Quality Comparison of Tessellated wall and Panel wall Using RCA in response to

Natural Disasters

A Civil Engineering Project

BENITEZ, JONATHAN C.

NORTE, MARK ANTHONY M.

SIMBA, JUSTINE L.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ----------------------------- 4

ABSTRACT ----------------------------- 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ----------------------------- 4

TABLE OF CONTENTS ----------------------------- 4

LIST OF FIGURES ----------------------------- 4

LIST OF TABLES ----------------------------- 4

ABBREVIATIONS ----------------------------- 4

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ----------------------------- 4

1.1 Background of the Study ----------------------------- 4

1.2 Statement of the Problem ----------------------------- 4

1.3 Objectives of the Study ----------------------------- 4

1.4 Significance of the Study ----------------------------- 4

1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study ----------------------------- 4

1.6 Definition of Terms ----------------------------- 4

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ------------------- 4

2.1 Recycled Concrete Aggregate ----------------------------- 4

2.2 Panel Wall System ----------------------------- 4

2.3 Tessellated Wall System ----------------------------- 4

2.4 Behavior of TeSA Shear Walls ----------------------------- 4

2.3.2 Methods of Curing ----------------------------- 4

2.4 The Microstructure of Concrete ----------------------------- 4

 2.5 Common Experimental Procedures ----------------------------- 4

2.6 Utilization of Sawdust in Concrete ----------------------------- 4

2.6.1 Sawdust as an Internal Curing Agent ----------------------------- 4

2.6.2 Sawdust as a Partial Substitute for Concrete Components ------------- 4

2.7 Other Curing Agents or Methods ----------------------------- 4

2.7.1 Internal Curing Agents ----------------------------- 4

2.7.2 External Curing Methods ----------------------------- 4

CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design ----------------------------- 4

3.2 Wall Specimen ----------------------------- 4

3.3 Materials and Concrete Mix Design ------------------------ 4

3.4 Pattern of Tessellated Wall ------------------------ 4

3.5 Source and Funding of RCA ------------------------ 4

3.6 Rebound Hammer Test ----------------------------- 4

3.7 Theoretical Framework ----------------------------- 4

CHAPTER IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ----------------------------- 4

4.1 Flexural Strength ----------------------------- 4

4.2 Nonlinear Curve Fitting ----------------------------- 4

4.3 Estimated Cost Savings in Using SD ----------------------------- 4

4.4 Surface Temperature of the Concrete ----------------------------- 4

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ------------------ 4

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX A. Concrete Proportion by Max Fajardo

APPENDIX B. ASTM C42

APPENDIX C. ASTM C143

APPENDIX D. ASTM C192

APPENDIX E. ASTM C293

APPENDIX F. Sawdust and Sieving Photos

APPENDIX G. Fabricated Molds and Steel Molds Photos

APPENDIX H. Slump Test and Concrete Casting and Curing Photos

APPENDIX I. Air-drying Process of Sawdust

APPENDIX J. Surface Temperature of Concrete, °C

APPENDIX K. Flexural Test Results

APPENDIX L. Flexural Test Photos

APPENDIX M. Regression Results

APPENDIX N. Estimated Cost Savings in Using 5% SD Percent Replacement

For a 1 cu.m. Concrete Mix

APPENDIX O. Estimated Cost Savings in Using 5% SD Percent Replacement

 Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The world is now being surrounded by roads, houses, commercial buildings and other

infrastructures which become part of the life of humans. According to (Watts, 2019), concrete

was the next most widely used substance in the world but with different effects on the

environment and to human health. Concrete brings danger to the planet, in the environment, to

human health and to culture itself [1].

Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) is commonly achieved by recycling of clean

concrete waste that is collected from different projects in the construction industry. It is

commonly found and collected from the demolition of buildings and houses or from road

reblockings[2]. They are commonly used as a base for constructing pavements like parking lots,

roads, and driveways. Also, it was very helpful for backfilling and can be a shoulder stone for a

project structure to make the foundations more compact and stable that can withstand heavy

loads and natural disasters[3].

