Unit 4: CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY

TOPIC VOCABULARY: CHANGE

Adapt (v) 1.to change your behaviour in order to deal more successfully
with a new situation = adjust

Ex:

o It's amazing how soon you adapt.

o The good thing about children is that they adapt very easily to
new environments.
2.to change something in order to make it suitable for a new
use or situation = modify

 adapt something to do
Ex:We had to adapt our plans to fit Jack's timetable.

 adapt for = change to make it suitable for

 adapt from: phỏng theo, phỏng chừng
Ex:The recipe here is a pork roast adapted from Caroline O'Neill's
book "Louisiana Kitchen".

Adjust (v) 1.to change something slightly to make it more suitable for a
new set of conditions or to make it work better

 adjust something
Ex: Watch out for sharp bends and adjust your speed accordingly.

 adjust something to something

Ex:Adjust your language to the age of your audience.

2. to get used to a new situation by changing the way you

behave and/or think = adapt

 adjust to sth
Ex:After a while his eyes adjusted to the dark.

 adjust to doing something

Ex:It took her a while to adjust to living alone.

 adjust yourself to something

Ex:You'll quickly adjust yourself to student life.

Alternate (v, adj) Adj 1. (of two things) happening or following one after the other
 regularly luân phiên

Ex: Stretch up (dãn cơ) 30 times with alternate arms as a warm-up

exercise.

2. if something happens on alternate days, nights, etc. it

happens on one day, etc. but not on the next

Ex: John has to work on alternate Sundays.

1.to make things or people follow one after the other in a

repeated pattern

 alternate A and B
Ex: Alternate cubes of meat and slices of red pepper.

 alternate A with B
Ex: Alternate cubes of meat with slices of red pepper.
Verb
2.to follow one after the other in a repeated pattern

 alternate with something

Ex: Dark stripes alternate with pale ones.

3.to keep changing from one thing to another and back again

Ex: Her mood alternated between happiness and despair.

Alternative 1.a thing that you can choose to do or have out of two or more
(n,adj) possibilities sự thay thế

Ex:

o There is a vegetarian alternative on the menu every day.

o We had no alternative but to fire Gibson.
 to offer/provide an alternative
Noun
 alternative to something
Ex: Does this offer a viable alternative to the existing system?

 as an alternative to something
Ex: Fruit juice is provided as an alternative to alcoholic drinks.

 alternative for somebody

Ex:This treatment is the only alternative for some patients.
 1.that can be used instead of something else

Ex:The road was closed so we had to find an alternative route.

Adj 2.different from the usual or traditional way in which
something is done

Ex:Medicine made of mould must once have seemed very alternative.

Amend (v,n) To change a law, document, statement, etc. slightly in order to

correct a mistake or to improve it
Verb
 amend sth: sửa đổi cái gì
Ex: Parliament (nghị viện) will vote to amend the constitution (hiến
pháp)

Make amends to do something good to show that you are

sorry about something you have done  chuộc lỗi, bồi thường
Noun
Ex:She tried to make amends by inviting him out to dinner.

 Idiom: make amends (to somebody) (for something/for

doing something) = make up for sth
Conservative (adj) 1. cổ hủ, lạc hậu, bảo thủ

Ex: Her style of dress was never conservative.

 conservative in something
Ex: They were deeply conservative in their outlook.

2.connected with the British Conservative Party – Đảng Bảo thủ

Ex: Conservative members/supporters

3. (of an estimate) lower than what is probably the real amount

or number

Đo lường ót nhất (ít nhất), ước lượng ít nhất là khoảng

Ex: At a conservative estimate, he'll be earning £50 000

Convert (v,n) Verb 1.to change or make something change from one form, purpose,
system, etc. to another

 convert something
Ex:They took just nine months to convert the building.

 convert something into something

Ex:

o The hotel is going to be converted into a nursing home.

o What rate will I get if I convert my dollars into euros?
 convert something to something

Ex:The system is eco-friendly because the waste heat is converted to

electricity.

 convert from something

Ex:Japan was at the time still converting from an agricultural

economy.

 convert into/to something

Ex:A lot of conventional farmers have converted to organic

production.

 convert from something to something

Ex:We've converted from oil to gas central heating.

2.to be able to be changed from one form, purpose, or system to

another

Ex:

o A sofa that converts into a bed

o In fruits, starch converts into sugar.

3. to change your religion or beliefs; to make somebody change

their religion or beliefs

 convert from sth

Ex:He converted from Catholicism 20 years ago.

 convert to something

Ex:She converted to Judaism to marry him.

 4.to change an opinion, a habit, etc.

 convert (from something) to something

Ex:I've converted to organic food.

 convert somebody (from something) (to something)

Ex:I didn't use to like opera but my husband has converted me.

A person who has changed their religion, beliefs or opinions

Noun Ex:

o A convert to Islam
o Converts from other faiths
Tình trạng mục nát
Decay (v,n)
1.the process or result of being destroyed by natural causes or
by not being cared for

Ex:

o tooth decay
o The landlord had let the building fall into decay.
Noun
2.the process of a society, an institution, a system, etc. being
gradually destroyed (tự có tình trạng mục nát)

Ex:

o economic/moral/urban decay
the decay of the old industries

1.decay (something) to be destroyed gradually by natural

Verb
processes; to destroy something in this way = rot

Ex:decaying leaves/teeth/food

2.if a building or an area decays, its condition slowly becomes

worse

Ex:decaying inner (bên trong) city areas

3.to become less powerful and lose influence over people,

 society, etc.

Mục nát dần

Ex: decaying standards of morality(suy đồi)

Deteriorate (v) Xấu đi, tệ đi

Ex: Her health deteriorated rapidly, and she died shortly afterwards.

 deteriorate into something

Ex: The discussion quickly deteriorated into an angry argument.

Distort (v) 1.to change the shape, appearance or sound of something so

that it is strange or not clear

Ex: The loudspeaker seemed to distort his voice.

2.to change facts, ideas, etc. so that they are no longer correct or
true  xuyên tạc

Ex: Newspapers are often guilty of distorting the truth.

