El32 Safe Isolation 2017

SAFE ISOLATION
&
SWITCHING PROCEDURES
TEXTBOOK/WORKBOOK
TECHNICAL SHORT COURSE

TSC-EL32
1
2
LESSON OBJECTIVES
SAFE ISOLATION AND SWITCHING PROCEDURES
TEXTBOOK/WORKBOOK
TECHNICAL SHORT COURSE (TSC)

TSC- EL32
TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNIT LESSON DESCRIPTION PAGE
SAFE SWITCHING PROCEDURES 5

1.1 Authority Working On Distribution Network 7
1.2 Communication With Control Center /
19
1 Dispatch Center
1.3 Fulfilling All Requirements Of Safety
29
Documents
1.4 Operator Personal Protection 49
SAFETY DOCUMENTS 63
2 2.1 Types Of Safety Documents 67
2.2 Signs And Barriers 87
3 LOCKOUT/ TAG OUT PROCEDURES 103
GROUNDING & PROCEDURES FOR
4 119
GROUNDING PROCESS
HAZARD ANALYSIS AND RISK
5 141
MANAGEMENT
SAFE ISOLATION AND SWITCHING PROCEDURES, TECHNICAL SHORT COURSE (TSC) - EL32 3
4
UNIT (1)
SAFE SWITCHING
PROCEDURES
5
6
LESSON (1.1)
AUTHORIZATION
TO OPERATE "SEC"
DISTRIBUTION
NETWORK
EQUIPMENT
7
8
LESSON OBJECTIVES
LESSON 1.1
AUTHORIZATION TO OPERATE "SEC"

DISTRIBUTION NETWORK EQUIPMENT
OBJECTIVES:
1. To set out the requirements for authorization of Employees who will operate
or work on the SEC Distribution system.
2. To recognize the different authorization cards.
3. to determine the responsibilities of ‘’authorized SEC employees.
10
INFORMATION SHEET
AUTHORIZATION TO OPERATE "SEC"

DISTRIBUTION NETWORK EQUIPMENT
INTRODUCTION:
The Saudi Electricity Company (SEC), safety rules mandate that only person who
holds authorizations (under supervision of authorized issuer or receiver) can enter and
perform work in the SEC Distribution System, Substations and Network.
Accordingly, a written procedure is deemed necessary to detail the requirements,
methods and authorizations to be adopted.
The application for different authorization categories are as following:
 SEC Authorized Employee

 Issuer
 Receiver
 Competent Worker
 Contractor Authorized Employee

 Safety Engineer
 Safety supervisor
 Receiver
 Competent Worker
1- "SEC" WORKERS AUTHORIZED TO OPERATE MEDIUM

VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT:
There is a set of requirements has to be covered before getting authorization. This set
consists of a standard procedures to be applied restrictedly when working on any of
the medium voltage equipment.
INFORMATION SHEET
1-1. Eligibility For "Authorized Safety Document Issuer"’
1-1.1. Employees shall have minimum qualification, Diploma of Associate Engineer

(Electrical) AND, Having (five-5) year experience in same department at same
post / designation like: Technician or Foreman, …… etc.
1-1.2. Authorized Issuer shall have following trainings.
A. Understand SEC Distribution Safety Rules.

B. Safe Isolation / Grounding procedure.
C. First aid / emergency rescue / Fire.
1-2. Eligibility For ‘’Authorized Safety Document Receiver’’
1-2.1. Employees shall have minimum qualification, Diploma of Associate Engineer

(Technician Designation) AND, Having (five-5) year experience in same department
at same post / designation like: Technician A or Foreman, …… etc.
1-2.2. Authorized Receiver shall have following trainings.
A. Understand SEC Distribution Safety Rules

B. Safe Isolation / Grounding procedure.
C. First aid / emergency rescue / Fire.
1-3. Eligibility For “Authorized SEC Competent Worker”
1-3.1. Employees nominated as Competent worker should be minimum Secondary

qualification (ten-10 years schooling) and (two-2) years technical certificate
(Electrical) in relevant field like: Electrician, Cable jointer, fitter, for heavy Vehicle
operators (Crane, Excavator, truck) local driving lisence is must.
1-3.2. Categories in Competent worker should be according to the SEC Departments

need.
12 SAFE ISOLATION AND SWITCHING PROCEDURES, TECHNICAL SHORT COURSE (TSC) – EL32
INFORMATION SHEET
1-3.3. Authorized Competent Worker should have successfully complete the

following trainings:
A. Understand SEC distribution safety rules.

B. Safe isolation / grounding procedure.
C. First aid / emergency rescue procedure / Fire
D. Electrician (cable termination, splicing, jointing, etc.).
On successful completion of all above requirements Employee (Issuer, Receiver

and competent worker) will be eligible to apply for authorization.
2- AUTHORIZATION REQUIREMEN FOR CONTRACTOR'S

EMPLOYEES:
CATEGORIES QUALIFICATION + EXPERIENCE

Safety Engineer Bachelor in Electrical 05 years in electrical Power
Engineering sector
Safety Supervisor Diploma Of Associate Engineer 05 years in electrical Power
(Electrical) sector
Authorized Diploma Of Associate Engineer 05 years in electrical Power
Receiver (Electrical) sector
Competent 02 years Technical Certificate 05 years as (line man,
Worker (Electrical) Cable man, fitter,..).
Competent Heavy Vehical driving licence 02 years experience as
Worker (Driver) Heavy Vehical driver in
electrical Power sector.
Note:
For Contractors Working for SEC shall manage all trainings eligibility as per SEC
policy.
INFORMATION SHEET
3- AUTHORIZATION CARDS:
3.1. "SEC" AUTHORIZED ISSUER CARD FORM
Fig. 1.1-1 – SEC- Distribution Authorization Card (SEC Issuer)
3.2. "SEC" AUTHORIZED RECEIVER CARD FORM
Fig. 1.1-2 – SEC- Distribution Authorization Card (SEC Receiver - MV)
INFORMATION SHEET
Fig. 1.1-3 – SEC- Distribution Authorization Card (SEC Receiver - LV)
3.3. CONTRACTOR AUTHORIZED RECEIVER CARD FORM
Fig. 1.1-4 – SEC- Distribution Authorization Card (Contractor Receiver - MV)
Fig. 1.1-5 – SEC- Distribution Authorization Card (Contractor Receiver - LV)
INFORMATION SHEET
3.4. "SEC" COMPETENT WORKER CARD FORM
Fig. 1.1-6 – SEC- Distribution Authorization Card (SEC Competent Worker)
3.5. CONTRACTOR COMPETENT WORKER CARD FORM
Fig. 1.1-7 – SEC- Distribution Authorization Card (Contractor Competent Worker)
3.6. COLOR CODES FOR AUTHORIZATION CARDS:
Cards color codes for authorized persons are defined as follows:-

A. Authorized Issuer Card has a PINK Bar Color (Fig. 1.1-1).
B. Authorized Receiver Card has a YELLOW Bar Color.
SEC or Contractor (Fig. 1.1-2, Fig. 1.1-3, Fig. 1.1-4 & 1.1-5).
C. Authorized Competent worker Card has a GRAY Bar Color
SEC or Contractor (Fig. 1-1.6 & 1.1-7).
INFORMATION SHEET
4 . RESPONSIBILITIES OF ‘’AUTHORIZED SEC EMPLOYEES
SEC employee authorization categories are:

- Issuer.
- Receiver.
- Competent Worker.
4.1. AUTHORIZED SAFETY DOCUMENT ISSUER RESPONSIBILITIES
4.1.1. Before processing the Safety Documents, the issuer shall verify the receiver
authorization.
4.1.2. Issuer shall communicate with the Dispatcher / Control engineer for switching
program.
4.1.3. After getting switching Number, Issuer will fill out the safety document.
4.1.4. Issuer shall Identify hazards and take corrective measures before switching.
4.1.5. After switching (de-Energize and isolate) Issuer shall test, lockout and short /
ground the circuit or equipment.
4.1.6. Issuer will get the signature from receiver on safety document and shall confirm
that the safe isolation, shorted & grounded, locks & Tags that were applied to circuit
or equipment.
4.1.7. Issuer will inform to Dispatcher / Control engineer that he should apply danger
tag to the specified circuit or equipment. If switching is made Remotely.
4.1.8. Steps shall be followed when handing over or taking over of safety documents.
4.1.9. In case of non-availability of receiver issuer can work as receiver and supervise
all work. But cannot issue safety document to himself in the same time. It means
one issuer will issue and another issuer will receive safety document
4.2. SEC AND CONTRACTOR AUTHORIZED SAFETY DOCUMENT

RECEIVER RESPONSIBILITIES
4.2.1. Before processing the Safety Documents, the receiver shall verify the issuer
authorization.
INFORMATION SHEET
4.2.2. Receiver will get the signature from issuer on safety document and shall
confirm that the safe isolation, shorted & grounded, locks & Tags that were applied to
circuit or equipment.
4.2.3. Initiating and completing all applicable section of the safety documents.
4.2.4. Supervising the work and shall conduct site visit to ensure that it is conducted
safely.
4.2.5. Providing and arranging all necessary resources related with performing the
work
4.2.6. Notifying the issuer of work progress and completion, and ensuring that the site
is returned to a safe and operational state.
4.3. SEC AND CONTRACTOR AUTHORIZED COMPETENT WORKER

RESPONSIBILITIES
According to the SEC job description of each department, SEC and Contractor
competent worker will carry the task.
5. REASONS FOR RENEWAL / CANCELLATION / WITHDRAWAL OF

AUTHORIZATION
5.1. Moving from an operational to non-operational position within the SEC

Company.
5.2. Leaving the SEC Company
5.3. Unsatisfactory / Unsafe practices.
5.4. Unsafe switching error.
5.5. Moving from one operating area to another.
5.6. Involved in Safety violation.
Note:
Persons who have had their authorization withdrawn for any reason must follow the
full procedure from the start the process to be re-authorized / renewal.
LESSON (1.2)
COMMUNICATION
WITH
CONTROL CENTER /
DISPATCH CENTER
19
20
LESSON OBJECTIVES
LESSON 1.2
COMMUNICATION WITH
CONTROL CENTER/DISPATCH CENTER
OBJECTIVES:
To provide the information about:
1. Explaining the operational relation between Control Centers and Distribution

Departments in normal and emergency cases.
2. Determining the areas of responsibilities of operations and switching centers
3. Classifying the types of required works and the Implementation mechanisms.
4. Classifying the types of emergencies and reporting about each type.
22
INFORMATION SHEET
COMMUNICATION WITH
CONTROL CENTER / DISPATCH CENTER
1. INTRODUCTION:
The operational relation between Control Centers (Dispatch Control Center and
Distribution Control Center) and Distribution Departments is the mechanism by which
the implementation of all required works is conducted in Distribution network,
whether scheduled (programmed) works or emergency works according to the
coordination between the concerned sections or departments to complete their
respective and consistent works as required.
2. AREAS OF INFLUENCE AND RESPONSIBILITY
As shown in figure (1.2-1), transmission system is controlled by the National and

Regional Dispatch (Control) Centers. They are dealing with activities subjected to
central dispatching and schedules. The grid code is organizing this process.
Distribution system is controlled by the Distribution Control Centers. They are
dealing with customers, retailers/traders, embedded and isolated generation. The
Distribution code is organizing this process.
There are specific boundaries for grid code and distribution code, but data and
information are exchanged between these two types of control systems.
3. LOAD DISPATCH (CONTROL) CENTER
Its main functions are:

- Supervising the behavior and response of the electrical network components.
- Controlling the flow of power and applying the required switching operations
to keep the system in healthy condition.
- Network's data acquisition (analogue and digital data).
INFORMATION SHEET
INFORMATION SHEET
- Organizing the required works according to the requests of different sections

and departments in both normal and emergency conditions.
Fig.1.2-2- Operational Relations Between Load Dispatch Center, MV & LV

Operations Centers And Distribution Departments
4. OPERATIONS AND SWITCHING CENTERS
4-1- MEDIUM VOLTAGE (MV) NETWORK OPERATIONS CENTERS
They are carry out all operations (switching On or Off MV circuit breakers and
opening or closing disconnecting switches) in distribution substations and overhead or
underground network for all planned or unplanned (programmed or emergency)
works. These operations and work actions are done by the operators (operations
INFORMATION SHEET
technician) which are distributed in different locations to ensure the quick actions in
coordination with the concerned sections or departments.
4-2- LOW VOLTAGE (LV) NETWORK OPERATIONS CENTERS
They are carry out all operations (switching On or Off LV circuit breakers) in sub-
distribution stations and distribution cabins. These operations and work actions are
done by the emergency technicians which are distributed in different locations to
ensure the quick actions in both normal and emergency condition.
Figure 3-2 has a block diagram which shows operational relations between load
dispatch center, MV & LV operations centers and distribution departments.
5. TYPES OF REQUIRED WORKS:
5-1- SCHEDULED (PROGRAMMED)WORKS:
5-1-1- NEW INSTALLATIONS IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORK:
New installations include energizing the new stations, new feeders, new overhead
lines, KWH meters connection for new customers, rerouting the cables routes and
renewing the old stations.
The required new works are implemented by construction department, operating
department or contractors through Work Permits which are issued by studding
application department or planning department.
5-1-2- PLANNED ROUTINE MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS:
It includes all routine (planned) maintenance works in distribution network as station

maintenance, cable maintenance, KWH meters maintenance, OHL maintenance. The
required works carried out according to the predesigned programs and coordinated
with the concerned departments.
INFORMATION SHEET
5-2- EMERGENCY (UNSCHEDULED) WORKS:
Emergency works include following the situation of the separated power supply parts
on an emergency basis and locate and isolate defected parts. It includes securing
power supply to the affected parts of the network.
Receiving reports of malfunctions can be from load centers (MV Network faults) or
customers (LV Network faults). Immediate report should be forwarded to the officials
according to the power outage's cases of emergency:
6. IMMEDIATE REPORTING OF EMERGENCIES
According to DISTRIBUTION OPERATION MANUAL "DOM No. 01- 03"

about Operation Relation between control centers, for all emergency cases, reporting
must be done and sent to the responsible person according to the type and size of
emergency as:
6-1- SUPPLY OUTAGE EMERGENCIES:
- The manual contains the procedures of informing officials of any emergency

outages in the distribution network by engineers and supervisors in shift's duty.
- The report has to contain the cause of outage and the expected period to restore
the supply.
- The levels of officials depend on the duration of outage and the size of isolated
area or the number of affected customers.
6-2- INJURIES EMERGENCIES:
The reporting has to include detailed information about each cause for injury of
employees (electric shock, mechanical equipment, traffic or similar incidents, ……)
and the level of injury Injuries resulting from.
INFORMATION SHEET
6-3- FIRE EMERGENCIES:
Reporting has to be done immediately by telephone to many levels as Civil Defense,

Industrial Safety, Section Head, Department Manager according to the importance of
the location and its sensitivity.
LESSON (1.3)
FULFILLING ALL
REQUIREMENTS
OF SAFETY
DOCUMENTS
29
30
LESSON OBJECTIVES
LESSON 1.3
FULFILLING ALL REQUIREMENTS OF

SAFETY DOCUMENTS
OBJECTIVES:
- To know the procedures have to apply for authorization process.

- To determine the responsibilities of authorized issuer and receiver.
- To provide procedures for the preparation, issuing, receiving, transferring,
handling and cancellation (closing) of safety documents between SEC
distribution working teams and also non SEC organizations.
32
INFORMATION SHEET
FULFILLING ALL REQUIREMENTS OF

SAFETY DOCUMENTS
1. INTRODUCTION:
The Saudi Electricity Company (SEC), safety rules mandate that only person who
holds authorizations (under the supervision of authorized issuer or receiver) can enter
and perform work in the SEC Distribution System, Substations and Network.
Accordingly, a written procedure is deemed necessary to detail the requirements,
methods and authorizations to be adopted.
2. PROCESS OF AUTHORIZATION FOR SEC EMPLOYEES
Figure (1-3-1) shows the flow chart for authorization's process.

