○ Prostate

ANATOMY OF THE MALE AND ○ Cowper’s glands

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM ROLE OF ANDROGENS
• Androgenic hormones- responsible for muscular
WEEK 2B (PPT & REC. LEC.) development, physical growth, and an increase in
sebaceous gland secretions causing typical acne in
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM both boys & girls.
→ produced by adrenal cortex & testes
(males), and adrenal cortex and ovary
● The major function of the reproductive systems to
(female)
ensure survival of the species. An individual may
ROLE OF ESTROGEN
live a long, healthy, and happy life without
• Estrogen – influences the development of the
producing offspring, but if the species is to
uterus, fallopian tube and vagina, fat distribution,
continue, at least some individuals must produce
hair pattern and breast development
offspring.
● Within the context of producing offspring, the • it also closes the epiphysis of long bone
reproductive system has four functions: SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
○ To produce egg and sperm cells ● Girls (Estrogen)
○ Growth Spurt
○ To transport and sustain these cells
○ To nurture the developing offspring ○ Increase in the transverse diameter of the
○ To produce hormones pelvis
REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT ○ Breast development
○ Growth of pubic hair
● Gonad is a body organ that produces sex cells (the
ovary in females and the testis in males) ○ Onset of menstruation
● Mesonephric ducts develops in males ○ Growth of axillary hair
● tissue that give rise to testis in males ○ Vaginal secretions
● Paramesonephric ducts develops in females ● Boys (testosterone)
● tissue that will give rise to ovaries in females ○ Increase in weight
○ Growth of testes
PUBERTAL DEVELOPMENT
○ Growth of face, axillary & pubic hair
• Puberty is the stage of life at which secondary sex
○ Voice changes
changes begin ○ Penile growth
● is the stage of life that is initiated by hypothalamic- ○ Increase in height
pituitary – gonad complex. ○ spermatogenesis
● Puberty usually starts in Girls at 10-13 years old
and Boys starts at 12-14 years old.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
FEMALE AND MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
HOMOLOGUES SYSTEM
● Female • Group of organs with the function of production
○ Clitoral glans and maturation of ovum and production of sex
○ Clitoral shaft hormones
○ Labia majora ● It produces the female egg cells necessary for
○ Ovaries reproduction, called the ova or oocytes.
○ Skene’s glands ● It is designed to transport the ova to the site of
○ Bartholin’s glands fertilization.
● Male ● If fertilization does not take place, the system is
○ Penile glans designed to menstruate.
○ Penile shaft ● It produces female sex hormone that maintain the
○ Scrotum reproductive cycle.
○ Testes

ANNOTATED BY: A. BALLORAN & JME


PARTS OF THE FEMALE REPRODCUTIVE SYSTEM
EXTERNAL
MONS VENERIS/PUBIS
● is a pad of adipose tissue located over the
symphysis pubis, the pubic bone joint.
● It is covered by a triangle of coarse, curly hairs.
● The purpose is to protect the junction of the pubic
bone from trauma.
● It contains many nerve ending that makes the
mons pubis sensitive to touch and pressure.
LABIA MAJORA
● Consists of 2 rounded folds of fatty tissue. It is
analogous to the scrotum.
● The outer lips separates downward from the mons
and meet again below the vagina introitus.
● It contains multitude of sebaceous and sweat
glands.
● It also serves as protection for the external
genitalia and the distal urethra and vagina.
LABIA MINORA
● Located posterior to the mons pubis veneris,
spread 2 hairless folds of connective tissue.
● It has 2 smaller lips located within the labia majora.
● It appears thin pale pink in color.
● When stimulated, it turns to dark red or dark pink
due to presence of blood vessels, no hair; smooth
in texture.
● The internal structure is covered with mucous
membrane, and the external portion with skin
CLITORIS
●It is a small rounded organ of erectile tissue at the
forward junction of the labia minora, covered by a
fold of skin called prepuce.
ANNOTATED BY: A. BALLORAN & JME
● The clitoris is sensitive to touch and temperature
and is the center for sexual arousal and orgasm in
the female.
● It contains erectile tissue blood vessels and nerves.
● It is made up of erectile tissue which many large
and small venous channels surrounded by large
amount of involuntary muscle tissue, the
ischiocarvernosa facilitate erection of the organ.
● The clitoris measures 5 – 6 mm. long and 6 – 8 mm.
across.
● It has very rich blood and nerve supplies.
● Functions :
○ Stimulate and elevate levels of sexual
tension.
○ Serve as a landmark in locating urethral
opening during catheterization.
VESTIBULE
● It is a flattened smooth surface inside the labia.
● The openings of the bladder or the urethra, and the
uterus or the vagina, are both arise from the
vestibule.
URETHRAL MEATUS/URETHRAL ORIFICE
● although not a true part, it is considered as part of
the reproductive system because of its closeness
and relationship to the vulva
VULVOVAGINAL/BARTHOLIN’S GLAND
● Located on each side of vaginal opening with ducts
that open into the proximal vaginal near the labia
and hymen
● they correspond to the bulbourethral or Cowper’s
gland in male
● the gland secretes a small amount of clear, viscid
mucus during sexual excitement
PARAURETHRAL/SKENE’S GLAND
● a pair of small glands lying on each side of the
urethra
● they produce a small amount of mucus and are
especially susceptible to gonorrheal infection
● it is homologous to male prostate
● Is a tough but elastic semicircle of tissue that
covers the opening to the vagina in childhood.
● It is comprised mainly of connective tissue both
elastic and collagen. Both surfaces are covered by
stratified squamous epithelium.
● The hymen can be broken through strenuous
physical activities or masturbation.
● It is often torn during the time of first sexual
intercourse.
● some women have imperforated hymen – it is
hymen that covers the vaginal introitus that
prevent the penetration of penis and even the flow
of menstruation
● the only management is
hymenectomy/hymenotomy – removal of hymen