Concrete was formed by mixing of aggregates, cement and water. Cement, as one of the

main materials in creating concrete, contributes about 4 to 8 percent of the global carbon dioxide

emissions during its production. The emission of carbon dioxide contributes to air pollution that

will be harmful for the people in the society.

This study will be conducted to reduce the cost and lessen the pollution due to the

manufacturing process of making cement and to sustain the natural resources of the environment.

The researchers will also test the quality of the recycled aggregates and will compare two kinds
of wall style; Tessellated wall and Panel wall, both using Recycled Concrete Aggregates. This is

to know which one is more capable in response to natural disasters that will be experienced by

the structures in a country. Concrete built with recycled aggregate has a compressive strength of

41 to 52 MPa, which will vary depending on the design of the project specifically to its wall.

A Tessellated wall will be a resilient, convenient, sustainable and more appealing to use

for a project house since it consists of similar repetitive patterns that will be fit together to form

as a house wall. Each tile can be interchangeable and can be disassembled. It can also be reused

in the future structure since the tiles can be manufactured easily on site and can be

reconfigured[4].

A concrete panel wall becomes more popular in the building construction industry.

Architects, contractors and builders commonly use this kind of wall system in constructing their

project houses, factories, commercial buildings and offices because of its nature. A concrete

panel wall has the characteristics of being tough and weather resistant. It can also be installed

easily but with strong structural components. Usually, a concrete panel wall is about 2 to 12 feet

in width and 8 to 12 feet in height[5].

Testing the quality of RCA will give an assurance that the recycled concrete aggregates

can be used repeatedly for future projects. One of these future projects will be a wall system for

which these walls are to support the roofing and the ceiling of a building.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Construction Industry often generates huge amounts of debris caused by demolitions and

excess production of concrete. Reblockings and demolitions lead to piling up plenty of concrete

wastes in an open area. For which these waste can be recycled and can reduce the waste
production of concrete. This excess could be used to build new infrastructures and also for

making wall systems which is essential for a building. These wall systems also serve as

protection from calamity and disasters.

With that, researchers sought to answer the following questions:

1. How large was the amount of concrete excess that could be collected?

2. How strong are recycled concrete aggregates compared to newly made concrete?

3. Which wall systems must be used with an RCA?

4. How secure are the tessellated walls compared to panel walls?

5. Which wall system has the strength to withstand calamities?

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study are the following:

A. To test the quality assurance of recycled concrete aggregates

B. To lessen the excessive production of concrete aggregates

C. To determine the quality of tessellated wall system

D. To test the quality of panel wall system

E. To determine which wall system should be used in Project Digdi Houses

F. To determine which wall system would withstand disasters

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The result of the study will give knowledge and benefits the following:

Construction Industry.The construction industry gains significance in this study. For the

construction industry to be sustainable by the use of RCA leads to a reduction in construction

cost.

Naga City.This study is beneficial to Naga City for they will not exceed to the budget instead it

will lessen the expenses in the said project that will help the indigent people of Naga city

Environment.This research benefits the environment for protection because it will conserve

natural resources and reduce environmental impact.

Future Researchers. The future researchers also gain significance in this study. It may serve as

their guidance to gather information and it may serve them as a building block to have a bigger

study.

The Researchers. The researchers can also gain significance in this study. They would improve

their knowledge, strategy, and capabilities in engaging research.

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study will be conducted within the City of Naga, wherein the researchers will focus

on comparing the quality of two types of wall system; a Tessellated wall and a Concrete panel

wall. The researchers will no longer determine other types of wall systems aside from the

aforementioned walls. This study will also focus only on one part of a structure which is the wall

and will no longer test all the structural components of a building.

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Backfilling - It is the process of reusing or replacing the soil that is removed during the

excavation of foundations, ground bearing slabs or other groundworks to support and

strengthen a structure.

Concrete - concrete, in construction, structural material consisting of a hard, chemically inert

particulate substance, known as aggregate (usually sand and gravel), that is bonded

together by cement and water.

Demolition - It is the dismantling, razing, destroying or wrecking of any building or structure or

any part thereof.

Panel wall- a non bearing wall between columns or piers that is supported at each story.

Recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) - These are the aggregates obtained by recycling clean

concrete waste where content of other building waste must be very low- below few per cent.

