B I B L I OT HECA I NDI CA

C O LL E CT I O N O F O RI E NT A L W O RK S ,

PUB L I S H E D B Y

T H E A S I AT I C S O CI E T Y O F B E N GA L .

NE W S E R I S E , Nos 7 0 0 7 06 8 1 0 87 2 8 9 0, 9 47 1 0 58
.
, , , , , ,

1 1 04 .

MERKANDEYA PURKNA
T RA N S D A T E D W I T H NO T E S .

F . E D E N EAR GI T E R , B A
. .

CA L C U T T A

P RI NT E D AT T HE B AB T I S T M I S S I O N P RE S S ;

AND PU B L I S H E D BY

T HE As mT w SO CI E T Y 57, P ARK ST RE E T .
 I NT RO D UC T I O N .

T his translation of the M arkand eya P ur i na being m ad e for th e

A s iatic S ociety o f B engal naturally follo ws the ed i tion of thi s wor k
prepar ed b y t he Rev D r K M B aner ea , and ublished in the B iblio
. . . . j p
theca I nd ica i n 1 862 ; yet o th er e d itions and s om e M S S hav e b een .

cons ulted and are r eferr ed to T h e trans lati on h as been ept as clos e
. k
to the or ig inal as p os sible , cons is tently w ith E nglis h s ens e and id iom
f or a tran s latio n lo s es s om e of its i nt eres t and m uch o f its trus t
wor thin es s , wh en the r ead er can ne v er know whethe r it reprod uces the
ori
ginal accurately or only the purpor t of the original T he tim e .

k
d ur ing which the wor has been in h and has rend er ed it d ifficult to
m aintain o ne
ys tem of trans li terat io n thr oughout but, i n ord er to
s

p la ce th e w h ole i n a cons i s tent s tate, th e sys tem es tabli shed by the

Royal A s iati c S ociety and appr ov e d by the A siatic S ociety of B engal

has been ad opted in the I nd ex and in thi s I ntrod uction .

T he g ener al ch aract er of this P ur ana has been well s um m ed up by

Prof W ils on in his pr eface t o h is T r ansl ation of the V is nu P ur ana,
.

except th at his d es cri pt ion h ar d ly a p

p lies to the D evi m ah atm ya
—
.

“
T his P ur i na has a ch ar act er d ifi erent from that of all the others .

I t has n othin of a s ectar ial s pir it , little of a r eligious to ne ; r ar el

g y
ins er ting p yer s and inv ocat io ns to any d eity ; and s uch as ar e in
ra

s ert ed ar e br ief and m od erat e I t d eals little in pr ece ts , cerem onial

. p
or m oral . I ts lead ing featur e i s narrativ e ; and
it pr es ents an

unint errupted s ucces s i on of legend s , m os t of whi ch when ancient are

e m belli s h e d wi th new cir cum s t an ces , and when new p ar ta k e so far

o f th e s piri t of the old , that th ey ar e d is interes ted creatio ns of th e
i m ag in ation, hav ing no p
art icular m oti ve, b eing d es ig ned to r e
com m end no s pecial d octrine or o b s er v ance . W heth er they are

d eri v ed fr om any other s ource, or w heth er they ar e or igi nal invan

tions , it i s not pos s ible to ascertai n T hey ar e m os t probably, for .

p
the g reater art at least, or iginal ; and the W hole h as been narrated
in the om p iler s p
s u erior to that of
’
c own m anner ; a m anner t he
P uri nas in general, with exce pti on of the B hagavata .
 C omp osi ti on .

T he P urana i s clearly d ivis ible ( as D r B anerj ea . noticed ) int o five

d istinct par ts , nam ely
1 C antos 1 9 , in which
.
- J aim ini is r ef erred by M ar kand eya to
th e w is e B ird s , and they d ir ectly plain to ex him the four ques tions
that perplex ed h im and s om e connect ed m atters .

2 . C antos 1 0 -4 45, wher e, though J aim ini pr o pound s fu r ther qu es

tions to the B ird s and they n o m inally expound th em , yet the r ea l
s
pea ke sr are S um ati , k
nic nam ed J a d a, an d hi s father .

3 . C anto s 45 - 8 1 her e , th ough J aim ini and th e B ird s ar e the

nom i nal s p ea ers , k yet th e r eal s

p ea ke rs are M ar kand eya and his d is
c iple Kraus tuki .

4s C antos 8 2 -9 2 th e
.
, D ev i -m ah atm ya, p ure inter polati on , i n
a

which the p real s ea k er is a

'
I Sl . nam ed M ed h as , and which i s only
re eated by M arkand e a
p y .

5 C antos 9 3-1 36 , w her e

. M arkand eya and K rau stuki carry o n

their d is co ur s e from canto 81 .

T he 1 37 th canto conclud es the w or k; it is a n eces sary coro llar

y
to the firs t part .

T her e can be no d o ubt th at only the thir d and fif th o f th es e p arts

c ons tit uted the Purana i n i ts or ig inal s h ap e M ar ka nd eya
’
as s

P ura na . T he nam e would im ply that ori g inally M arkand eya was the
chief fig ure, and it i s only in th e thir d p ar t that he appears as the
real teach er . T her e is , howev er , clear er ev id ence t hat t he P ur i na
began with the thir d part or i
ginally, f or this i s as s er ted alm os t
p os itiv ely i n canto 4 5 , v er ses 1 6 to 2 5 T her e M arkand eya , after
.

d eclar ing th at thi s P ur ana, equ ally with the V ed as , i s s ued from
B r ahm a s m outh ,
’
s ays I w ill no w tell it to thee H ear all

thi s f rom m e as I f or m er ly h eard it w hen D aksa r elat ed it .

T hes e word s plainly m ean th at th e tr ue P ur ana began here or , if the

neces s ary wor d s of i ntr o d uction b e prefixed , th at it b egan at v er s e 1 6

or 1 7 , which v er s e s have been s lightly m od ified s ince in or d er to

d ov etail th em into the preced ing por tion .

T he fir s t and s econd ar ts wer e com p po s ed after war d s and then

p refix ed t o the P ur ana proper . T hat they were later com positions

p
is im lied by the f act that the B ird s r ecit e the P uri na prope r as an
author ity, and i s i nd eed ind icated by the origin attributed to them .

W hile the original P ur ana was proclaim ed to be a r ev elation from

B rah m a him self, higher authority i s
no claim ed for the firs t and

s eco nd p arts than M arkand eya and the k

un nown brahm an S um ati
J ad a . F urther, m ention is m ad e in canto 2 0, verse 33, of P ur anas
which narrate Visnu ’
s m anifes tatio ns . T his p
ex res s io n is vag ue .

I f it m eans lengthy d es cr iptions o f s om e of the incarnations , s uch

P ur anas m i g ht be th e V isnu , B r ahm a -v aivar ta, B rahm a and

B hag av ata but the last two wer e pronounced by P rof W ils on to
; .

be late com p o s itions , and the ref er ence her e m a

y be to th e f or m er
t wo only, t o which he as s ig ned ab out an e ual
q d ate with thi s P a r ana .

T here is nothing d efini te t o s how whether the firs t and s econ d

pa t h ad b een united before they w ere prefixed to the P ur ana proper,

r s

or whether th e second part was ins erted after the firs t had been pre
fixed ; yet it w ould s eem m ore probable that they had b een united
b efore they were prefixed T here i s a m ar ed s im ilar ity bet ween. k
them .

T he pr efixing f the d is cour s es d eli vered by the B ird s t o the

o

Pur ana prop er rai s ed the B ir d s to the rim ary and chief po sition and p
tend ed t o d erogat e f rom M arkand eya s pr e-em inence ; but clashing
’

was av o i d ed and M arkand eya s

’

pr em acy was res erved by two expe

su p
d ient s ; fir s t ,
h e was i ntr od uced at the v ery beg inning in or d er that he
m i g ht exp r es s ly d eclar e the wis d om and authorit
y o f th e B ir d s and

ly, the original P ur ana was i nterfered with as little as poss ible
s econ d

k
by m a ing the B ird s repeat it in s
it en tir ety as M arkan
’
d eya s teaching,
p
conclus iv e u on the sub ects d ealt w ith in it j
T he B ird s on begin .

ning it r etire from further n ot ice , but p

r eap ear w ith J aim ini i n the
final cant o to conclud e their d is co ur s e and give cons is tency to th e com

bined i ns tructi on . T his was a ter m ination r end er ed neces s ary by the

pr efixing of the firs t t wo ar ts to the or iginal P uri na p .

p pp
T he s econd art a ears to hav e been am plified beyond i ts p rim ary
s co pe . I t d is cour ses about bir th and d eath, about the hells , abo ut

s i ns and th eir puni hm ent

yoga or relig ious d evo tion
s s and ab out .

j
All thes e s ub ects ar e b ri efly d ealt with, though the d es cr ip tion of
the d ifierent hells i s am pler than in other Puranas , but the last
j
s ub ect lead s to a d is curs ive p ex os iti on . I f d ealt with li ke the o ther

ubj ect s , the ex os i tion would pas s from canto 1 6, v ers e 12

s
p
 im m ed iately to canto 37 , where king Ala k r a i s d riv en by ad v er s it
y to
s ee k D att atr eya
’
s a d v ic e and th at rei e xp ound s the d octr ines of yo g a
to him in cantos 38 t o 4 3, and the s t ory n aturally clos es w ith

canto 44 . B ut th e r efer ence t o that king and that rsi was co n

s id er ed to r equire s om e elucid atio n at canto 1 6, v er s e 1 3, h en ce the

par ents Rtad h vaj a

’
s tory of D attatr eya and the s tor y of Al arka s

and M ad ala s a ar e m ad e the intr od uctio n to the d irect expo s itio n of

yo g a, w ith the res ult th at the d igre s s i on is so long t hat , when th e

ues tio ns with J aim i ni
’
s ubj ect of o a is r each e d q it s co nnex ion s
y g ,

has been lo s t to s ight ; an d ev en th e p as s age fr om the s tory of D atta

tr eya to th at of Alar ka at th e end of canto 1 9 i s inapt and abr upt .

B oth th es e s tor ies m oreov er appear in th eir tur n to h av e b een ex

b eyond their n atural co ur s e T he s tory of the br ah m an

p and ed . and

his d ev oted wif e in c ant o 1 6, which f ur ni s hes an unneces s ar

y
explanation o f th e bir th y a, is a s tory of
of B attatr e com m o n to w n
life, an ab s ur d anach r onis m co m par ed with wh at i t plain s ; a n d
ex

it s eem s with its f

r e er enc e to a tem ple d ed icated to A nas fi ya d ur ing
her life-tim e to be an i nter polation i ntend ed f or h er glo r ificat io n .

T he s to ry of Rtad hvaj a a nd M ad alas a i s a char m in

g one of s im ple
m ar vel and r uns its natur al cour se in cant o s 2 0 to 2 7 as f ar as M ad a
las a s i ns tr uction
’
of h er s on Alar k a in king ly d uti es ; but the f ollo w
ing cantos 2 8 to 35 , i n wh ich s h e exp o u nd s
gar d i ng brah the la ws re

m ans , s r ad d has , cus tom , &c , h ard ly a ccor d with the s t ory or w ith
’
.

her p os itio n and k

no wled g e, a nd seem t o b e an i nter olatio n
p S om e .

te achi ng on s uch m atter s b eing d eem ed d esir able , h er e was the onl
y
pl a ce wh er e the ad d ition was p o s s ible .

T he D ev i -m ah atm ya s tand s ent ir ely by it s elf as a later i nter p ola

tion . I t is a
poem c om plete in i ts elf I ts s ub ect and the char acter . j
attr ibut ed to the g od d es s s h ew th at it is the pr od u ct of a later a e
g
which d ev eloped and too k
pleas ure in the s ang uin ary featur es of
pop ular lig ion T h e
re .
prais e of the g od d es s M ah a-m aya i n canto 8 1
i s in the or d i nar
y s tyle H er s pecial glor i ficatio n b eg ins i n canto 8 2 ,
.

and is elab orated w ith th e m o s t extrav agant l aud ation and th e m o s t

m ir acul ous im ag inatio n S om e of th e hym ns breath e d eep reli

g iou s
.

feeling , expr es s enthus ias tic ad oration , and ev ince fer v en t spir itu al
m ed itatio n . O n the other h and , the d es cri ptions of the battles ab ound

with wild and re pulsi ve incid ents , and revel in gr os s a nd am az in

g
fanci es . T he D ev i m ahatmya i s
‘
-
a co m pound of
‘

the mos t opposite

char acter s . T he r eli g ious out -pour in s tim es pure
are at and eleva
g
ted : the m aterial d es criptions ar e ab s ur d and d ebas ed .