The following procedures have to be followed to apply the authorization process :
2.1. The Division Manager will nominate employee as:

2.1.1. (Operator) Issuer,
2.1.2. Receiver and
2.1.3. Competent worker
according to his eligibility or job experience.
2.2. The Division Manager will send signed the application form (Figure 1-3-2), with
attached related documents to the Department Manager.
2.3. After verification of documents, employees will be informed, when they will be
scheduled to participate in the written test / interview or Practical.
2.4. Four weeks prior to scheduled test dates, employee list from each Department will
be sent to PAC (Permanent Authorization Committee) for preparation of written test /
interview or Practical.
2.5. After the written / interview PAC will issue the result for further process and sent
to the Department Manager and also to DHSE group via E-mail:
BAKanhal@se.com.se and mstipu@se.com.se.
INFORMATION SHEET
Fig. 1-3-1 - Flow Chart For Authorization process
2.6. On Receiving List of the employees from PAC, each Department will update the
successful employee’s status in SEC intranet system.
INFORMATION SHEET
Fig. 1-3-2 – Application Form For SEC Employee Authorization
2.7. Each Department will also issue authorization cards to employees according to
their categories (Figure 1.1-1, 1.1-2, 1.1-3 & 1.1-6 ).
2.8. For renewal of Authorization card, (four-4) weeks prior to completion of (two-2)
years, the Division Manager will submit the application form (Figure-1-3-2), to
Department Manager for re-validation of Authorization.
INFORMATION SHEET
2.9. For re-validation of Authorization, employees will be re-examined (take re-write

/ re-interview or Practical).
2.10. In case Employee fails to achieve PAC Standard, he will reappear after (six-6)
month.
2.11. Once authorized, If an employee do safety violation, SEC can withdraw his
Authorization and cancelled it.
3. CONTRACTOR EMPLOYEE AUTHORIZATION PROCESS
3.1. Contractor Manager will apply for authorization on the application form (Figure-
1-3-3), to Department Manager for re-validation of Authorization.
3.2. In case contractor employee has not got training then contractor safety engineer
shall arrange all required training to his employees according to SEC
authorization training criteria.
3.3. The contractor nominated staff shall be interviewed by the department safety
coordinator in their relevant categories and forwarded sucssesful emplyement to
department manager.
3.4. After submitting of all forms , contractor employees will be informed, when they
will be scheduled to patesipate in the examination.
3.5. Four weeks prior to the scheduled test date , depatement manager shall submit
employee list for each category to PAC for preparation of exam.
3.6. After the examination PAC will issue the result for further process and sent to
the Department Manager and also to DHSE group via E-mail:
BAKanhal@se.com.se and mstipu@se.com.se.
3.7. PAC has the right to fail and or reject any employee failing to demonstrate
practically or interview even he passed the written test.
3.8. On receiving list of the contractor staff from PAC, the department manager shall
update the successful employee's status in SEC interanet system.
3.9. The department manager shall also issue authorization cards to the successful
employees.
INFORMATION SHEET
Fig. 1-3-3 – Application Form For Contractor Employee Authorization
4- RESPONSIBILITY AND AUTHORITY FOR IMPLEMENTATION

OF SAFETY DOCUMENT:
It is the responsibility of the all concerned SEC Departments Managers / Division

manager, Sector / Departement safety coordinator, Safety representative, Authorized
issuer, Authorized receiver, Contractor's safety engineer and Supervisors and DHSE
Group to implement these safety documents (MV and LV) as following:
INFORMATION SHEET
4-1- DUITES OF DEPARTMENT/DIVISION MANAGERS:
4-1-1- Constitution of permanent authorization committee, monitoring and

implementing authorization process so only authorized employee work in SEC
Distribution Network.
4-1-2- Making sure that Authorization Cards shall be issued to all issuers, receivers
and competent workers who successfully achieved Permanent Authorization
Committee (PAC) selected criteria.
4-1-3- If employees are not fulfilling the criteria of PAC due to non-availability of
safety courses, Departments Manager shall raise a need and take immediate
arrangement for all such courses to implement authorization process.
4-1-4- Conducting regular planned or unplanned or both jobs at worksites and make
immediate corrective actions by providing facilities, issuing warning or prohibition
notes and take further corrective e actions as required.
4-1-5- After taking final corrective measure, still points 3 & 4 recommended actions
are not followed or implemented, issue warning notices to SEC and contractors
employees.
4-2- DUITES OF DEPARTMENT SAFETY COORDINATOR:
4-2-1- To deliver and/or arrange training on safety documents and authorization for
staff (SEC and Contractors employees).
4-2-2- Coordinate with Department Manager in constitution of PAC for authorization
of staff.
4-2-3- Share and follow process of authorization with Department Manager and
provide necessary support in implementing authorization.
4-2-4- To insure that all SEC and contractor are trained and qualified to perform jobs
or tasks.
4-2-5- To ensure the provision of the needed safety documents.
4-2-6- To ensure the provision of the needed tags and locks.
4-2-7- To inspect (02) planned and (01) unplanned jobs on weekly bases.
INFORMATION SHEET
4-2-8- Submit an inspection report with checklist to Department Manager and sector
safety coordinator for correct and immediate actions.
4-2-9- In safety meetings on sector level, highlight all previous reports which have not
been processed and/or where corrective actions are not taken.
4-2-10- Get feedback and follow-up from safety representatives on daily bases.
4-2-11- Discuss recommended action of safety representatives and take a suitable
arrangements for implementation.
4-2-12- Issue warning notices to SEC and contractors employees in case of Violations.
4-3- DUITES OF SAFETY REPRESENTATIVES:
4-3-1- Shall inspect min. (01) planned or unplanned jobs on daily bases.
4-3-2- Has the right to stop the work when SEC operational and safety standard are
not followed or violated.
4-3-3- Submit an inspection report with checklist to Department Manager or
Department Safety Coordinator for correct and immediate actions.
4-3-4- Followup and implement corrective actions.
4-3-5- Attend meetings of the safety committee and highlight all previous reports
which have been processed and where corrective actions are required.
4-4- DUITES OF CONTRACTOR SAFETY ENGINEER/SUPERVISOR:
4-4-1- To raise understanding and implementation of safety culture at workplace by

delivering training material (Safety documents, hazard analysis,).
4-4-2- To insure that all employees are trained and qualified to execute the assigned
jobs or tasks.
4-4-3- Coordinate with Department Safety Coordinator for completing the
authorization process by providing receivers and competent worker employees
records as per PAC requirements.
4-4-4- Submit safety performance indicators report to Department Safety Coordinator.
INFORMATION SHEET
4-4-5- Follow-up and implementing of authorization, safety document, contractor

safety qualification and safety performance indicators.
4-4-6- Provide and insure use of hold tags and locks at isolation points by receiver.
4-4-7- Shall inspect min. (02) planned and (01) unplanned jobs on weekly bases, and
make sure SEC operational and safety standard are followed correctively.
4-4-8- Submit an inspection report with checklist to Contractor Manager for correct
and immediate actions.
4-4-9- Conduct internal safety meetings once in a week and highlight all previous
reports which have been processed and where corrective actions are required.
4-5- DUITES OF DISTRIBUTION HEALTH, SAFETY AND

ENVIRONMENT GROUP (DHSE):
4-5-1- DHSE shall conduct regular inspections of all activities to monitor and
implement SEC safety documents.
4-5-2- DHSE shall monitor and inspect the authorization, safety documents and
contractor safety qualification, incase concern SEC department or contractors failed to
achieved, DHSE group will inform to higher authority for further action.
4-5-3- HDSE shall stop the job on braving unsafe condition or unsafe actions.
4-5-4- DHSE can also carry striking visits/inspection in any department/sector without
prior intimation.
5- PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS BEFORE ISSUING AN

ELECTRICAL PERMIT
A PTW System aims to ensure that proper planning and consideration is given to the
risk of the particular job. The PTW is a written document which authorizes certain
workers / employees to carry out specific work, at certain time and place, which sets
out the main precautions needed to complete the job safely. Fig 1-3-4 shows Meduim
Voltage (MV) Permit To Work (PTW) flowchart.
INFORMATION SHEET
There are precautions have to be taken before starting the work and before issuing an
Electrical work permit to ensure that the work to be undertaken will not affect the
safety of SEC personnel or property and public.
Fig 1-3-4 MV Permit To Work (PTW) Flowchart
INFORMATION SHEET
AS shown in Fig 1-3-4, reciver and competent worker have to conduct toolbox talks
about the required job task. Then, issuer has to apply switching program to electrically
switch off, isolate and connect to ground the required equipment according to SEC
operating instructions and regulation.
Fig 1-3-5- LV Permit To Work (PTW) Flowchart
INFORMATION SHEET
After completion of isolation process, safety document should be issued by the issuer
and a copy from it should be handed over to the receiver.
Verification and confirmation of de-energization should be done by the receiver then
receives the safety document.
According to the type of required works, protective grounding has to be applied by the
receiver. Competent workers have to commencement of the required task. After
finishing from the task, protective grounding has to be removed and working area has
to be cleared from tools and maintenance equipment. Competent worker has to submit
clearance to the receiver who has to check the completion of the task, verify and
confirm that workplace is clear.
Reciver has ro close and cancel the safety document to the issuer.
Isuuer has to take the recever's document copy and get signature on the three copies of
the PTW.
Issuer has to verfy and confirm to the reciver that, system is ready for energizing.
Then he has to put signature on ready for energization.
Fig 1-3-5- shows LV Permit To Work (PTW) Flowchart. It include the required action
to be done from "issuer", "contractor receiver and competent worker" or SEC
"competent worker" to finalize the required job or task.
6- SWITCHING PROGRAM
The following is the duities of the Work Permit Issuer:
 To obtain a Switching Program Number (SPN) from Power Control Center.

 To execute the switching program and to ensure that the work place is isolated,
grounded and ready for working safely.
 The execution of the switching / isolation program does not authorize the receiver
to perform the task without obtaining PTWs and failing to inform to Power
Control Center.
6-1- BEFORE STARTING THE REQUIRED WORKS
Before starting any work in a restricted area, the receiving party (maintenance / repair
technician in charge) will request the proper work permit from the Authorized Issuer
(operation)
INFORMATION SHEET
For safety purposes and before issuing the work permit, the Authorized Issuer must
verify and ascertain that the Authorized Receiver possess:
 A valid up-to-date receiving card and approved for the type of work to be
executed,
 A valid up-to date personal SEC-ID card.
 Both Issuer and Receiver have the right to check the validity of the authorization
cards.
6-2- AUTHORIZED ISSUER'S RESPONSIBILITIES:
6-2-1- To ensure that all needed safety equipment such as barriers / barricades are
provided to secure the work areas.
6-2-2- Any abnormal conditions and required safety precautions must be noted on the
safety documents.
6-2-3- After de-energization of the equipment / Feeder, he has to properly lock
out/Tag out/Tryout the equipment.
6-2-4- Isolate and earth the equipment inside the panel / feeder from terminal jumpers
in presence of Authorized Receiver.
6-2-5- To take the necessary action to correct the status if the job is stopped.
6-2-6- To check that all personnel / material / tools / equipment that are not necessary
and may create hazards to personnel / equipment must be kept away from the
job-site.
6-3- AUTHORIZED RECEIVERS RESPONSIBILITIES:
6-3-1- To perform the work safely and maintain his own safety as well as that of those
who work with him.
6-3-2- To ensure that all required tools and equipment including personal protective
equipment are provided and are in a good condition.
INFORMATION SHEET
6-3-3- To coordinate with the authorized issuer before starting and after completion
of the work.
6-3-4- To stop the work at any time if realized that it is not safe.
6-3-5- To inform the issuing party / Authorized Issuer immediately upon stopping the
job.
6-3-6- To take the necessary action to correct the safety deficiencies and to re-start the
work when the conditions are safe.
6-3-7- If the work permit is cancelled due to unsafe conditions he must obtain a new
work permit before stating the job.
7- SAFETY DOCUMENT'S PROCEEDING:
7-1- SAFETY DOCUMENT'S ISSUING/RECEIVING

PROCEDURES
These procedures are taken before, during and after execution of work to ensure that
all safety precautions have been taken and that workers or property are not at risk.
7-1-1- ISSUING
1. A switching program number must be written on PTWs / safety document.

2. The issuer must familiarize with the work area or site and confirm that the work
can be done safely and must fill "additional / special precautions" where
necessary.
3. The issuer must follow the PTW documentation process and cannot issue or
cancel or close the PTW by telephone .Any document cannot be issued or
received through verbal communication or through telephonic message is not
valid and this practice is strictly prohibited.
4. After checking that the facility and the job site are safe for workers and that the
work can be executed in a safe manner the authorized issuer may issue the work
INFORMATION SHEET
permit to the authorized receiver by completing the issuer sections of the work
permit form.
5. Both the Issuer and the Receiver must have their authorization cards with them
during the issue of, cancellation & closing and for the duration of the permit.
These special precautions must be followed by the receiving Team.
7-1-2- RECEIVING
1. The authorized receiver will complete his portion of the work permit and also
get sign from “Competent Workers” portion, the job site has been completed
and no worker is at danger.
2. The receiver's signature on the work permit implies his complete acceptance of
the conditions that are mentioned in the PTWs and that all safety precautions
have and will be been taken.
3. In case of long term tasks such as:
a. Major changes or construction.
b. Comprehensive maintenance.
c. One work permit that includes all required tasks to be executed can be
issued, on condition that all tasks are under the supervision of one person.
4- If any new tasks are to be executed and are not listed in the main work permit, a
new work permit must be issued for those tasks.
5- The authorized receiver can receive more than one work permit providing that
the work permits are specified for certain jobs.
7-2- SAFETY DOCUMENT'S TRANSFERRING/HANDLING/

CANCELLING (CLOSING) PROCEDURES
7-2-1- PROCEDURES FOR TRANSFERRING WORK PERMITS
In case the receiver is replaced during the validity of the work permit, the outgoing
receiver must inform the authorized issuer about this change (and the issuer's approval
INFORMATION SHEET
should be obtained) and transfer his authorization to the incoming Authorized

Receiver as is detailed below:
1- The outgoing receiver must discuss the safety aspects of the job being undertaken
with the incoming Authorized Receiver.
2- The incoming and outgoing receivers must conduct an inspection to determine the
safety of personnel and facilities.
3- The transfer must be documented by the outgoing authorized receiver and the
incoming authorized receiver on the specified form.
4- The first receiver will release his responsibility by completing the outgoing
receiver on the specified form.
5- The incoming receiver will accept the responsibility of continuing the job safely by
completing the incoming receiver portion of the work permit.
6- The outgoing receiver must inform the authorized issuer of the incoming receiver’s
name and the badge number as soon as responsibility is transferred.
7- If the incoming receiver is not satisfied with the safety of the worksite, he can ask
the outgoing receiver to close the work permit and request a new work permit once
the site has been made safe.
8- In case the issuer is replaced during the validity of the work permit, the outgoing
issuer must inform the incoming issuer about all PTWs issued.
7-2-2 HANDLING THE WORK PERMIT
1- The Authorized Receiver must stay at the job site throughout the entire period of
the work permit. If he leaves the job site for a short period of time (not more than 2
hours) with the permission of the issuer, and his absence does not contradict the
requirements of the permit
2- If the job is not completed by the end of day, the Authorized Receiver is
responsible to ensure that there are no hazards at the job site before leaving the
site.
INFORMATION SHEET
3- During the entire period of the work, it is the duty of the authorized receiver to
conduct frequent inspections to ensure the safety of his personnel and the facility
while the work is in progress
7-2-3- PROCEDURES FOR CANCELLING (CLOSING) THE PTW
1- Before cancelling (closing) the work permit, both the issuer and the receiver will
conduct a joint inspection to ensure that the work has been completed and the
conditions are safe to close out the work permit.
2- The work permit will be closed out by the signature of both the receiver and the
issuer after the work has been completed and after ensuring that all personnel,
equipment, tools and waste has been removed from the job site.
3- The work permit is closed out by the last receiver who completed the work permit
by filling in the "Closing the Work Permit" portion of the permit form and by the
last issuer who also completes the "Closing the Work Permit” portion of the
permit form.
4- In case of emergency, or if the receiver is not present, the Division Manager /
Section Head Or Receiver's Supervisor Will Close Out The Work Permit By
Proper Filling Out The Portion Of Competent Worker team leader.
5- The closed out copy should be returned to the issuer immediately after completing
the job. If the work permit has been transferred to another issuer, the work permit
will be closed by last issuer.
LESSON (1.4)
OPERATOR
PERSONAL
PROTECTION
49
50
LESSON OBJECTIVES
LESSON 1.4
OPERATOR PERSONAL PROTECTION
OBJECTIVES:
1- To get a scope view about Safety in electrical work.