VAGINAL ORIFICE/INTROITUS INTERNAL STRUCTURES

● occupies the lower portion of the vestibule and

varies considerably in size and shape
● the vagina has an abundantly vascular supply
FOURCHETTE
● is the ridge of tissue formed by the posterior
joining of the labia minora and the labia major
● this structure is sometimes cut (episiotomy )
during childbirth to enlarge the vaginal opening
OVARY
PERINEUM
● located just posterior to the fourchette
● This is a muscular area, that’s easily stretched
during childbirth to allow enlargement of the
vagina and passage of the fetal head.
● Many exercises (Kegel’s,squatting & tailor-sitting)
are aimed at making the perineal muscle more
● It is approximately 4 cm long by 2 cm in diameter
flexible to allow easier expansion during birth
and approximately 1.5 cm thick or the size and
without tearing of this tissue.
shape of an almond.
● Each ovary contains approximately 200,000 to
HYMEN
400,000 follicles during female’s childbirth.
● It secretes hormones ESTROGEN and
PROGESTERONE which initiate and regulate
menstrual process.
● Layers of ovaries:
○ Tunica albuginea - dense and dull white
and serves as protective layer.

ANNOTATED BY: A. BALLORAN & JME

 ○ Cortex – main functional part because it ○ Isthmus
contains ova, graafian follicles, corpora ■ next distal portion
lutea, degenerated corpora lutea (corpora ■ 2 cm in length
albicantia). ■ this portion is cut and sealed in
○ Medulla – or central portion of the ovary is tubal ligation
composed of loose connective tissue. ○ Ampulla
● Functions : ■ Longest portion
○ ovulation ■ 5 cm length
○ hormone production ■ Fertilization of ovum occurs
■ These also a counterpart to the ○ Infundibular
testes of male organ. ■ Most distal segment
■ 2 cm in length
■ Funnel shape
■ The rim of the funnel is covered by
fimbriae or small hairs that
■ Help to guide the ovum into the
fallopian tube .
● The wall of the fallopian tube is made up of 4
layers :
○ Peritoneal (serous) – covers the tubes.
INTERNAL ○ Subserous ( adventitial ) – contains the
blood and nerve supply
FALLOPIAN TUBES ○ Muscular - responsible for the peristaltic
movement of the tube.
○ Mucosal – composed of ciliated and
unciliated cells with the number of ciliated
cells more abundant at the fimbria.