T he end ing of the P a r ana d es erv es notice . I t clos es with th e

ex ploits of king D am a . Accord i ng t o t he G aud iya or B eng al M S S .
,

which D r B anerj ea follow ed , th e P urana end s abru

ptly in canto 1 36 ,
.

leavi ng D am a acquies cing tam ely in the fl ight of his father ’ s m urd er er
V apusm at T he up- count ry ver s ion (the end ing of whi ch h e placed
.

in an a
ppend i x ) i s fo und i n th e B omb ay and Po ona ed itions an d
carr ies th e s tory on till D am a t a es v eng eance on V apusm at Dr k . .

B aner j ea con id s ere d the ab r u

ptnes s and incom pletenes s were s tr on g
e vid ence of the g enu inenes s o f the B en al end i n
g g and no d oubt th at
is a fai r arg um e nt, b ut it ov erlo o k s th e ch aracter of the two end i n
gs .

T he pu s illanim ity which th at end ing as cr ib es

’

to D am a j ar s with the
whole to ne of h i s th reat in canto 1 35 wh ich b oth v ers io ns account

genuine . O n the oth er hand the up -country end in

g narrates the f ul
film ent of that thr eat , and g e and ev en inhum an inci d ents
th e s ava

whi ch it m ent io ns ar e h ar d ly explicable i f i t is s ur iou s , for D am a af ter

p
killing V ap us m at u s ed V apus m at s blo o d and fl esh f or the oblations
’

d ue to his m urd er ed father , and als o (it i s im pli ed ) gav e certain

d eg rad ed brahm ans a cannib al feas t . A f orger would not w is h no r

d ar e to i nvent in hi s eulo
gy o f o ne of the king s s u ch re
puls i ve inci
d ents , d es ecrating the m os t s acre d r it es and t enets of hi s r eli ion,
g
nor if w e can i m agine s uch a f or gery d id occur , could it have ev er

obtained even tolera nce . I t i s i m pos s ible, ther efore , to thin k th at the
up-country end ing is a f org ery ; an d if it be the true or i
ginal, one

can eas ily und ers tand why s u ch an en d i ng s hould have been s tr uc k
o ut, and ho w th e revi s er , u nable to invent or palm o ff a n ew end in ,
g
had to brin g th e s tor y to the abr upt an d j j
e une conclus io n of the

B engal v er s i o n . T he u p- co untry end ing

pted h as , th er efor e , been ad o

as th e tr ue v er s ion in th i s tr ans latio n, and th e B eng al end ing has

been noticed s epar ately T he form er d is clos es , li e s tray pas s ages

. k
els ewh ere , that s avag ery was not abs ent f rom the earlies t m em ories of

th e Aryans i n I nd ia .

F or the purpos e of d is cus s ing th e P a r ana further, it will be

convenient to c ons id er the fir s t and s eco nd par ts a s co m os in
p g one
Section, and the third and fif th par ts com o s ing another S ection
as
p
an d this d ivis ion will be obs erved in what follo ws . T he D evi -m ah at
m ya cons titutes a S ection by its elf .

P la ce o
f O r igi n ,

W ith r eg ar d t o the ques tio n o f th e place f it s

o or ig in , th e

P a rana in both its S ections profes ses to h ave em anated from W es ter n
I nd ia .

T he s eco nd S ection as th e old es t m ay be co n s id er e d fir s t . In

canto 45 , vs . 24 and 2 5 , M ar kand eya says
pos itively that Cyav a na w as
the rei who firs t d eclar ed it : C yav ana o btained i t f r o m B h rg u and

d eclared it to the rsis , th ey peated i t to D aks a and M arkand eya

re

lear nt it from D aks a . N ow C yavana i s i nti m ately as s ociated w ith th e

wes t of I nd ia , es peci ally with the gion ab o ut the m ouths of th e
re

N ar m ad a and T ap ti
r iver s . H is f ather B h rg u and th ei r d es cend ants
Bci ka Jam ad ag ni and P arasu
,
R am a ar e co nn e cted in m any a

legend with all th e co untry north , eas t and s o uth of that r eg io n .

T hat was the territory of the B h ar g av a race ( s ee pp 31 0 . and

A s C yav ana s ettled near the m ouths of thos e r iv ers , the P ur ana its elf

clai m s to h av e b een fir s t d eclared by him in that re

g ion .

M arkand eya h im s elf w a s a B h ar gav a . T hi s i s s tated in canto 4 5, v .

18 and canto 52 vs . 1 4-1 7 ; and als o i n th e M ah a-bhar ata, V ana- p .

ccxv i T he B har gavas s pread fr om C yavan a s r egion , es

1 4 1 04 5
’
-
. .

pecially eas tw ar d alo ng the valleys of the N arm ad a a nd T apti, as

thos e v alleys were g rad ually wr es ted from the hill races by the Y ad a

vas an d H aihayas , the m os t f am ous conquerors of whi ch race wer e

Arj una K artav i rya and Jyam agha . T he f or m er r ei
g ned i n M ahis
i nati o n the N arm ad a ; and the latter a
pp ar ently conqu ered fur ther
eas t ward ( s ee M . Eh .
, V ana-p . cx v i .
,
'
S anti - p xlix ; ar i -V , xxxiii
. H . .

l 8 5 0 —9 0 , and xxxvii 1 9 80 - 87 Vi s nu P cli - clxxi v and M ats ya P

.
. , ; .

xliii -1 3- 5 l
. and xli v . 28 M arka nd eya i s s ai d to have p ai d v is its

to the P and av as and to have h ad a ti r tha at the j unction of th e G an

and Go m ati (M Eh V ana -p lxxxiv 8 05 8 but his
ges pecial
s
.
,
. . .

a bod e appear s to hav e been the r i ver P ayosni

on
( the m od ern P um a
and its co ntinu atio n
i n th e T apti, s ee p 2 9 9 ) .

(v5d lxxxviii
. .

B oth by lineage and by r es id ence theref ore he belon ed to that wes

g
tern co untry, and the or iginal P uri na m us t have been com os ed
p
there B hargav as ar e continually allud ed to thro u hout the P uri a
g n
.
.
 As re gard s the firs t S ection, it is s aid the B ird s, to whom Jaimini
was referred , were living in the V ind hya m ountains , and it was there
that they d elivered the Purana to him . T hey are ex plained of cours e

to be f o ur brahm an br others in a s tate o f tr an s m igration, and it ap

pears p
to be im lied in canto 3, vs . 2 2 - 24 , that their f ather, the m uni
S ukrsa, d welt on or near the V ind hyas . H e had a brother nam ed

T um bura . T here were pers ons of this nam e, s uch as T umb ura
o th er

who was a
g ur u am ong the Gand harvas ( s ee pp 5 7 1 , 6 417 , 6 48 , and 1 1 8 .

as corr ected ; and M . B h , S abh a-p li

. . . but it seem s permi s s ible

to co nnect this brother T um bur u w ith the tr ibes of the nam es T um

bura and T um bula wh o d welt on the s lopes of the V ind hyas (p .

T he B ir d s are said to ha ve d welt in the V ind hyas in a cav e, where

the water was very s acred (p . and whi ch was p kl d
s rin e w ith
d ro ps of water from the ri ver N ar m ad a (p . 1 9) and it is no d oub t
allo wable t o i nfer the s ituati on from thes e ind ications , nam ely, s om e

cliffs of the Vind hya hills wh er e thos e hills abut on the r iver

Narm ad a at a v er
y s acr e d ti rtha . S uch a s
pot cannot b e s ought

above the m od ern Ho h s

gabad , for the r i ver
an above that was eucom

p a s ed
s in early tim es by h ills , d ens e f ores t and wild tribes . A mng o

the very s acr ed pl ace s wh er e th e V ind hya hills on the north app r oach

close to the r iver, no ne s at s i fies the co nd itions better that the r oc ky

island and town of M and h ata, which is to b e id entified with M ahis
m ati , the ancient and fam ous H aih aya ca
pital . T he m od er n town
of M ahes ar, s om e fifty m iles lower d own th e r iver, claim s to be the
ancient M ahism ati , b ut d oes not s atis fy the allus ions M ahism ati .

was s ituated o n an is la nd i n the r iver and the p alace looked out o n the

rushing s tr eam ( Raghu -

V .
, vi , T his d es cri tion p agrees only

with M and hata . M ah ism ati was to Ag ni i n the ear li es t tim es

s acr ed

( M E h , S abha p
. . - . 1 125 M and hata h as s ec ial clai m s to s anc p
tity ; it has very ancie nt r em a ins ; it h as becom e s acred to S i va,
and the fam ous s hrine of O rii kara and o ther p
tem les d ed icated t o him
are here ( H unter I mpl , . G az .
,
M and hata . T he hills clos e in on

the river here, and on the nor th ban k ar e J ain tem ples . I n th es e bills
on the nor th ban k o verloo king the M and hata we m ay lace
r iver at p
the alleged cave where the firs t part of th e P arana rofes s es that it
. p
was d elivered ; and this id e ntificat ion will be found to ex plain m any

further features of the P a r ana

 Withf regar d to the s econd par
t i t m a
y be noti ced th at S um ati Jad a,

whose word s the B ir d s r ep eat, b elonged als o to the fam ily of B h rgu

(p . H ence this p art belong ed to the s am e r eg on i wher e the

B ha gav as p red o mi nate d

r . W ith th is v iew a g ree s the s tatem ent that

the rainy s eas on las ts fo ur m onths and the d ry s eas on eigh t m onths

(p . as I und ers tand is th e rule i n this r e g ion . I t i s f ur ther

wor thy of note that eyes of blue colour , li k e the blue water-lily

( ni lotp a la ) are given to Lk

a smi (p . 1 04 ) and to M ad alas a (p 1 1 4)
.

and s uch a com pa i on i

r s s rare , I beli ev e, i n S a ns krit . I t was ( m ay
it be inferred in W es ter n I nd ia th at p eople with blue eyes co uld
hav e been s een as v is itors in circum s tan ces of s uch a reciation that pp
th eir features becam e a m o d el of beauty .

T here are s om e other m atters that m ight h ave been ex ected to p

yield inform ation of a local char acter , s uch as the lis ts of v arious trees ,
p
.

lants , bird s and anim als ( pp 2 4 . 1 6 4—6 and 24 4-5 ) and the
peculiar expos ition of the co ns tr ucti on a nd n o m en clature o f fortres ses

pp 2 40
.
-2 I h av e, h owever , been u nable to d ed uce any d efinite
conclus ion from the latter , a nd the lis ts betray no s pecial local charac
ter , but rather aim at being as com prehens i ve i n their way as the

geographical cantos ( 5 7 and

B oth the fir s t and s econd S ect ions , th er ef or e, plainly em anated f rom
W estern I nd ia , and ind icate the m id dl e p ortion o f the N arbad a and
T apti v alle s as
y their place o f or ig in . It rem ains to cons id er the
D evi -m ah atm ya, and the f ollowi ng co ns id erations p oint to the s am e

place of o ig in r , es p
y to M and h ataeciall .

T he D evi -m ah atm ya m us t h ave orig inated in s om e place d ed i

cated to the god d es s i n h er ter rible f or m T he poem has now becom e .

a k
text-boo of the wor shipper s of K ali thr oughout N orth er n I nd ia
and in B engal, y es pe i c all at the gr eat D ur g a-p u a fes tiv al, b ut i t d id j
not originate in B engal T he god d ess w hom the oem glorifies is a
. p
god d es s form ed by the union of the v igours or ener gies ( te a s , not j
of all
‘

sa ktz ) th e god s (p . and s he is called M aha-m aya,

C and ika, Am bi a, B had ra- ali k k and M aha- ali k (pp . 46 9 , 47 6 , &c .

and T hough id e ntified (p

’
w ith S ri s he is
once .
yet
generally id entified in the hym ns with S’ iva’ s cons ort as D ur g a,
Gauri , S iv a-d i ti
’
and M aha -
kali pp 4 8 4
.
-
5 , 4 9 4 -6
, and T he
od d ess Kali , ho wever , who i s a lso called
(p is m ad e
‘

g L am und a .
a separate go d des s who i ssued from Candika s forehead ’
(p .

and C and ika gav e h er the

‘
nam e C am unda, becaus e ( as it is p
ex ress ed

in a ban m ot) s he h ad killed two great d em ons C and a and M unda

(p . W hether thi s d erivation has any im ag inary tr uth or not

m us t be y d oubtful, becaus e f anciful d erivati ons ar e com m on i n
v er

this P urana and els ewher e '

T he S a tis of the god s are m ad e se arate
. k p
em anations from the god s , and are called the M other s , md tr a m -
g q
pp . 502 , T he poem is th erefor e a glorification of D urg a in
her terrible as pect ,
w ith K ali as an em anation from h er .