2- To know the general recommendations for safe work practices.
3- To know the High Voltage switching operation sticks usage applications.
4- To identify the details and the applications of Barriers And Signs Equipment.
5- To summarize the required body protection to avoid the possible work place risks.
52
INFORMATION SHEET
OPERATOR PERSONAL PROTECTION
1- SAFETY IN ELECTRICAL WORK
The application of instructions and procedures accurately is the duty of the technicians
for the safety and success of the work according to:
- The job should be assigned to well trained and qualified technicians specially
working on energized equipment.
- Complete the work accurately within the specified time and avoid obstacles and
problems leading to delay restoring electricity.
- Wear personal safety attire and use the proper protective equipment according to
SEC standards and instruction given to you, Figure 1.4-1.
- Strictly follow the instructions and procedures for the assigned job.
Figure 1.4-1- Personal Safety Attire
INFORMATION SHEET
- Use the proper safety documents (permits, clearances, hold tags and pad locks)
and make sure that the assigned job is done according to SEC standards and
instruction given to you.
- Use the proper test equipment to ensure disconnection/restoration of electricity
according to SEC standards and instruction given to you, figure 1.4-2.
Figure 1.4-2- Using Suitable Protecting Suit During Isolation & Restoration Process
- Collect your tools and test equipment, arrange your toolbox and clean the work
site before leaving.
- After completing the assigned job Fill in forms/reports and update the logbook
according to SEC standards and instruction given to you.
INFORMATION SHEET
2- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SAFE WORK PRACTICES:
- Treat all electrical equipment and conductors as energized, until proven to be

de-energized.
- Undertake a formal risk assessment for MV switching operations to identify
and consider all potential hazards, the risks associated with those hazards,
including consequences, and the control measures that can be applied. The risk
management process should eliminate, or reduce as far as reasonably
practicable, risks associated with MV switching.
- Require a permit for MV switching, and cancel the permit upon completion.
- Before carrying out MV switching for energized overhead electrical equipment,
identify the specific hazards associated with each job, considering risk factors
such as:
o The minimum approach distance from any exposed energized electrical
equipment
o The position of exposed energized conductors and live conductive parts.
o Environmental conditions (e.g. hot, wet, humid).
o Fault levels (and their possible reduction) − the design of switches for
operating under load
o The capacity of personal protective equipment to withstand the fault
current.
o Automatic reclosing functions (e.g. disable to avoid reclosing after fault
has occurred).
o Where identified as a critical control measure by the risk assessment,
provide a competent safety observer while performing MV switching.
o Include the inspection and checking of testing records of personal
protective equipment in the MV switching procedure and work permit
system.
 Before use: − air-test and visually inspect the entire surface of
MV insulating gloves.
INFORMATION SHEET
 Thoroughly inspect MV work sticks for damage and deformity,

and wipe them clean:
 Ensure personal protective equipment is clean and completely
free of moisture.
 Establish an inventory management system that prompts action
when testing is due.
 Ensure the voltage rating of personal protective equipment is
appropriate to insulate the MV operator from the energized part
where the switching is performed.
 Implement an out-of-service tagging procedure for damaged
personal protective equipment.
 Transport and store all MV personal protective equipment in
suitable storage containers. Consult the original equipment
manufacturer (OEM) for advice.
3- HIGH VOLTAGE SWITCHING OPERATION STICKS:
A hot stick is an insulated pole, usually made of fiberglass, used by electric utility
workers when engaged on live-line working on energized High Voltage electric power
lines, to protect them from electric shock.
Figure 1.4-3 - A High Voltage Multifunction Hot Stick Set
INFORMATION SHEET
Depending on the tool attached to the end of the hot stick, it is possible to:
- Test for voltage,

- Tighten nuts and bolts,
- Apply tie wires (twisted lengths of ductile wire which fasten the running cable
to its supporting insulators),
- Open and close switches,
- Replace fuses,
- Lay insulating sleeves on wires, and
- Perform various other tasks while not exposing the crew to a large risk
of electric shock.
Fiberglass telescoping types of hot sticks allow utility workers to perform operations
on power lines safely without de-energizing them or while the state of the power line
is not yet known.
This is essential because certain operations (such as opening or closing combination
fuse/switches) must occasionally be performed on an energized line. Additionally,
after a fault occurs, the exact state of a line may not be certain; in this case, for reasons
of crew safety, the utility workers must treat the line as though it were energized until
it can be proven that it is not and safety ground cables can be applied to the line (so
that the line is guaranteed to remain grounded/earthed while maintenance is performed
upon it).
The hot stick not only electrically insulates the worker from the energized conductor,
it provides physical separation from the device being operated, to reduce the chances
of burns which might result from electrical arcing if there is a malfunction of the
device being operated.
According to OSHA standards, it is required that hot sticks should be inspected and
electrically tested every two years.
INFORMATION SHEET
4- PERSONAL PROTECTIVE (TEMPORARY) GROUNDING:
Temporary Protective Grounds limit the voltage rise at the work site to a safe value in
those cases where the equipment or line being worked upon is accidentally energized.
They also provide a means for fault current to flow in case of accidental energization,
allowing upstream protective devices to trip.
An additional function of protective grounds is to protect against capacitive or
inductively coupled voltage from adjacent parallel energized lines.
Temporary Protective Grounds must have adequate electrical and mechanical capacity
to withstand the maximum available fault current for the full time over which that
current may be encountered, i.e., fault-clearing time. In substations where fault energy
levels may exceed the capability of a single ground assembly, two cables of equal
length per phase shall be used.
Fig. Fig. 1.4-4 shows the temporary (portable) protective ground cable assembly.
Fig. 1.4-4 – Temporary (Portable) Protective Ground Cable Assembly
INFORMATION SHEET
Fig. 1.4-5 – Temporary (Portable) Ground Connection to a Bus or Conductor
5- PORTABLE EARTH APPLICATION (PEA) DOCUMENT:
5.1. Portable Earth Application is a safety document issued by the control engineer I
NWO to an authorized receiver in charge of the electrical equipment which is not
equipped with a Circuit Main Earth switch and de-energized from all possible power
sources. This document is mostly needed for equipment related to outdoor substations.
5.2. De-energization shall be done by the Control Center I Network and confirmed by
the control engineer as documented in the safety document form.
5.3. PEA shall be issued following the steps laid down in the switching program. Once
PEA is issued, control engineer shall record the PE a number in the "safety document"
field of the "distribution outage" file of the computer based data base of the Control
Center.
The status of this document can be retrieved at any time with one of the following
entries;
5.3.1. PEA Number.
5.3.2. Date of issue of PEA.
5.3.3. ID No. of the receiver.
5.4. All activities regarding the issue of a PEA will be recorded by control engineer in:
INFORMATION SHEET
5.4.1. Computer based data base field provided for the safety document
description.
5.4.2. Switching program, at the step of issue of the P.E.A.
5.5. All activities regarding the issue of a P.E.A shall be recorded by the NWO, in the
first upper part. In the standard PEA Form shown.
5.5.1. Once the PEA is issued, the receiving person shall record all PEA
information in the standard, in the specified field for the receiver.
5.5.2. Having received the PEA document, the receiver is allowed to apply the
portable earth at the required point of work. This PEA should never be
removed at all only under the permission of the control engineer and where
specified in the safety document.
5.5.3. The subsequent next required safety document which is either PTW or
SFT shall be issued for the required job.
5.5.4. During work progress and while the P.E.A safety document is valid, the
control engineer shall issue verbal hold instruction through the NWO to all
S.TW’s, whenever needed to issue S.F.T. The job will be resumed under the
same P.T.W safety document when the hold condition is over after
confirmation that CME/PEA is applied.
5.5.5. After all required jobs for the isolated equipment under program are
completed; all issued safety documents (P.T.W and S.F.T) shall be closed.
5.5.6. P.E.A safety document shall be the last safety document to be closed to
proceed for equipment restoration.
5.5.7. ln conditions where crews are working in different locations within the
same isolation limits, then it is permissible to issue multiple P.E.A
6- BODY PROTECTION
Employees who face possible bodily injury of any kind that cannot be eliminated
through engineering, work practice or administrative controls, must wear appropriate
body protection while performing their jobs.
INFORMATION SHEET
Fig. 1.4-6 –Body Protection From Electricity Hazards
In addition to cuts and radiation, the following are examples of workplace hazards that
could cause bodily injury:
- Temperature extremes;
- Hot splashes from molten metals and other hot liquids;
- Potential impacts from tools, machinery and materials;
- Hazardous chemicals.
Protective clothing comes in a variety of materials, each effective against particular

hazards, such as:
- Paper-like fiber used for disposable suits provide protection against dust and
splashes.
- Treated wool and cotton adapts well to changing temperatures, is
comfortable, and fire-resistant and protects against dust, abrasions and rough
and irritating surfaces.
- A closely woven cotton fabric that protects against cuts and bruises when
handling heavy, sharp or rough materials.
INFORMATION SHEET
- Leather is often used to protect against dry heat and flames.

- Rubber, rubberized fabrics, neoprene and plastics protect against certain
chemicals and physical hazards.
UNIT (2)
SAFETY
DOCUMENTS
63
64
UNIT OBJECTIVES
UNIT (2)
SAFETY DOCUMENTS
OBJECTIVES:
1- To recognize the different, following safety documents:
a. Medium Voltage (MV) Permit To Work (PTW) Document,

b. Limit Of Access (LOA) Document,
c. Sanction For Testing (SFT) Document,
d. Low Voltage Permit To Work (LV – PTW) Document and
e. Isolation & Earthing Request (IER).
2- To provide procedures for the preparation, issuance, clearance and
cancellation of safety documents between SEC distribution working
teams and Non SEC organization.
66
LESSON (2.1)
TYPES OF
SAFETY
DOCUMENTS
67
68
LESSON OBJECTIVES
LESSON 2.1
TYPES OF SAFETY DOCUMENTS
OBJECTIVES:
- To recognize the different, following safety documents and how to deal with
every document:
1. Medium Voltage (MV) Permit To Work (PTW) Document,

2. Limit Of Access (LOA) Document,
3. Sanction For Testing (SFT) Document,
4. Low Voltage Equipment Disconnection and reconnection Order-(EDRO)
Document and
5. Isolation & Earthing Request (IER).
6. Confined space entry and On-site rescue plan.
70
INFORMATION SHEET
TYPS OF SAFETY DOCUMENTS
1- INTRODUCTION:
Safety Documents are official documents issued by an Authorized Issuer to

Authorized Receiver in order to perform Electrical Energized, De- Energized and Non
Electrical work on SEC Distribution system.
Both Issuer and Receiver have to agree upon all conditions & requirements of this
document. The Safety Documents prescribes the minimum safety requirements and
precautions for the task.
Safety Document procedure is to be adopted strictly at SEC Distribution system. Same
Safety documents have to be applicable in all Regions of SEC Distribution System.
A PTW System aims to ensure that proper planning and consideration is given to the
risk of the particular job. The PTW is a written document which authorizes certain
workers / employees to carry out specific work, at certain time and place, which sets
out the main precautions needed to complete the job safely.
2- TYPES OF SAFETY DOCUMENTS
Safety documents are required for applying planned, unplanned and/or emergency
types of jobs or tasks. The applied safety documents are:-
2-1- MEDUIM VOLTAGE PERMIT TO WORK (MV PTW):
It is to perform De- Energized Electrical work on SEC Distribution system. Fig. 2-1-1
shows a form of this permit to work. PTW has three copies with different colours as
shown in fig. 2-1-3. Pink copy has to be held by the authorized issuer for this PTW.
Yellow copy has to be held by the authorized receiver and the blue one for record.
Fig. 2-1-2- shows the rear side of the PTW form. It contains the instructions for PTW.
2-2- SANCTION FOR TEST (SFT)
It is to perform Energized Electrical work on SEC Distribution system. SFT is used

in case of testing on MV equipment. Fig. 2-1-4 shows a from this type. SFT has three
copies with different colours too as shown in fig. 2-1-6 as pink, yellow and blue
INFORMATION SHEET
copies. Fig. 2-1-5- shows the rear side of the SFT form. It contains the instructions for
issuing and receiving SFT.
2-3- LIMITATION OF ACCESS (LOA)
It is to perform the Non Electric Work on SEC Distribution system. LOA is used in
case of works proximity of electricity. LOA deals with safe approach distance from
energized equipment or in case of de-energization of electrical equipment. Fig. 2-1-7
shows the form of this type. LOA has three copies with different colours too as shown
in fig. 2-1-9 as pink, yellow and blue copies. Fig. 2-1-8- shows the rear side of the
LOA form. It contains the instructions for issuing and receiving LOA.
2-3- LOW VOLTAGE PERMIT TO WORK (LV PTW):
The LV PTW to be used for the voltages including and up to 400 or 380 volts and 230
or 127 volts. LV PTW deals with safe approach distances and in case of de-
energization of electrical equipment. Maintenance/construction work to be performed
on LV system through LV PTW. The procedure for work permit receiver and issuer is
same as for the MV permit issuing and cancellation but the LV permit form and
instructions for issuing and receiving are shown in fig. 2-1-10 and 2-1-11.
This LV PTW will be implemented for all SEC Distribution employees and
contractors withen SEC Operation, Control and Maintenance and for new installations
of low voltage.
2-4- CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PERMIT (CSEP):
The CSPE is used in case of doing works in the confined space areas like manholes or
basements. CSEP contains On-Site Rescue plan data shown in fig. 2-1-14. On-Site
Rescue Plan based on the assessment of hazards in confined space.
CSPE issuer and receiver shall insure that the attached "On-Site Rescue Plan" for the
confined space has been completed and all the rescue equipment identified in the plan
is available to the effect of a rescue.
INFORMATION SHEET
Fig 2-1-1 MV Permit To Work (PTW) Form
INFORMATION SHEET
Fig 2-1-2- Instruction for PTW
Fig 2-1-3- Colours for PTW Copies
INFORMATION SHEET
Fig 2-1-4- Sanction for Test (SFT) Form
INFORMATION SHEET
Fig 2-1-5- Instruction for SFT
Fig 2-1-6- Colours for SFT Copies
INFORMATION SHEET
Fig 2-1-7- Limitation of Access (LOA) Form
INFORMATION SHEET
Fig 2-1-8- Instruction for LOA
Fig 2-1-9- colours for LOA Copies
INFORMATION SHEET
Fig 2-1-10- L.V. Permit To Work (PTW) Form
INFORMATION SHEET
Fig 2-1-11- Instruction for L.V. (PTW)
Fig 2-1-12- Colours for L.V. (PTW) Copies
INFORMATION SHEET
2-5- ISOLATION AND EARTHING:
2-5-1- ISOLATION AND RE-ENERGIZING PROCESS:
Fig 2-1-13 shows steps of isolation and re-energizing process. As a start, steps 1 to 6
shows the steps of isolation process, step 7 is the commencement of job or task, while
steps 8 to 13 shows the steps of re-energizing process.
Fig 2-1- 13- Isolation and re-energiation process steps
INFORMATION SHEET
2-5-2- ISOLATION AND EARTHING REQUEST (IER)
It is a Safety Document Between SEC Distribution And Non SEC Organization. Both
Fig. 2-1-14 and Fig. 2-1-15 show the contents of the front and rear sides of IER form.
The (IER) document has been segregated and issued separately for other distribution,
transmission, generation and all Non-SEC interconnected consumers to cater for the
points of interface between the SEC-distribution and these mentioned authorities.
1. Control Center (A) described in this section refers the controller of area in which
work is required.
2. Control Center (B) described in this section refers to the controller of area which is
connected to the area of Control Center (A). This controller may be from
transmission, generation, other distribution or a non-SEC interconnected system.
3. When work is required by Control Center (A) which involves isolation points that
fall under the jurisdiction of Control Center (B), the following steps are to be
followed:
3-1. Control Center (A) shall request Control Center (B) to isolate and earth all
related equipment in his authority.
3-2. Control Center (B) shall open, earth and put Caution Notice. Danger Notice
and Safety Locks at the points of isolation.
3-3. Control Center (B) shall issue Isolation and Earthing Request (lER) safety
document to Control Center (A) stating that the equipment is isolated and safe to
work.
4. In case the work required by Control Center (A) includes total isolation and
Earthing of a Bus Bar, then Control Center (B) shall issue (IER) after carrying out all
required isolation steps.
5. If the required work is to maintain the circuit breaker of the interface point; then it
is only required to switch off, rack-out and carry out the required maintenance under
(LOA) issued by Control Center (A) and received by the maintenance staff related to
Control Center (A) who is the owner of this equipment.
INFORMATION SHEET
Fig 2-1-14- Request for Isolation and Earthing (IER) Form
INFORMATION SHEET
6. In case of the generator transformer (Gen-T): respective operations shall be