Dynamic (adj) 1.(of a person) having a lot of energy and a strong personality

Ex:

o He was a dynamic young advertising executive(giám đốc điều

hành).
o She has a dynamic personality.
2.(of a process, relationship or system) always changing and
making progress

Ex:

o The business has managed to change and remain dynamic.

o These countries are characterized by highly dynamic
economies.
Endure (v) 1.to experience and deal with something that is painful or
unpleasant without giving up

 endure something
Ex:They had to endure a long wait before the case came to trial.

 endure doing something

 Ex:He can't endure being defeated.

 endure to do something
Ex:He can't endure to be defeated.

Evolve (v) 1.to develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more

complicated form; to develop something in this way  tiến
triển, tiến hóa

 evolve (from something) (into something)

Ex:The company has evolved into a major chemical manufacturer.

 evolve something (from something)

Ex:Each school must evolve its own way of working.

Influence (v,n) 1.to have an effect on the way that somebody behaves or thinks,
especially by giving them an example to follow

 influence somebody/something
Ex:His writings have influenced the lives of millions.

 influence somebody to do something

Ex:She was influenced to take up voluntary work by her teacher.
Verb
 influence somebody in something
Ex:Her parents tried to influence her in her choice of university.

2.to have an effect on a particular situation and the way that it

develops

 influence something
Ex:A number of social factors influence life expectancy.

Noun 1.somebody/something has on the way a person thinks or

behaves or on the way that something works or develops

 influence of somebody/something on
somebody/something
Ex:The influence of the climate on agricultural production
  influence on somebody/something
Ex:He had considerable influence on younger sculptors(nhà điêu
khắc).

Innovation (n) 1.the introduction of new things, ideas or ways of doing

something

 innovation in something
Ex:Innovation in engineering

2.A new idea, way of doing something, etc. that has been
introduced or discovered

 innovation in something
Ex:Recent innovations in steel-making technology

Innovative (adj) Introducing or using new ideas, ways of doing something, etc.

Ex:There will be a prize for the most innovative design.

Last (v) 1.to continue for a particular period of time

Ex:Each game lasts about an hour.

 last for something

Ex:The meeting only lasted for a few minutes.

 last until something

Ex:The trial is expected to last until the end of the week.

Maintain (v) 1. to make something continue at the same level, standard, etc. =
preserve

 maintain sth
Ex:The two countries have always maintained close relations.

*to maintain prices = prevent them from falling or rising

2.to keep a building, a machine, etc. in good condition by

checking or repairing it regularly

 maintain sth
Ex:The house is large and difficult to maintain.

3.to support somebody/something over a long period of time by

 giving money, paying for food, etc. = keep

Nuôi dưỡng, chăm sóc (gia đình)

 maintain somebody/something
Ex:Her income was barely enough to maintain one child, let alone
three.

4.to keep stating that something is true, even though other

people do not agree or do not believe it = insist

Khẳng định

 maintain (that)…
Ex: The men maintained (that) they were out of the country when the
crime was committed.

 maintain something
Ex:She has always maintained her innocence(vô tội).

Mature (v,adj) 1.(of a child or young person) behaving in a sensible way, like
an adult

Ex:Jane is very mature for her age.

Adj 2.(of a person, a tree, a bird or an animal) fully grown and

developed

Ex:a mature oak/eagle/elephant

 Idiom:on mature reflection/consideration: after thinking

about something carefully and for a long time
1.to become fully grown or developed

Ex:Technology in this field has matured considerably over the last

decade.
Verb
2. to develop emotionally and start to behave like a sensible
adult

Ex:He has matured a great deal over the past year.

Modify (v) 1.to change something slightly, especially in order to make it

more suitable for a particular purpose = adapt
 Ex:

o Patients are taught how to modify their diet.

o heavily/highly modified
o A modified version of my article was published in the
newspaper.
2. to make something less extreme = adjust

Ex:

o She refused to modify her behaviour.

o He listened to the arguments and modified his view of the
party.
Novel (adj) Different from anything known before; new, interesting and
often seeming slightly strange

Ex:

o Job-sharing is still a novel concept and it will take a while for

employers to get used to it.
o The plan sounded rather novel.
Persist (v) 1.to continue to do something despite difficulties or opposition,
in a way that can seem unreasonable  khăng khăng, kiên trì

 persist in doing something

Ex:Why do you persist in blaming yourself for what happened?

 persist in something
Ex:She persisted in her search for the truth.

 persist with something

Ex:He persisted with his questioning.

2.to continue to exist

Ex:If the symptoms persist, consult(tham khảo) your doctor.

Potential (n,adj) Adj That can develop into something or be developed in the future =
possible tiềm năng

Ex:

o potential customers /buyers/ investors/clients

o We have compiled a list of 10 potential candidates.
o potential risks
 o a potential threat
Khả năng tiềm tàng

1.The possibility of something happening or being developed or

used

 potential for something

Ex:the potential for change

 potential for doing something

Ex:The European marketplace offers excellent potential for increasing
Noun sales.

 potential of something
Ex:The huge potential of the American market

 potential to do something
Ex:The disease has the potential to cause a global health emergency.

2.Qualities that exist and can be developed = promise

Ex:All children should be encouraged to realize their full potential.

Progress (n,v) Noun 1.The process of improving or developing, or of getting nearer

to achieving or completing something sự phát triển, sự biến
bộ

Ex:

o We will continue to monitor progress over the next few

months.
o economic/scientific/technological progress
o rapid/good progress
o We hope to see some real progress by March.
 progress in something
Ex:James is making steady progress in his recovery.

 progress in doing something

Ex: Police are making significant progress in fighting computer crime.

 progress on something
Ex:There's been no sign of progress on this issue.

 progress towards something

 Ex:The company is making progress towards this target.

2.Movement forwards or towards a place

Ex:

o She watched his slow progress down the steep slope.

o There wasn't much traffic so we made good progress.
 Idiom: in progress happening at this time

1.To improve or develop over a period of time; to make

progress = advance

 progress in something to progress rapidly in your career

 progress with something
Ex:They are anxious to progress with the plan.
Verb
 progress to something
Ex:She started off playing the recorder and then progressed to the
clarinet.

 progress from something to something

Ex:He soon progressed from the basics to more difficult work.