O ne would therefore loo k am ong th gh old s

e s tron of
’
S iva wors hip
for the birth -place of thi s poem kable that of the . N ow it is r em ar
gr eat ling a s hr ines ( which are reckoned to be twelve) , no les s than
s ix are s it uated in or ne ar the v er y r eg ion o f W es tern I nd ia where
t he P ur i na or ig inated O ni kara M and hata,
’

; vi z , at M ahakala at

U jj a in
,
T ryam bak at Nas i k Ghrnes v ara
'
at E llora, N aganath eas t of

A hm ad nagar, and B hi m a-s an ka r at the s ources of the r iv er B hi m a .

M and hata was d oubly d is tinguished , for another f am ous li nga was
A m resvara on the s outh ban k of the r iv er there . A t none of them
ho wever , exce pt at O rinlsara , was S i va or D ur ga wors hipped with
s an
g uinary r ites , as f ar as I can find .

I n the M aha-bharata D urg a has the nam es k

M ah a ali , B had rakali ,
C and a and Ca nd i ; and s h e is als o called K ali , no d is tinctio n being
m ad e ( V ir at a- vi 1 95 ; B hi sm a-p xxi ii 796 T he nam e Os
p . . . .

m und a d oes p
not ap ar ently o ccur there . C am und a was w ors hipped
with hum an s acrifices , f or s he is m entio ned i n the fif th Act of the
M alati -m ad hav a, where her tem ple i s i ntrod uced and her i
v o tar es

tried to off er a hum an s acr ifice at the city P ad m avati P ad av ati . m

was a nam e of U jj ain ; but s om e s cholars wo uld id entify i t with

N arwar whic h is on the R S ind h, though that town

.
s eem s to be too

d is tant to s uit th e d es criptio n at the b eg inning of the ni nth Act .

W hether P ad m avati was U jj ain or not, ther e can be no d o ubt from

that d es cr ip tion that i t w as s ituated i n the reg ion nor th of the

Vi nd hyas between the upper portio ns of the r iv ers C ham bal and

P arbati, that is , i n the reg io n im m ed iately nor th of M and hata .

T he l ocal allus io n i n the poem i s that the god d es s i s M ah a

o nl
y
k ali at M ahakala p which is a shrine of S iv a at U ain and
.
’
jj
it is possible the p oem m ay have been com posed to proclaim the
mahatm ya or glory of that pl ace . B ut this i s hard ly -
probable , be
caus e the allus ion is very brief , and the worship there w as not ap

parently of the kind to or iginate this p oem . M oreov er, if P ad m avati

was U jj ain, the M alati ~m § d hava d is tin g uis hes b et ween the tem ple of

C am und a and the s hrine of M ahakala, for the tem le i s d es cribed p as

being j
ad ac ent to a field which w as us ed bur ning ground for
as a -

cor ps e s and w hich m us t hav e lain o uts id e the city ; and if Pad m avati
was s om e oth er to wn, th e allus io n h ere to M ah akala has no con

nexion with C am und a or C and i ka at P ad m avati . I t i s hard ly pro

bable that, if this p oem or ig i nate d at U jj ain , the god d es s at the
s hri ne of M ah akala would h ave been r eferred to in this m anner
-
.

H enc e this p as s ag e m ore p ro b ably conve

ys only a co m m end ator
y
allus ion and it seem s m or e natur al and p
ap r opriate to connect the
poem with M and hata , where this ph a s e of s ang uinary
. wors hip was
particul ly trong
ar s .

T he wors hip of Gam und a p oints to the sam e conclus io n. Hum an

s acrifices h ad long been ab olis hed in the civilized countr ies of I nd ia,
and th e off ering of s uch s acrifices at P ad m avati could h ard ly have
been a s ur viva l but m us t have been introd uced fr o m els e where .

S uch a practice would naturally b e cla nd estine um an s acr ifices . H

were offered i n thos e tim es o nly am o ng the rud e tr ibes of C entral

I nd ia, am ong whom s uch s acr ifices i

s ur v v e d till the las t century ;
hence it m ay b e inferred that s uch off er ings to C am und a at Pad m a
vati m u s t hav e been intro d uce d from
places which bor d er ed on thos e
tribes and were afiectcd
by their r ites T he m id d le or tion of the
. p
Narbad a v alle
y was em inently s u ch a place P ointing in the s am e .

d irection is the s tatem ent i n the M ah a-bharata that D ur a h ad her

g
eternal abo d e on the Vind hyas and w as f ond o f intoxicating liquor ,
flesh and cattle ( Vir at p
a- . vi. It s eem s r eas o nable then t o
conclud e that the D evi -m ahatm ya i s earlier than the M alati
m ad h ava ; and if s o, the nam e C am und a and the f orm C a ika occur
nd
app arently th e firs t tim e in thi s poem .

M and hata was a fam ous ancient ti r tha and a ppears to hav e f allen
into neglect and been alm os t d es er ted in the l 1 th and 1 2 th centur es i
b ut i ts glory was r evived About th e year 1 1 65 “
.

a Gos ain,
named D aryao Nath, was the only wors hip per o f O m kar on th e is land
,

which pilgr im s coul d not vis it for fear of a terr ible god called Kél
B h airav a and hi s con ort s K ali D ev i, who fed on hum an flesh . At
last D aryao N ath by his austerities s hut up Kali D ev i in a cav e, the
m outh of which m ay yet be s een, appeas ing her by erecting an i m age
outs id e to r ecei ve wors hip while he arranged that K é l B hair ava

s hould ,
in f uture, r ecei ve h um an s acrifices at r e
g ular i ntervals F ro m .

that t im e d evotees h ave d as h ed th em s elv es o ver the B ir khala cliffs

at the e as tern e nd of th e i s land on to the roc s k by the r iver br in k ,

where th e terrible g od r es id e d ; till in 1 8 2 4 the B r itis h officer i n charg e

”
of N i m ar wi t nes s ed th e las t s uch offer ing to Kil l B hair ava ( H un .

ter , I m pl . G az .
, T here d o es no t ap ear
p to b e any

i nform atio n, what kind of w orship was offere d there b efore the 1 1 th
century, yet th e f acts s ugges t s trong ly that s uch sang uinary r ites were
no t a ne w or d inance b ut had pr e vailed there b efore .

and h is i n t heir m os t terr ible f or m s were thus

’
B oth S i va co ns or t

worsh ip ped at M and hata , whi ch w as alm o s t exclus i vely d evoted to their
s ervice and it i s easy to und ers tand how s uch a s an ui nar f orm of
; g y
relig io n co uld ta ke s ha e
p here . T his g io n of the N arbad a valley w as
re

s
peci ally co nnected with d em on legend s , s uch as the d em on s tr o ngh old
of T r ip ur a and the d em o n M ahi sa , after which the to wns T e wa r and

M ahes ar ar e s aid to b e nam ed . I t als o bord er ed on the N aga coun

try . M and h ata, would be the m os t probable

w ith s uch as s ociations ,

bir th-place of this poem , and the brie f allus ion to M ah akala would then
be only a collater al o ne ; yet , eve n if the poem was com pos ed at Uj j ai n ,

the conclus ion would s till r em ain good that the poem or i
ginated i n
this reg ion of W es tern I nd ia .

D a te o
f the P a r ana .

T he ques tion of the d ate of the P ur ana is m or e d ifficult, s ince all

ques tions of chronology in S ans rit wr iting s ar e m os t un cer tain O ne k .

d efinite and im por tant d at e m ay be fir s t noticed . M ah am ah opad hyaya

[

H arapras ad S as tri f ound

’
a co py of the D evi m ali at m ya in
-
old

N e wari character s in the Royal ibr ar y in N ep al, and it is d ated L ‘

9 9 8 A D ( S e e his C at alog ue)

. . I t m ay b e s afely i nferred therefr o m ,
,

that this poem m us t have been com pos ed b efore the beg inning of the
l 0 th centur y at the lates t . T he D evi -m ah atmya cannot therefor e b e

later than the 9 th cent ury and m ay be cons id erably earlier . Since it is
the lates t p art o f the P ur a ua, the o ther pa r ts m us t h ave been
 co m posed earlier , and th e ques tion for cons id eration is , ho w m uch
earlier

W ilson in his preface to his T r an sla

-

P rof . ti on of the V isnu P ur em a

p oint ed o ut that thi s P ur ana is later than the M aha-bharata but

anter io r to the B rahm a, P ad m a, N ar ad i ya and B hagavata P ur anas ,
and j
con ectured that i t m ay b e placed in the ninth or tenth century

AD . T his , as alr ead y not iced , i s too r e cent , m o reo v er it has b ee n

d is covered i
s nce that his es ti m ates of the com p o s it io n o f the s ev er al

P ur anas und er-r ec on k their ge, and that the per iod s as si g ned by him
a

s houl d be m oved so m e centuri es earlier F or ins tance , he co nj ectur ed

.

the co llective writin g s kn o wn as th e S k an d a P ur ana t o b e m od er n and

the g re ater par t of the c onte nts o f the K asi Khand a anter ior t o th e
fir s t attac k upon B en
by M ahm ud of Grh iz ni
ar es (P reface, p Ixx1 1 )
‘
.

which m us t m ean th at th e K aéi Khand a i s ear lier than the 1 1 th cent ury
A D . B ut M ah am ahop ad hyaya H arapra s ad S'as tri found i n the
R oyal L ibrar v in N epal a copy of the S k and a P ur i na written i n
the later Gupta ch aracters of the 6 th or 7 th centur y AD . F rom that
it is ob vious th at th e com pos i ti on o f the S k and a P ur ana m us t h av e
k n pl ce f u
ta e a o r or fiv e cent ur ies earli er than P rof . W ils on s ’
es tim at e .

Hen it i p ibl
ce s os s e that a c o r r es po nd ing m od ification of his es ti m ate

re
gar d ing the M ar ka nd eya P ur ana should be m ad e, and that w ould

place i t about the 4th century A D .

F urther ev id en ce is obtained fr om J ain wr itings that the P ur e .

nas are m uch ear li er th an P rof . W ils on es tim at ed . T hu s th e P ad m a

P urana of the whi ch was w r itten by Rav is ena i n im itation of
J ains ,

th e H
ind u P ad m a P uri na, contains , I u nd er s t and , a cou let s howin
p g
p
that it was com os ed i n the year 6 7 8 A D and that P ur a a m en
n
tio ns all the P ur anas . All ar e m entioned ag ain in the J ain Ad l
P ur ana of J inas ena w ho liv ed ab out a c entur
y later . T his evid enc e

w ould d em ons trate that all the H ind u P u anas h d been r a com
p osed
bef ore the end of the s i xth and p obabl
y by the end of
r the fifth
cent ury AD though f it leav es r oom O
pen f or
o cours e s ub se uent
q
.

ad d itions and inter p olations in them .

A co m m on m eth od of es tim ating thege of a S ans krit com p os ition

a

is t o cons id er the r eli

gious and p hilos ophical id eas em bodi ed i n it
;
yet to d is cu s s ques tions of chronology on the bas is of s uch id eas s eem s

to be more inter es ting t han convincing S uch id eas have . p as s ed

along a c our s e of p
d evelo m ent in I nd ia, b ut it is d oubtful how far
general inferences th er efrom can b e s af ely a lied to fix the d ate o f pp
a
particular wor k
W here s uch id eas are found ed on sa cred com os i
. p
tions , which ar e the j
s ub ect o f r ev er ent s tud y, there m us t be fl o ws ,
ed d ies and inter vals of s tag natio n, and e ven r a id s an d
p bac k c urre nt s , .

in the s tream of s uch id eas . T heir course m ay b e com pared with

peculations , n ot in a s ingle E urop ean country, but in the

s im ilar
'

whole of E urope, f or I nd ia has alwa s co m rised m an co untries and

y p y
the history of E urope d uring the las t f our hund r ed years s hews .

wh ether it would be eas y to d eterm ine the d ate of a wr iting on s uch

j
s ub ects in Latin s ol ly f e r om its cont ent s , for the progres s of thought
i n the d iffer ent countr ies has been neither sim ultaneous nor unif orm .