Tessellated wall- a wall covering a pattern of shapes which fit together perfectly, without any

gaps.
 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the findings of pertinent literature and studies, both published and

unpublished, which are deemed imperative to the topic. This is to address the gaps between

earlier and current research; thus, supporting the interpretation and analysis of gathered

information and data. It is centered on the discussion of relevant literature pertaining to

tessellated wall systems and concrete panel wall systems using Recycled Concrete Aggregates

(RCA). It further extends on the quality and benefits of RCA, the distinction of a tessellated and

a panel wall in reference to their usage in construction, and impacts of natural disasters to the

structure specifically to the wall made up of tessellation and concrete panel wall.

2.1 RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATES (RCA)

Concrete, as one of the main materials needed in building structures, has been taking its

toll on the environment and on human health due to the massive emission of carbon dioxide in

the process of cement production. Under the state of the art review of current literature and

development studies on recycled aggregate concrete, Nikrumah (2018) stated that population is

increasing and the consumption of natural resources and waste arise. This is why they are

looking for an alternative plan for the construction industry to look for alternative materials to

solve this, which is the RCA. Berndt [6] investigated the suitability of using a more

‘‘sustainable” concrete for wind turbine foundations and other applications involving large

quantities of concrete. The study tested the idea of utilizing recycled concrete aggregates, large

volumes of fly ash or blast furnace slag, as an alternative material to lessen the negative effects

of using concrete. Five basic concrete mixtures were considered: conventional mix with no
material substitutions, 50% replacement of cement with fly ash, 50% replacement of cement with

blast furnace slag, 70% replacement of cement with blast furnace slag and 25% replacement of

cement with fly ash; and 25% replacement with blast furnace slag. Recycled concrete aggregate

was investigated in conventional and slag-modified concrete. Correspondingly, Agyekum [7]

studied the properties of RCA as compared to virgin aggregates. Although RCA has notable

similarities with conventional concrete, the old mortar attached to the aggregate even after

recycling allows the former to soak up water. This salient property of RCA has proven its

durability, strength, workability, and elasticity when used in the construction of infrastructures

and buildings [7]. Thus, Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA) has become highly favored in

every construction firm all over the world, because of its capacity to reduce carbon dioxide

emission, to minimize the production of cement, and to enhance the solidity of structures.

Therefore, in this study, RCA will be utilized in two wall systems, tessellated and panel wall, to

determine their strength, durability, and ability to recover rapidly during disasters.

In terms of compressive strength of the Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA), one study

tested the compressive behavior of RCA specifically to concrete with an age of 26 years old and

come up with a result that the Recycled Coarse Aggregates Concrete (RCAC) can be used as a

replacement to New Aggregates (NA) for up to 80% without significant loss in its compressive

strength. Also, it was found that mixing different sizes of RCAC will give the project team

greater results. Furthermore, it was estimated that about 29.44% of the total cost production or an

amount of 1,368Php worth of locally available ¾” gravel coarse aggregates will be saved per

cu.m in a 3000-psi design machine-mixed concrete.

2.2 PANEL WALL SYSTEM

 A concrete panel wall has become popular in the building construction industry.

Architects, contractors, and builders commonly use this kind of wall system in constructing their

project houses, factories, commercial buildings, and offices because of its nature. A concrete

panel wall has the characteristics of being tough and weather resistant. It can also be installed

easily but with strong structural components. Usually, a concrete panel wall is about 2 to 12 feet

in width and 8 to 12 feet in height [5]. The systems of structures utilized in panel constructions

are bordered spaces of planar wall and slab elements. Steel, timber construction materials,

concrete or masonry are the commonly used materials in the manufacturing of panels, which

should be lightweight to facilitate transfer and assembly. The means of connecting panels

depends on the wall panel material and the entire construction system. It is, however, of

paramount importance to consider all requirements of building physics and to assemble the

materials securely.