● Slender structure that extends from either side of

the uterus and end in a fringed fashion near each
ovary.
● It transports mature ovum from the ovary to the
uterus and to provide place for fertilization of the
ovum. UTERUS
● It takes about 3 days for an egg to travel the length,
but unfertilized egg lives only 24 hours.
● If unfertilized it will die before it arrives in the
uterus.
● Functions :
○ site of fertilization
○ provide transport for the ovum from the
ovary to the uterus
○ serve as a warm, moist, nourishing ● Pear-shaped approximately 3 inches long, located
environment for the ovum or zygote between the urinary bladder and the rectum.
● Parts of the Fallopian Tube ● Its primary purpose is to house and nurture a
○ Interstitial portion pregnancy.
■ Thick-walled ● It receives the ovum from the fallopian tube, to
■ lies within the uterine wall provide a place for implantation and nourishment
■ approximately 1 cm in length during fetal growth and it furnish protection to a
■ lumen is 1 mm in the diameter growing fetus expel from the women’s body.
ANNOTATED BY: A. BALLORAN & JME
 ● The uterus consists of three divisions:
○ THE BODY OR CORPUS – portion of the
structure that expands so greatly to
contain the growing fetus.
■ The portion of the uterus between
the points of attachment of the
fallopian tube is called fundus.
o FUNDUS
▪ is the portion that can be
palpated to measure uterine
growth and the force of uterine
contraction during labour
○ ISTHMUS – short segment between the
body & cervix; during pregnancy, this
portion also enlarges greatly to aid in
accommodating the growing fetus.
■ it is the portion of the uterus that
is cut when a fetus is delivered by
CS
■ stretch during delivery
○ CERVIX – lowest portion of the uterus
■ cervical canal – central cavity
■ internal cervical os – junction of
the canal at the isthmus
■ external cervical os – distal
opening to the vagina
● The cervical mucosa has 3 functions
○ provide lubrication for the vaginal canal
○ act as a bacteriostatic agent
○ provide an alkaline environment to shelter
deposited sperm from the acidic vagina.
● Secretory cells of the cervix produce about
● 20 – 60 ml of mucus / day.
● At time of ovulation, this mucus becomes thinner
and more alkaline.
■ provide an alkaline environment
to shelter deposited sperm from
the acidic vagina.
● Secretory cells of the cervix produce about 20 – 60
ml of mucus / day.
● At time of ovulation, this mucus becomes thinner
and more alkaline.
● Mucus provides for the energy needs of the sperm,
protects sperm from environment of the vagina
ANNOTATED BY: A. BALLORAN & JME
● Mucus provides for the energy needs of the sperm,
protects sperm from environment of the vagina,
and protects them from phagocytes.
● At other times, mucus becomes thick and can form
a cervical plug which impedes passage of
pathogens.
● Layers of uterus
○ Perimetrium – a part of visceral
peritoneum
○ part that come in contacts with this
internal organs
○ Myometrium – bulk of uterus – three
layers of muscle that contract under
influence of oxytocin during labor.
○ stimulate para magkaroon ng production
of oxytocin necessary for the production
○ Endometrium – highly vascular mucosa
■ Stratum functionalis – shed
during menstruation
■ Stratum basalis – deeper,
permanent layer, gives rise to new
stratum functionalism
VAGINA
● Passageway for sperm and menstrual flow
● Receptacle for penis during intercourse
● Inferior portion of birth canal
● Capable of considerable distention (stretching)
● Mucosa is continuous with that of uterus and
consists of nonkeratinized stratified squamous
epithelium
● Contains large stores of glycogen which
decomposes to organic acids – lower pH = less
susceptible to infection & less hospitable to sperm
● glycogen content of the vagina can be converted to
lactic acid
● this bacteria is normally present in the organ
MAMMARY GLANDS
● Accessory organs of the female reproductive
system
● situated over the pectoralis major muscles
 ● Modified sweat glands ○ Each breast has 15-20 lobes made up of
● Are attached to fascia by the suspensory ligaments several lobules. Lobules are made of milk-
(of Cooper secreting cells arranged in alveoli.
● Breast size is determined more by fat than by ○ All the glands in each lobe produce milk by
glandular tissue. acini cells & deliver it to the nipple by
● Function is to synthesize, secrete and eject milk lactiferous duct
(lactation) ○ Milk production is stimulated mostly by
● prolactin with some help from Estrogen &
progesterone.

GYNECOMASTIA

● AMPULLA
○ Portion of the duct just posterior to the
nipples serves as reservoir for milk before
breastfeeding.
● Increase in male breast size
● Most evident in obese boys
● Normal change of puberty

THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE

SYSTEM
● NIPPLE
● Made of organs, ducts and glands whose function
○ Composed of smooth muscle that is
is to produce spermatozoa and androgen
capable of erection on manual or sucking
● Production of gametes
stimulation.
○ Male sex cells, i.e., sperm
○ approximately 20 small openings through
● Synthesis of androgens
which milk is secreted.
○ Male sex hormones, e.g., testosterone
○ On stimulation, it transmits sensations to
● Delivery of sperm into the female reproductive
the posterior pituitary gland to release
tract
oxytocin.
○ Oxytocin - acts to constrict milk gland cells
and push milk forward into the ducts that
lead to the nipple
● AREOLA
○ Darkly pigmented area surrounding the
nipple.
○ Rough surface owing many sebaceous
glands, called MONTGOMERY’S
TUBERCLES.
○ It contains the opening of sebaceous and
sweat glands (Montgomery glands) that
secrete lubricating substances for the
nipple
● BREAST OR MAMMARY GLANDS
○ Breasts are located anterior to the pectoral
muscle. In many women, breast tissue
extends well into the axilla.