S im ilarly i n I ndi a, th ere be no d oub t that, while religion and philo -

can r

so phy have had their general cour se of d ev elo pm ent, the cours e has
been y unequal in the d ifferent countr ies , s o that it would not be
v er

unr eas onable to s us ect th a p

t at the s am e tim e o ne country was ad
v ancin
g, another
y, and a thir d was ev en d egenerating
w as s tationar

und er political ad vers ity T he d evelopment of r eligi on and philoso

.
~
,

phy in I ndi a th en i s not s o clear that one can d o m ore tha n venture

to j
con ectur e upon s uch ground s , at what period or pe iod s this
r P ur e .

na, whi ch was written in W es ter n I nd ia, was composed . And , as alr ead y
m entioned , it has so little of a s ectar ian s pi it r of p ecial d oct ine
r o s r s

that the bas is for j

co n ect ur e i s m eagre . S ubj ect t this caution the
o

followi ng featur es m ay be noticed

-

A m ong the d eities , I nd ra and B rahma are m entioned oftenes t next

'
s tand Visnu and S i va ; th en the S un and A gni ; and las tly D har m a
and others . I nd r a is m entioned m os t often i n the firs t and fifth
p arts , and B rahm a in the third and fif th parts while Visnu and
’
S iva
do not s how any p ar ticular
pre d
pon erance . I f the D ev i m ah atm ya
-

ad o
is put as id e the S un i s the d eity that r eceiv es the m os t s
pecial
ration, and his s tory is related twice, firs t , bri efly in cantos 77 an d 7 8,
and afterward s with fullnes s in canto s 1 0 2 -1 1 0 . T o this may be
ad d ed the , cog nat e wor s hip of A gni in cantos 9 9 and 1 0 0 S uch .

m ar ked r ev erence for Ag ni a nd th e S un w ould be natural in s uch a

plac M ahism ati , which ( as alread y m entio ned ) was s pecially sacred
e as

to A gni before the wor s hip of S i va obtained s uprem acy there K am a

’
.

ri a the m od er n
p , Gauh ati in A s sam , is m entioned as s pecially
a ppropriate for the worship of the S un ( p . and why it should

h ave been s o character ized s eem s unintelligible unles s it was cons i

d ered to be ud aya -yzr i

’

an .

T he prom inent notice of th e gr eat V ed ic g od I ndr a, and of B rahm ath e

earlies t of the p os t V e d ic wo uld i nd i cate f airly hig h a n
g d
- o s, a

tiquity for the P ur i na, especially f or the s econd S ection, which

bold ly claim s to have is s ued fr om B rah m a’ s m outh equally w ith the
Ved as ( p 2 1 9 ) . and thus to s tand alm o s t on an equa lity with them
an honour which none of the oth er P ur anas v entur es to arrogate for
its elf . S uch an antiquity w ould als o explain the high p os iti on as
sig nedto the S un and Ag ni, who ar e als o am o ng th e chief V ed ic god s

p
yet the s pecial rai se ofiered to the S un m ay, as D r B aner . j ea hinted ,

p p p
be erha s attributable in art to P ers ian infl uences .

T he fir s t S ection of the P ur ana is certainly later than th e M ah a

bh arata, for the four ques tions th at Jaim ini propound s to the B ird s
aros e expres sl
y out of that work T hes e ques tions are, fir s t, a reli
.

gions enigm a, W hy d id V as ud eva ( V isnu ) th ough d evoid of quali ties

as s um e hum an s hape w i th its qualit ies of good nes s , p assion and

ignorance ? y, a s ocial p er plexity, W hy was D raupad i the

s econd l

com m on wife of the fiv e Pand ava bro ther s thi r d ly, a m oral incon

g ruity, W hy d id B alad eva e xp iate the s i n of brahm anicid e by pilgri

m age and f our thly , a v iol atio n of nat ural j u tice
s , W hy d id D rau
pad i s five s ons
’
p er ish i n th eir y outh
all T he ob trus ion of th es e
es tions im lies that th e M ah a-bh ar ata w as firml
qu p y es tablished as an
p
uni m eachable authority, s o that d ifficulties i nvol ved in it coul d not

be d is puted and m ust ad m it of r econcilia tion with the laws of

Righteous ness .

T he explanatior s i ofiered by th e B ird s ap p ear to be th ese . V esu

d eva ( Visnu ) existed in q uad r uple f orm ; th e firs t f orm was d evoid o f

qualities , but each of the others w as ch aracteriz ed by one of the

three qualities , so that in his ass um ing hum an and other s ha es p with
all the qualities no v iolation o ccurr ed to his nature T he second .

ues t ion i s s olved by the as s er tio n, that becaus e of I nd ra’ s tr ans

q
gres s ions five p or tions of his es se nce becam e incarnate in the
P andavas and his wife becam e i ncarnate as D raupad i , so th at she wa s
s till th e W i fe of only o neper s on T he third ques t ion seem s to tur n
‘

on the id eas , that brahmanicid e was a heinous s in expi able b d eath

y
a nd that pilgrim age was a pious und ertaking ; how therefore could
uch a s in be expiated b
s
y s uch action ? T he answer seem s to be th at
the in was unintentional being d ue to overpowering s ensual in
s ,

fl uences and d id not call for the full r igour of punishm ent while
, ,

the real p enance cons is ted in conf s i n T he f ourth question is es o .

so lved by a story of trans m igration ; D raupad i s s ons were fiv e V isve ’

D ev as who were curs ed by Vi s vam itra to as sum e hum an form for a ’

brief period .

T he firs t t wo questions and ans wers call for som e notice and throw
s om e li ht o n th e a e of the fir s t S ection of th e P ur a a
g g n .

W ithgard to the firs t ques tion, D r B anerj ea has r em ar ed in hi s

re . k
I ntr od uction th at the d escription of V as ud ev a b elongs to th e s ch ool
N ar ad a p aficar atra, t o which S’ankar acarya h as given an elaborate
- '

r eply in hi s co m m entar y on th e B r ah m a S utr as ; while no trac e of

this d octr ine i s to b e found in the . s econd S ection o f th e P ur i na As .

S an
’
k ar a lived in th e 8 th cent ury A D , that s chool exis ted b efor e
him T h e fir s t part of this Pur ana w as , ther efor e, probably prior to
.

his tim e ; yet it m ay poss ibly h ave b een later T his com arison then . p
yi eld s nothing d efinit e .

T he s econd ans wer pr es ent s som e r em ar kable peculia ities when r

com
p ar ed with th e M ah a-bh arata . T hat wo k gi e two explana
r v s

wi f ehood , fi why s he w as d es tined to hav e

’
tions ab out D r aupad i s r s t,

five hu sband s , and s econd ly, why th e fiv e P and avas b ecam e her
hus band s .

T he firs t explanation i s giv en t wice in the Ad i -parv an, vi a , in

S h e had been a rei s d aught er
’
clx ix . 6 42 6 -34 and in cxcvu 7 31 9 -28 . .

'
and unm arr ied ; in ord er to obtain a husband sh e propitiated S iv a
with aus t er iti es , a nd he off er ed h er a boon . Sh e begged for a

husband , and in her eag er ness m ad e the requ es t five ti m es , hence

he pr om is ed her fiv e hu sband s , and in s pite of her ob ection ad hered j

to his wor d and prom is ed them to her in another life ence s he . H
w as b orn as D r upad a s d aughter
’
I n th e latter of th es e two as sages
. p
and in line 7 3 1 0 s he i s m ad e an i ncar nati on
of a sm i Lk
T he s econd ex planat ion i s g iven in Ad i -par van cx cvu . 7 2 7 5 -7 31 0 .

d
In ar w ent t o
'
S i va on M o unt im avat H and accos ted him r ud e ly, but
’
S i va a wed him and o inted to a c av e i n the m ountain wh erein wer e
p
fo ur prior I - nd ras . S iv a
’
s aid that I nd r a and thos e four pr ior I nd ras

3
 x v iii

s hould be barn in hum an shape in Ord er to red uce th e over-pO pul a

ti on of the world , and that Laksm i s hould be b orn and be th eir

comm on wife . A ccordi ngly I n d ra w as born as Arj una and the prio r

Ind r as as the other P andavas , and Laksm i was b orn as D raupad i .

Now thes e s tor ies in the M aha bharata its elf f urnis hed som e ex

lanation, and wh J im in i s h ou l d h av e felt any perplexity, if h e had

p y a

p
these ex lanations bef ore him , is at firs t s ight str ang e T his s ugg es ts .

- h rata o r whether th e
a d oubt wh ether the
y w er e t h en in t he M ah a b a , y
w ere inserted there af ter ward s to m ee t this v ery ques tion O n the
.

other hand , i t m ay be noted that thes e ex p lanations di d not r eally

s olv e the d ifficul ty, fer the five I nd ras who b ecam e the P andavas
‘

husb and s were s till

’
w ere not the s am e d eity, and thus D raupad i s

se
parate p ers on s . O n this p oint , therefore, the d ifficulty r em ained ,

and the g iven by the B ir d s r em oves it (though at var iance

ans wer

with t h e M aha-bh arata) by d eclari ng that the P and avas were all
i ncarnations of portions of the s am e d eity, I nd r a, and were thus really
only one person . T he M aha-bhar ata, howev er , pres ented a further
difficulty, for why s h ould Lk
a s m i have becom e incar nate to be the

wife of incarnations of I nd ra ? T he B ir d s alter this by d eclaring

(again at var iance w ith the M ahab harata) that it w as I nd ra’ s o wn

wife who becam e i ncarnate as D raupad i . B oth thes e contradi cti o ns

are left unnoti ced ;

yet it is s aid v ery trul y that there was very great
p
per lexity about thi s m atter ( p .

T his incongrui ty of L aksm i s becom in g incar nate to b e wife to

’

i ncar nations of other d eities s ug ges ts a f ur ther s e cula tion I n t he

p .

M ahfi-b harata as it now s tand s , K rsna i s an incar nation of Vis nu,

and it was p ope
r r that L aksm i s h o uld becom e i ncar nate to be hi s
q ueen Nevertheles s
. r that wo k
s tates that s he becam e the wif e of

p
fiv e ers ons all di s tinct from Vis nu M ay it be s ur m i s ed that thes e .

e x lanations i n the M ah a-bh arata w ere fas hioned befo

p re K a h ad rsn
been d eified , before it w as per ceived that the could have an
and
y y
bearing on hi s s tory i’ I f s o, it is q ui te intelligible that it was d eem ed
neces s ary, after K rsn a was d eified , to rem o ve the i nco n rui t
g y by as
s er ting that D r aupad i was an i ncar natio n
, not o f a sm i , but of Lk
I nd rani T his vi ew, that the r evi s ed ex lanations here iv en re ar d
.
g g
p
i ng D raupad i and the P andavas wer e neces s itated by the d eificatio n
of K WW » s eem s not im robable p
If s o, the revis ion and the nam e
.
Vasud eva, by which Visnu is “

s pecially ad d res s ed i n the fir st ,

.
part ,

would i nd icate that the firs t par t was com os ed , wh en the K rsna
p
legend had becom e s o well es tablis hed that it was need f ul to bri ng
other s tor ie s into harm ony with it .

T he P ur ana contains li ttle reference to the political cond ition o f

p
I nd ia ; yet it m ay b e ointed out that all th e s tor ies nar rat ed in the
fir st S ection relate to M ad hya-d esa, th e im alayas and W es tern H
I nd ia , while no m ention occurs of S outher n, E as ter n or N or th
W es tern I nd ia . I n the s econd S ection, f ew illus trative s tor i es occur

a
par t fr om the m ain d is cours e on th e M enus and the royal genealo
g ies O nly one d ynasty is treated of, that i n which the chief
.

pr inces wer e V ats apr i , Khanitr a, Karand ham a, Avi ksit and M ar utta .

T hes e were f am o us k
ings , es pecially M ar utta who was a uni ver s al
m o nar ch I h ave not b een able to find a nything which ind icates
.

where their kingd om w as , yet i t m u s t hav e been som ewh er e in

th e M id d le land -
or N or th -
W es t , becaus e of M ar utta s
’
r elatio ns

with V rhas p ati and S amv artta (M . Bh A svam -p iii-v i ) ; the

.

M id d le-land here com pri s ing the co untr

y as f ar eas t as M i thila

and M ag ad ha I n th e s econd S ection the only al lus i ons to other p ar ts

.

of I nd ia are o ne t o th e r iv er Vi tas ta in t h e P anj ab lp o ne .

to k
a n un no wn town i n S o uth I nd ia (p . and s e veral to K am a
r upa , the m od er n Gauhati in A s s am ; b ut the author s
’
kn o wled g e o f
hazy that he treats K am ar upa f
'

E a s ter n I nd ia w as so as b eing eas y o

acces s fr om the M id d le land -

(p . I s it r easo na ble to d raw an
y
inf erence fro m the m ental hor iz on h er e d isclos ed ? It ag rees with

the s tate of I nd ia in th e third ce nt ury A D .