Installing a panel wall system has its costs and benefits[7, 8]. Visual appeal, as its

overriding edge, allows versatility in the designs that will best cater the needs and interests of the

clients. Aside from its overall warm and pleasant appearance, it also conceals minor flaws and

issues, such as scratches, cracks, dents, and even exposed wirings. Panel wall system provides

thermal and sound insulation as well. In light of the location of most buildings in the Philippines

where noises and tropical heat greatly affect the comfort of people, this type of wall system is a

good option. Nevertheless, the continual exposure to humidity makes the wall vulnerable to rot,

which will then necessitate replacement of the entire wall. The possibility of losing its moisture

over time places the panel wall system at a disadvantage as it causes panels to shrink, to split,

and to create visible gaps. These pros and cons should be taken into account when used in the

construction of buildings.
2.3 TESSELLATED WALL SYSTEM

A tessellation is a pattern of proportional and interlocking figures of regular or irregular

polygons, which strictly prohibits open and/or overlying spaces[10]. It was primarily used in

architecture to increase the overall visual appeal of buildings. It can be arranged from simple to

more complex patterns that nonetheless enhances design. Its feature of being topologically

interlocking has accordingly paved the way to utilize tessellation for structural purposes. This

eliminates the necessity for binders or tensile connectors between tiles while still sustaining

structural integrity. Each tile can be interchangeable and can be disassembled. It can also be

reused in future structures considering the tiles can easily be remanufactured and reconfigured on

site. Meaning, aside from its aesthetic benefits, the tessellation wall system facilitates

prefabrication, reconstruction, disassembly, and reuse[4].

Tessellated wall is equally two-edged as panel wall – it has its positive and negative sides

[4, 6]. Its prominent advantage is its potential to limit structural damage. Cracks in a single tile

may be severed as soon as it hits a free edge, which subsequently localize the damage in a tile

rather than affecting the entire structure. Reparability and reuse are eased by the capacity of

individual tiles to be replaced immediately. In addition, a tessellated wall system displays

resiliency and sustainability, wherein structures are possible to recover promptly after an extreme

event. These features, unfortunately, propose downsides in the connection tolerances and

deconstruction and repair sequences of this wall system [4]. The intricate nature of the

tessellation wall system entails a guarantee that all tiles are well-fitted, because even minimal

inaccuracies may affect the entirety of the structure. The tile-to-tile details should be considered

to ensure transfer of forces. Moreover, even if the removal of damaged tiles is hypothetically
interesting, it is actually laborious, especially those that are bearing dead loads. These salient

features of the tessellated wall system are to be considered in this study.

2.4 BEHAVIOR OF TESSELLATED STRUCTURAL-ARCHITECTURAL SHEAR

WALLS

Walls are one of the structural components of a building that support the weight of the floor

and roof. It encloses a building and serves as a division of spaces inside a house or a building

[11]. Walls must be strong enough to withstand heavy loads since it provides privacy and

security to the people outside of the building. With that, a study about using tessellated walls

determines a potential of limiting the structural damage. It can be used for expeditious

projects in construction, reconfiguration and disassembly. This can also be reused due to its

repetitive discrete tile patterns[12]. In addition a tessellated wall system has the ability to

improve both a resilient and sustainable environment wherein the structure can fastly recover

after an extreme event and the design of the building facilitates adaptability and long-term

occupancy[4].

Properties of sustainable concrete containing fly ash, slag and recycled

concrete aggregate

Concrete as one of the main materials needed in building of structures has a negative impact

on the environment due to the emission of carbon dioxide in the production of cement.

According to Berndt (2009), the suitability of using more ‘‘sustainable” concrete for wind

turbine foundations and other applications involving large quantities of concrete was
investigated. They come up with an idea of using alternative material that will lessen the

effects for environment, energy and CO2 impact. With that, they used recycled concrete

aggregates to partially replace cement with large volumes of fly ash or blast furnace slag.

Five basic concrete mixes were considered. These were conventional mix with no material

substitutions, 50% replacement of cement with fly ash, 50% replacement of cement with

blast furnace slag, 70% replacement of cement with blast furnace slag and 25% replacement

of cement with fly ash and 25% replacement with blast furnace slag. Recycled concrete

aggregate was investigated in conventional and slag-modified concrete[6].

Analysis of tessellated structural-architectural reinforced concrete shear walls

Reinforced shear walls became a solution for a building to be more structurally efficient

when exposed to lateral loadings since it increases the building's strength and rigidity in

terms of the lateral resistance[13] . But when a wall will be made differ from what is

commonly used, a different approach will happen and a new behavior might be discovered.