Radical (adj) 1.Elating to the most basic and important parts of something;
complete and detailed = far- reaching  sâu rộng, chi tiết

Ex:The need for radical changes in education

2.New, different and likely to have a great effect

Ex:

o a radical solution to the problem

o radical ideas
3.In favour of extreme and complete political or social change
(ủng hộ sự thay đổi hoàn toàn và chính trị hoặc xã hội)

Ex: radical politicians/students/writers

4. Very good

Refine (v) 1.to make a substance pure by taking other substances out of it
 tinh lọc
 Ex:The process of refining oil produces several useful chemicals.

2.to improve something by making small changes to it  trau

chuốt, cải thiện

Ex:She has refined her playing technique over the years.

Reform (n,v) Change that is made to a social system, an organization, etc. in

order to improve or correct it  cải tiến

Noun Ex:

o a government committed to reform

o economic/electoral/constitutional, etc. reform
o far-reaching/major/sweeping reforms
1.to improve a system, an organization, a law, etc. by making
changes to it

Ex:The law needs to be reformed.

Verb
2.to improve your behaviour; to make somebody do this

 reform somebody
Ex: She thought she could reform him.

Remain (v) 1.to continue to be something; to be still in the same state or

condition

Ex:The museum will remain open to the public throughout the

building work.

 remain as something
Ex:He will remain as manager of the club until the end of his contract.

2.to still be present after the other parts have been removed,
used, etc.; to continue to exist

Ex:Very little of the house remained after the fire.

3.remain + adv./prep to stay in the same place; to not leave

Ex:The plane remained on the ground.

4.to still need to be done, said or dealt with

 Ex:There remained one significant problem.

 remain to do something = It remains to be seen

Revise (v) 1.revise something to change your opinions or plans, for

example because of something you have learned

Ex:I can see I will have to revise my opinions of his abilities now.

2.to change something, such as a book or an estimate, in order

to correct or improve it

 revise something (from something) (to something)

Ex:Of the original 200, that was revised to 100, only about 50 people
showed up.

3.to prepare for an exam by looking again at work that you have
done

 revise for something

Ex:I spent the weekend revising for my exam.

 revise something
Ex:I'm revising Geography today.

Revolution (n) 1. An attempt, by a large number of people, to change the

government of a country, especially by violent action

Ex:The country appears to be on the brink of revolution.

2. A great change in conditions, ways of working, beliefs, etc.

that affects large numbers of people

Ex:

o a cultural/social/scientific, etc. revolution

o revolution in something
o A revolution in information technology is taking place.
3.A complete circular movement around a point

 revolution around something

Ex:The revolution of the earth around the sun takes one year.
Shift (v,n) 1.A period of time worked by a group of workers who start
work as another group finishes

Ex:I've just finished an eight-hour shift.

* in shifts working in shifts

* on a shift to be on the day/night shift at the factory

2. The workers who work a particular shift

Ex:The night shift has/have just come off duty.

3.A change in opinion, mood, policy, etc.

Noun
 shift in something
Ex:Does the government's condemnation of the regime signal a shift
in policy?

 shift of something
Ex:a shift of emphasis

4.The system on a computer keyboard or typewriter that allows

capital letters or a different set of characters to be typed; the key
that operates this system [ shifft key]

5.Awoman’s simple straight dress [clothing]

Verb 1.to move, or move something, from one position or place to

another

 shift from somebody/something to somebody/something

Ex:The action of the novel shifts from Paris to London.

 shift to somebody/something
Ex:The main hub of America's dairy industry is shifting to New
Mexico and Idaho.

 shift something
Ex:

Could you help me shift some furniture?

Julie shifted her position slightly and smiled.

 shift something to something

 Ex:More Japanese manufacturers are shifting production to China.

2. shift (yourself) (British English, informal) to move quickly

3. to change from one state, position, etc. to another

 shift (away) from somebody/

something to/towards somebody/something

Ex:The balance of power shifted away from workers towards

employers.

 shift (away) from somebody/

something

Ex:I felt the advantage had suddenly shifted away from us.

 shift to/towards/toward somebody/something

Ex:Her sympathies gradually shifted to the side of the protesters

Spoil (v) 1.to change something good into something bad, unpleasant,
etc. = ruin

Ex:Our camping trip was spoilt by bad weather.

2.spoil somebody/yourself to make somebody/yourself happy

by doing something special

Ex:He really spoiled me on my birthday.

3.(of food) to become bad so that it can no longer be eaten = go

off

 Idioms
be spoiling for a fight

to want to fight with somebody very much

spoil the ship for a

too many cooks spoil the broth

(saying) if too many people are involved in doing something, it

will not be done well
Status quo (n phr) The situation as it is now, or as it was before a recent change

Hiện trạng (xã hội)

Ex:

o They wanted a return to the status quo before the war.

o to defend/restore the status quo
Steady (v, adj) 1.developing, growing, etc. gradually and in an even and
regular way = constant [money]

Ex:We've had five years of steady economic growth.

2.not changing and not interrupted = regular

Ex:

Adj o His breathing was steady.

o She drove at a steady 50 mph.
3.fixed in a place or position, supported or balanced; controlled
and not shaking or likely to fall down

Ex:He held the boat steady as she got in.

 Idiom:
(as) steady as a rock: vững vàng

1.to stop yourself/somebody/something from moving, shaking

or falling; to stop moving, shaking or falling

Ex:She steadied herself against the wall.

2.to stop changing and become regular again

Verb
 steady against something
Ex: The pound steadied against the dollar.

3.to make somebody/something calm

Ex: He took a few deep breaths to steady his nerves(thần kinh).

Substitute (v,n) Noun 1.a person or thing that you use or have instead of the one you
normally use or have

 substitute for somebody/something

Ex: Paul's father only saw him as a substitute for his dead brother.
 2.a player who replaces another player in a sports game [sport]

Ex:He was brought on as (a) substitute after half-time.