T he geog raphical cantos 5 7 and 5 8 are no d oubt s pecial com pi

lations and m ay to a cer tain d eg ree s tand apar t T hey appear to .

aim at b ei ng co m prehens i ve, a nd to e num er ate all the co unt r ie s , r aces

and tribes till then known ,

wh ether ancie nt or m ed iaev al . T his c om

hen s i ve ch ar acter rath er re vents the d ra wi ng o f any 1a1 g e d efinite

p re p
conclus io ns fro m t he m , yet t wo poi nts m ay be no tice d .

T he H
unas are placed am ong th e peoples 1 n the 1l o 1 th in canto 5 8,

tho ug h the conte x t is no t very p r ec is e . T he H un s i n their m igra

C hina appear to have arr i ved to the nor th

t ions f rom the co nfines of

of I nd ia a bo ut th e beg inning of the third cent ury A D . .

,
and o ne

b r anch , the W hite Huns ,

es tablis hed a kingd om after ward s in the
O xus vall ey . I nd ia had no actual ex erience of p them until their fir st
i nv as ion , which was m ad e through the pas s es i n th e
nor th-wes ter n

fifth century ( M r V S m ith s E a r ly H i s tory of I nd i a ,

’
m id d le of the . .

pp 2 7 2 ,
. T he allus ion to the H
uns theref or e , with th e p os ition

as s ig ned t o th em i n the nor th, in canto 5 8 , is plainly earlier th an

their invas ion, and is what a wr iter i n the third century or the early

p ar t of the fo ur th centur
y would have m ad e .

I n these t wo cantos P r agj yoti sa is placed in the eas t, and no m en

tio n i s m ad e of K am ar upa . Pr agj yot isa was the anci ent kingd om
t hat co m
pris ed nearly all the nor th a nd eas t o f B engal (p . 32 8 )
later on i t d wind led and s eem s to have ling er ed and perished i n the
ea s t o f B eng al ; and af ter that K am ar upa cam e i nto pr om i nence in
it s s tead . I n the M aha-bhar ata andR am aya na P r agj yotisa alone is
nam ed ; K am ar fipa is nev er , I believe, m entioned t here, and it occ ur s
i n later wr iting s o nly . I n the S econd S ectio n however Kam ar fipa i s
m entioned , and no allus ion i s m ad e to P r agj yo tis a . T his d ifference
tells in f avour of the antiquity of these cantos .

W i th reg ar d to the D ev i -m ahatm ya, if the co m par is o n m ad e abov e

between i t and th e M alati -m ad hav a i s reas o nable, i t would f ollow that,

s i nce B havabhuti who wrote that play liv ed ab out th e end of the
s ev enth century A D , this
poem m us t b e anterior
.
I t w ould
.
. re r e
p
s ent the incorporation of barbarous practices bo rrowed fr om the r ud e
tribes of C entral I nd ia into brah m ani c d octrines , and m i ht be
g
as s i gned to the s ixth orperh ap s the fif th century .

F rom a ll th es e cons id erations it s eem s f air t o d r aw th e followin

g
conclus io ns T he D ev i -m ahatm ya, the lates t
par t, w as cer tainly
.

co m plete i n the 9 th century and v ery pr ob abl

y i n the 5th or 6 th cent ury
AD T he thir d and fifth parts , which constituted the ori inal P ur ana,
g
.

w ere probably in exi s tence i n the third century, and p erhaps

very

ev en earli er ; and th e fir s t and s econd

parts wer e com posed bet ween
those two eriod s p .

O tlzer m a tter s qf i nter es t .

C ertai n other m atters m ay b e m entioned , which ar e of

great
interes t i n the P ur ana .

I n the firs t part J aim ini, though d i s ciple of Vyasa and a fam ous i
a
rs
( M ahz bh S
'
t i p cccli is yet m ad e, w hen er lexed b p
'

t-
an -
p y
. .
,
.

four difficult ques tions in k

Vyas a s own wor , the M ahab harata to
’

,
s ee k instruction, not from V yas a but from M arkandeya ; and this
raises a p
presum tion that th ere was an i ntention to m a ke M a l andeya
r c

e ual
q with, if not s u er ior p
to, V y as a F urther , M arkand eya d oes .

not him s elf ex p lai n the ques tions bu t, d eclining w ith a trans par ent
excus e, refers J aim ini to the B ird s . T he B ird s , though s aid no d oubt
to be brahm ans und erg oing a tr ans m ig r ation, were infer ior i n ed uca

tion and fam e to J aim ini , yet they were d eem ed f ully capable of

author itativ el
y ans werin
g the ques tions that uz zled him p . It s eem s

hard to avoid s us p ecting ag ain in thi s cons truction of the s tory, that
there was an intention to the in s tr uction given by the m unis of
exalt

the V i nd hyas to equality with , if not s u per iority ov er , that given in

M ad hya-d esa . I t m ay b e m entio ned that accord ing to certain le
gend s Vaisam p ayana s
’
pupil s wer e transform ed into partrid ges (ti ttir z) '

in ord er to pick up the B lac k Y jua s d is gorged by one of their

verses

com panions ; but it d oes no t s eem r ea s onable to as crib e the i ntr od uc

tion of thes e B ird s d r am a tis p er sonae in this P ur i na to any im itation

as

of thos e legend s , becaus e the nature of th e s tor i es is wholly d ifferent .

T he u s e of the B ir d s s eem s r ath er to b e the ap plication of a clas s of

id eas comm on in the anim al-tales o f folk -lore to reli gious teaching,
and to be s im ilar to th e m achinery em ployed by B ana in his story of
Kad am bari .

I n the s econdp ar t it is worthy of note that ind ulgence in s iritu p

ous liquor and in s ens ual en oym ents is v iewed with littl e or noj
d is a pprobation in the s tory of D att atreya ; and m eat and s tr ong

dr ink are m entioned as m os t acceptabl e offer ing s in the worship o f

D attatreya ( p a s an incarnation of V isnu ( p
.
M eat of .

various k
ind s , includ ing even hog s flesh , is d eclar ed to be m os t
’

gratifying to th e p itrs S uch f ood w as not unknown in ancient

.

tim es , for it is s aid that d uring a s ever e fam ine ing T r isa nku k
su pp orted Visv am itra
’
s wif e with th e fl esh of d eer, wild pigs and
buffaloes ( H ari V - .
, 7 2 41
A m os t extraord inary m ay be noticed in conclus ion I t is
pas s age .

related of king D am a that, aft er k

ta ing v engeance on rince Vapus p
m at, “
with Vapusm at s fl esh he
’
k
offer ed the ca es t o his [m ur d ered ]

father , he feas ted the br ahm ans who w er e s prung from families of

Raksas as (p . 6 8 3 with B rahm ans at tim es lost their cas te

and became d egrad ed , but here the p os it on

i is revers ed and certain
d es cend ants of Raksas as wer e
'

koned as brahm an S u h canni

r ec s. c

bali s m is , I b elie e unp arall led in S ns krit and i t is alm o t in

v , e a d ible
,
s cre

that th er e s ho uld ha e be n b v hm ns of any kind whate e who

e ra a v r .

would hav e pa ticip ted in it

r a E ating hum an fl e h was n t un kno wn
. s o

in an cien t tim es (p .
yet a s tory is told i n the M a h a bharata
wher e R aksas as and even fl es h -
eat ing D as yus d is d ained the fl es h of a
'
t ru e th oug h d egr ad ed brahm an ( S anti-p . clxxii . 64 2 0 T his
s tor y of king D am a wo uld s eem to im ply that it i s of r e al a nti quity ,

and that the account of

the d ynas ty in whi ch he occurred , an d w hich
is the only d ynas ty d es cribed , m us t be a ur ana in the full m eaning
'
p
of the t erm .
 C O NT E NT S .

C A NT O . I ntr od ucti on .
P A GE .

J aim ini a pplied to M arkand eya f or instruction on four

questions M arkandeya referr ed hi
. to f our lear ned B ir d s , m
s ons of D ro na and the A sar as V a u who was cur s ed b
p p y the
rsi D urvfisas to be a bir d ; and n ar ra
ted the s tory of their
birth, and of their e d ucation
by S am i ka ; and explained
’

that they were four brahm ans , who were s o b orn, because
c urs ed by their father S ukrs a for not offer ing their b od ies
as food to a fam is hed bird .

T he B i r d d is cour J ui m i ni 9u
’ ’
s s e on s our es ti ons .

J aim ini vis ited the B ird s at the Vind hya M ts . and they
his f our ques ti ons thus
ans wer ed —
V isnu as s um ed bodily
5 form s in ord er to acco m plis h good ; D raupad i becam e the
j
oint w ife of the fiv e P and ava s b ecaus e they wer e all

6 em anations I nd ra ; B alad e va com m itted brahm anicid e

of

7 d uring i ntoxication and expiated it by p ilgri m age and five

’
Visve D av i s , wh o, on s eeing Visv am itra s brutality to ing k
H ariscand ra, cens ured Visv am itra, i ncurr ed his cur s e thereby

and wer e born as the fiv e s ons of D raup ad i to d ie young and

unm arr ied .

J aim ini
’
8 T his s tory led the B ird s at s r eques t to n ar rate

the wh ole s tory of king H ar iscan d ra s

’
s uffer ings and

9 ultim at e beatitud e ; and the terrible fight wh ich r es u lted

ther efr om bet ween V as 1 s th a and Visv am itra as g igantic
bird s .

T he B i r d s d is cour s e on J a i mini f ur ther ques ti ons

’
8 .

'

D is cour s e on life , d ea th a nd a cti on

10 Ja1 m 1 ni pound ed further questions reg arding concep

p ro

tion, f oetal life, birth, g rowth , d eath a nd the consequences

of action ,
an d the B ir d s ans wer ed them by reprod ucing
C ANT O .
P AGE .

the ins truction that a br ahm an S um ati , k

ni c -nam ed Jad a,

o nce to hi s father ( canto s x— xli v )

gave
.

T hu s the B ird s gav e in J ad a s wor d s a d es cription of

’

1 1 d eath, after -exi s tences and certai n hells of hum an concep 69

1 2 tion and bir th , and the ev ils of all exis tence ; of cer tai n other 71
1 3 bells and the variou s terr ible torm ents in flicted there ; and 74

they narrated the y of

s tor king Vipas cit
’ ’
s d es cent i nto hell,
14 wi th a d iscours e r e ard ing
g acti ons and th e s peci fic punis h 76
1 5 m ents f or a long lis t o f vari ou s s ins , and of hi s d eliv erance 83

fr om hell together w ith other p ers ons co nfined ther e .

S tor i es i llus tr a ting r eli

g i ous d evoti on (yog a ) .

J ad a s d is co urs e, broached the sub 91

’
T he B ir d s , continuin
g
j ect of y og a or reli i ou s d ev otion, but
g p r eface d it w ith a long
narrati v e ( cantos xvi to xliv
) . A br ahm an M and av ya w as
s ave d fr om a cur s e by hi s d ev oted wi fe, who s topped the ris ing

gained a boon fr om A tr i s wi f e A nas fiya ; th e

’
of th e s un and 99
cons equence bles sed A nas uya, and B r ah m a, Visnu and
god s in
’
S iva wer e born as h er thr ee s ons S om a, D attatr eya and D urv a
sas ; D attatreya ind ulg ed i n s en su al pleas ures ; A r una K ar 1 0 1 j
tav i rya, h owev er , bei ng ad v is ed by his m inis ter Garg a to

propitiate D attatreya , becaus e D att atreya ( being an incar

nation of Vi snu ) had once s aved th e g o d s fr o m the d em o ns ,

d id and by D attatreya s bless ing r eign ed glori ous ly 1 06

’
so .

T hi s led on k
to the s tory of Alar a , whi ch i s us ed to co nv ey
politi cal, reli
gious and s ocial in struction ( cant os xx to xliv ) .

A lar b u s bir th
’
and e d uca ti o n .

King S atruj it s
’
s on Rtad hv aj a liv ed in intim ate f iend r 1 09
ship with t wo N aga pri nces ; they t old their f ather A s v a '

tara— how Rtad hvaj a had s uccour ed the br ahm an G alava

with the hel p of a w ond rous hors e nam ed Kuv alaya, and 1 13
d es cend ing to P etals , had killed th e d em o n P atala- ketu the e r ,

and had res cued and m arried the Gand harva r inces s M ad a
p
las i , and w as f am ed as Kuv alayasv a ; and als o ho w a 1 2 1
d emo n had caus e d M ad alas a to d ie on a fals e re p or t o f
C ANT O . P AGE .

23 Kuvalayasva
’ ’
s d eath . King As vatara, by
'
propiti ating Sa 1 25
then, gained perfect s ill in
rasv ati oetry and m us ic k p
( wh i h e d es cribed ) , and b
y propitiating S iv a receiv ed
’
c ar

2 4 M ad alas a res tored t o life ; h e inv ited K uvala asv a to 1 36

y
2 5 P etals an d
gav e M ad alas a bac to him Kuvalay asva had 1 40 k .