completed by Control Center (A) for Distribution SEC and Control (B) for Generation
Sector. Safety document following the (IER) shall be issued by Control Center (A) if
the work is at the Gen-T terminations towards the GIS.
Fig 2-1- 15- Instruction for IER – SEC Distribution System
INFORMATION SHEET
3- WORK PERMIT DURATION PERIOD
3-1. The work permit is issued for a period that is maintained in PTW and agreed
upon by the issuer and the receiver, this period should not exceed the normal work
shift except in the following cases:
3-2. For more than one shift but not more than (7) days, the authorized issuer and the
authorized receiver can sign the work permit.
3-3. For more than (7) days but not more than (30) days, the supervisor of operations
must issue the permit and the supervisor of maintenance / construction must receive
the work permit.
3-4. For more than (30) days but not more than (120) days, the Division Manager /
Section Head / Operations Shift Supervisor, Must Issue The Permit And The Division
Manager / Supervisor Of Maintenance / Construction Must Receive The Work Permit.
3-5. Both parties must agree on the way of executing the work in a safe manner and
agree to stop the work when it is unsafe until the unsafe conditions have been made
safe.
INFORMATION SHEET
LESSON (2.2)
SIGNS AND
BARRIERS
87
88
LESSON OVERVIEW
LESSON 2.2
SIGNS AND BARRIERS
OBJECTIVES:
- To recognize the different, safety signs and barriers and how to deal with every
type from them.
- To determine the suitable ones according to the required job function and working
types.
90
INFORMATION SHEET
BARRIERS AND SIGNS
1- INTRODUCTION
Barriers and signs are very important tools for guiding authorized or unauthorized
persons from hazards in general and specifically from electrical hazards when they are
dealing with the electrical equipment or appliances.
Barriers are erected to guard against mistaken or inadvertent approach to, and contact
with, nearby apparatus that could constitute a safety hazard to personnel. Substations
and switchyards are enclosed by a man proof fence to provide a barrier, preventing
unauthorized entry by ordinary persons.
Electrical Signs and Labels are important to all persons and industries. High voltage
equipment, battery charging and storage areas, wiring, and switches, all pose risk to
workers. Signs and barriers can help effectively when followed to prevent a lot of
probable accidents or risks.
2- SIGNS:
Signs are used in the locations to let people know where something that is needed in
the area like a hardhat or protective wear.
There are seven types of safety signs:
2-1- DANGER:
Indicates an imminently hazardous situation which, if not avoided, will result in death
or serious injury. The DANGER signal word is appropriate for signs in the area of, or
inside of, enclosures containing a Danger-level hazard. This signal word should never
be used for property-damage hazards. Danger signs shall have the signal word
“DANGER” in white letters on a rectangular safety red background placed at the top
of the sign. The safety alert symbol shall precede the signal word. Fig. 2-2.1 shows an
example for "DANGER" sign.
INFORMATION SHEET
Fig. 2.2-1 – "DANGER" Sign
2-2- WARNING:
Indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in death
or serious injury. The WARNING signal word is appropriate for signs placed outside
of the area of, or on the exterior of, the enclosures containing, a Danger-level hazard.
This signal word should never be used for property-damage hazards. Warning signs
should have the signal word “WARNING” in black letters on a rectangular orange
background placed at the top of the sign. The safety alert symbol shall precede the
signal word. Fig. 2-2.2 shows an example for "WARNING" sign color and contents.
Fig. 2.2-2 – "WARNING" Sign
2-3- CAUTION:
Indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, may result in minor
or moderate injury or to alert against unsafe practices that may cause property
damage. Caution signs shall have the signal word “CAUTION” in black letters on a
INFORMATION SHEET
rectangular yellow background placed at the top of the sign. The safety alert symbol
shall precede the signal word if the hazard is a potential personal injury hazard. Fig. 2-
2.3 shows an example for "CAUTION" sign forms.
Fig. 2.2-3 – "CAUTION" Sign
2-4- NOTICE:
Indicates a statement of company policy directly or indirectly related to the safety of

personnel or protection of property. This signal word should not be associated with a
hazard or hazardous situation and shall not be used in place of “DANGER,”
“WARNING,” or “CAUTION.” Notice signs shall have the signal word “NOTICE” in
white italic letters on a safety blue background on rectangular field, and this
distinctive panel shall be located in the uppermost portion of the visual alerting
device. Fig. 2-2.4 shows an example for "NOTICE" sign.
Fig. 2.2-4 – "NOTICE" Sign
INFORMATION SHEET
2-5- GENERAL SAFETY:
Signs used to indicate general instructions relative to safe work practices, remind of
proper safety procedures, and indicate the location of safety equipment, i.e.,
“SAFETY FIRST,” “BE CAREFUL,” “THINK.” The proper format for general safety
signs is:
(1) signal word panel - white letters on a safety green background on a rectangular
field appearing in the upper most portion of the sign and
(2) message panel shall be safety green or black letters on a white background.
Fig. 2-2.5 shows an example for different " GENERAL SAFETY " signs.
Fig. 2.2-5 – "GENERAL SAFETY" Signs
2-6- FIRE SAFETY:
They are signs used to indicate the location of emergency firefighting equipment.
These signs may show the location of, but not the direction to, firefighting equipment.
Fire safety signs do not have a signal word. The message panel shall be safety red
letters on a white background in either a square or rectangular field.
Fig. 2-2.6 shows an example for different " FIRE SAFETY " signs.
INFORMATION SHEET
Fig. 2.2-6 – "FIRE SAFETY" Signs
2-7- DIRECTIONAL ARROW SIGNS:
Signs used to indicate the direction of emergency equipment, safety equipment, and
other locations important to safety. The directional arrow symbol shall be in white on
a black or colored background on a rectangular field. The position of the arrow
symbol will appear either:
(1) In the upper most portion of general or fire safety signs, or
(2) In the lower panel of DANGER, WARNING, CAUTION, or NOTICE signs.
Fig. 2-2.7 shows an example for different " DIRECTIONAL ARROW " signs.
Fig. 2.2-7 – "DIRECTIONAL ARROW" Signs
For the electrical power applications, these signs may cover but not limited to the
following:
- High Voltage area,
- Electricity hazards,
- Bio hazard,
INFORMATION SHEET
- Fire exits,
- Where are the fire extinguisher,
- When hard hats are needed and when they aren't,
- Restricted areas or employee only,
- No smoking.
Fig. 2.2-8 - Typical Hazard Warning Labels Found On Electrical Equipment
INFORMATION SHEET
SIGN TYPE AND CONTENT SELECTION
Fig. 2.2-9 – Sign Type And Content Selection Flow Chart
INFORMATION SHEET
Fig. 2.2-9 – shows a flow chart which helps for selecting the type of sign and the
suitable content words according the different possible risks. It starts from "NOTICE"
sign up to "DANGER" sign depending on the different possible answers as per the
chart.
An application for the selection is shown in Fig. 2.2-10.
Fig. 2.2-10 – Sample NEC Warning Article 110.16
MOUNTING HEIGHTS:
As shown in fig 2-2-11,

- For high-located placement (e.g. fire and safety equipment location signs, high-
located EXIT signs), place the sign at least 2 Meters (78”) above floor height.
INFORMATION SHEET
- For medium-located placement, typically, place the sign’s center 1.15 to 1.7 meter
(45” to 66”) above floor height
- For low-located placement (e.g. exit path-marking signs), the top of the sign
should be placed no more than 0.45 meter (18”) above floor height so the sign
can be seen in smoke conditions.
fig 2-2-11 Different Mounting Heights Of Signs
3- BARRIERS:
Barriers help keep people or products inside and help keep non employees out. They
also help keep certain things private like a safe. To keep confidential things secret.
Some signals can be sounds and examples of sounds are like when a machine is done
with that product then it'll beep meaning that its done.
Within substations and switchyards further barriers are used to maintain standard
safety clearances from high voltage apparatus that allow safe access. There are
generally two methods utilized for the erection of a barrier within a substation. High
voltage cages (barrier out) keep people out and protect people from hazards within the
INFORMATION SHEET
barrier. Designated work area’s (barrier in) keep people in and protect people from
hazards outside the barrier.
Fig. 2.2-11 – Examples For Barriers & Caution Tapes
3-1- TYPES OF BARRIERS:
3-1-1- OPERATIONAL BARRIERS:
They are Yellow and Black, and used with signs to define the boundaries of the permit
area; or where there is the possibility of confusion between similar apparatus. They
are used to prevent entry into a hazardous area within or near a permit area.
Operational barriers and signs are the responsibility of the Authorized Operator. He
controls the movement, removal or placement of operational barriers. Operational
barriers shall:
- Ensure clear definition of a permit area and/or hazards;
- Where possible within line of sight of a person of average height (e.g. 800mm
above the standing surface);
- Ensure adequate clearance to allow the work to be performed; and not intrude
into the minimum approach distance, or become near adjacent live apparatus;
- Ensure the permit area entrance/s provide a safe access and egress for the
permit area.
3-1-2- HAZARD BARRIERS
They are Orange. Hazard barriers are a general barrier used throughout Snowy Hydro.
They can be used by any person to define and prevent access to a hazard.
INFORMATION SHEET
3-1-3- HV TEST BARRIERS:
They are Red and White. HV test barriers define an area where HV testing is being
undertaken.
Fig. 2.2-12 – Examples For Good Barriers & Poor Performance
CASE APPLICATION:
Substations and switchyards are enclosed by a man proof fence to provide a barrier,
preventing unauthorized entry by ordinary persons.
Within substations and switchyards further barriers are used to maintain standard
safety clearances from high voltage apparatus that allow safe access.
There are generally two methods utilized for the erection of a barrier within a
substation.
- High voltage cages (barrier out) keep people out and protect people from hazards
within the barrier (fig.2-2-13). A high voltage cage is a fully fenced or walled
INFORMATION SHEET
area, room or compartment identified by a notice, containing exposed high

voltage conductors which do not maintain Standard Safety Clearances.
Fig.2-2-13 Barrier Out (High Voltage Cage)
- Designated work area’s (barrier in) keep people in and protect people from
hazards outside the barrier (fig.2-2-14). Persons shall not enter a designated work
area unless the authorized person in charge allows entry.
Fig.2-2-13 Barrier In (Designated Work Area)
UNIT (3)
LOCKOUT/ TAG OUT

PROCEDURES
103
104
LESSON OBJECTIVES
UNIT 3
LOCKOUT/ TAG OUT PROCEDURES
OBJECTIVES:
1- To identify each type of locks and hold tags according to SEC specifications.
2- To provide tagging and locking procedure to be implemented before issuing
Electrical Work Permit.
3- To safeguard persons and property from hazards arising from the installation,
operation or maintenance and restoration of electrical power for distribution
network and associated equipment.
106
INFORMATION SHEET
LOCKOUT/ TAG OUT PROCEDURES
1- INTRODUCTION:
The Hold Tag and Safety Lock procedure shall be implemented in coordination with appropriate
procedures for safely isolating live energy systems and mechanical related systems, in order to
provide for the isolation of all energy sources that could endanger worker.
No work shall be done on the Medium Voltage/Low Voltage distribution system by a competent
worker/receiver without an appropriate Work Permit.
The Work Permit and Hold Tag procedures shall be complied with when work is performed on or
near de-energized lines or equipment in any situation, where there is a danger of injury due to
unexpected energization of the circuit parts or unexpected start-up of equipment.
2- HOLD TAGS
Fig. 3-1 shows the two sides (front & rear) of a hold tag.
Fig 3.1 - Hold Tag
INFORMATION SHEET
Hold tag must contain the following information:

1.Name of worker applying the lock
2.Date of lock out
3.Reason for lock out
Fig. 3-2- a & b shows a blank hold tag and another one filled with the required
information.
Fig. 3-2-a- A Blank Hold Tag
Fig 3.2-b - Disconnecting Means Tagged With An Approved Hold Tag.
INFORMATION SHEET
3- LOCKS
Two types of locks are to be used in the SEC distribution network. These are given
below:
3.1. SECURITY LOCKS (Type A)
These locks are to be provided in SEC distribution network to prevent unauthorized

entry to SEC distribution facilities. Provision of these locks will also restrict operation
of the SEC equipment to authorized personnel only (fig. 3-3).
These types of locks will have master keys which will be issued to authorized SEC
personnel by competent authority.
Fig 3.3- A-Type Locks
Table (3-1) gives the locking arrangements to be adopted for different SEC equipment
using Safety Locks.
Note:
If LV panels have pad-lockable windows for generator cables they should be
locked with Security Locks.
INFORMATION SHEET
Table (3-1) SEC Locking arrangements
3.2. SAFETY LOCKS (Type B)
Safety Locks are to be provided at the points of isolation of a particular SEC

distribution network or equipment before commencement of work. They shall be
applied on the equipment with Hold Tags. Locks similar to the Security Locks but
having individual keys with the lock’s Serial Number punched on the keys shall be
used as Safety Locks (Fig 3.4). Safety Locks and one key of each lock should be
issued to SEC personnel authorized to receive Work Permit or other safety documents
INFORMATION SHEET
for work on SEC distribution network. All spare keys of the locks should be kept
systematically and securely by the authorized personnel’s Unit Head for use only
during emergency situations. The keys of the locks applied are kept by the personnel
authorized to receive Work Permit until the job is completed and work permit cleared.
Fig 3.4- B-Type Locks
4- PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENT
4-1- The procedure shall include requirements for isolating the Electrical Power supply, which
may endanger worker. All Equipment’s shall be:
- Discharged,
- Short circuited and
- Grounded
before the associated equipment is touched or worked on.