To take the place of somebody/something else; to use

somebody/something instead of somebody/something else

 substitute for somebody/something

Ex:Nothing can substitute for the advice your doctor is able to give
you.

 substitute A for B
Verb
Ex: Margarine can be substituted for butter in this recipe.

 substitute B with/by A
Ex: Butter can be substituted with margarine in this recipe.

 substitute somebody/something
Ex: Kane was substituted in the second half after a knee injury =
somebody else played instead of Kane in the second half.

Sustain(v) 1.to provide enough of what somebody/something needs in

order to live or exist

Ex: I only had a little chocolate to sustain me on my walk.

2.to make something continue for some time without becoming

less = maintain

Ex: She managed to sustain everyone's interest until the end of her
speech.

3.to experience something bad = suffer

Ex:

o to sustain damage/an injury/a defeat

o The company sustained losses of millions of dollars.
4.to provide evidence to support an opinion, a theory, etc. =
uphold

Ex: The evidence is not detailed enough to sustain his argument.

5.to support a weight without breaking or falling = bear

 Ex:The ice will not sustain your weight.

Switch(v,n) Verb 1.to change or make something change from one thing to
another

 switch (over) to something

Ex: We're in the process of switching over to a new system of
invoicing.

 switch (over) from something

Ex: The company is offering good deals to customers who switch over
from a competitor.

2.to exchange one thing for another = swap

 switch something
Ex: The dates of the last two exams have been switched.

 switch something over/around/round

Ex: I see you've switched the furniture around = changed its
position.

*Phrasal Verbs

switch off:tắt, từ được dùng để diễn tả hành động khi tắt một cái
máy hay một cái đèn thì nó ngừng hoạt động.

><switch on: bật nguồn

switch over:Thay đổi người cung cấp, nguồn cung cấp.

Noun 1.a small device that you press or move up and down in order
to turn a light or piece of electrical equipment on and off 
nguồn điện

Ex:

o a light switch
o an on–off switch
o He flipped a switch and the lights came on.
2.a change from one thing to another, especially when this is
sudden and complete

 switch in/of something

 Ex: a switch of priorities(sự ưu tiên)

 switch from A to B
Ex: She made the switch from full-time to part-time work when her
first child was born.

Transform(v) 1. to change the form of something; to change in form to change

the form of something; to change in form = convert

 transform something/somebody (into something)

Ex: The photochemical reactions transform the light into electrical
impulses.

 transform something/somebody from something (into

something)
Ex: Materials are transformed from their original state into other
forms.

 transform (into something)

Ex: I am convinced that the electric power industry is transforming.

 transform from something

Ex: The way we work, play and communicate every day has
completely transformed from a decade ago.

2.to completely change the appearance or character of

something/somebody, especially so that it is better; to
completely change in appearance or character

 transform something/ somebody/ yourself

Ex: A new colour scheme will transform your bedroom.

 transform something/ somebody /yourself from

something into something
Ex: The place was transformed from a quiet farming village into a
busy port.

Trend(n) a general direction in which a situation is changing or

developing

Ex:

o social/economic/political/demographic trends
o fashion/market trends
  trend towards something
Ex: There is a growing trend towards later retirement.

 trend in something
Ex: The article discusses current trends in language teaching

 trend for somebody/something to do something

Ex: There is an increasing trend for students to live at home.

Uniform (adj) Not varying; the same in all parts and at all times  cùng một
kiểu, giống hệt nhau

Ex:

o The walls were a uniform grey.

o uniform lines of terraced houses (nhà liền kề) = they all
looked the same
TOPIC VOCABULARY: TECHNOLOGY

Breakthrough (n) An important development that may lead to an agreement or

achievement  sự đột phá

Ex: to make/achieve a breakthrough

Broadband Noun 1.a fast internet connection that does not use telephone lines
(n,adj)
Ex: Starbucks has entered deals that will deliver wireless broadband
access in its cafes.(Starbucks đã thực hiện các giao dịch cung cấp truy
cập băng thông rộng không dây trong các quán cà phê của mình.)

2.a system that makes it possible for many messages or large

amounts of information to be sent at the same time and very
quickly between computers or other electronic devices

Ex:Internet connection via(thông qua) broadband offers many

advantages.

Adj
Click (v) To choose a particular function or item on a computer screen,
etc., by pressing one of the buttons on a mouse or touchpad

 click something
Ex: Click the OK button to start.

 click on something
Ex: I clicked on the link to the next page of the website.

 click for something

Ex: Click for more images.

Complex (adj) 1.made of many different things or parts that are connected;
difficult to understand = complicated

Ex:

o a  complex problem/issue/process/system
o a complex argument/subject
o complex machinery
2. containing one main part (= the root of a word or main clause
of a sentence) and one or more other parts = compound  kép,
ghép, phức hợp, đa hơp

Ex:In the complex sentence, ‘I'd like to go to the beach, if it's warm
enough’, ‘I'd like to go to the beach’ is the main clause, and ‘if it's
warm enough’ is the subordinate clause.

Consumer electronics (n phr) Electronic devices such as televisions, computers and

smartphones bought by individual customers rather than by
businesses  thiết bị điện đc mua bởi khách hàng cá nhân
(người tiêu dùng)

Ex:

o The consumer electronics industry

o a leading manufacturer( nhà sản xuất) of consumer
electronics
điện tử dân dụng
Craft (v,n) 1.an activity involving a special skill at making things with your
hands  nghề thủ công

Ex:

o traditional crafts like basket-weaving

o a craft fair/workshop
2.all the skills needed for a particular activity

Ex:Chefs who learned their craft in top hotels

3.skill in making people believe what you want them to believe

Noun
Ex:He knew how to win by craft and diplomacy(tài ngoại giao) what
he could not gain by force(vũ lực).

4. a boat or ship

Ex:Hundreds of small craft bobbed around the liner as it steamed into

the harbour(bến cảng)

5.(plural craft)

an aircraft or spacecraft

To make something using special skills, especially with your

hands = fashion  làm thủ công
Verb
 be crafted (from something)
Ex:All the furniture is crafted from natural materials.

