INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY

Department of Electrical Engineering

EMEC Lab I- EE 204

Object:- To Obtain Magnetization Characteristic of a DC shunt Generator.

Apparatus required:

Sr No Apparatus Specification Make

1 DC shunt generator V-220,I-12A,1500RPM EESSS-calcutta
2 Regulator 01 --------
3 Ammeter 0-1A MECO
4 Voltmeter 0-300V MECO

Theory:
Magnetization Curve of DC generator is that curve which gives the relation between
field current and the armature terminal voltage on open circuit.
When the DC generator is driven by a prime mover then an emf is induced in the armature.
The generated emf in the armature is given by an expression

is constant for a given machine.it is replaced by K in this equation.

Here,
φ isthe flux per pole,
P is the no. of poles,
N is the no. of revolution made by armature per minute,
Z is the no. of armature conductors,
A is no. of parallel paths.

Now, from the equation we can clearly see that the generated emf is directly proportional to
the product of flux per pole and the speed of the armature. If the
speed is constant, then the generated emf is directly proportional to the flux per pole.

It is obvious that, as the excitation current or field current (If) increases from its initial value,
the flux and hence generated emf is increased with the field current.
If we plot the generated voltage on the Y axis and field current on the X axis then
the magnetization curve will be as shown in figure below.

Magnetization curve of a DC generator has a great importance because it represents the

saturation of the magnetic circuit. For this reason this curve is also called saturation curve.
According to the molecular theory of magnetism the molecules of a magnetic material, which
is not magnetized, are not arranged or aligned in definite order. When current passed through
the magnetic material then its molecules are arranged in definite order. Up to a certain value
of field current the maximum molecules are arranged. In this stage the flux established in the
pole increased directly with the field current and the generated voltage is also increased.
Here, in this curve, point B to point C is showing this phenomena and this portion of the
magnetization curve is almost a straight line. Above a certain point (point C in this curve) the
nu-magnetized molecules become very fewer and it became very difficult to further increase
in pole flux.This point is called saturation point. Point C is also known as the knee of the
magnetization curve. A small increase in magnetism requires very large field current above
the saturation point. That is why upper portion of the curve (point C to point D) is bend as
shown in figure.
Magnetization curve of a DC generator does not start from zero initially. It starts from a value
of generated voltage due to residual magnetism.
Residual Magnetism
In ferromagnetic materials, the magnetic power and the generated voltage increase with the
increase of the current flow through the coils. When current is reduced to zero, there is still
magnetic power left in those coils core. This phenomenon is called residual magnetism. The
core of a DC machine is made of ferromagnetic material.

.
Circuit Diagram:-

Procedure:-
1-connect the circuit as per fig
2-Apply some suitable mechanical load on brekdrum system.
3-Now start motor by two point starter.
4-Increase mechanical load gradually.
5-Note down readings of tachometer and ammeter in the range of 5-10A.
6-Plot the curve between armature current Vs speed of motor.

Observation table:

S no Field current(If) Terminal Voltage(VT)

1
2
3
4
5
6

Result:

Precaution:
1-All connection should be tight.
2-Handle all the equipment very carefully.
3-Stand on rubber mat at the time of experiment.
4-When the DC machines are put is use after a gap,
Clean the commutator of DC machines by means of soft sand paper.
5-The position of rocker arm of machines should only be shifted, when so required, to run the
machines spark free.
4- Check for proper tension of spring on the carbon holder. If the carbons are too short,
replace it immediately with the new ones.
5- No part of a live circuit should be touched by the bare hand.
6-. Keep the body, or any part of it, out of the circuit.
7-. Always check to see that the power switch is OFF before plugging into the outlet. Also,
turn instrument or equipment OFF before unplugging from the outlet.
8- When disassembling a circuit, first remove the source of power.
9- Shoes must be worn at all times.

Post Experimental Discussion :

Q1. Explain the phenomenon of Voltage Build-up in DC shunt Generator.

Q2. What do you understand by the term Residual Magnetism.
Q3. What do you understand by Critical Field Resistance for a DC Shunt Generator.