4-2- Where potential source of back feed is apparent due to customer generating equipment
accidental connection to SEC power lines/equipment, additional safeguards should be planned for
field implementation by switchman/competent worker/receiver.
The method shall include point of customer feeder’s isolation and application of protective
ground to prevent potential back feed.
INFORMATION SHEET
5- PROCEDURE FOR APPLYING LOCKS AND HOLD TAGS
After disconnecting all possible sources of electrical Power supply and proof of disconnection
had been done by testing and grounding, Locks and Hold Tags shall be applied to ensure that the
lines and equipment will not be reenergized without prior notification to all competent
workers/receivers, who are assigned to work on or near the de-energized line or equipment.
Both Locks and Hold Tags shall be required to be placed on each disconnecting means, that is
used to de-energize the lines or equipment to be worked on. The Locks and Hold Tags shall be
attached in a manner that impedes the operation of the disconnecting means.
5-1- LOCKOUT PROCEDURE
Only approved Safety Lock shall be used by competent workers/receivers to lock

the isolating devices. These locks and their individual, numbered keys shall be
issued and controlled by the authorized worker’s Unit Head. The spare keys of Safety Locks shall
be kept systematically and securely by the Unit Head.
5-1-1- After the competent worker/receiver affixed his signature on Hold Tag, and is issued to
him, the switchman shall remove the Security Locks and require the competent worker/Receiver
to install his Safety Lock.
5-1-2- After completion of the work each Safety Lock shall be removed from each electric
disconnecting means by the competent worker/receiver who applied the lock for his protection.
5-1-3- In case of loss of the Safety Lock’s key, the duplicate key kept with competent
worker/Receiver’s supervisor can be used to open the Safety Lock. This event should be
documented. Duplicate key should be used in presence of both the switchman and the competent
worker/receiver.
In cases duplicate key is not available, the padlock may be broken or forced open with the
permission of the competent worker/receiver’s supervisor / Foreman, which will be documented.
Cutting or forcible opening of the padlock will be done in the presence of both the competent
worker/receiver and the Issuer.
5-2- HOLD TAG AND LOCKOUT PROCEDURE:
Hold Tags that is shown in fig 3.1 have to be installed to supplement the locks in
preventing accidental or unauthorized operation of disconnecting means. It serves as a
warning for unauthorized operation of the disconnecting means and also for recording
and control.
INFORMATION SHEET
The following procedure should be strictly followed:
5.2.1 When all switches and disconnects have been opened, or controllers have been
held inoperative the switchman shall fill up the Hold Tag, with competent
worker/receiver’s signatures with date.
5.2.2 Both the switchman and competent worker/receiver will follow the lockout
procedure.
5.2.3 Hold Tag shall not remove from any device unless authorized, doing so will
cause for disciplinary action.
5.2.4 Each disconnecting means shall be properly tagged with an approved Hold Tag.
In case of switchgear where Power Circuit Breakers are lowered or rolled out, the
control which would raise or roll the breaker to its operating position shall be tagged.
Fig. 3-5- Hold Tag Filled By With Required Information
INFORMATION SHEET
Multiple Hold Tags shall be issued and installed on a single disconnecting means
when more than one competent worker/receiver are working independently. One set of
Hold Tags should be issued and installed for each competent worker/receiver.
5.2.5 After completion of the work, the competent worker/receiver will then sign
Work Permit and Hold Tag, and return it to the switchman after making sure, that all
works have been safely completed, and that all men under his charge have been
withdrawn and warned that it is no longer safe to work on the line/equipment
specified, and all gears, tools and any protective grounds installed have been cleared
or removed.
5.2.6 Each lock and Hold Tag shall be removed from each electric disconnecting
means by the authorized competent worker/receiver and switchman, who applied the
devices.
5-3- EXCEPTION TO APPLICATION OF LOCKOUT AND HOLD TAG
5.3.1 Applying Hold Tags only Where locks cannot be applied, or are not feasible due
to the existing design of the equipment, which are not provided for the application of
lock, application of Hold Tags only shall be permitted provide it can be demonstrated,
that additional safe method will be implemented. The switchman is qualified to
implement the method and the competent worker/receiver is authorized and trained to
perform the work with a level of safety, equivalent to using both locks and tags. The
method shall include the following additional precautions:
5.3.1.1 Removal of an isolating circuit element and/or blocking of a controlling
switch.
5.3.1.2 Positively disabling the source/s of potentials by means of removing fuses,
links and or disconnecting the cables from power source/s, and the rule of applying
grounds are strictly followed.
5.3.1.3 Access of unauthorized worker is prevented by use of other means of
mechanical locking devices such as Safety Lock on the enclosure of the equipment.
INFORMATION SHEET
6- TRY OUT:
(Procedure For Verifying De-energized Condition, Zero Potential)
After locks and the Hold Tag have been applied by the switchman on all
disconnecting means, the following actions shall be accomplished to determine if all
electric energy sources have been disconnected and the equipment is held inoperative:
6.1 Checks on isolation, The fact of isolation shall be checked and verified by
observing the break on the circuit prior to grounding.
6.2 Verify that Equipment cannot be restarted, where applicable, operate the
equipment operating control, such as push buttons, selector switches, and electrical
interlocks, or otherwise verify that the equipment cannot be restarted, i.e., automatic
devices are deactivated.
6.3 Verify that circuit and equipment are de-energized, Test the circuits, and
equipment by the use of appropriate test equipment to verify that the circuits and
equipment are de-energized. Voltage testers shall be checked for proper operation
immediately before and immediately after the test.
7- PROCEDURE FOR RESTORING ELECTRIC SERVICE
7.1 Verify Circuits and Equipment Are in Condition to Energize, Before power lines
and equipment are reenergized, all appropriate tests and visual inspections shall be
conducted to verify that all tools, mechanical restraints and electrical jumpers, shorts
and grounds have been removed, so that the circuits and equipment are in a condition
to be safely energized.
7.2 Verify Employees are Clear of Lines and Equipment, Before power lines and
equipment are reenergized, all affected employees shall be notified to stay clear of the
lines and equipment, and warned that it is no longer safe to work on the affected lines.
There shall also be a visual verification by the switchman, that all employees are in
the clear.
7.3 Lockout and Hold Tag Device Removal, Each lock and Hold Tag shall be
removed from each electric disconnecting means by the authorized competent
worker/receiver and switchman, who applied the devices.
INFORMATION SHEET
7.4 Releases for energizing, Where appropriate, an employee responsible for operating
the machine or process which was de-energized and where work was undertaken, shall
be notified by the switchman/competent worker/receiver when lines and equipment
are ready to be energized, and such employee shall provide assistance as necessary to
safely energize the lines and equipment.
8- PROCEDURE FOR TESTING OR TEMPORARY OPERATION
Where there is a need for testing or temporary operation of circuits and equipment
which have been de-energized locked out and tagged out, paragraph 7, Procedure for
Restoring Electric Service shall be followed.
9- PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN WORKING ON

DEENERGIZED POWER LINES AND EQUIPMENT.
The following precautions shall be observed when working on de-energized lines and
equipment:
9.1 When the switchman has carried out the disconnecting of the power lines and/or
equipment at every isolation point, where it can be energized, and have verified that
the lines or equipment has been de-energized as per Try out Procedure for Verifying
de-energized condition.
9.2 No worker is allowed to work on a de-energized line or equipment unless he is
fully aware of the nature and also the extent of the work he is about to do.
Unless the competent worker/receiver himself had witnessed or he himself checked
and verified, that the lines are de-energized and grounded, he must not take the
initiative of working on the lines or equipment as if it is de-energized.
9.3 Authorized Issuer and Authorized competent worker/receiver shall use all
necessary safety equipment approved for the type of job. In addition to the appropriate
safety shoes and safety hat, rubber gloves, goggles, face shields, insulating rods and
handles, etc…, that may be required for de-energized, testing and for safe completion
of the job and restoration of power.
INFORMATION SHEET
9.4 Competent worker/receiver shall work only within the safe boundaries defined or
identified by his supervisor or worker in charge, which was discussed to him during
planning of the job and before start up.
9.5 Where worker protective ground cannot be installed at isolation points that are not
under the jurisdiction of the company, additional precautions are required to eliminate
potential back feed sources.
Special safe working procedure shall be planned for implementation. (See par.4.2 of
SEC document DOM 01-04).
118
UNIT (4)
GROUNDING
AND PROCEDURES
FOR GROUNDING
PROCESS
119
120
LESSON OBJECTIVES
UNIT (4)
GROUNDING & PROCEDURES FOR

GROUNDING PROCESS
OBJECTIVES:
1- To identify the function of grounding

2- To identify the types of grounding
3- To explain the difference between system grounding and equipment grounding.
4- To state steps and procedures for connecting and removing the portable
protective ground.
5- To explain the importance of protective grounding.
122
INFORMATION SHEET
1- INTRODUCTION:
The primary purpose of personal protective grounding is to provide adequate

protection against electrical shock causing death or injury to personnel while working
on de-energized lines or equipment. This is accomplished by grounding and bonding
lines and equipment to limit the body contact or exposure voltages at the worksite to a
safe value if the lines or equipment are accidentally energized from any source of
hazardous energy.
The greatest source of hazardous energy in most cases is direct energization of lines or
equipment from the power system.
Other sources of hazardous energy may include:
- Stored energy (capacitors).

- Static build-up.
- Faulted equipment.
- Electromagnetic coupling.
- High Voltage testing.
- Instrument transformer back-feed.
2- FUNCTION OF GROUNDING:
Ground or earth is:
 The reference point in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured,
 A common return path for electric current, or
 A direct physical connection to the Earth.
In electrical power distribution systems, a protective ground conductor is an essential

part of the safety Earthing system.
Electrical circuits may be connected to ground for several reasons. In mains powered
equipment, exposed metal parts are connected to ground to prevent user contact with
dangerous voltage if electrical insulation fails. Connections to ground limit the build-
INFORMATION SHEET
up of static electricity when handling flammable products or electrostatic-sensitive

devices.
For measurement purposes, the Earth serves as a (reasonably) constant potential
reference against which other potentials can be measured.
An electrical ground system should have an appropriate current-carrying capability to
serve as an adequate zero-voltage reference level. In electronic circuit theory, a
"ground" is usually idealized as an infinite source or sink for charge, which can absorb
an unlimited amount of current without changing its potential.
Where a real ground connection has a significant resistance, the approximation of zero
potential is no longer valid. Stray voltages or earth potential rise effects will occur,
which may create noise in signals or if large enough will produce an electric shock
hazard.
Fig. 4.1- Ground Symbols
3- DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM NETWORK GROUNDING:
A grounding system has two distinct parts:

- System grounding and
- Equipment grounding.
System Grounding is the electrical connection of one of the current carrying

conductors of the electrical system to the ground.
INFORMATION SHEET
Equipment Grounding is the electrical connection of all the metal parts that do not
carry current of all electrical equipment to the ground.
The electrical code requires that all equipment must be properly grounded and
equipment grounds are universally applied. On the other hand, until recently, the
system grounding was not always considered necessary and some systems were
operated ungrounded.
Fig. 4.2 - Illustration of System and Equipment Grounding

Note:
Figure 4.2 shows a separate ground connection for each type of grounding to
illustrate the two different functions.
In practice, there will be one common connection to ground.
SYSTEM GROUNDING
Figure 4.3 show the most common system ground connections for transformer star
connected winding. There are three types for star winding connection as:
1- Solid grounding connection (Most common).
2- Grounding through resistance (Limiting for fault current).
3- Grounding through reactance (Coil):
a. Fixed reactance (Coil)
b. Variable reactance (Paterson Coil).
INFORMATION SHEET
Neutral point in rear cases can be isolated in floated systems. Floated system has very
limited short circuit current for first fault condition.
Figure 4.3 show the most common system ground connections for transformer delta
connected winding. There are three types for star winding connection as:
1- Center tapped grounding.
2- One point grounding.
3- Ungrounded (Isolated).
Delta connection can be fully grounded through Zigzag transformer with special
arrangement for it winding. Fig 6-5 shows that transformer connection.
Fig. 4.3 - Illustration Of System Grounding For Star Connection Winding
INFORMATION SHEET
Fig. 4.4 - Illustration Of System Grounding (Neutral Point Grounded)
Fig 4-5- Illustration Of Equipment Grounding
INFORMATION SHEET
Fig. 4.6 - Illustration Of System Grounding For Delta Connection Winding
Fig. 4.7 - Zigzag Grounding Transformer Implementation
INFORMATION SHEET
4- SEC SYSTEM NEUTRAL GROUNDING
4-1- 33 KV AND 13.8 KV SYSTEMS
The SEC Overhead Distribution System Is Grounded As Follows:
These are 3-wire primary systems run on steel poles. MV neutral of power
transformers is grounded solidly or through low resistance at HV/MV substations.
The secondary side of the distribution transformers is solidly grounded and connected
with MV grounding.
A ground wire is continuously run under the phase wires and is grounded at the
terminal pole and every fifth pole.
The SEC Underground Distribution System Is Grounded As Follows:
These are 3-wire primary systems with the metal screen /armor of MV cables is
grounded at all cable termination points. MV neutral of power transformers is
grounded solidly or through low resistance.
The secondary side of the distribution transformers is solidly grounded and connected
with MV grounding.
4-2- LV SYSTEM
The SEC Overhead Distribution System Is Grounded As Follows:
It is a 4-wire system and system neutral is multiply grounded at each pole and at
consumer location.
The SEC Distribution System Is Grounded As Follows:
It is a 4-wire system and the LV neutral is multiple grounded at all cable terminations, at MV /
LV substations, distribution pillars, and consumer locations.
INFORMATION SHEET
5- GROUND RESISTANCE VALUES AND NUMBER OF GROUND

RODS
Every pole with MV equipment installation shall be grounded with minimum of 4

ground rods. In high soil resistivity areas, such as rocky areas, loose soil, etc.;
additional number of rods or equivalent length of ground wire shall be used to achieve
the required ground resistance value.
Soil resistivity can also be improved by adding the appropriate Low Resistivity
Materials (LRM) as described in SDCS-03 part 3.
All installations with Surge Arresters for protection of line equipment shall be
grounded through minimum four ground rods.
Maximum recommended ground resistance for different installations is as follows:
System ground 5 Ohms

All distribution sub stations 5 Ohms
Surge arresters 5 Ohms
LV Distribution Pillar 10 Ohms
MV / LV poles 20 Ohms
BONDING OF LV NEUTRAL AND MV GROUNDS.
LV neutral ground and any grounds associated with MV equipment / system shall
always be kept bonded.
Separation between LV neutral ground and MV equipment / system ground shall be
achieved by grounding LV neutral points which are remote from MV grounds.
Minimum distance between any part of MV ground system and nearest LV neutral
ground shall be 4 meters.
Useful SEC documents about ground resistance:
1- DMM- 04-05
Grounding inspection, maintenance and testing procedure.
INFORMATION SHEET
2- SDCS-03 Part-I (Rev.01)

Underground Network Grounding - Rev. 01
3- SDCS-03 Part-II (Rev.01)

Overhead Network Grounding - Rev. 01
4- SDCS-03 part-III (Rev.01)