26 a so n by her , and s he prattled to the inf ant ; they had 1 42

thr ee other s ons and s he nam ed the
younges t Al ar a k .

P o li ti ca l, re lig i ous an d s oci a l i ns tr ucti on .

27 T hen f oll o wed an ex os ition o f

p political, reli gio us and s ocial
d octrine in th e gui se of in s tr uction
g iven by M ad alas a to
Alar a k S he i nst fucted him
. in the d uties and c ond uct

28 of a king ; in th e d uties of th e f o ur cas tes and of a br ah

lif e i n the g eneral d uties of a
g rhastha and v ar ious
’
2 9 m an s ;
30 reli g i ous m atters ; i n th e d uties of a g rhas tha in d etail ;

i n the perfor m an ce of th e P ar
'
3 1 in the s r ad d h a cer em on es i
'
32 vana S
ra d d ha an d the pers ons to be exclud ed ; in the p ar
ticular f ood s , period s , s i tes and or d inan ces to be ob s erved in

3 3 the srad d ha ; in the V oluntary s r ad d h as d their benefits

’

an

34 proper occas ions ; in the r ules of Vi r tuous C us tom

and

3 5 g enerally and w ith m uch d etail ; ab out d iet, purification,

cond uct, holy d ays and v ar iou s r eligio u s cere m onies .

E xp os i ti on o
f r eli
g i ous d ev oti on (yog a ) .

36 Rtad h v aj a then res ig ne d hi s kingd om to Alar ka and de

37 pa t r ed to the f ores t . Alar k a lived i n pleas ure , but, b eing
r ed uced to g reat s traits by hi s brother and the ing of k
38 K i m, s ought r elief fr om D attatreya . D attatreya po e s k
about the s o ul and , on Al arka
’
s as king ab out r elig io us d evotion

39 (yog a) , ex p o und ed the m ethod , cond iti ons and s ig ns of its

40 prope r
perf orm ance th e attend ant ailm ents and the s ta es
g
41 which lead to final em anci patio n from ex i s tence ; the way

in which y a og i s hould liv e, beg ,

eat and r each his end ;
of the word Om
“
4 2 the com p os ition, m eaning and efli cacy

4 3 ill om ens an d their s ig nification and the s eas ons for, and

the i m portance of, yog a . A lar k a t hen r elin ui s hed

q the
 kingd om er s ion, d e
’

44 , but
his br o ther , g
lad at { A lar k a s c o nv

clined it and d e
p ar ted Al ar a g av e i t t o hi s
.
s on and d e k
p ar ted to the fores t T hi s en d s Ja d a s ex os ition
’
. . p .

f ur ther ques ti ons

’
T he B i r d s d i s cour s e J ai m i ni
’
on s .

D i s cour s e on C r ea ti on .

J aim ini put furth er ques tions , and the B ird s ans wer ed
p
them by re eating what M ar kand eya had taught Kraustuki .

T his d i s cours e r uns on to the end o f th e Pur ana .

M arkand eya , after e xto lli n thi s P u r i na, d es cribed the

g
cours e of creation fr om B r ahm a th r ough Prad hana, &c .
, and

the m und ane eg g ; h e d i scour s ed ab out B rahm a, and ex

plained d iv ine and h um an t im e an d th e f our a

ges . He de
s cr ibed the cr eatio n of th e ear th and all it cont ai ns ; the
k
god s , d em ons , pit ys , m an ind & c , and the pos itions as s ig n ,
.

ed them ; the or ig in o f th e pr im ev al h um an r ace and its

s ocial and m oral ev olutio n ; t he birth of the nine S ages ,

Rud ra , M anu S vayam bhuva a nd hi s d escen d ants , D aksa and

hi s ofispring ; A -d har m a and hi spr og eny, es p ecially the

of gobli ns and
goblin D uhsaha and h is pow ers , whose brood

hags are nam ed w ith their p arti cular fu nctions ; the crea
tion of the Rud ras ;
‘

an d the wiv es and off s pring of the

rsis and pitrs .

A ccoun t f
o the M a m as .

M arkand eya next d i s coursed of the M anus and m an

vantaras . He told of the fir s t M ann , S v a yam bhuva, and

hi s d escenda nts wh o peopled the s ev en C ontinents Jam bu .

p p
d vi s was occu ied by A gni dhra, and hi s d es cend ant B harata

gav e his nam e to I nd i a . T hi s i ntrod uce d th e s ub ect j of

geogra hy p .

54 M arkandeya d es cribed the e ar th and i ts continents

,
es pe 27 5
ci ally J am bu-d vi pa ; and als o M ount M er u, firs t briefl ,
y and

5 5 then with full m ention '

of nei hb ourin
g g for es ts, la kes and

6 K m ounta ins and the co ur s e of the G ang es inthe s k

“

5 y and o n 2 80
Gam e. P as s .

the earth . He m entioned the nine d ivisions o f B harata, 2 8 3

and then d ealt with I nd ia i n d etail ; nam ing its s ev e n 2 84
m ountain ranges and its scattere d hills ; and its rivers , d i s 2 9 0
ting uis hing th em accord ing to their sources , i n the im a H
laya, the P arips t m, the Vind hya, the Rksa, the S ahya, 2 9 3
'
the M al aya, the M ahend r a and th e S uktim at ranges 303 .

H e na m ed the v ari ous peoples inhabiting I nd ia and its 307 '

confines , accord ing as they d welt i n the M id d le L and

( M ad hya d esa)
r
, in the nor th-wes t, outsid e north ward s , 31 1
in the north , in the eas t, in the s o uth , i n the west, 324
ar ound the V indhya m o untains and beneath the Him al ayas . 340
5 8 N ext re p es enting I ndi
r a as re s ti ng u on p Visnu i n the f orm 348
of a tor toise, M arkand eya nam ed the vari ous
peoples ( with
the corr es
pond i ng lunar cons t ellations ) as they w ere d i s 349
over the mi d d le o f t h e t or toise s bod y, i ts 35 8
’
trib uted o ver

f ac e, its ri
g ht f or e-fo ot , it s r ig ht flan k its right hind f
,
- o ot , 37 0
its tail, its left hind -foot, i ts left fl a nk and it s left f e f or - oot ; 384
and he ad d ed s om e as trolo gical , r eli
gious and political
59 com m ents . He then d es cribed th e countries B had r asva, 38 7

60 Ketum ala, the Nor th er n K ur us , Kimpurusa, Hari v - ar a

s , 39 0
I lavrta, Ram yaka, and H iranm aya .

A ccoun t of the M ari us

( r es umed ) .

M arkand eya r elated the bir th of the s econd M ann . A

brahm an vis ited Him a t and m t an Apsa a V fithini
va e r s ar

a Gand har va Kali by p e on ti ng him gained her afi

rs a ti n ec o

and s he bore a s on S varocis . S v arocis d elivered a m aid en

M a noram a fr om a curs e and m arri ed her, and als o r es cued

her two girl -com p anion s and m ar ried them ; after living
lo ng in heed les s pleas ure with them , he had three son s

who m he es tablis hed

p in s e arate kingd om s by the now k
led g e called P ad m ini ; and he h ad by a fores t g od d es s
anoth er s on D utim at w h o b ecam e the s econd M ann,
y
S var ocisa and his period is noticed . T he allus ion to the

kn wled ge P ad mini
o introd u ced a d is cours e on its s u ppo rters ,

the Nid his .

 xxvm

P as s .

C ontinuing , M ar ka nd eya . related how king U tt am a 41 9

bani shed his queen f or b ad tem er , and p h elp ed a br ahm an

to find hi s ill-tem per ed wife wh o ha d b een car ri ed o ff he

7 0 was rebu k edby a rei f or his own co nd uct he r ecov ered the 4 2 5
w ife, whose b ad tem per a R aks asa cons um ed
' ’
brahm an s .

71 A Nag a king had t a k th e queen t o P etals , and s h e was 42 9

en

7 2 hid d en ; th e br ahm an ch a n ed h er nat ur e and th e R aks as a 4 32

g
r es tore d her t o ki ng U ttam a ; s he bore a s on, w ho b ecam e

7 3 th e thi r d M anu, Autt am a , an d h is period is not iced . 4 36

74 M arkand eya related how king S v aras tra w hen d riv en 4 38

from his king d om , m et his d eceas ed q ueen, and ha d a s on

who b ecam e the f our th M anu , T am asa his perio d i s notic ed .

7 5 T he rei Rtav ac m ad e the con s tellation Rev ati fall ; a m aid en

was b orn theref r o m ; she m arried king D ur gam a and bore
a s on, wh o b e cam e th e Raivata ; his per iod i s
f if th M anu,

76 noticed . C aksusa, being changed when an inf ant by a hag , 4 4 9

becam e k in g Vikr anta s s on, but tur ned an as cetic and b e
’

cam e C aksusa ; hi s p eri od i s noticed

the s i x th M ann, .

77 C ontinuing the m anv antar as , M arka nd eya s aid t he S un 4 5 5

m arried T vastr s d aughter S afij fi a and h ad t wo s on s V aiv as
’

d Y am a ; S afij fié quitted him , leav ing her S h ad o w

v ata an
‘

7 8 behind , becaus e his s plend our w as exces s iv e ; T v astr pared 4 5 8

his splend our d o wn while th e go d s hym ned the S un th e S un
r eg ai ned S afij na h e h ad by th e S had ow a s on wh o will b e th e

79 ig hth M ann, S av ar ni V aivas v at a i s the s eventh a nd p r es ent 4 6 1

e .

8 0 M ann ; his p er iod i s noticed T he f uture per iod of S avar ni 46 3

.

with its rsis , g od s , & c .

,
i s prophes i ed .

T he D e vi -mahatmya .

T he m ention of s av ar ni i ntrod uced the D ev i -m ahatm ya .

M ar kand eya relat ed th at king S uratha, being o us te d fr om

hi s kingd om , m et a v ai sya d r iv en fr o m hi s fam ily, an d bo th
cons ulted their long ings f o r hom e ; the rsi a s ~
a rs i a bo ut

crib ed th eir f eelings to the g o d d es s M ah a-m ayé ( G reat

I ll us ion ) , and related ho w , when s he was laud ed by B rahm a,
Visnu s lew the d em o ns M ad h u a nd Kaitabha .
C ANT O . P AGE .

82 T he rsi th en recited her ex ploit s . H er e begins the D evi 4 73

m ahatm ya pr o pe ly
r . T he d em o ns und er M ahisa vanquis h

ed the g od s , and
the go d d es s was f or m ed as C andika ( Am
8 3 bi a) k out of their s eci al ener ies com bi ned ; s he be an a 4 7 8
p g g
great battle and d es troyed the d em ons , all the d em on chief s
8 4 and finally M ahisa h im self T he god s pr ais ed her i n a 4 8 2
.

hym n, and s he pr om is ed to befr iend them always Agai n .

'
th e g od s were quis hed by the d em on s S um bha and
v an

Ni s um bha, and i nvo e d h k

er ; s h e appear ed , and
'
S um bha
8 6 wanted to m arry her but s he d eclined ; he s ent an ar m
y 49 7
and sh e d es troyed i t h e s ent another wi th C and a and M und a ;
8 7 the g od d es s Kali d es troyed them and C andika gav e h er the 4 9 9
'
88 com bi ned nam e C am und a ; S um bha s ent all his arm i es ; 501
8 9 C and ika kill ed the chi ef
Raktav i j a, then N isum bha in s pite 5 0 6
' '
of S um bha s aid and m any d em o ns , and finall
y S um bha 5 09
’
90 ,

9 1 h im s elf ; whereat the uni v er s e wa s filled with j oy . T he 5 1 1

god s prais ed her in a hym n and sh e prom i s ed to d eliv er them

9 2 always Sh e d es canted on th e m erits of thi s poem
. T he 5 1 9 .

g od s regained th eir s uprem acy ; and she i s extolled er e . H

end s the D ev i -m ahatm ya pr operly .

Af ter hear ing this poem k

ing S ur atha worshipped C and i 522
ka, and s he
prom i s ed h e s hould be th e ei
g hth M anu, Si i
v ar n .

A ccount f
o the M e nus ( r es um ed ) .