In this study, it emphasizes the lateral behavior of reinforced shear walls but with

tessellation. Tessellated structural-architectural(TeSA) walls are made of prefabricated

repetitive tiles that can minimize damage from extreme loading. A TeSA wall can be reused

and intended for architectural interest, automated construction, reconfiguration and

disassembly. It focuses on TeSA tiles that are topologically interlocking in two directions.

Nonlinear finite element analysis is used to study the monotonic pushover behavior of TeSA

walls with different edge tile configurations and a comparison is made thereof with a
 conventional reinforced concrete shear wall. The results indicate that the strength of tesa

walls is not significantly affected by the configuration of edge tiles[12].

Performance enhancement of recycled concrete aggregate

Recycled concrete aggregates were achieved by recycling clean concrete waste coming

from the demolition of houses and buildings or from road reblockings. Since it undergoes

some processes and the materials are old already, the quality of concrete made using

RCA must be tested compared to Natural aggregates (NA). Based on the study of (Shi,

Li, Zhang, Chong,Xie (2016), recycled concrete aggregate and natural aggregate were

different. Recycled concrete aggregates adhered cement mortar is high in porosity and

water absorption compared to natural aggregates but its strength was lower than NA.

With that, it will have a negative effect on the mechanical properties and durability of

fresh and hardened concrete. If the adhered cement mortar can be enhanced it will

facilitate the applications of recycled concrete aggregate. Removing and strengthening

the adhered mortar are the two main methods for enhancing the properties of recycled

concrete aggregate [14].

Properties Of Self-Compacting Concrete Prepared With Coarse Recycled

Concrete Aggregate

Grdic, Toplicic-Curcic, Despotovic and Ristic(2010), self compacting concrete is better than the

vibrated concrete because it has environmental advantages which provide a healthier

environment with the absence of noise and vibration. the potential of using coarse recycled

aggregate from crushed concrete for making self-compacting concrete research. It tackles the

issue of the waste disposal sites created by the demolition of old structures. There are three types

of concrete mixtures in which the percentage of substitution of coarse aggregate by the recycled

aggregate was V%, 506 and 1006. The equal consistency process in mixing is successful[15].

Recycled concrete as fine and coarse aggregate in concrete

The concrete waste coming from the demolition of buildings or houses and road reblockings are

commonly used as a subbase material for constructing pavements like parking lots, roads, and

driveways. But since the amount of concrete waste continuously increases which affects the

environment. Different studies of recycling concrete exist and one of these is about using

recycled concrete as fine and coarse aggregates. In this study, it says that the properties of

recycled aggregates differ compared to the natural aggregates due to the presence of a

considerable proportion of mortar attached to natural aggregate and loose mortar. With that, the

recycled fine aggregate has a lesser effect on the deformational properties compared to the

coarse aggregate and the new concrete properties are marginally affected only by the use of

recycled aggregates[16].

Durability of recycled aggregate concrete

Xiao,Lu,and Ying(2013) there is a huge consumption of natural resources and construction waste

that have been a problem in the construction industry. It was emphasized that RAC(Recycled
aggregate concrete is a good alternative solution to the said problem. the durability of RAC

including chloride diffusion, freezing and thawing resistance, abrasion resistance, absorption,

drying shrinkage and carbonation that has been compared to the ( NAC) natural aggregate

concrete.

Properties of pervious concrete containing recycled concrete block aggregate and recycled

concrete aggregate

Zaetang, Sata, Wongsa and Chindaprasirt (2016) pervious concrete contains recycled concrete

block aggregate (RBA) and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) which is an alternative

replacement to the natural aggregate. Both RBA and RCA increased the compressive strengths of

pervious concretes except at the high replacement level of 100%.It was emphasized that

Although it is evident that the recycled aggregates were weaker than natural aggregate, the

improvements in strength and abrasion resistance were achieved as a result of a better bonding

between recycled aggregate and cement paste due to increased surface porosity and roughness of

recycled aggregates. The improvements in strength and surface abrasion resistance are important

for the utilization of pervious concrete.