Grounding Resistance Measurements And Improvement
6- DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PROTECTIVE GROUNDING:
All metal work shall be bonded together and to the substation metalwork grounding
system. Each continuous piece of metal that could form part of the path of a ground
fault current shall be bonded to its neighbors so that continuity of grounding circuit
does not depend on mechanical connections between components.
6-1- SUBSTATIONS WITH "LV" PANELS
Grounding arrangements for such substations are shown in Figures 4-7 to 4- 11.
Neutral of transformer is grounded by bonding neutral busbar inside LV distribution

panel with the body through a 70 mm2 copper link. MV & LV ground conductors shall
be bonded to the common ground wire. Minimum of 4 ground rods shall be used for
the metal work including neutral grounding of all substations, which are supplied from
underground network.
If the transformer and RMU are separated by more than 4 meters, both of them should
be treated as independent installations, and each one should be grounded with four
ground rods.
INFORMATION SHEET
Fig 4-8- Bonding and grounding arrangement of MV/LV Package Unit
Fig 4-9- Bonding and grounding arrangement of MV/LV Unit Substation
INFORMATION SHEET
Fig 4-10- Bonding & grounding arrangement of MV/LV Substation with LV Panel
6-2- SUBSTATIONS WITHOUT "LV" PANELS
These substations serve large single point LV customers directly from the transformer
terminals.
All metal work shall be bonded together and to the substation metalwork grounding
system. Each continuous piece of metal that could form part of the path of a ground
fault current shall be bonded to its neighbors so that continuity of grounding circuit
does not depend on mechanical connections between components.
The LV neutral shall be connected to MV/LV substation ground.
The customer presents:
• Three phase conductors.
• One neutral conductor.
• One 35 mm2 bare copper ground conductor for connection by SEC.
INFORMATION SHEET
The phase and neutral conductors shall be connected to the appropriate terminals of
the transformer. The ground conductor shall be connected to the neutral terminal of
the transformer.
Grounding arrangement of such substations is shown in Figure 4-10.
Fig 4-11- Bonding & grounding arrangement of MV/LV Substation without LV Panel
6-3- UNDERGROUND "LV" NETWORK AND SERVICES
LV distribution system extends from the LV terminals of MV / LV substations Down

to and including the load terminals of KWH meter installations. An LV network
consists of one or more LV feeders supplied from a transformer. Each feeder serves
one or more customers. Customer connections may be made from LV Distribution
pillars, LV panels or directly from transformers.
INFORMATION SHEET
Fig 4-12- Bonding & grounding Arrangement of LV Distribution Pillar
7- IMPORTANCE OF PROTECTIVE GROUNDING:
Personal protective grounding/bonding (PPGB) techniques provide shock protection

for electrical workers working on de-energized equipment.
If done correctly, PPGB is by far the most effective means of protecting workers from
electrical shock. If done incorrectly, however, it can precipitate arc flash events of
unimaginable magnitude.
PPGB is especially important for Medium Voltage (MV) electrical workers, because
equipment can become energized remote from the work location due to switching
INFORMATION SHEET
errors or through induction. In fact, MV circuits can induce voltage and current on
conductive surfaces even several yards away from energized conductors.
The main purpose of PPGB is to expeditiously actuate overcurrent protective devices
while simultaneously limiting voltage to which workers are exposed to safe levels.
When a circuit has been properly grounded for the protection of workers and it
accidentally becomes energized, the voltage on the system sags to near zero.
However, the grounding cables cannot carry these massive amounts of current for
more than a fraction of a second. Therefore, the workers' lives depend upon the
overcurrent protective devices that protect the circuit (to de-energize it) before the
grounding cables melt open and voltage levels return to unsafe levels.
8- STEPS AND ILLUSTRATION OF PROTECTIVE

GROUNDING FOR STAFF:
The basic steps involved in the installation and removal of protective grounding
equipment is as follows:
1. De-energize the electrical equipment by isolating all possible electrical sources to

the equipment.
2. For MV systems, it is a requirement to get a “visual open” in the circuit, such that
the worker can visualize an air-gap in the switches used to isolate the circuit. This
can be achieved either by:
- Opening a solid-blade switch that can be visualized,
- “Racking out” a circuit breaker by removing it from contact with an
electrical bus. or
- Any other means that positively separates the electrical contacts in an
energy isolating device.
3. Follow normal Lockout/Tagout (LOTO) procedures.
4. It is required to perform a 3-point test with a sensitive voltage testing devices to
verify a zero energy state.
INFORMATION SHEET
A 3-point test consists of testing the voltage tester on a known energized source to
verify it is working properly (Test No. 1).
Then, test the circuit on which work is to be performed (Test No. 2).
Finally, test the voltage tester on the same energized source as was used in Test
No.1 to verify the tester is still working properly (Test No. 3).
Examples of sensitive voltage testing devices include “proximity” testers, such as
glow sticks (similar to light pens), tic-tracers (they make a sound), or direct-reading
MV voltmeters.
5. One of the most important steps in the grounding process is to properly clean the
conductors before connecting to them. This task is performed using a wire brush
that is connected to an insulated stick. Wire brushes come in many different styles
to accommodate the many different types of equipment that must be grounded. The
main point to remember is that you must remove all oxidation on both the phase
conductors and grounding electrodes before attaching grounding cables to them.
Fig. 4-13 Following proper work practices is just as important as wearing proper
levels of PPE.
INFORMATION SHEET
6. As is the case with most of electrical work, grounding cables must be installed and
removed in a specific order. Always connect the grounded end of the grounding
cables first. Next, make connections to the phase conductors.
When finished with your work, remove the grounding jumpers in the reverse order.
Caution:
There have been fatalities when workers attempted to move or remove the ground
connections while the jumpers were still connected to the phase conductors.
Fig. 4-14 Connecting the portable grounding in the suitable location for safe work
practices in HV/MV S/S switchyard (wearing proper levels of PPE).
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Furthermore, the cables must be placed only at proper points in the electrical system
to ensure they perform as expected, should the equipment become energized. Many
arc flash accidents have occurred when workers improperly applied grounding cables
and the systems became energized.
The techniques for grounding also vary by the types of systems on which work is
being performed.
PROTECTIVE GROUNDING ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS
Here are some other recommendations to follow that help increase the odds of
performing PPGB safely at most facilities.
1- Ensure only qualified electrical workers install grounds:

Typically, electrical workers must acquire specialized training under qualified
supervision before being allowed to install grounds. Workers should
demonstrate proficiency in both technical knowledge and proper grounding
techniques before they are allowed to act as the lead person on this type of job.
2- Consult arc flash hazard analysis studies prior to grounding equipment:

Arc flash hazard analysis studies and equipment labels reveal Short Circuit
Current (SCC) values and incident energy (heat) levels at the proposed work
location. This information allows the worker to adequately size their grounding
cables for the job at hand and wear the proper level of flame-resistant clothing.
3- Use written checklists for MV switching/grounding:

Use of a step-by-step check sheet will help ensure that the proper switching
sequences are followed and keep a log of grounding cables installed, which
goes a long way in preventing workers from accidentally re-energizing
previously grounded circuits.
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4- Disable reclosing relays on circuits to be grounded:

Any circuit that includes a reclosing relay must have that relay disabled before
any switching or grounding occurs on the subject equipment. The reclosing
relays may be physically disabled on the switch itself (mostly in overhead or
substation installations) or the relay may reside inside the substation relay
house along with the other relays.
5- Exceed minimum safety standards when needed:

There may be times when it's prudent to wear MV rubber gloves or take
additional safety precautions even after protective grounds have been installed.
6- Adopt a “think twice, act once” methodology:

Hazards Associated with Grounding illustrates how omitting a single step (i.e.,
failing to take a voltage reading) in the grounding procedure can result in a
fatality. Clearly, MV work exerts a severe penalty on anyone who fails to
completely follow safe work procedures.
7- Use a “buddy system” when grounding equipment:

It may be prudent work practice to assign a team of two qualified electrical
workers to perform PPGB. The second pair of eyes may catch a missed step in
the process. In addition, the second person may serve as a rescuer if something
unforeseen occurs. The second person should also assume a position outside
the arc flash protection boundary, so that he will not be injured in the event of
an arc flash.
The use of PPGB techniques for MV work is by far the most effective means of
protecting electrical workers from shock hazards. When properly installed, electrical
workers can feel secure that they will be protected even if the circuitry on which
they're working should become energized for any reason. However, the real danger of
initiating an arc blast also comes with PPGB — so only highly skilled electrical
workers should be allowed to install temporary grounds.
UNIT (5)
HAZARD ANALYSIS
AND
RISK MANAGEMENT
141
142
LESSON OBJECTIVES
UNIT (5)
HAZARD ANALYSIS AND RISK MANAGEMENT
OBJECTIVES:
1. To recognize the different types of hazards.

2. To Evaluate the different types of hazards.
3. To control hazards by creating a safe work environment and Using safe work
practices.
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HAZARD ANALYSIS AND RISK MANAGEMENT
HAZARD DIFFENITION:
A hazard is the potential for harm. In practical terms, a hazard often is associated
with a condition or activity that, if left uncontrolled, can result in an injury or illness.
See Appendix 2 for a list of common hazards and descriptions. Identifying hazards
and eliminating or controlling them as early as possible will help prevent injuries and
illnesses.
EXAMPLES OF A HAZARD:
Workplace hazards can come from a wide range of sources. General examples
include any substance, material, process, practice, etc that has the ability to cause
harm or adverse health effect to a person under certain conditions. See Table 5-1.
Examples of Hazards and Their Effects

Workplace Hazard Example of Hazard Example of Harm Caused
Thing Knife Cut
Substance Benzene Leukemia
Material Asbestos Mesothelioma
Source of Energy Electricity Shock, electrocution
Condition Wet floor Slips, falls
Process Welding Metal fume fever
Practice Hard rock mining Silicosis
Table 5-1 Examples of Hazards and Their Effects
As shown in Table 5-1, workplace hazards also include practices or conditions that
release uncontrolled energy like:
 An object that could fall from a height (potential or gravitational energy),

 A run-away chemical reaction (chemical energy),
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 The release of compressed gas or steam (pressure; high temperature),

 Entanglement of hair or clothing in rotating equipment (kinetic energy), or
 Contact with electrodes of a battery or capacitor (electrical energy).
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS DIFFENITION:
A job hazard analysis is a technique that focuses on job tasks as a way to identify
hazards before they occur. It focuses on the relationship between the worker, the task,
the tools, and the work environment. Ideally, after you identify uncontrolled hazards,
you will take steps to eliminate or reduce them to an acceptable risk level.
INTRODUCTION:
Hazard analysis is used as the first step in a process used to assess risk. The result of
a hazard analysis is the identification of different type of hazards. A hazard is a
potential condition and exists or not (probability is 1 or 0). It may in single existence
or in combination with other hazards and conditions become an actual Functional
Failure or Accident.
The way this exactly happens in one particular sequence is called a scenario. This
scenario has a probability (between 1 and 0) of occurrence. Often a system has many
potential failure scenarios. It also is assigned a classification, based on the worst case
severity of the end condition.
Risk is the combination of probability and severity. Preliminary risk levels can be
provided in the hazard analysis. The validation, more precise prediction (verification)
and acceptance of risk is determined in the Risk analysis.
The main goal of both is to provide the best selection of means of controlling or
eliminating the risk.
Hazard analysis can lead us to answer an important question. What must be done to
be safe? To be safe, you must think about your job and plan for hazards. To avoid
injury or death, you must understand and recognize hazards.
You need to evaluate the situation you are in and assess your risks. You need to
control hazards by:
- Creating a safe work environment,
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- Using safe work practices, and

- Reporting hazards to the responsible supervisor.
If you do not:
- Recognize,
- Evaluate, and
- Control hazards,
you may be injured or killed by the electricity itself, electrical fires, or falls. If you use
the safety model to recognize, evaluate, and control hazards, you are much safer.
1- RECOGNIZING HAZARDS
The first step toward protecting yourself is recognizing the many hazards you face
on the job. To do this, you must know which situations can place you in danger.
Knowing where to look helps you to recognize hazards.
1-1- INADEQUATE WIRING HAZARDS
An electrical hazard exists when the wire is too small a gauge for the current it will
carry. When a wire is too small for the current it is supposed to carry, the wire will
heat up. The heated wire could cause a fire.
The kind of metal used as a conductor can cause an electrical hazard. Special care
needs to be taken with aluminum wire. Since it is more brittle than copper, aluminum
wire can crack and break more easily. Connections with aluminum wire can become
loose and oxidize if not made properly, creating heat or arcing.
You need to recognize that inadequate wiring is a hazard.
1-2- EXPOSED ELECTRICAL PARTS HAZARDS
Electrical hazards exist when wires (in control circuits), conductors, cables or other
electrical parts are exposed. Wires and parts can be exposed if a cover is removed
from a wiring or breaker box. Electrical terminals in motors and appliances may be
exposed.
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Fig. 5-1- Exposed Electrical Wire
Older equipment may have exposed electrical parts. If you contact exposed live
electrical parts, you will be shocked.
You need to recognize that an exposed electrical component is a hazard.
1-3- APPROACH BOUNDARIES
The risk from exposed live parts depends on your distance from the parts. Three
“boundaries” are key to protecting yourself from electric shock and one to protect
you from arc flashes or blasts. These boundaries are:
- The limited approach boundary is the closest an unqualified person
can approach, unless a qualified person accompanies you.
- The restricted approach boundary is the closest to exposed live parts
that a qualified person can go without proper PPE and insulated tools.
- The prohibited approach boundary—the most serious—is the dis-
tance you must stay from exposed live parts to prevent flashover or
arcing in air.
- The flash protection boundary is where you need PPE to prevent
incurable burns, if there’s an arc flash.
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Electric Shock & Flash Protection Boundaries To Live Parts for 300–600 Volts
Prohibited Restricted Approach Limited Approach Flash Protection
Approach Boundary Boundary Boundary Boundary
1 inch 1 ft. 3 ft. 6 in. 4 ft.
1-4- OVERHEAD POWER LINE HAZARDS
Most people do not realize that overhead power lines are usually not insulated. More
than half of all electrocutions are caused by direct worker contact with energized
power lines. Power line workers must be especially aware of the dangers of overhead
lines.
Fig. 5-2- Operating A Crane Near Overhead Wires Is Very Hazardous
Shocks and electrocutions occur where physical barriers are not in place to prevent
contact with the wires.
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Fig. 5-3- Working Near Overhead Wires Is Very Hazardous
When dump trucks, cranes, work platforms, or other conductive materials (such as
pipes and ladders) contact overhead wires, the equipment operator or other workers
can be killed. If you do not maintain required clearance distances from power lines,
you can be shocked and killed.
You need to recognize that overhead power lines are a hazard.
1-5- DEFECTIVE INSULATION HAZARDS
Fig. 5-4- Defective Insulation Hazardous
Insulation that is defective or inadequate is an electrical hazard. Usually, a plastic

or rubber covering insulates wires. Insulation prevents conductors from coming in
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contact with each other. Insulation also prevents conductors from coming in
contact with people. Sometimes the insulation inside an electrical tool or
appliance is damaged. When insulation is damaged, exposed metal parts may
become energized if a live wire inside touches them. Electric hand tools that are
old, damaged, or misused may have damaged insulation inside. If you touch
damaged power tools or other equipment, you will receive a shock.
You need to recognize that defective insulation is a hazard.
1-6- IMPROPER GROUNDING HAZARDS
When an electrical system is not grounded properly, a hazard exists. The most
common electrical violation is improper grounding of equipment and circuitry. The
metal parts of an electrical wiring system that we touch should be grounded. If the
system is not grounded properly, these parts may become energized. Metal parts of
overhead lines, motors or appliances that are plugged into improperly grounded
circuits may be energized.
When a circuit is not grounded properly, a hazard exists because unwanted voltage
cannot be safely eliminated. If there is no safe path to ground for fault currents,
exposed metal parts in damaged appliances can become energized.
You need to recognize that an improperly grounded electrical system is a hazard.
1-7- OVERLOAD HAZARDS
Overloads in an electrical system are hazardous because they can produce heat or
arcing. Wires and other components in an electrical system or circuit have a maximum
amount of current they can carry safely. If too many devices are plugged into a circuit,
the electrical current will heat the wires to a very high temperature.
The temperature of the wires can be high enough to cause a fire. If their insulation
melts, arcing may occur. Arcing can cause a fire in the area where the overload exists,
even inside a wall.
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Fig. 5-5- Overloading for Electrical Equipment (Transformer) Hazardous
In order to prevent too much current in a circuit, a circuit breaker or fuse is placed in
the circuit. If the breakers or fuses are too big for the wires they are supposed to
protect, an overload in the circuit will not be detected and the current will not be shut
off.
You need to recognize that a circuit with improper overcurrent protection

devices—or one with no overcurrent protection devices at all— is a hazard.
1-8- WET CONDITIONS HAZARDS
Working in wet conditions is hazardous because you may become an easy path for
electrical current. If you touch a live wire or other electrical component—and you are
standing in even a small puddle of water—you will receive a shock.
If you touch a live electrical component with an uninsulated hand tool, you are more
likely to receive a shock when standing in water.
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Wet clothing, high humidity, and perspiration reduce resistance and increase your
chances of being electrocuted.
You need to recognize that all wet conditions are hazards.
1-9- ADDITIONAL HAZARDS
In addition to electrical hazards, other types of hazards are present at job sites.
Remember that all of these hazards can be controlled.
Fig. 5-6- Additional Hazardous
- There may be chemical hazards. Solvents and other substances may be

