The Islamic University

Department of
Computer Technical Engineering
Second Class

Microprocessor Architecture
‫المحاضره االولى‬
)‫(النظري‬
2019-2020
Lecturer

Asst. Lec. Karrar Shakir Muttair ALNomani

 Contents
Introduction
Generation Of Computers
1. First Generation
2. Second Generation
3. Third Generation
4. Fourth Generation
5. Fifth Generation
Computer Architecture
1. Von – Neumann architecture
2. Harvard architecture
 Introduction
• Computer System
A system of interconnected computers that share a central
storage system and various peripheral devices such as a
printers, scanners, or routers.
Each computer connected to the system can operate
independently, but has the ability to communicate with other
external devices and computers.
Components Of Computer System
 Generation Of Computers
1. First Generation (1946-1959)
The main features of First Generation are:
• Vacuum tube technology Unreliable
• Supported Machine language only Very costly
• Generate lot of heat
• Slow Input/Output device
• Huge size, Need of A.C.
• Non-portable
• Consumed of electricity
Some computers of this generation were :
• IBM-650
• IBM-701
• ENIAC
• EDVAC
• UNIVAC
2. Second Generation (1959-1965)
The main features of Second Generation are:
• Use of transistors
• Reliable as compared to First generation computers
• Smaller size as compared to First generation computers
• Generate less heat as compared to First generation computers
• Consumed less electricity as compared to First generation
computers
• Faster than first generation computers
• Still very costly
• Support machine and assembly languages
• A.C. needed
Some computers of this generation were :
• IBM 1620
• IBM 7094
• CDC 1604
• CDC 3600
• UNIVAC 1108
3. Third Generation (1965-1971)
The main features of Third Generation are:
• IC used
• More reliable
• Smaller size
• Generate less heat
• Faster
• Lesser maintenance
• Still costly
• A.C. needed
• Consumed lesser electricity
• Support high-level language
Some computers of this generation were:
• IBM-360 series
• Honeywell-6000 series
• PDP(Personal Data Processor)
• IBM-370/168
• TDC-316
4. Fourth Generation (1971-1980)
The main features of Fourth Generation are:

• VLSI technology used

• Very cheap
• Portable and reliable
• Very small size
• Pipeline processing
• No A.C. needed
• Concept of internet was introduced
• Great developments in the fields of networks
• Computers became easily available
Some computers of this generation were:
• DEC 10
• STAR 1000
• PDP 11
• CRAY-1 (Super Computer)
• CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer)
5. Fifth Generation(1980-till date)
The main features of Fifth Generation are:
• ULSI technology
• Development of true artificial intelligence
• Development of Natural language processing
• Advancement in Parallel Processing
• Advancement in Superconductor technology
• More user friendly interfaces with multimedia features
• Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates
 5. Fifth Generation (1980-till date)

Some computers types of this generation are:

• Desktop
• Laptop
• NoteBook
• UltraBook
• ChromeBook
 Computer Architecture
There are basically two type of digital computer architecture. These two
processor architecture can be classified by how they use memory.

1. Von – Neumann architecture

2. Harvard architecture
 Von- Neumann Architecture
• Model for designing and building computers, based on the
following three characteristics:
1. The computer consists of four main sub-systems:
• Memory
• ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit)
• Control Unit
• Input/Output System (I/O)
2. Program is stored in memory during execution.
3. Program instructions are executed sequentially.
 Von- Neumann Architecture
Bus

Main
I/O CU ALU Memory

Input
Control Arithmetic
/
Unit Logic Unit
Output
General structure of Von- Neumann Architecture

Input/output I/O

Central ALU
Processing Register 1 ………….... Register n

Unit
CU
Main Memory
 Von- neumann Architecture
• All computers more or less based on the same basic design, the
Von Neumann Architecture!
 Harvard Architecture
• Harvard architecture is a computer architecture with physically
separate storage and signal pathways for instructions and data.
 Comparison between Von and Harvard Architecture
• In a computer with a von Neumann architecture, the CPU can be
either reading an instruction or reading/writing data from/to the
memory.
 Both cannot occur at the same time since the instructions
and data use the same bus system.
• In a computer using the Harvard architecture, the CPU can read
both an instruction and perform a data memory access at the same
time,
• A Harvard architecture computer can thus be faster for a given
circuit complexity because instruction fetches and data access do
not contend for a single memory pathway.
Von Architecture Harvard Architecture

CPU CPU
Data + Instruction Data
Address Instruction Instruction Data
Address Address

Memory Instruction Data

Memory Memory

Input Output Output

Input
Thank you for your attention!