Data (n) *Used as a plural noun in technical English, when the singular
is datum

1.facts or information, especially when examined and used to

find out things or to make decisions  dữ liệu

 data on something
Ex:Researchers analysed(phân tích) the data on 2 515 patient visits at
the Children's Hospital.

 data for something

Ex:Table 2 provides data for southeast Nebraska.

 raw data = that has not been analysed

Download To get data from another computer, usually using the internet
(v,n)  tải xuống

 download something to something

Verb
Ex:A small program you can download to your desktop

 download something from something

Ex:If you download pictures from the internet, check the terms of use.

1.Data that is downloaded from another computer system

Ex:This book is available as a free download.

Noun
2. The act or process of downloading data from another
computer system

File (n) 1.A box or folded piece of card for keeping loose papers
together and in order( theo thứ tự)  tệp

Ex:I keep paper copies of all my invoices(hóa đơn) in this file.

2.A collection of information stored together in a computer,

under a particular name  tệp trên máy tính

Ex:

o to create/delete/download/upload a file
o to open/access/copy/save a file
o a/an PDF/audio/text/image file
3.A file and the information it contains, for example about a
particular person or subject

 on file
Ex:Your application will be kept on file = in a file, to be used later.

 file on somebody
Ex:To have/open/keep a confidential( tuyệt mật) file on somebody

(games) console (n phr) a small electronic device for playing video games  máy chơi
game[games and toys]
Manual (adj,n) 1.involving using the hands or physical strength  thủ công

Ex:

o manual labour/jobs/skills
o manual and non-manual workers
2.operated or controlled by hand rather than by machine or
Adj
using electricity, etc.  điều khiển bằng tay

Ex:My camera has manual and automatic functions.

3.connected with using the hands

Ex:manual dexterity(sự khéo tay)

A book that tells you how to do or operate something,

especially one that comes with a machine, etc. when you buy it
 sách hướng dẫn

*handbook: a book giving instructions on how to use something or

Noun
information about a particular subject

Ex:

o a computer/car/instruction manual
o Why don’t you read the manual?
Network (v,n) Verb 1.network something to connect a number of computers and
other devices together so that equipment and information can
be shared [computers]

Ex:networked computer systems

2. network something to broadcast a television or radio

programme on stations in several different areas at the same
time

Ex: nationally networked TV

 3.to try to meet and talk to people who may be useful to you in
your work

Conferences are a good place to network.

1.a complicated system of roads, lines, tubes, nerves, etc. that

are connected to each other and operate together  mạng luới

Ex:a rail/road/canal(kênh đào) network

 network of something
Ex:a network of veins(mạch- tĩnh mạch)

2.a closely connected group of people, companies, etc. that

exchange information, etc.

 network of somebody/something
Ex:She has a supportive network of close friends.
Noun
3.a number of computers and other devices that are connected
together so that equipment and information can be shared
[computers]

 across/over/via a network
Ex:  Users can access data across a network.

4.a group of radio or television stations in different places that

are connected and that broadcast the same programmes at the
same time [TV, radio and news]

 network of something
Ex:  He's chairman of a network of radio stations.

Nuclear (adj) 1.using, producing or resulting from nuclear energy [ the

environment/ physics and chemistry]

Ex:

o a nuclear power plant/station

o China and India only produce a very small percentage of their
electricity from nuclear facilities.
o nuclear waste/fuel
2.connected with weapons(vũ khí) that use nuclear energy [War
 and conflict(sự xung đột)/ Physics and chemistry]

Ex:nuclear weapons/arms

Offline Not directly controlled by or connected to a computer or to the

(adj,adv) internet  ngoại tuyến [Phones, email and the internet]

Adj Ex:For offline orders, call this number.

 Idiom: take something offline: nói/ bàn cái gì đó sau

Without being directly controlled by or connected to a computer

or to the internet [Phones, email and the internet]
Adv
Ex:How do I write an email offline?

Online (adj, 1.(of an activity or service) available on or done using the

adv) internet or other computer network  trực tuyến [Phones,
email and the internet/ Shopping]

Ex:

o Online shopping  is both cheap and convenient.

Adj
o online stores/services/retailers
o online dating/gaming/banking
2.(of a person) connected to the internet; able to connect to the
internet

Ex:You can see which of your friends are online and send them
messages.

1.onto the internet; using the internet or other computer

network

Adv Ex:  Many children would rather go online than watch television.

2.in or into operation( hoạt động) or existence

Ex:The new system will go online this month.

Primitive (adj) Thô sơ, nguyên thủy [history]

1. belonging to a very simple society with no industry, etc.

 Ex:The washing facilities in the camp were very primitive.

2.belonging to an early stage in the development of humans or

animals

Ex:Primitive man lived in caves and hunted wild animals.

Programmer (n) A person whose job is writing computer programs  lập trình
viên [Jobs/Computers]

Ex:He used to work as a computer programmer for a software

company

Resource (n) Nguồn (tài nguyên)

Ex:They promote the use of renewable resources like soybean oil.

Technique (n) Kĩ thuật

1. a particular way of doing something, especially one in which

you have to learn special skills

 technique for doing something

Ex: Teachers learn various techniques for dealing with problem
students.

2.the skill with which somebody is able to do something

practical

Ex:The artist spent years perfecting his technique.

Upload (v) Đăng tải, tải lên

Ex:The data was uploaded on Friday April 30 at 12:36.