poisonous or cause disease.
- Frequent overhead work can cause tendinitis (inflammation) in your shoulders.
Intensive use of hand tools that involve force or twisting can cause tendinitis of
the hands, wrists, or elbows.
- Low back pain can result from lifting objects the wrong way or carrying heavy
loads of wire or other material. Back pain can also occur as a result of injury
from poor working surfaces such as wet or slippery floors.
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- Chips and particles flying from tools can injure your eyes. Wear eye protection.
- Falling objects can hit you. Wear a hard hat.
- Sharp tools and power equipment can cause cuts and other injuries. If you
receive a shock, you may react and be hurt by a tool.
- You can be injured or killed by falling from a ladder or scaffolding. If you
receive a shock you may lose your balance and fall.
- You expose yourself to hazards when you do not wear PPE.
All of these situations need to be recognized as hazards.
2- EVALUATING HAZARDS
After you recognize a hazard, your next step is to evaluate your risk from the hazard.
Obviously, exposed wires should be recognized as a hazard. If the exposed wires are
15 feet off the ground, your risk is low. However, if you are going to be working on a
roof near those same wires, your risk is high. The risk of shock is greater if you will
be carrying metal conduit that could touch the exposed wires. You must constantly
evaluate your risk.
Combinations of hazards increase your risk. Improper grounding and a damaged tool
greatly increase your risk. Wet conditions combined with other hazards also increase
your risk. You will need to make decisions about the nature of hazards in order to
evaluate your risk and do the right thing to remain safe.
There are “clues” that electrical hazards exist. You must evaluate the “clue” and
decide what action should be taken to control the hazard.
There are a number of other conditions that indicate a hazard.
- Tripped circuit breakers and blown fuses show that too much current is
flowing in a circuit or that a fault exists. This condition could be due to
several factors, such as malfunctioning equipment or a short between
conductors. You need to determine the cause in order to control the
hazard.
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- An electrical tool, appliance, wire, or connection that feels warm may

indicate too much current in the circuit or equipment or that a fault exists.
You need to evaluate the situation and determine your risk.
- A cable, fuse box, or junction box that feels warm may indicate too much
current in the circuits.
- A burning odor may indicate overheated insulation.
- Worn, frayed, or damaged insulation around any wire or other conductor
is an electrical hazard because the conductors could be exposed. Contact
with an exposed wire could cause a shock. You need to evaluate the
seriousness of any damage you find and decide how to deal with the
hazard.
- A Ground Fault Current Indicator (GFCI) that trips indicates there is
current leakage from the circuit. First, you must decide the probable cause
of the leakage by recognizing any contributing hazards.
Then, you must decide what action needs to be taken.
3- CONTROLLING HAZARDS:
(SAFE WORK ENVIRONMENT):
In order to control hazards, you must first create a safe work environment, then
work in a safe manner. Generally, it is best to remove the hazards altogether and
create an environment that is truly safe. When regulations are followed, safe work
environments are created.
But, you never know when materials or equipment might fail. Prepare yourself for
the unexpected by using safe work practices. Use as many safeguards as possible. If
one fails, another may protect you from injury or death.
3-1- CREATING A SAFE WORK ENVIRONMENT:
A safe work environment is created by controlling contact with electrical voltages

and the currents they can cause. Electrical currents need to be controlled so they do
not pass through the body. In addition to preventing shocks, a safe work
environment reduces the chance of fires, burns, and falls.
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You need to guard against contact with electrical voltages and control electrical
currents in order to create a safe work environment. Make your environment safer
by doing the following:
- Treat all conductors—even “de-energized” ones—as if they are
energized until they are locked out and tagged.
- Verify circuits are de-energized before starting work.
- Lock out and tag out circuits and machines.
- Prevent overloaded wiring by using the right size and type of wire.
- Prevent exposure to live electrical parts by isolating them.
- Prevent exposure to live wires and parts by using insulation.
- Prevent shocking currents from electrical systems and tools by
grounding them.
- Prevent shocking currents by using Ground Fault Current Indicators
(GFCIs).
- Prevent too much current in circuits by using overcurrent protection
devices.
3-2- CONTROL HAZARDS OF CONDUCTORS AND CABLES
The wiring methods and size of conductors of cables used in a system depend on
several factors:
- Intended use of the circuit system.
- Building materials.
- Size and distribution of electrical load.
- Location of equipment (such as underground burial).
- Environmental conditions (such as dampness).
- Presence of corrosives.
- Temperature extremes
Fixed, permanent wiring is better than extension cords, which can be misused and
damaged more easily. The choice of wiring material depends on the wiring
environment and the need to support and protect wires.
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Aluminum wire and connections should be handled with special care. Connections
made with aluminum wire can loosen due to heat expansion and oxidize if they are
not made properly. Loose or oxidized connections can create heat or arcing.
3-3- CONTROL HAZARDS OF FLEXIBLE WIRING
Flexible wiring can be used for extension cords or power supply cords. Power supply
cords can be removable or permanently attached to the appliance.
Flexible cords cannot be used as a substitute for the fixed wiring of a structure.
Flexible cords Must Not be . . .
- Run through holes in walls, ceilings, or floors;
- Run through doorways, windows, or similar openings;
- Attached to building surfaces;
- Hidden in walls, ceilings, or floors; or
- Hidden in conduit or other raceways.
USE THE RIGHT EXTENSION CORD
Add to find the total current needed to operate all the appliances supplied by the cord.
Choose a wire gauge that can handle the total current.
The length of the extension cord also needs to be considered when selecting the wire
gauge. Voltage drops over the length of a cord. If a cord is too long, the voltage drop
can be enough to damage equipment.
The grounding path for extension cords must be kept intact to keep you safe. A
typical extension cord grounding system has four components:
- A third wire in the cord, called a ground wire;
- A three-prong plug with a grounding prong on one end of the cord;
- A three-wire, grounding-type receptacle at the other end of the cord; and
- A properly grounded outlet.
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3-4- CONTROL HAZARDS OF EXPOSED LIVE ELECTRICAL

PARTS:
Electrical hazards exist when wires or other electrical parts are exposed. These
hazards need to be controlled to create a safe work environment. Isolation of
energized electrical parts makes them inaccessible unless tools and special effort are
used. Isolation can be accomplished by placing the energized parts at least 8 feet high
and out of reach, or by guarding. Guarding is a type of isolation that uses various
structures like cabinets, boxes, screens, barriers, covers, and partitions to close-off live
electrical parts.
Take the following precautions to prevent injuries from contact with live parts:
- Immediately report exposed live parts to a supervisor.
- Provide guards or barriers if live parts cannot be enclosed completely.
- Use covers, screens, or partitions for guarding that require tools to
remove them.
- Replace covers that have been removed from panels, motors, or fuse
boxes.
- Close unused conduit openings in boxes so that foreign objects (pencils,
metal chips, conductive debris, etc.) cannot get inside and damage the
circuit.
3-5- CONTROL HAZARDS OF SHOCKING CURRENTS

(GROUND CIRCUITS AND EQUIPMENT)
When an electrical system is not grounded properly, a hazard exists. This is because
the parts of an electrical wiring system that a person normally touches may be
energized, or live, relative to ground.
Parts like switch plates, wiring boxes, conduit, cabinets, and lights need to be at 0
volts relative to ground. If the system is grounded improperly, these parts may be
energized. The metal housings of equipment plugged into an outlet need to be
grounded through the plug.
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Grounding is connecting an electrical system to the earth with a wire. Excess or stray
current travels through this wire to a grounding device deep in the earth. Grounding
prevents unwanted voltage on electrical components.
Fig. 5-7- Grounding circuits and equipment
Sometimes an electrical system will receive a higher voltage than it is designed to

handle. These high voltages may come from a lightning strike, line surge, or contact
with a higher-voltage line. Sometimes a defect occurs in a device that allows exposed
metal parts to become energized. Grounding will help protect the person working on
a system, the system itself, and others using tools or operating equipment connected
to the system. The extra current produced by the excess voltage travels relatively
safely to the earth.
Grounding creates a path for currents produced by unintended voltages on exposed
parts. These currents follow the grounding path, rather than passing through the body
of someone who touches the energized equipment.
When you ground a tool or electrical system, you create a low-resistance path to the
earth. When done properly, this path has sufficient current-carrying capacity to elimi-
nate voltages that may cause a dangerous shock.
Grounding does not guarantee you will not receive a shock, be injured, or killed from
defective equipment. However, it greatly reduces the possibility.
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4- RISK MANAGEMENT:
4-1 RISK DEFINITION:
It is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse

health effect if exposed to a hazard. It may also apply to situations with property or
equipment loss.
For Example:
The risk of developing cancer from smoking cigarettes could be expressed as
"cigarette smokers are 12 times (for example) more likely to die of lung cancer than
non-smokers".
Another way of reporting risk is "a certain number, "Y", of smokers per 100,000
smokers will likely develop lung cancer" (depending on their age and how many years
they have been smoking).
These risks are expressed as a probability or likelihood of developing a disease or
getting injured, whereas hazards refer to the possible consequences (e.g., lung cancer,
emphysema and heart disease from cigarette smoking).
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DEGREE OF RISK INCLUDE:
 How much a person is exposed to a hazardous thing or condition,

 How the person is exposed (e.g., breathing in a vapour, skin contact), and
 How severe are the effects under the conditions of exposure.
RISK ASSESSMENT
Risk assessment is the process where you:

 Identify hazards.
 Analyze or evaluate the risk associated with that hazard.
 Determine appropriate ways to eliminate or control the hazard.
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In practical terms, a risk assessment is a thorough look at your workplace to identify

those things, situations, processes, etc. that may cause harm, particularly to people.
After identification is made, you evaluate how likely and severe the risk is, and then
decide what measures should be in place to effectively prevent or control the harm
from happening.
RISK ASSESSMENT IMPORTANCE
Risk assessments are very important as they form an integral part of a good
occupational health and safety management plan. They help to:
 Create awareness of hazards and risks.

 Identify who may be at risk (employees, cleaners, visitors, contractors, the
public, etc.).
 Determine if existing control measures are adequate or if more should be done.
 Prevent injuries or illnesses when done at the design or planning stage.
 Prioritize hazards and control measures.
THE GOAL OF RISK ASSESSMENT
The aim of the risk assessment process is to remove a hazard or reduce the level of its
risk by adding precautions or control measures, as necessary.
By doing so, you have created a safer and healthier workplace.
RISK ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUE
 Assessments should be done by a competent team of individuals who have a good

working knowledge of the workplace.
 Staff should be involved always include supervisors and workers who work with
the process under review as they are the most familiar with the operation.
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In general, to do an assessment, you should:

1. Identify hazards.
2. Evaluate the likelihood of an injury or illness occurring, and its severity.
3. Consider normal operational situations as well as non-standard events such as
shutdowns, power outages, emergencies, etc.
4. Review all available health and safety information about the hazard such as
material safety data sheets (MSDSs), manufacturers literature, information
from reputable organizations, results of testing, etc.
5. Identify actions necessary to eliminate or control the risk.
6. Monitor and evaluate to confirm the risk is controlled.
7. Keep any documentation or records that may be necessary.
Documentation may include detailing the process used to assess the risk,
outlining any evaluations, or detailing how conclusions were made.
When doing an assessment, you must take into account:

 The methods and procedures used in the processing, use, handling or storage of
the substance, etc.
 The actual and the potential exposure of workers.
 The measures and procedures necessary to control such exposure by means of
engineering controls, work practices, and hygiene practices and facilities.
By determining the level of risk associated with the hazard, the employer and the joint
health and safety committee can decide whether a control program is required.
It is important to remember that the assessment must take into account not only the
current state of the workplace but any potential situations as well.
HOW ARE THE HAZARDS IDENTIFIED?
Overall, the goal is to find and record possible hazards that may be present in your
workplace. As mentioned, it may help to work as a team and include both people
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familiar with the work area, as well as people who are not – this way you have both
the "experienced" and "fresh" eye to conduct the inspection.
To be sure that all hazards are found:

 Look at all aspects of the work.
 Include non-routine activities such as maintenance, repair, or cleaning.
 Look at accident / incident / near-miss records.
 Include people who work "off-site" either at home, on other job sites, drivers,
teleworkers, with clients, etc.
 Look at the way the work is organized or "done" (include experience and age
of people doing the work, systems being used, etc.).
 Look at the expected unusual conditions (for example: possible impact on
hazard control procedures that may be unavailable in an emergency situation,
power outage, etc.).
 Examine risks to visitors or the public.
 Include an assessment of groups that may have a different level of risk such as
young or inexperienced workers, persons with disabilities, ……………...
HAZARD'S LEVEL OF RISK
Each hazard should be studied to determine its' level of risk. To research the hazard,
you can look at:
 Product information / manufacturer documentation.
 Past experience (workers, etc.).
 Legislated requirements and/or applicable standards.
 Industry codes of practice / best practices.
 Health and safety material about the hazard such as material safety data sheets
(MSDSs), or other manufacturer information.
 Information from reputable organizations.
 Results of testing (atmospheric, air sampling of workplace, biological, etc.).
 The expertise of an occupational health and safety professional.
 Information about previous injuries, illnesses, "near misses", accident reports,
etc.
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Remember to include factors that contribute to the level of risk such as:
 The work environment (layout, condition, etc.).
 The capability, skill, experience of workers who do the work.
 The systems of work being used.
 The range of foreseeable conditions.
RANKING OR PRIORITIZING THE RISKS
Ranking or prioritizing hazards is one way to help determine which hazard is the most
serious and thus which hazard to control first. Priority is usually established by taking
into account the employee exposure and the potential for accident, injury or illness.
By assigning a priority to the hazards, you are creating a ranking or an action list.
The following factors play an important role:
 Percentage of workforce exposed.
 Frequency of exposure.
 Degree of harm likely to result from the exposure.
 Probability of occurrence.
There is no one simple or single way to determine the level of risk. Ranking hazards
requires the knowledge of the workplace activities, urgency of situations, and most
importantly, objective judgment.
DEFINITIONS FOR LIKELIHOOD OF HARM
Very Likely – Typically experienced at least once every six months by an individual.
Likely – Typically experienced once every five years by an individual.
Unlikely – Typically experienced once during the working lifetime of an individual.
Very unlikely – Less than 1% chance of being experienced by an individual during
their working lifetime.
DEFINITIONS FOR SEVERITY OF HARM
When establishing potential severity of harm, information about the relevant work
activity should be considered, together with:
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I- Part(s) of the body likely to be affected.

II- Nature of the harm, ranging from slight to extremely harmful:
1. Slightly Harmful (e.g., superficial injuries; minor cuts and bruises; eye irritation
from dust; nuisance and irritation; ill-health leading to temporary discomfort, …).
2. Harmful (e.g., lacerations; burns; concussion; serious sprains; minor fractures;
deafness; dermatitis; asthma; ….).
3. Extremely Harmful (e.g., suffocation, electrocution, amputations; major
fractures; poisonings; multiple injuries; fatal injuries; occupational cancer; …).
DEFINITION FOR RISK LEVEL
Tolerability Guidance on necessary action and timescale :

Very low – These risks are considered acceptable. No further action is necessary other
than to ensure that the controls are maintained.
Low – No additional controls are required unless they can be implemented at very low
cost (in terms of time, money, and effort). Actions to further reduce these risks are
assigned low priority. Arrangements should be made to ensure that the controls are
maintained.
Medium – Consideration should be as to whether the risks can be lowered, where
applicable, to a tolerable level and preferably to an acceptable level, but the costs of
additional risk reduction measures should be taken into account. The risk reduction
measures should be implemented within a defined time period. Arrangements should
be made to ensure that controls are maintained, particularly if the risk levels area
associated with harmful consequences.
High – Substantial efforts should be made to reduce the risk. Risk reduction measures
should be implemented urgently within a defined time period and it might be
necessary to consider suspending or restricting the activity, or to apply interim risk
control measures, until this has been completed. Considerable resources might have to
be allocated to additional control measures. Arrangements should be made to ensure
that controls are maintained, particularly if the risk levels are associated with
extremely harmful consequences and very harmful consequences.
INFORMATION SHEET
Very high – These risk are unacceptable. Substantial improvements in risk control
measures are necessary so that the risk is reduced to a tolerable or acceptable level.
The work activity should be halted until risk controls are implemented that reduces the
risk so that it is no longer very high. If it is not possible to reduce the risk, the work
should remain prohibited.
Note: Where the risk is associated with extremely harmful consequences, further
assessment is necessary to increase confidence in the likelihood of harm.
METHODS OF HAZARD CONTROL
Once you have established your top priorities, you can decide on ways to control each
specific hazard. Hazard control methods are often grouped into the following
categories:
 Elimination (including substitution).
 Engineering controls.
 Administrative controls.
 Personal protective equipment.
REVIEWING AND MONITORING YOUR ASSESSMENT
It is important to know if your risk assessment was complete and accurate. It is also
essential to be sure that changes in the workplace have not introduced new hazards or
changed hazards that were once ranked as lower priority to a higher priority.
It is good practice to review your assessment on a regular basis to be sure that nothing
has changed and that your control methods are effective. Triggers for a review can
also include:
 The start of a new project.
 A change in the work process or flow.
 A change or addition to tools, equipment, machinery (including locations or the
way they are used).
 New employees.
 Moving to a new building or work area.
INFORMATION SHEET
 Introduction of new chemicals or substances.