 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

As the study’s research design, the researchers employed an experimental approach. The

experiment will determine the quality and capacity of the tessellated wall panel and simple wall

panel using recycled concrete aggregates.

Methods:

1. Planning

The researchers came up with the study about Quality Comparison of Tessellated

wall and Panel wall using Recycled Concrete Aggregates(RCA) in response to Natural

Disasters due to the rising amount of concrete waste coming from the demolitions and
 road reblockings, and thinking which wall design is much better when it comes to the

natural disaster commonly experience by the people in the area. The researchers will plan

everything thoroughly in order to make the study successful and more productive.

2. Data Gathering

The researchers used data from different studies on the related literature about

Tessellated walls and Concrete Panel walls, how to make those kinds of wall and data

from previous studies about Recycled Concrete Aggregates, their uses, advantages and

disadvantages in the construction industry and on the structure itself. Data gathering is

one of the keys to support every idea of the researchers and successfully finish their

study.

3. Equipment and Materials Needed

Experimental design requires materials, tools and equipment in order to

successfully execute the study and get the results. In that case, the researchers enumerate

and list all the materials and equipment they will be needing, then they compute how

much money they will need to finish their study so that they can divide it equally to each

other.

4. Wall execution

This state pertains to the formation of two kinds of wall; a Tessellated wall and a

Concrete Panel wall with the use of Recycled Concrete Aggregates. A trial and error will

be included on this stage until the researcher effectively achieves the correct and most

effective product needed.

 5. Preliminary Testing and Comparing of Both Walls

This stage includes the first Quality testing of Tessellated and Panel wall made

using RCA. After the preliminary testing, researchers will compare the results based on

the test and will evaluate which wall is more stronger. Then the researchers will improve

the errors they will be experiencing from the preliminary test and will be included in the

input of the study.

6. Evaluation of Final Result

This stage is the most important thing that the researchers needed wherein it

includes the final results after conducting the final testing of the quality of Tessellated

wall and Panel wall using Recycled Concrete Aggregates. This will help the researchers

to see clearly which wall is more productive and decide to choose the correct product

they will be needing in their study. If it is the Tessellated wall or the Panel wall.

7. Generalization

After evaluating the results from the Preliminary and Final test, the researchers

will now conclude if their study about Quality Comparison of Tessellated wall and Panel

wall Using RCA in response to Natural Disaster is acceptable and will give the people an

answer to which kind of wall they must use.

3.2 WALL SPECIMENS

 The research design of this study is experimental which will consist of testing and

comparing two prototypes of wall specimens using a recycled concrete aggregate and one sample

of wall that contains natural aggregates. The details of walls will be shown below on Table 1.

Table 1. Details of walls

Wall Designation Size of Specimen Types Of Aggregates Wall Classification

(mm)
(L x h x t)

RCAW1 500 x 300 x 50 Recycled Concrete Tessellated Wall

Aggregates

RCAW2 500 x 300 x 50 Recycled Concrete Panel Wall

Aggregates

NAW1 500 x 300 x 50 Natural Aggregates Tessellated Wall

NAW2 500 x 300 x 50 Natural Aggregates Panel Wall

Where: L = Length of Wall

h = Height of Wall

t = Thickness of Wall

3.3 MATERIALS AND CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

The concrete mix proportion by volume method to test the specimen was based on the

most commonly used mix in the Philippine construction industry, Fajardo mix Class AA. It has a

similar ratio in the M30 Indian Standard code 1026 with a proportion of 1:1-1/1 2 :3 [17, 18].

However, there is a study which discovered a negative result in the trial mix due to its very low
workability for both Natural Concrete Aggregates(NCA) and Recycled Coarse Aggregates

Concrete(RCAC) wherein they adjust the mix proportions into 1:1-1/2 : 2-1/4 [19]. In this study,

the researchers will follow the adjusted mix proportions for all the walls. The sample of concrete

mix proportion will be shown below on Table 2.

