Chapter 6

Work and Energy

6.1 Work Done by a Constant Force

W  Fd
or
W  Fs
1 N  m  1 joule  J 
6.1 Work Done by a Constant Force

cos 0  1
W   F cos   s cos 90  0
cos180  1
6.1 Work Done by a Constant Force

Example 1 Pulling a Suitcase-on-Wheels

Find the work done if the force is 45.0-N, the angle is 50.0
degrees, and the displacement is 75.0 m.

 
W   F cos   s   45.0 N  cos 50.0  75.0 m 

 2170 J
6.1 Work Done by a Constant Force

W   F cos 0  s  Fs

W   F cos 180  s   Fs
6.1 Work Done by a Constant Force

Example 3 Accelerating a Crate

The truck is accelerating at

a rate of +1.50 m/s2. The mass
of the crate is 120-kg and it
does not slip. The magnitude of
the displacement is 65 m.

What is the total work done on

the crate by all of the forces
acting on it?
6.1 Work Done by a Constant Force

The angle between the displacement

and the friction force is 0 degrees.

 
f s  ma  120 kg  1.5 m s 2  180 N

W   180 N  cos 0  65 m   1.2 10 4 J

6.2 The Work-Energy Theorem and Kinetic Energy

DEFINITION OF KINETIC ENERGY

The kinetic energy KE of and object with mass m

and speed v is given by

KE  mv 1
2
2
6.2 The Work-Energy Theorem and Kinetic Energy

THE WORK-ENERGY THEOREM

When a net external force does work on and object, the kinetic
energy of the object changes according to

W  KE f  KE o  mv  mv 1
2
2
f
1
2
2
o
6.2 The Work-Energy Theorem and Kinetic Energy

Example 4 Deep Space 1

The mass of the space probe is 474-kg and its initial velocity
is 275 m/s. If the .056 N force acts on the probe through a
displacement of 2.42×109m, what is its final speed?
6.2 The Work-Energy Theorem and Kinetic Energy

W  mv  mv 1
2
2
f
1
2
2
o

W   F  cos  s
6.2 The Work-Energy Theorem and Kinetic Energy

  F cos  s  1
2 mvf2  12 mvo2

 .056 N  cos 0  2.42 109 m   12  474 kg  vf2  12  474 kg  275 m s  2

v f  805 m s
6.2 The Work-Energy Theorem and Kinetic Energy

In this case the net force is    fk


F mg sin 25
6.3 Gravitational Potential Energy

W   F cos   s

Wgravity  mg  ho  h f 
6.3 Gravitational Potential Energy

Wgravity  mg  ho  h f 
6.3 Gravitational Potential Energy

Example 7 A Gymnast on a Trampoline

The gymnast leaves the trampoline at an initial height of 1.20 m

and reaches a maximum height of 4.80 m before falling back
down. What was the initial speed of the gymnast?
6.3 Gravitational Potential Energy

W  12 mvf2  12 mvo2
mg  ho  h f    12 mvo2
Wgravity  mg  ho  h f 

vo   2 g  ho  h f 

 
vo   2 9.80 m s 2 1.20 m  4.80 m   8.40 m s
6.3 Gravitational Potential Energy

Wgravity  mgho  mgh f

DEFINITION OF GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY

The gravitational potential energy PE is the energy that an

object of mass m has because of its position relative to the
surface of the earth.

PE  mgh
1 N  m  1 joule  J 
6.4 Conservative Versus Nonconservative Forces

THE WORK-ENERGY THEOREM

Wnc  KE  PE

6.5 The Conservation of Mechanical Energy

Wnc  KE  PE   KE f  KE o    PE f  PE o 

Wnc   KE f  PE f    KE o  PE o 

Wnc  E f  E o

If the net work on an object by nonconservative forces

is zero, then its energy does not change:

Ef  Eo
6.5 The Conservation of Mechanical Energy

THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF

MECHANICAL ENERGY

The total mechanical energy (E = KE + PE) of an object

remains constant as the object moves.
6.5 The Conservation of Mechanical Energy
6.5 The Conservation of Mechanical Energy

Example 8 A Daredevil Motorcyclist

A motorcyclist is trying to leap across the canyon by driving
horizontally off a cliff 38.0 m/s. Ignoring air resistance, find
the speed with which the cycle strikes the ground on the other
side.
6.5 The Conservation of Mechanical Energy

Ef  Eo

mgh f  mv  mgho  mv
1
2
2
f
1
2
2
o

gh f  12 v 2f  gho  12 vo2
6.5 The Conservation of Mechanical Energy

gh f  12 v 2f  gho  12 vo2

vf  2gh
o  hf v
2
o

 
v f  2 9.8 m s  35.0m    38.0 m s   46.2 m s
2 2
6.6 Nonconservative Forces and the Work-Energy Theorem

THE WORK-ENERGY THEOREM

Wnc  E f  E o


Wnc  mgh f  mv  mgho  mv
1
2
2
f   1
2
2
o 
6.6 Nonconservative Forces and the Work-Energy Theorem

Example 11 Fireworks
Assuming that the nonconservative force
generated by the burning propellant does
425 J of work, what is the final speed
of the rocket. Ignore air resistance.


Wnc  mgh f  12 mv 2f  
 mgh o  1
2 mvo
2

6.6 Nonconservative Forces and the Work-Energy Theorem

Wnc  mgh f  mgho  mv  mv 1

2
2
f
1
2
2
o

Wnc  mg  h f  ho   12 mv 2f

 
425 J   0.20 kg  9.80 m s 2  29.0 m 
 1
2
 0.20 kg  v 2
f

v f  61 m s
6.7 Power

DEFINITION OF AVERAGE POWER

Average power is the rate at which work is done, and it

is obtained by dividing the work by the time required to
perform the work.

Work W
P 
Time t

joule s  watt (W)

6.7 Power

Change in energy
P
Time

1 horsepower  550 foot  pounds second  745.7 watts

P  Fv
6.7 Power
6.8 Other Forms of Energy and the Conservation of Energy

THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

Energy can neither be created not destroyed, but can

only be converted from one form to another.