 When new information becomes available about a current product.
APPLICATION IN THE FIELD OF ELECTRICAL HAZARDS:
A safe work environment is not enough to control all electrical hazards. You must
also work safely. Safe work practices help you control your risk of injury or death
from workplace hazards. If you are working on electrical circuits or with electrical
tools and equipment, you need to use Safe Work Practices.
Before you begin a task, ask yourself:

- What could go wrong?
- Do I have the knowledge, tools, and experience to do this work safely?
All workers should be very familiar with the safety procedures for their jobs. You
must know how to use specific controls that help keep you safe.
You must also use good judgment and common sense.
Control Electrical Hazards Through Safe Work Practices:
- Plan your work and plan for safety.

- Avoid wet working conditions and other dangers.
- Avoid overhead power lines.
- Use proper wiring and connectors.
- Use and maintain tools properly.
- Wear correct PPE.
PLAN YOUR WORK AND PLAN FOR SAFETY
Take time to plan your work, by yourself and with others. Safety planning is an
important part of any task. It takes effort to recognize, evaluate, and control hazards.
If you are thinking about your work tasks or about what others think of you, it is hard
to take the time to plan for safety. But, YOU MUST PLAN.
INFORMATION SHEET
Planning with others is especially helpful. It allows you to coordinate your work and
take advantage of what others know about identifying and controlling hazards.
The following is a list of some things to think about as you plan.
- Work with a “buddy”—Do not work alone. Both of you should be trained in
CPR. Both of you must know what to do in an emergency.
- Know how to shut off and de-energize circuits—You must find where circuit
breakers, fuses, and switches are located. Then, the circuits that you will be
working on (even low-voltage circuits) MUST BE TURNED OFF! Test the
circuits before beginning work to make sure they are completely de-energized.
- Plan to lock out and tag out circuits and equipment—Make certain all
energy sources are locked out and tagged out before performing any work on an
electrical circuit or electrical device. Working on energized (“hot”) circuits is
one of the most dangerous things any worker could do.
Before ANY work is done on a circuit, shut off the circuit, lock out and tag out the
circuit at the distribution panel, then test the circuit to make sure it is de-energized.
Fig. 5-8- lock out and tag out circuits and equipment
INFORMATION SHEET
- Before ANY equipment inspections or repairs - even on so-called low-voltage

circuits - the current must be turned off at the switch box, and the switch must
be padlocked in the OFF position. At the same time, the equipment must be
securely tagged to warn everyone that work is being performed. Again, test
circuits and equipment to ensure they are de-energized.
No two locks should be alike. Each key should fit only one lock, and only one key
should be issued to each worker. If more than one worker is working on a
circuit or repairing a piece of equipment, each worker should lock out the
switch with his or her own lock and never permit anyone else to remove it. At
all times, you must be certain that you are not exposing other workers to
danger. Workers who perform lock-out/tag-out must be trained and authorized
to repair and maintain electrical equipment. A locked-out switch or feeder
panel prevents others from turning on a circuit. The tag informs other workers
of your action.
- Remove jewelry and metal objects—Remove jewelry and other metal objects
or apparel from your body before beginning work. These things can cause
burns if worn near high currents and can get caught as you work.
Plan to avoid falls—Injuries can result from falling off scaffolding or ladders. Other
workers may also be injured from equipment and debris falling from scaffolding and
ladders.
PREVENTING ACCIDENTAL ELECTRICAL CONTACT
Fig. 5-9- Prevention from Electrocution
INFORMATION SHEET
Fig. 5-10- Safety Rules Sign
INFORMATION SHEET
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS EXAMPLES
IMPROPER GROUNDING
INFORMATION SHEET
EXPOSED ELECTRICAL PARTS
INFORMATION SHEET
INADEQUATE WIRING
OVERHEAD POWER LINES
DAMAGED INSULATION
INFORMATION SHEET
OVERLOADED CIRCUITS
DAMAGED TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
INFORMATION SHEET
WET CONDITIONS
INFORMATION SHEET
DEFINITIONS
Authorization
The process of eligibility which shall be carried out in each Department.
Authorized:
Categories of SEC and Contractors employees who successfully achieve PAC
standard.
Competent Worker
An authorized worker from PAC who will work under the supervision of Issuer and
Receiver. Competent worker can be SEC or Contractor.
Issuer:
means a person, who shall responsible for safe switching and properly Implementing
the procedure of Safety documents. Issuer shall be only from SEC employee.
Receiver
means a person who, shall supervise all work carried out in SEC distribution system
and also responsible of his safety and safety of all competent workers, working under
his supervision. He shall carry the all works with proper receiving of safety document.
Receiver can be SEC or Contractor.
Safety Documents:
It consists of all documents like PTW, LOA, SFT, IER and LV Permit (Disconnection
& Reconnection)
Work Permit Issuer (Switchman):

A worker who is duly authorized by his Department Manager to de-energize/ re-
energize in a safe manner, a piece of equipment or line and issue the Work Permit and
Hold Tag in order to allow a competent worker/Receiver to perform his work safely.
INFORMATION SHEET
Work Permit Receiver (Competent worker/receiver):

A competent worker who is authorized by his Department Manager to perform work
safely, and to whom the Work Permit and Hold Tag are issued.
A contractor Competent worker/receiver shall be authorized by SEC to receive Work
Permit and Hold Tag, after receiving letter from the contractor, indicating that the
subject competent worker/receiver is competent to do his job and is with valid
certificate as receiver of Work Permit.
Lockout:
A method used to prevent inadvertent closing of switches or disconnects. Using Safety
Locks intended for the purpose is an effective method. It is designed to deter
accidental or unauthorized operation of disconnecting means.
Work Permit:
Authorization issued to a competent worker/Receiver to work on portion of power
lines or piece of equipment, which are normally energized, or with a possibility to be
energized, and are inherently hazardous to work on, unless all power source/s are
properly De energized in a safe manner. This protection will be issued only, when
proven by approved method/s that lines n equipment are de-energized and safe to
perform work.
Hold Tag:
The Hold Tag supplements the locks in preventing accidental or unauthorized
operation of disconnecting means. It serves as a warning against unauthorized
operation of the disconnecting means or removal of the tag.
Power lines:
Overhead or underground distribution network lines.
Authorized Person:
An authorized person is a competent person possessing technical knowledge and who
is trained and certified by a competent authority.
INFORMATION SHEET
Isolated
This term is used to indicate that any apparatus, equipment, plant or circuit has been
completely disconnected from all electricity sources that could cause danger and all
necessary precautions have been taken to prevent accidental reconnection.
Issuer
means a person, who shall responsible for safe switching and properly Implementing
the procedure of Safety documents. Issuer shall be only from SEC employee.
Receiver
means a person who, shall supervise all work carried out in SEC distribution system
and also responsible of his safety and safety of all competent workers, working under
his supervision. He shall carry the all works with proper receiving of safety document.
Receiver can be SEC or Contractor.
Lockout:
A method used to prevent inadvertent closing of switches or disconnects.
Work Permit:
Authorization issued to a craftsman to work on portion of power lines or piece of
equipment, which are normally energized, or with a possibility to be
energized, and are inherently hazardous to work on, unless all power source/s are
properly de-energized in a safe manner.
Hold Tag:
The Hold Tag supplements the locks in preventing accidental or
unauthorized operation of disconnecting means.
Power Lines:
Overhead or underground distribution network.
INFORMATION SHEET
Exposure Voltage:
A short-duration difference in potential between conductive objects that a person may
contact when personal protective grounds or a grounding system conduct fault current.
Also applicable to transferred potential between separately grounded systems
(stations), or difference in earth surface potentials.
Grounding:
The connection of conductive parts of lines, structures, and equipment to earth or
other conductive medium (grounding system) that substitutes for earth, e.g. station
ground mat conductors.
Grounded Worksite:
A work area that is made an equipotential safe working zone by the application of
personal protective grounds.
Personal Protective Grounding (Grounds):

Cable connected to de-energized lines and equipment by jumpering and bonding with
appropriate clamps, to limit the voltage difference between accessible points at a
worksite to safe values if the lines or equipment are accidentally re-energized.
Static Ground:
Any grounding cable or bonding jumper (including clamps) that has an ampacity less
than the maximum available fault current at the worksite. Static grounds are used for
potential equalizing between conductive parts in grounding configurations that cannot
subject them to significant current.
Step Voltage:
The difference in surface potential experienced by a person bridging a distance of one
meter with the feet without contacting any other grounded object.
Touch Voltage:
The difference in potential between a grounded structure or station and the surface
potential at the point where a person is standing while at the same time having a hand
in contact with the grounded structure or object.
INFORMATION SHEET
Transferred Touch Voltage:

A special case of touch voltage where a voltage is conducted toward or away from a
grounded structure or station to a remote point. A transferred touch voltage (potential)
can be contacted between the hands or hands and feet.
A Hazard:
It is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or
someone under certain conditions at work.
Sometimes a hazard is referred to as being the actual harm or the health effect it
caused rather than the hazard.
Risk
It is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse
health effect if exposed to a hazard.
It may also apply to situations with property or equipment loss.
Risk Assessment
It is the process where you identify hazards, analyze or evaluate the risk associated
with that hazard, and determine appropriate ways to eliminate or control the hazard.
Incident
An event that is either unpleasant or unusual.
Accident
An unfortunate incident that happens unexpectedly and unintentionally, typically
resulting in damage or injury.
Near Miss
A narrowly avoided collision or other accident.
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
1- SEC DOCUMENTS:
1-1- DSEM 01-001 (Authorization).
1-2- DSEM 01-002 (Safety Documents).
1-3- DSEM 01-003 (Lockout).
1-4- DSEM 01-004 (Hold Tags).
1-5- DSEM 01-005 (LV Permit).
1-6- DSEM 01-006 (Site Inspection for Distribution Safety).
1-7- DOM 01-03 (Operation Relation Between Control Centers).
1-8- DSM 02-00 (Personal Protective Equipment).
2- Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) Regulations
(Standards - 29 CFR).
3- Electrical Safety (NIOSH [2003] National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health) - Cincinnati, OH: U.S.
4- Electrical Safety in the Workplace (Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, U.S. Department of Labour).
5- ELECTRICAL SAFETY MANUAL (Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory ).
6- NFPA-70E (Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace).
7- Job Hazard Analysis (OSHA 3071 - 2002 ).
BOOK EDITION
SAFE ISOLATION & SWITCHING PROCEDURES
TECHNICAL SHORT COURSE (TSC)

TSC- EL32
Textbook/Workbook
Feb, 2017
Curriculum Development Division (CDD)

Training Service Department (TSD)

El32 Safe Isolation 2017

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SAFE ISOLATION

TECHNICAL SHORT COURSE

SAFE ISOLATION AND SWITCHING PROCEDURES

TECHNICAL SHORT COURSE (TSC)

UNIT LESSON DESCRIPTION PAGE

SAFE SWITCHING PROCEDURES 5

AUTHORIZATION TO OPERATE "SEC"

AUTHORIZATION TO OPERATE "SEC"

 SEC Authorized Employee

 Contractor Authorized Employee

1- "SEC" WORKERS AUTHORIZED TO OPERATE MEDIUM

1-1. Eligibility For "Authorized Safety Document Issuer"’

1-1.1. Employees shall have minimum qualification, Diploma of Associate Engineer

1-1.2. Authorized Issuer shall have following trainings.

A. Understand SEC Distribution Safety Rules.

1-2. Eligibility For ‘’Authorized Safety Document Receiver’’

1-2.1. Employees shall have minimum qualification, Diploma of Associate Engineer

1-2.2. Authorized Receiver shall have following trainings.

A. Understand SEC Distribution Safety Rules

1-3. Eligibility For “Authorized SEC Competent Worker”

1-3.1. Employees nominated as Competent worker should be minimum Secondary

1-3.2. Categories in Competent worker should be according to the SEC Departments

1-3.3. Authorized Competent Worker should have successfully complete the

A. Understand SEC distribution safety rules.

On successful completion of all above requirements Employee (Issuer, Receiver

2- AUTHORIZATION REQUIREMEN FOR CONTRACTOR'S

CATEGORIES QUALIFICATION + EXPERIENCE

3.1. "SEC" AUTHORIZED ISSUER CARD FORM

Fig. 1.1-1 – SEC- Distribution Authorization Card (SEC Issuer)

3.2. "SEC" AUTHORIZED RECEIVER CARD FORM

Fig. 1.1-2 – SEC- Distribution Authorization Card (SEC Receiver - MV)

Fig. 1.1-3 – SEC- Distribution Authorization Card (SEC Receiver - LV)

3.3. CONTRACTOR AUTHORIZED RECEIVER CARD FORM

Fig. 1.1-4 – SEC- Distribution Authorization Card (Contractor Receiver - MV)

Fig. 1.1-5 – SEC- Distribution Authorization Card (Contractor Receiver - LV)

3.4. "SEC" COMPETENT WORKER CARD FORM

Fig. 1.1-6 – SEC- Distribution Authorization Card (SEC Competent Worker)

3.5. CONTRACTOR COMPETENT WORKER CARD FORM

Fig. 1.1-7 – SEC- Distribution Authorization Card (Contractor Competent Worker)

3.6. COLOR CODES FOR AUTHORIZATION CARDS:

Cards color codes for authorized persons are defined as follows:-

4 . RESPONSIBILITIES OF ‘’AUTHORIZED SEC EMPLOYEES

SEC employee authorization categories are:

4.1. AUTHORIZED SAFETY DOCUMENT ISSUER RESPONSIBILITIES

4.2. SEC AND CONTRACTOR AUTHORIZED SAFETY DOCUMENT

4.3. SEC AND CONTRACTOR AUTHORIZED COMPETENT WORKER

5. REASONS FOR RENEWAL / CANCELLATION / WITHDRAWAL OF

5.1. Moving from an operational to non-operational position within the SEC

To provide the information about:

1. Explaining the operational relation between Control Centers and Distribution

2. AREAS OF INFLUENCE AND RESPONSIBILITY

As shown in figure (1.2-1), transmission system is controlled by the National and

3. LOAD DISPATCH (CONTROL) CENTER

Its main functions are:

- Organizing the required works according to the requests of different sections

Fig.1.2-2- Operational Relations Between Load Dispatch Center, MV & LV

4. OPERATIONS AND SWITCHING CENTERS

4-1- MEDIUM VOLTAGE (MV) NETWORK OPERATIONS CENTERS

4-2- LOW VOLTAGE (LV) NETWORK OPERATIONS CENTERS

5. TYPES OF REQUIRED WORKS:

5-1- SCHEDULED (PROGRAMMED)WORKS:

5-1-1- NEW INSTALLATIONS IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORK:

5-1-2- PLANNED ROUTINE MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS:

It includes all routine (planned) maintenance works in distribution network as station