PHRASES, PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS

ACCESS (have/ gain/ (có/ đạt được/ cung cấp) cách để thâm nhập, tiếp
provide) access to cận a way of entering or reaching a place
something The police gained access through a broken window.
The only access to the farmhouse is across the fields.
Internet access Kết nối internet the ability to connect to the internet
High-speed internet access is available via satellite.
 Wheelchair access Lối đi xe lăn a method by which someone can enter or
leave a place in a wheelchair
Disabled visitors are welcome; there is good wheelchair
access to most facilities.
Break a habit Từ bỏ một thói quen
I'm trying to break the habit of staying up too late.
Break with tradition Làm một việc khác với bình thường to do
something different from what is usually done
We decided to break with tradition and have fish for
Thanksgiving dinner.
Make the break Kết thúc một mối quan hệ, thay đổi việc làm to
(from) stop having a close relationship with someone, especially
stop living with them , or to change a course of action
that you have had for a long time
You've been in your job for years - it's time you made a
BREAK
break.
Take/ have/ need a Cần sự nghỉ ngơi a period of time when something
break stops before starting again
I need a break from caring for the children.
A welcome break Một kì nghỉ/sự khác đi đáng được mong đợi
from
Lunch/ tea/ coffee Cuộc tạm nghỉ để ăn trưa/ uống trà/ cà phê a short
break period of rest when you stop working and have lunch/
drink tea/ drink coffee
Staff are entitled to a 30-minute lunch break if they
work more than six hours.
CHANGE Change from Thay đổi từ cái gì đến cái gì
something to The lights changed from red to green.
Change something Biến cái gì thành
into With a wave of her magic wand, she changed the frog
into a handsome prince.
Change something Đổi cái gì lấy cái gì
for We changed the car for a bigger one.
Change for the Thay đổi trở nên tốt hơn/ tệ hơn
better/ worse Her attitude has definitely changed for the better since
she started this new job.
Change your mind Thay đổi quan điểm, quyết định to form an
opinion or make a decision about something that is not
the same as the one you first had
At first I thought she was unfriendly, but I’ve changed
my mind.
Change the subject Thay đổi chủ đề to start talking about a different
 subject
I'd tried to explain the situation, but he just changed
the subject.
Make a change Tạo ra sự thay đổi
I need to make some major changes in my life.
Undergo a change Trải qua sự thay đổi
The computer industry has undergone enormous
changes in the last 20 years.
CLOCK Set a clock Chỉnh cho đúng giờ
She set her clock (= put it to the right time) by the time
signal on the radio.
Watch the clock Trông cho hết giờ làm to be careful not to work
longer than the required time; to think more about when
your work will finish than about the work itself
The children were watching the clock while their
teacher was talking.
Against the clock Làm việc nhanh nhất có thể để hoàn thành trước
thời hạn if you do something against the clock, you do
it fast in order to finish before a particular time
It was a race against the clock to get the building work
finished in time.
2. Đua when people do something against the clock, the
time they take to do it is recorded, in order to find which
person or attempt is the fastest.
They are running against the clock to find the best
runner.
Around/ round the 1. Cả ngày lẫn đêm không ngừng nghỉ all day and
clock all night without stopping
Staff have been working around the clock to resolve the
problems.
Clockwise (adj, adv) Theo chiều kim đồng hồ in the direction in which
/ˈklɑːkwaɪz/ the hands (= thin parts that point) of a clock move
Turn the key clockwise
Clockwork (n) / Bộ máy đồng hồ system of springs and wheels that
ˈklɑːkwɜːrk/ you wind (= turn) with a key or handle to make some
clocks, toys, and other devices operate
a clockwork train/mouse
like clockwork chính xác theo kế hoạch to happen
according to plan; to happen without difficulties or
problems
The operation went like clockwork.
(as) regular as clockwork rất thường xuyên, đều
 đặn very regularly; happening at the same time in the
same way
My daughter always calls me every Friday evening,
(as) regular as clockwork.
Clockwork (adj) / Đều đặn, máy móc như máy
ˈklɑːkwɜːrk/
Date from Tồn tại từ to have existed since a particular time
This map dates from the 14th century.
Date back to Tồn tại từ to have existed for a particular length of
time or since a particular time
This tradition dates back to medieval times.
Keep (something) Hiện đại, gần đây, được cập nhật thông tin mới
up to date nhất modern, recent, or containing the latest
information
We work hard to keep our database up to date.
Set/ fix a date Cố định ngày
DATE I'd like to fix a date for our next meeting.
Go on/ make a date Hẹn hò với ai đó an arrangement to meet someone
(with somebody) who you are having or starting a sexual or romantic
relationship with
Phil phoned me last night, and we’re going on a date
this evening.
At a later/ future Một ngày nào đó trong tương lai a time in the past
date or future that is not a particular day
The work will be carried out at a future date.
To date Cho đến nay until now
To date, we have received over 200 replies.
DEMAND Demand something Yêu cầu cái gì từ ai to make a very strong request for
from somebody something
He had demanded money from her.
Meet/ satisfy a Đáp ứng một yêu cầu, nhu cầu to do something that
demand someone wants, needs, or expects you to do or be as good
as they need, expect etc
The company says it is unable to meet the workers’
demands for higher wages.
Make a demand Đặt ra yêu cầu
As a director he makes huge demands on his actors.
The demand for Sự đòi hỏi, nhu cầu về…
She repeated her demand for an urgent review of the
system.
In demand Mong muốn bởi rất nhiều người
wanted by a lot of people
 Good secretaries are always in demand.
On demand Theo yêu cầu, khi được yêu cầu
as soon as a request is made
Should you feed your baby on demand, or stick to a
timetable?
Have the energy to Có năng lượng, nhiệt tình để làm the strength,
do effort and enthusiasm required for physical or mental
activity, work, etc.
I don't have the time or energy to argue with you.
Lack the energy to Thiếu năng lượng, động lực để làm the strength,
do effort and enthusiasm required for physical or mental
activity, work, etc.
He never seems to lack the energy to play football.
Put/ throw your Bỏ công sức vào việc …the physical and mental
energy into effort that you use to do something
She put all her energies into her work.
Nuclear energy Năng lượng hạt nhân the power produced when the
nucleus (= central part) of an atom is divided or joined
to another nucleus
ENERGY
The expansion of nuclear energy is a politically charged
issue.
Source of energy Nguồn năng lượng
There are 10 main different alternative sources of
energy that are used in the world to generate power.
Energy needs Nhu cầu về năng lượng
As the world discovers new ways to meet its growing
