Company
Printed in U.S.A. 7/98
5965-7917E