ANNOTATED BY: A. BALLORAN & JME

 ● The main reproductive organs of the male body are
the testes, which produce sperm and also male
hormones, in the form of testosterone
MALE EXTERNAL STRUCTURES
TESTES
SCROTUM
● loose pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind the
penis
● rugated, skin covered muscular pouch suspended
from the perineum
● contains testes, epididymis, and the lower portion
of the spermatic cord
○ Contains male gonads (testes)
● help regulate the temperature of sperm through
contraction and relaxation and moving closer to
and further away from the perineum
● the looseness of the scrotum is intentional to
provide expansion and contraction
● lowers T by 3C
Cool Temperature
● Scrotum contracts and draws the testes closer to
the body for warmth.
Warm Temperature
● Scrotum becomes very loose and allow the testes
to hand further away from the near of the body.
High temperature can cause delicate sperm cell to
die.
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
ANNOTATED BY: A. BALLORAN & JME
● Two ovoid glands, 2 to 3 cm wide that lie in the
scrotum (walnut size) Each testis is encased by a
protective white fibrous capsule and is composed
of a number of lobules, each lobule containing
interstitial cells (Leydig’s Cell) and seminiferous
tubules.
● Surrounded by 2 tunics:
○ Tunica vaginalis
■ Derived from the parietal
peritoneum.
○ Tunica albuginea
○ Feel smooth and are freely movable within
the scrotum.
○ In most males, one testis is slightly larger
than the other and is suspended slightly
lower in the scrotum than the other
(usually the left one) for less possibility of
trauma to them
○ Spermatozoa do not survive at the body
temperature
○ It is suspended outside the body where the
temperature is approximately 1 F lower
than the body temperature and sperm
survival is ensured
○
 ● produce spermatozoa
LEYDIG’s CELL
Responsible for producing of the male hormone
testosterone
PENIS
● Tubular structure located above the scrotum,
composed of shaft and glans.
● Half of it is an internal root and half is the external
visible shaft.
● Three cylindrical masses of erectile tissue in the
shaft: Corpus Cavernosa, corpus spongiosum). The
urethra passes through these 3 layers
● Soft and flaccid (2.5 to 4 inches).
● Erection- blood vessels in the shaft become
congested, penis become hard and erect (5.5 to 7
inches)
→ shaft
→ glans penis: bulging, sensitive ridge of
tissue
→ foreskin: retractable casing of the skin
→ urethral meatus: slit-like opening
EPIDIDYMIS
● seminiferous tubule of each testis leads to a tightly
coiled tube, the EPIDIDYMIS – responsible for
conducting sperm from the tube to the vas
deferens, the next step in the passage to the
outside
● Approximately 20 ft long
● some sperm are stored in epididymis, and a
portion of the alkaline fluid that will surround the
sperm at maturity (semen, - contains basic sugar
and mucin? is produced by the cells lining the
epididymis
● Sperm are immobile and incapable of fertilization
as they passed or are stored at the epididymis level
● It takes 12-20 days to travel the length of the
epididymis
● A total of 64 days to reach maturity
● Site of sperm maturation and storage
● Responsible for conducting sperm from the testis
to the vas deferens
● Contains smooth muscle to propel sperm during
ejaculation
ANNOTATED BY: A. BALLORAN & JME
● Aspermia – absence of sperm
● Oligospermia – less than 20 million per mL
● These are problems that do not appear to respond
immediately to therapy but rather only after 2
months
VAS DEFERENS (DUCTUS VENOSUS)
● hollow tube surrounded by arteries and veins,
protected by thick, fibrous coating. It carries
sperm from epididymis through the inguinal canal
into the abdominal cavity where it ends at the
seminal vesicles and ejaculatory ducts.
● Sperm mature as they passed through the vas
deferens
● ejaculatory ducts – these are formed by the fusion
of vas deference and seminal vesicle
● the ejaculatory ducts empty into the urethra
● It is about 40cm long
● The vas deferens serves a transport function and
the area of the ampulla serves as a storage
reservoir of sperm for release at ejaculation.
● Sperm mature as they passed through the vas
deferens
● It is believed that the vas deferens acts as reservoir
for sperm between ejaculation
PROSTATE GLAND
● a chest-nut size gland that lies just below the
bladder, the urethra passes through the center of
it, like the whole donut. it secretes a thin, alkaline
fluid.
● When added to the secretion from the seminal
vesicles and the accompanying sperm from the
 epididymis, this alkaline fluid further protects ■ Within the urogenital diaphragm
sperm from being immobilized by the naturally low ○ Penile (spongy)
pH level of the urethra ■ Within the penis
● The seminal vesicles, prostate gland and Cowper’s
gland produce a liquid called a seminal plasma.