Table 2. Concrete Proportion [19]

Cement Fine Aggregates Coarse Aggregates Water

(cu.m) (cu.m) RCA and NA (cu.m)
(cu.m)

0.0212 0.0318 0.0477 0.008 to 0.0125

3.4 PATTERN OF TESSELLATED WALL

The pattern of the tessellated wall will consist of two shapes; triangle and square that

will be interlocked with each other. The spacing between each brick will be determined by the

test specimen's dimensions.

3.5 SOURCE AND FUNDING OF RCA

In coordination with one of the Organization in Naga City that has a project

Disaster-Resilient and Self-Sustaining House for Community Growth and Resilience

Development Innovations (DIGDI) or known as “Project DIGDI” which has the main goal of

building a houses using RCA [20]. They will address the issue about the concrete waste coming

from the demolitions and concrete industry. The Project DIGDI was being supported by the St.

Ignatius Church Community, Japan through fundings. This will be a big help for the researchers

for they will no longer think of where to get RCA that already undergo hammer crushing and

segregation of unnecessary materials found on the concrete waste since the Organization has
already coordinated with the communities near the City and has a page on Facebook that

receives donations from other institutions and organizations.

3.6 REBOUND HAMMER TEST

Rebound Hammer Test, also known as Schmidt hammer, consists of spring controlled

mass that slides on the plunger within the tubular housing. is a method of testing the

compressive strength of the concrete and is used to determine its quality and stiffness. Since it is

a non-destructive method for testing concrete, it will provide the researchers a fast and

appropriate answer about the indications of the compressive strength of concrete.

 Figure 1. Operation of Rebound Hammer

The operation of the rebound hammer was shown on Figure 1. It shows how to test the

strength and stiffness of a concrete wherein the plunger will be pressed against the surface of

concrete and will be hit by a spring controlled mass having a constant energy to rebound back.

After that, the surface hardness will be measured on the graduated scale based on the extent of

the rebound. A concrete that will absorb a high amount of energy and will yield to a lower

rebound value will be considered as a concrete with low strength and low stiffness [21].

Figure 2. Orientation Rebound Hammer

The orientation of the rebound hammer when testing a concrete structure will depend on

the position of the surface, it was shown on Figure 2. In a vertical surface, the rebound hammer

will be positioned horizontally and for the horizontal surface the rebound hammer will be

vertically downward or upward depending on the location.

Table 3. Required Impact Energy in Different Applications

SI. No. Applications Approximate Impact Energy

for Rebound Hammer in Nm

1 Normal Weight Concrete 2.25

2 Lightweight concrete/small 0.75

and impact resistive concrete
parts

3 Mass concrete testing Eg. 30.00

 roads, hydraulic structures
and pavements

Table 3 shows the required impact energy for different applications of Rebound Hammer

based on IS: 13311(2)-1992 wherein the concrete with normal weight requires an approximate

impact energy of 2.25 Nm, for lightweight concrete is 0.75Nm and for mass concrete it requires

30 Nm [21]. But prior to the rebound hammer testing, the researchers needs to remember the

following;

1. The condition of the walls both Tessellated and Concrete Panel wall, should be

Dry, clean, and smooth.

2. Concrete surfaces must be free from any loose particles. Any loose particles can be

removed by a grinding wheel or stone.

3. Rough surfaces will result in incomplete compaction when it is tested on the

rebound hammer. Therefore, Rebound hammer should not be used for rough

surfaces

4. Rebound hammer should be pointed at least 20mm away from the shape discontinuity

or edges of the walls.

5. Every point of testing should have six readings of rebound number and its average

value will be marked as the rebound index that will serve as the point of observation

on the concrete surface.

References:

[1] J. Watts, “Concrete: the most destructive material on Earth,” The Guardian, Feb. 25, 2019.
Accessed: Nov. 09, 2021. [Online]. Available:
https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/feb/25/concrete-the-most-destructive-material-on-e
arth
[2] S. Marinković and V. Carević, “10 - Comparative studies of the life cycle analysis between
conventional and recycled aggregate concrete,” in New Trends in Eco-efficient and
Recycled Concrete, J. de Brito and F. Agrela, Eds. Woodhead Publishing, 2019, pp.
257–291. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-102480-5.00010-5.
[3] “The 411 on Recycled Concrete: Uses, Benefits, and How To - Ozinga.”
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