energy needs, solar power and wind power are being
considered as a means of generating power.
Energy crisis Khủng hoảng năng lượng
The energy crisis is the concern that the world’s
demands on the limited natural resources that are used
to power industrial society are diminishing as the
demand rises
FORM Form an impression Có ấn tượng về…
of I myself was in Chad a few days ago and was able to
form an impression of the situation there.
Take/ assume the Diễn ra dưới hình thức của… the particular way
form of something is, seems, looks or is presented
The training programme takes the form of a series of
workshops.
Fill in/ out a form Điền vào đơn
I filled in/out a form on their website.
 In the form of Theo hình thức… the particular way something is,
(take/assume) seems, looks or is presented
Help in the form of money will be very welcome.
In good/ bad form Cảm thấy, trong tình trạng tốt/ xấu to be feeling or
performing well
Paul was on good form at the wedding and kept
everyone entertained.
Application form Đơn xin… document used for asking officially for
something, for example a job
complete/fill in/fill out an application form
Sometimes you will be required to fill in an application
form which will be used to select candidates for
interview.
Good (for Tốt, có lợi để làm gì having a useful or helpful effect
somebody) to do on somebody/something
It's probably good for you to get some criticism now
and then.
A good deal Nhiều a lot
The new law met with a good deal of opposition at the
local level.
A good many/ few Một lượng khá lớn a fairly large number of things or
people
A good many people were upset about the new tax.
GOOD
Good of somebody Tốt bụng, tử tế willing to help; kind to other people
to do It was very good of you to come.
For somebody’s Vì lợi ích của ai
own good I'm only telling you this for your own good.
No good Chất lượng kém, vô dụng to be of low quality or not
useful
Shoes are no good if they let in water.
It’s no good doing Vô ích, không có tác dụng to not be useful; to have
no useful effect
It's no good complaining—they never listen.
KNOW Know (something) Biết gì đó về have information
about You know about Amanda's baby, don't you?
Know somebody/ Biết ai/ cái gì làm gì
something to be/ do We know her to be honest.
Know better Thông minh/ khôn ngoan hơn vì không làm
know better (than sb) to know more than someone
else because you have more experience and more skill
They thought the painting was a fake, but Shackleton
knew better.
 know better (than to do sth) to be wise or moral
enough not to do something
Sure, she's only six, but she's old enough to know
better than to run off without us.
you know better than that used to express
disappointment when someone makes a mistake which
they probably shouldn’t have or show disapproval of
someone’s actions
She told me that you abused her, you know better than
that.
Get/ come to know Dành thời gian tìm hiểu ai, cái gì to spend time
with someone or something so that you gradually learn
more about him, her, or it
I'll need a few weeks to get to know the system
Let somebody know Cho ai biết về điều gì to tell somebody about
something
Please let me know if there's anything I can do to help.
In the know Có hiểu biết về điều mà phần lớn mọi người
không biết to have knowledge about something that
most people do not have
Somebody in the know told me he's going to resign.
Know-how (n) Kiến thức và kinh nghiệm làm việc knowledge of
how to do something and experience in doing it
We need skilled workers and technical know-how.
LEAD Lead somebody into Dẫn ai đó đến đâu to go with or in front of a person
or an animal to show the way or to make them go in the
right direction
He led us out into the grounds.
Lead the way 1. Dẫn đường to show the way by going in front
You've been there before - why don't you lead the way?
2. Tiến bộ hơn những người khác to make more
progress than other people in the development of
something
The company has been leading the way in network
applications for several years.
Lead the field/ pack/ Đứng đầu, dẫn đầu to be better than all other people
world or things
Their scientists lead the world in nutrition research.
Lead somebody to Khiến ai đó làm gì (đặc biệt là điều xấu) to cause
do someone to do something, especially something bad
This has led scientists to speculate on the existence of
other galaxies.
 He's too easily led (= easily persuaded to do or think
something).
Lead to Dẫn đến điều gì if an action or event leads to
something, it causes that thing to happen or exist
Reducing speed limits should lead to fewer deaths on
the roads.
Lead down Dẫn xuống
A path led down the hill.
Lead through Dẫn qua
Our guide led us through the mountains.
Take/ hold the lead 1. Giữ vị trí dẫn đầu to start winning a race or
competition
She took the lead in the second lap.
2. Làm mẫu cho người khác làm theo an example or
action for people to copy
If we take the lead in this (= start to act), others may
follow.
Follow somebody’s Làm theo ai đó to do as someone else does; to accept
lead someone's guidance; to follow someone's direction
Just follow my lead and you will not get lost.
In the lead Ở vị trí dẫn đầu the position ahead of everyone else in
a race or competition
We were struggling to stay in the lead.
Link to 1. Sự liên quan giữa hai người, vật, ý tưởng a
connection between two people, things, or ideas
Many of them had no previous links to terrorism.
2. Đường link đến… a connection between
documents on the internet
I've posted a link to the article, for those who are
interested.
Link something/ Kết nối ai/cái gì với ai/cái gì to connect two or more
LINK somebody to/ with places, people, or things
This corridor links the new offices to the main building.
Click on/ follow a Nhấn vào đường link
link Click on this link to visit our online bookshop.
Follow the links to watch our exclusive trailer.
(find/ prove/ Tìm ra/ chứng minh/xác định một sự liên
establish) a link quan/mối liên hệ, liên kết
between The link between smoking and cancer was established
decades ago.
PLACE Change/ swap/ trade Đổi vị trí với ai to exchange positions with someone
places (with He might be rich, but I wouldn't change places with
 somebody) him for anything.
Take the place of Thay thế cho ai, cái gì to replace somebody/
somebody/ something
something | take She couldn't attend the meeting so her assistant took
somebody’s/ her place.
something’s place Computers have taken the place of typewriters in most
offices.
Put something in(to) Đặt lại đúng vị trí
place
In place of Thay vì, thay cho instead of someone or something
somebody/ You can use margarine in place of butter in some
something recipes.
Out of place 1. Ở không đúng vị trí not in the correct place
Some of these files seem to be out of place.
2. Không phù hợp cho một tình huống not suitable
for a particular situation
I felt completely out of place among all these successful
people.
Place of work Nơi làm việc the area where you work
He lives in a hostel attached to his place of work.
No place for Không phải là chỗ phù hợp cho to not be a suitable
place for someone or something