M arkand eya, co nt inui ng, m entioned th e other futur e

M anus , the ni nth, tent h, elev enth and twe lth nam ed S av ar na,
and the thi r teen th nam ed Raucya ; an d their per i od s . He
narrat e d th e s tory o f Raucya .
p ra A j apat i Ruci w as ur ged

by the P it rs to m arr y ; he propitiated B

r ahm a a nd prai sed

the P it rs in a hym n ; they appear ed and prom ised him a

w if e and extolled h is hym n he m arried an Aps aras and had
'
a s on who will b e the thir teenth M anu B ana a
y .
S anti, the
d i s ciple o f an irascible rei B huti , find ing the s acred fire ex
ting uis hed , o ffer ed a hym n t o A g ni A gni r es tor ed the fire .

and r o m i s ed to B hfi ti a s on who s ho u ld be the f our teenth

p
 0 ANT O
-
.

T his account
perio d is noticed
’
M anu , B hautya . B hautya s .

of the m anv antaras is ext olled .

Commencement of the G enea log i es .

At Kraustuki M ar ka ndeya began the genealo

s re ques t
’

g ies . k
B r ahm a. created B a sa, from whom cam e M artand a ,
the S un . T hen m entioning that B rahm a w as born fr o m
the m un d an e egg , and prod u ced the Io as ( wor ld s ) , and k
next the fou r V ed as wi th th eir m erits — M arkand eya d i
v er
g ed into a laud at ion of the S un .

T he maj es t
g of the S un .

102 T he god s and the Ved as are d eclared to be m anif es ta 5 5 3

T he S un s glory was at firs t to o great , 5 5 6
’
1 0 3 t ions of the S un .

and B rahm a with a hym n ind uced him to contract it

then finis hed the K as yapa 558
’
cre atio n M ari ci s
’

1 04 and . s on

begot th e god s , d em ons , m an i nd , &c T h e d em ons over k .

cam e the god s and A d iti s ought hel of the S un in a p

1 0 5 hym n . H e becam e h er s on as M artand a and d es troy 5 63
1 06 ed th e d em ons . T he s tor
y of th e S un and hi s wif e S afi 5 66

j iifi ( as
. t old i n canto s lxxv n and lxxv i ii ) is t e -told here
with m ore d etail reg ardi ng th e S h ad ow-S afij fifi, the curs e on

1 07 Y a m a, aring d
the
ow n of p
th e
’
S n s splend our , the hym ns 5 7 2
u

1 0 8 off ered the S n, d h S n s ofis pring and the s t a 5 7 4

’
t o u an t e u

tions all oted them .

F urther M é rkand eya related that king j

R a ya-var dha na 5 77
wh en old r es olv ed r es i
g n th e in gd om , but his peo p le in
to k
1 1 0 grief propitiated the S un, and the S un granted him gre a t 5 8 3
k
length of lif e ; the ing s im ilarly obtained the s am e boo n
for them . T hi s s tory is ext olled .

T he Gen ea log i es r es umed .

M arkandeya m entioned M ann V aivas vata’ s s ev en s ons

and I la S u d y
-
um na, P urfir av as , & c . M ann ’
s s on P fis ad hr a
killed a br ahm an
’
s cow and b ei ng curs ed b ecam e a sud r a
Kar uga e d es cend ants were m enti oned
’
.

D ista s s on N abhaga marr ied a vai sya m aid en wilfully

’
Canro . P r es :
1 14 and becam e a vaisya ;
. their s on B hanand ana conquered the 5 9 7
earth, but N i bhi g a d eclined to r ei n T hen Nabh aga s
’

g .

wif e p
ex lained that s he was no t re all a
y v aisya, but that her
father was a king who becam e a v aisya und er a rsi
’
s cur se

1 1 5 with a prom ise of recover y, and that s he was a princes s and 601
had becom e a vaisya und er Ag astya s
’
curs e .

1 16 B hanand ana becam e king . H is s on Vatsapri res cued a 60 4

p inc
r es s S udand i . from P atala a fter killing a d em on king
1 1 7 who had a m agic cl ub, an
d m arried her . Hi s s on was 61 0
P r i rhsu, P r amsu s Khani
’ ’
and s on P raj ati . P raj ati s s on

tra was beneficent his bro th ers m inis ters

’
practis ed m ag ic
1 1 8 to d ethr one th em selves ; Khani tra re 6 1 5
hi m b ut d es troyed
1 1 9 s ig ned the kingd om in grief and went to the fores t H is 6 1 7 .

s on K supa perform ed s acrifices for the harves ts . Hi s so n

Vivi msa s
'
1 2 0 was V i r a and grand s on V ivini s a Khani ne
'
’
. s on 61 9
tra while hunting m et t wo d eer eag er to be s acrificed , and

1 2 1 by I nd ra s favour obtai ned a s on B alasva B alaéva was

’
. called 623
Karand ham a because of a f ancif ul victory .

1 22 Hi s s on Avi ksit m arri ed m any princess es and carri ed off 25 6

1 2 3 pri nces s Vaisali ni at her s va
yam v ar a : the s uitor kings 6 2 8
conquered and ptured
ca hi m, but she refus ed th em all :
1 2 4 Karand ham a rescued Av i ksi t, but Avi ksit refus ed to m arry 631
the princes s after his d i scom fiture ; she tur ned to aus terities
1 2 5 and obtained an ass ur ance fr om the god s Av i ksit s m other 6 37
’

by a r use obtai ned a r om is e from hi m to beget a s o n p

1 2 6 while hunting he res cued the pr incess from a d em on and 6 41
p
1 2 7 pleas ed th e god s : she r oved to be a Gand harva m aid en and 64 5
A vi ksit m arried her in the G a nd har va world s he b o r e a s on
1 2 8 M ara tta there . Av iksit r eturned but refus ed k
the i ng d om 6 49
1 2 9 because of h is dis com fiture . M ar utta becam e king , and was 6 5 3
m onarch, s acrificer , and liberal benefactor
a univers al a great
1 30 to br ahm ans gave gr eat trouble, and he at 65 8
. T he N agas
k
tac ed them , but Avi ksit interp os ed in favour of the Nag as ;
1 31 a battle was averted by the rsis , and the Nagas m ad e repara 6 6 0
M arutta s wiv es ar e nam ed
’
ti on .
.

H is s on Nar isyanta enr ich e d the brahm ans p erm anently 665
 xxx ii

C ANT O .
P AGE :
1 33 at a
great sacrifice . H is s on D am a was chos en by the 6 6 8
D asa rua princess ; and d efeated th e s uitor kings ,
who , i n v io
1 34 lation of marriage laws , O ppos ed him . D am a becam e king . 6 74
Nar isyanta was m urd ered in the fores t by Vap usm at o ne of
1 3 5 tho se kings . D am a bewailed , and v o wed v e ng eance ag ai ns t 67 8
hi s f ath er 6 80
’
1 36 the m urd erer ; h e slew V apusm at and celeb ra ted s

ob se uies with Vapusm at and blood

’
q s fl esh .

Conclus i on .

T he B ird s clos ed their lo ng

petition of M arka nd eya s 6 84
’
1 37 re

ins truction to Kraustuki , with an e ncom ium on the P ur a nas

and this Pur i na iulpar ticular . Jaim ini than ked them .
 A D D I T I O N S A N D C O RR E CT I O N S .

P . 2 , l 23, . a
f ter sacr ed a d d cust om s .

P . 20 , l 1 9 , .
f or S ém a r ea d S am an .

l 2 6, .
f or nar a r ea d nara .

P . 6 , d e le -p t .

2 6 , l 2 1 , f or As o a
. k r ea d Aso
'
k a .

° 27, l 25,
7 .
f or P enins ular r ea d P enins ula .

0 ”
5 29 , l 1 8 , . a d d unles s it i s t he s am e as the bird putr priya
a-

whi ch was s o nam ed becau s e its note r es em ble d

p utr a {putrafi R é m éy Ayod h -k (E d G orr )

‘
. . . . .
,

cv . 11 , ( E d B om ). . xcv i. 12 .

P . 2 9 , l 24,.
f or btween r ea d between .

P . 29 , l 33, . ad d S ee Raghu-V , v i 36 . . .

P . 31 , l . 8, f or f am alies r ea d fa m ilies .

C antos V I I , V I I I I X f or H aris- d and ra r ea d H ari s cand ra .

P . 1 5, for bac k r ea d bar k .

P . 44 , l 1 1 ,
.
f or com pas s ionate r ea d pas s i onate .

P . 55 l
. . 1 3 f or B rahm an r ea d B rahm an
,

l . 1 7 f or B r ahm an r ea d the P raJapati .

P . 65 , l . 2 9 f or the r ea d thee
, .

P . 89 , l . 33 f or not theref ore long r ea d therefore

,
d ele no t .

P . 9 3, l . 1 5 f or etcet er a r ea d et cetera
, .

P . 99, l . 6 , fo r D g a r ead D a ttd tr eg a

a tta tr e .

P 1 00 , l 1 2 ,
. .
f or yog i r ea d yog i .

35 , f or B ala-khilya s r ea d V élakhilyas .

P P 1 0 0 -1 0 7 , p a ss i m f or
. L k hm i
a s r ea d Lak hm i s .

P 1 0 8 , head ing, f or XX
. r ea d XI X .

P 1 0 9 , 1 1 -3
. . r ea d i ns tea d A nd the d octrine o f re ligiou s d ev otio n
w as i nd eed d eclared by D attatreya to that high
s ouled r oyal ris hi Alar ka who was faithf ul to

his f ather .

P 1 1 3, l
. . 2, f or exced ingly r ea d exceed ingly.
 d x‘ h ero the chief of his
hi m , th e lar g h e -thi
’
P 1 1 8, l
. . 5, f or g e ,

r ece ptor of
r ace, r ea d T um bur u , th e s pir itual p
*

h er fam ily .

7, or accepted h er r ea d arri ved

1. f .

*
cance l the note a nd s ubs ti tute S ee canto c xxv n,
note ,

v ers es 13 and 26 .

1 22 , l 1 5 , d ele funeral
. .

wife
’
1 2 4 , las t line, f or s on and d aughter r e a d s on s .

1 2 5 , l 33,
.
f ter anx iety a d
a

1 33, l 30 af ter in s pi r er a d d
.
,

’ ’
l 1 2 f or atru j it s r ea d S atr u Ji t s
’
1 36 , .
,
- - .

1 4 3, l 1 4 f or reli g ion r ea d r ighteous nes s

.
,
.

1 59, l 34 f or b egun r ea d beg in

.
,
.

1 7 3, bottom f or K am atas r ea d K am atas

,
.

1 7 4, l 1 4 f or carry r ea d us e
.
,
.

1 1 5 f or are car ryi ng r ea d hav e us ed

.
,
.

U
" 1 7 7 , l 20,
. r ea d i ns tea d the w is e m a n s ho uld b athe , keep ing hi s

clo thes on ; and so als o a fter res orting to a

place wher e b odi es ar e burnt .

P 1 7 9 , l 34 ,
. .
f or gur u r ea d g uru s .

P 1 81 , l
. . 2 , for holid ays r ead ho lid ay s .

P . 1 82 l 3, f or s creened by m any r ea d conc ealed withi n m any

things .

P 1 9 7 , l 34 ,
. .
f or pra ct ice r ea d
pr actis e .

P 20 1 , l
. . 7, f or Gand ar vas r ea d Gand harvas .

P 2 36 , l
. . 3, f or aptor r ea d aptor .

P 2 39 , l
. . 8, f or is r ea d are .

P 241 , l 2 1 ,
. . ad d T he B om bay e d itio n r ead s ins tead “
the khar
”
v ataka and the d rami .

P 2 42 , l
. . 1 , to var m a-v at a dd note T he B om b ay ed ition r ead s

kha t
r va a ins tead .

a dd T he B om b ay ed ition read s j ana instead of

j al a .
”

38 , ad d T he B om bay ed ition read s d ram l ins tead .

P 2 45 , l 2 7 ,
. .
for m enti oueed r ea d m entioned .

'
P 26 9 , l 2 1 ,
. .
f or D hlunravati r ea d D hfim rav at i .
P 2 8 8 , l 2 3, d ele the wor d s f r om I n
. . lis t to Né ga-rat a .

P 2 93, l
. . 3, f or Vritra-ghui r ea d V ritra-ghni .

P 30 0 , l
. . 40 f or
’
S ili vati r ea d S ilavati .

P 332 , I
. . 4, ad d M ay this nam e be id entified with the town
Kod ungalfir ( the m od ern C ranganore ) north of

C ochin I t is a place f
o s anctity , and was
f orm erly an im portant town and harb our .

P 36 6 , l
. . 6, ad d S ee p . 44 5 .

P 36 8 , l 1 3,
.
.
f or B ad ava r ea d B ad av a .

P 403, l 1 2 ,
. .
f or m ightly r ea d m ighty .

P 4 45 , l 35 ,
. . ad d and p . 36 5 .

P 46 9 , l
. . 9,f or universel r ea d univers al .