SEMINAL VESICLES
● 2 convoluted pouches that lie along the lower
portion of posterior surface of the bladder and
empty into the urethra by way of ejaculatory ducts
● Secrete seminal fluid
BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS ● Sperm become increasingly motile because of
• 2 bulbourethral or Cowper’s gland lie beside the viscous portion of the semen secreted by these
prostate gland and by short ducts empty into the glands which serves as nutrients and more
urethra favorable pH)
● Secrete an alkaline fluid that helps counteract the
acid secretions of the urethra and ensure the
passage of spermatozoa
● Produce small droplets of fluid during sexual
activity that neutralizes the acidity of the male
urethra and aid in the transport of sperm
● 5% semen

● Bulbourethral Glands
○ 2 bulbourethral or Cowper’s gland lie
beside the prostate gland and by short
ducts empty into the urethra
● Secrete an alkaline fluid that helps counteract the
acid secretions of the urethra and ensure the
passage of spermatozoa
● Produce small droplets of fluid during sexual
activity that neutralizes the acidity of the male
urethra and aid in the transport of sperm
● 5% semen

URETHRA Seminal Plasma

● a hollow tube leading from the base of the bladder, ● Aids in the transport of sperm
which after passing through the prostate gland ● Provides energizing nutrients for the sperm
continues to the outside through the shaft and ● Contains form of sugar – fructose, mucous, salts,
glans of the penis. It is approximately 8 inch (18-20 water, base buffers and coagulators to aid the
cm) long sperm in their journey
● 3 sections The sperm collectively make up the semen.
○ Prostatic ● Semen / seminal fluid
■ Within the prostate ○ Thick, creamy white fluid with the
○ Membranous consistency of mucus or egg whites
ANNOTATED BY: A. BALLORAN & JME
 ○ Normal amount is 2 mL – 6 mL per engorgement or an increase in the blood flow to
ejeculation the arteries of the penis →The Ischiocavernosus
○ Fertile man will dispel 20-160 million muscle at the penis base then contracts→ Trapping
sperm per ejaculate. both venous and arterial blood in the 3 sections of
● Spermatozoon – is made up of a head and a tail erectile tissue→ Leading to distention and erection
○ the head carries the male’s haploid of the penis
number of chromosomes (23)
○ the part that enters the ovum at
fertilization
○ the tail specialize in motility
● sperm maybe stored in the male genital system for
42 days
● sperm can live only 2-3 days in the female genital
tract once ejaculated.
GLANS
● The distal end of the organ is bulging sensitive
ridge of tissue which has the external urinary
meatus at its tip.
CORONA
MALE INTERNAL STRUCTURE
● The proximal margin of the glans.
PREPUCE
● Also called the foreskin.
● Loose skin attached to the shaft, allowing for
expansion during erection.
● Retractable casing of skin that protects the nerve
sensitive glans at birth.
FRENULUM
Ventral fold of tissue attaches the skin to the
glans.
● Contains the urethra as well as 3 erectile bodies:
○ 2 dorsal erectile tissues known as the ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES in the MALE AND FEMALE
corpora cavernosa REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
○ 1 midventral tissue known as the corpus MALE
spongiosum • spermatozoa
■ Surrounds penile urethra • glans penis
■ Expands distally to form the glans • scrotum
penis • penis
• testes
• vas deference
• prostate glands
• Cowper’s glands
FEMALE
• Ovum
• glans clitoris
• labia majora
• vagina
• ovaries
• fallopian tubes
• skene’s gland
• Bartholin’s glands
● Sexual excitement → Nitric acid is released from
the endothelium of blood vessels → Result in
ANNOTATED BY: A. BALLORAN & JME