A damp (ẩm ướt) flat is no place for someone with
asthma(bệnh hen suyễn).
The process of Tiến trình, quá trình của a series of things that are
done in order to achieve a particular result
They began the difficult process of reforming the
education system.
In the process of Đang trong quá trình làm gì to have started doing
doing something
We're still in the process of decorating the house.
Peace process Tiến trình đàm phán hòa bình a series of talks and
PROCESS agreements designed to end war or violence between two
groups
The book ends as the peace process begins, at around
1992.
By a process of Bằng phương pháp loại trừ by removing from
elimination several possible answers the ones that are unlikely to be
correct until only one is left
We eventually found the answer by a process of
elimination.
PURPOSE Serve a purpose Có công dụng to have a use
 These small village shops serve a very useful purpose.
The purpose of Mục đích của việc… the reason for doing something
doing or the reason that something exists
He learnt Chinese for the express purpose of starting a
business there.
Somebody’ purpose Mục đích làm gì của ai the reason for somebody
in doing doing something or the reason that something exists
My purpose in calling this meeting was to remind
everyone of some basic rules.
A sense of purpose Nhận thức về mục đích, ý nghĩa; cảm giác làm cái
gì có một mục tiêu mục đích nhất định the quality
of having a definite purpose
What holds them together is a ' common sense of
purpose and a real need to know what each other
knows'.
On purpose Cố ý if you do something on purpose, you do it
intentionally, not by accident
I didn't do it on purpose - it was an accident.
Escape from reality Thoát khỏi hiện thực
He escaped from reality by going to the cinema every
afternoon.
Romantic novels provide an escape from reality
Face (up to) reality Đối mặt với thực tế accept it
It's painful, but you have to face reality.
Become a reality Trở thành sự thật happened in fact
Her childhood ambition became a reality when she was
made a judge.
In reality Trong thực tế used to say that a situation is different
from what has just been said or from what people believe
REALITY He told the police he was out of town, but in reality, he
never went anywhere.
Virtual reality / Thực tế ảo images and sounds created by a computer
ˌvɜːrtʃuəl riˈæləti/ that seem almost real to the user, who can interact with
them by using sensors
Virtual reality uses computers to create a simulated
three-dimensional world.
Reality TV Truyền hình thực tế television shows that are based
on real people (not actors) in real situations, presented
as entertainment
Maybe it's time the reality TV hired a more reliable
translator...
TOOL A tool for (doing) Chương trình máy tính a program or feature of a
 program that helps you do particular things on a
computer
The spreadsheet program offers several useful tools for
manipulating the material.
A tool of Tay sai, con rối của someone whose decisions and
actions are unfairly controlled by others
The prime minister was an unwitting tool of the
president.
tool of the trade a tool of the trade is something you
need to use to do your job
The artist was surrounded by paints, brushes, and
other tools of the trade.
Toolbar Thanh công cụ trên máy tính on a computer screen,
a row of icons (= small pictures that you choose in order
to make the computer do something)
Tool kit 1. Bộ dụng cụ để làm hoặc sửa chữa đồ đạc a set of
tools that are used for making or repairing something
He keeps a tool kit handy for any emergency repairs.
2. Những kĩ năng và kiến thức hữu dụng cho một
mục đích skills and knowledge that are useful for a
particular purpose or activity, considered together
This training will provide you with a good basic tool kit
to start your career in customer care.
Tool box Hộp đụng dụng cụ a container in which you keep
and carry small tools, especially those used in the house
or for repairing a car
USE Use something for Sử dụng cái gì để làm gì đó to do something with a
(doing) machine, a method, an object, etc. for a particular
purpose
We used a carrot for the snowman’s nose.
Use something to do Sử dụng cái gì để làm gì đó to do something with a
machine, a method, an object, etc. for a particular
purpose
Police used tear gas to disperse the crowds.
Use something as Sử dụng cái gì như là cái gì
The building is currently being used as a warehouse.
You can't keep using your bad back as an excuse.
Use something Sử dụng cái gì hợp lí
properly
Have many uses Có nhiều công dụng
The plant has various medical uses.
In use Đang được sử dụng being used
 Is the washing machine in use right now?
Of (no) use Có ích, có tác dụng (vô ích, vô dụng) to (not) be
useful, helpful, or possible
Can I be of any use (= can I help)?
Could this old coat be of use to you?
It’s/ there’s no use Vô ích, vô dụng để làm gì to not be useful, helpful,
doing or possible
There is no use (in) arguing any more.
It is no use trying (= there is no purpose in trying) to
escape - no one ever gets out of here.
What’s the use of Làm gì thì có tác dụng gì chứ used to tell someone to
doing stop worrying because worrying will not help
Try not to get depressed - after all, what's the use of
worrying?
WEB Surf the Web Lướt web
On the Web Trên mạng
I found the information on the Web.
Website a set of pages on the internet, where a company or an
organization, or an individual person, puts information
For current prices please visit our website.
She sent me links to several useful websites.
Web page a document that is connected to the World Wide Web
and that anyone with an internet connection can see,
usually forming part of a website
Webcam Webcam
World Wide Web www a system for finding information on the internet,
in which documents are connected to other documents
Webmaster Quản trị trang web a person who is responsible for
particular pages of information on the World Wide Web
Weblog (blog) Trang blog a website on which one person or group
puts new information regularly, often every day
Take the wheel 1. Nắm quyền kiểm soát to take or assume control (of
something).
I don't know why people are so utterly terrified of
WHEEL letting the federal government take the wheel when it
comes to things like healthcare.
2. Lái xe drive a car
Do you want to take the wheel (= drive) now?
At/ behind the Ở ghế lái (là người lái xe)
wheel Never get behind the wheel if you're too tired.
This is the first time I've sat behind the wheel since the
accident.
 A car swept past with Laura at the wheel.
On wheels 1. Có gắn bánh xe something that is on wheels has
wheels under it so that it can be pulled or pushed along
My suitcase is on wheels so that makes life a little
easier.
2. Mượt mà, trôi chảy very smoothly; without
difficulty, problems, or hindrances.
Dinner service was running on wheels until an entire
sauce pot fell off the stove.
Wheel of fortune Một tình huống/tình trạng chưa ổn định, chưa
biết trước tương lai ra sao. used for referring to the
fact that situations can change very quickly from good
to bad or from bad to good