P 486 ,
. l 2 5 f or m y r ea d m ay
.
, .

P 58 1 ,
. l 2 7 f or ung uents r ea d unguents
.
, .

P 6 36 ,
. las t line f or om r ea d from
, .
 M AR K A N D E Y A P U R A NA .

A D D E ND A AN D C O RRI GE ND A
'

P a g e 2 , lin e 24 , i ns er t cu s tom s befor e and .

In can t os VI I V II I
, an d I X for Ha r is
-c
'
and r a r ead Ha '
r i -sc a nd ra .

M ay H e p r otect you , wh o i s skilled to s av e

k
I n e v er y ind of s in i m p ur e wh os e f orm

W ithin th e b os o m of th e s ea of m il k
U p on th e h ood e d s na k e r ecli n es an d at

W h o se . t ou ch th e s ea g r ow s m ount ainou s , its s pr y

a

U p -to s s in g fr o m i ts w at er s by h i s br eath
D i s tur bed , and i nto s eem in
g d ancin g br e a k s I

C ANT O I .

cer tain
 M AR K A N D E Y A P U R A NA .

O M ! RE V E RE N C E T O T H E A D O RA B LE VIS HN U !

M ay V i s hn u s lotus -feet , wh i ch po w er h a v e
’

T o d i s s i p at e th e W oes Wr ough t by th e f ear

Of e xi s te n c e , a n d whi ch ar e l au d ed h igh
By a s ceti cs , a s s id u o u s , w ho s e m i n d s

F r om all thi ng s els e a r e r a p t — m ay th os e s am e f e et ,

W ho se s te
p s th e ear th , th e sk
y, an d h e av en o er
’

p a s s ed ,
T o si
gh t app ear i ng , pur ify yo ur s o ul s

M ay H e p r ot ect you , wh o i s skilled to s av e

k
I n ev er y i n d o f s m i m pur e wh o s e f or m
W ith in th e bos o m of th e s e a of m il k
U p o n th e h o o d e d sna ke r ecl in es an d at

W h o se t ou ch th e . s ea
gr ow s m ountai no u s , its s p ra
y
U p tos s i n g f r o m i t s
- wa ter s by hi s b r eath
D i s tur be d , an d i nto s eem i n
g d a ncin g b r e a k s I

C ANT O I .

i ns tr ucti on gar d ing

'
Jaim ini a
pp lies to M a r ka nd eya for re

d r a ta— M d r ka ndeya r efer s hi m to

Mfi cu lti es i n the M a hd bh four
D r ona , a nd nar r a tes their his tor y T hei r
le ar ned B i r d s , the s ons f
—
o

1
2 CANT O 1 .

m other Vap u, an Ap s ar as wa s,
cond em ned by the M un/i D ur 'vd sas to
becom e a bir d f or temp ti ng hi m .

Having ad o r ed N ar ayana, an d N ar a th e bes t of m en, th e g od d es s

S ar as v ati , and th en V yas a, let h i m utter th e v er s e of V i cto ry !

1 T h e illu str i ous J aim ini , th e d i s ci p le of V yas a, interr ogated

th e g r eat M um M ar kand eya , w h o w a s engag ed in th e p er
'

f or m ance of au st er iti es and t he s t udy of the V ed a .

S ir ! th e high s oul ed V yas a r el ated th e s tor y of th e M ah d

-

bh ar ata, wh ich i s r ep lete w ith s p l endi d s p otl es s collecti on s

S as tra s , whi ch i s ch ar act er i z ed by a ccur acy r egar d
’
3 of v ar ious

in g th e diif erent cl as s es , is e m b el li s h ed wi th beautif ul w or d s ,

and contains co m p l et e know l edg e o f p ri m d fa cie as s er tions , and
4 es tabli s h ed con clus i on s . As V i sh nu i s ch i ef am ong th e g od s ,
th e br ah m an chie a nd a s th e cr es t- ewel chie
as f am on g m en, j f
5 a m ong all d ecor ati on s , as th e ax e
*
i s th e best am ong w eap ons ,
as th e m ind bes t am on g th e o r g an s , so in thi s w or ld i s th e
6 M ah abh ar ata th e b es t a m on g all th e Sa
'
s tr as . He re ar e d es
cr ib e d b oth W ealth an d V ir tu e, L o v e , and F inal em ancip ati on
fr om tr ans m i gr ation ; th es e h av e b oth r ec ip r ocal and p eculi ar
'
7 cons equ en ces . I t i s th e b e s t D h ar m a- s as tr a, it i s th e m o s t
em inent Ar th a-sas tr a ; i t t oo i s th e for e m o s t Kam a -si s tr a, a s
8 w ell as th e n obles t M o s ha - s as tr a k
I t h a s b een d e clar ed , S ir , .

by V ed a-V yas a th e wi s e, to b e th e auth or i t

y for th e s acr ed
and m axi m s of th e l aw s of th e f o ur r iod s f b
’
p e o a r a in
/ma n s

9 lif e . F or thi s M ah a
r sa
- s tr a h a s b ee n so co ns tr ucte d
, d ear
S ir , by V yas a th e n oble in d ee d s , th at although b es et wi th
1 0 di fficul ti es it i s not ov er th r ow n b y th em T h e earth h as .

b een freed fr om th e d u s t of p a s s i on by th e s tr eam of V yas a ’

s

wor d s , whi ch h as d e s cen d ed fr o m th e m olm tain of th e V ed a,

11 and h as s we pt aw ay th e tr ees of b ad r e as onin
g . T h er efor e
h av e I to th ee , S i r , b eing d es ir ou s to
com e n o w t r ul
y th e
k
s tor y of V yésa, in w h i ch m el o di o u s s o un d s ar e th e
ge es e, th e
1 2 nobl e s tor y i s th e s pl en d i d l otu s , th e w or d s ar e th e ex ans e
p
of w ater , and th e V ed a s ar e th e g r eat la ke —
thi s p r e ci o u s

13 and long s tor y of th e M ah ab h a

r ata . Why wa s Janar d ana.

O I nd r a
’
r s thu nd er b olt .
 T HE cuns n O N VAPU . 3

V as ud ev a, who i s the cau s e of th e cr eation pr es e r v ati on and

d es tr uction of th e w or ld , alth ou gh d ev oid of qualiti es , end ued

w ith h um anity ? A nd w hy w as D r up ad a d augh ter Kri s h na
’
s

th e com m on wif e of th e fiv e s ons o f P andu ? for on this p oin t

w e f eel gr eat pe r pl exi t
y . W h y d id th e m ighty B al ad ev a
H alayudh a ex piate
hi s br ah m ani ci d e by eng agin g in a p ilgr i
m ag e An d h ow was it th at t h e unm arr i ed h er oi c hi gh -s oul ed
s o ns D r aupa di , wh o s e pr otector w as P andu , w e r e s l ain , a s
of

if th ey h ad no r otector p D ei g n to r ecount all this to m e h er e

at l en g th k
for s ages li e th ee ar e e v er th e ins tr uctor s of th e
i g nor a nt .

H g th us h ear d hi s s p eech , th e g r eat M uni M ar kandeya ,

avi n

d ev oid o f th e ei ghteen l"d ef ects , b eg an t o s p ea

’
k .

M ar k and eya s p ke
o .

T h e tim e for m y enga gin g in r eli gious r ites ha s now arr i v ed,
m ost vi r tuous M uni ! an d th is i s not e s teem e d th e s e as on
f or a l on g d i s cour s e . B ut I w ill now tell th ee, O Ja im ini , '

of th os e b ir d s w ho wi ll p ea k
to t h ee and s o r es olv e th
s
y
d oub ts . T hey ar e Ping ak s h a a n d V ib od ha , S up atr a , an d S u
m uk h a , th e s on s of D r o na , th e n obl es t of bir d s , v er s e d in th e

p r in ci ple s of p hil os op hy , an d m ed itator s

'
on th e S as tr a s .

T h eir m ind is un cloud ed in th e know led g e of th e m ea n in

g of
’
th e V e d a and S as tr as . T h ey d w ell in a cave of th e V in d h ya
m ountains , v i s it and ques ti on th em .

T h en , thu s ad d r e s s ed b y th e w i s e M ar kand eya , re

pli ed th e
M un i pr e-em in ent, hi s e ye s wi d e o p en wi th as tonis hm ent .

J aim in i s
po k e .

V e r y w ond er f ul i s thi s , 0 b r ah m an th at th os e b i r d s h av e

gained k nowled ge m os t d i fli cult to b e ac quire d , as if bir d s

T h e 1 8 d ef ects are s ai d , m a trans lati on beg un by th e late Rev K M . . .

B aner j ea, to b e th es e — p alpitation, f ear , thi cknes s in s p eech , in d i s tinctnes s ,

s eaki ng th r oug h th e nos e, d i s cor d ancy , w ant o f em oti on, d i s conne c te d n e s s ,
p
r ough ne s s , h o ar s enes s , high pitch , i na ccura cy i h p ronunciatio n, p er tur bation,
'

w a nt o f cad e nce , s ing -s ong , s h a king th e h e ad , weaknes s of vo ice , a nd nix

'

m eanin gnes s .
 4 CANT O r
.

2 5 p o s s es s e d hu m a n s p eech . I f th eir bi r th i s of th e br ut e cr e ation,

wh ence h a v e th ey th e kn ow l e d g e A nd h ow i s it th at th o s e
26 w in g ed o n e s a r e call e d th e chi ld r en of D r ona And w h o w as
this fa m ou s D r o na , wh o h ad th o se fo ur s o ns . D o th os e v ir tuo u s

hi g h - s oule d bir d s p o s s es s th e knowled g e o f ri

gh teou s ne s s

Mar kand eya s po k e.

Li s t en
y to w h at h app en ed of yor e i n N an d an a
att enti v el

at th e m eetin g of I n d r a a n d th e A p s ar as e s and Nar ad a .

2 8 N ar ad a s aw I n d r a t h e k
ing of th e g od s in N an d ana , s ur
r oun d e d by b an d of th o s e w ant on m aid e ns , wi th
a
yes f a s ten
e
' '’
29 ed on th e ir faces . S ac i s lor d , im m e di at ely h e w as s een by
th at b es t of Ri s hi s r os e u p , an d r es e ctfu ll
, p y g av e him h i s o wn

30 s eat . T h os e h eav enl y m aid en s on s eein g him , th e s la

yer of

B ala an d V yi tr a , ris e
p r o s tr a t ed th em s elv e s b efor e th e
up ,

31 D ev ar s h i an d s tood r ev er ently b en di n g H e th en , w or s hi pp ed .

by th em , d uly gr eeted I n d r a , w h en h e h ad s e at e d hi m s elf , and

co nv e r s ed pl e as antl
y w ith h i m .

T h en in th e cour s e of th eir tal k ,

I nd r a s aid to th e gr eat
M uni D eclar e , w hi ch of th es e d an cer s p lea s es th ee m os t Is .

33 it R am bh a, or K ar k aéé, or U r v as1 T ilottam a, Gh r i tac'i , or

34 M en ak a or w h i ch ev er d eli gh t s th e e . N ar a d a , b e s t of d vi j as ,
h ear ing thi s s p e ech of
I n d r a , p ond er ed an d th en a d d r es s ed
35 th e r ev er ently b en d in g A p s ar as e s S h e, o f you all h er e
p r es ent, w h o t hi nk s h er s elf p r e-em i n ent i n b eau ty , n ob ility
36 an d g ood qu aliti es , let h er d an ce b efor e m e T h er e i s i n d eed .

n o s u cce s s in d an cin g for o ne w h o i s d es titu te o f

g oo d qu ali ti es
an d b eau ty Good d an cing i m p li es
gra ceful com p or tm en t
.

o th er d an ci n g i s v e x ati on
’
.

M ar k and eya s p o k e .

An d i m m edi at ely th at
p eech , ea ch one of th o s e bowin g
on s

on es th u s e x cl aim e d I ex cel in g ood ualiti es n ot ou

q y , nor
you T h e lor d I nd r a s eein g th eir agitati o n s aid L et th e M uni
,

k
b e a s ed , h e w ill s ay wh ich of you ex cels in
g o o d u a i
q l ties
’
.

W h at Nar ad a, s ough t by thos e follo w er s of I n d r a ’ s wi ll

,
th en s aid , h ear th at fr om m e, O Jaim ini ! S h e am on
g you ,
 r un CU RS E or VAPU . 5

who by h er p o we p ertu r r bs th e m os t noble M uni D ur v asa s ,

who i s p erfor m ing au s t er iti es , d w elling on the m oun tai n , h er

y ou I d eem pr m in ent in g ood qualitie s

’
a m on g o-e .

M ar ka nd eya s po ke .

H av ing h ear d th at hi s s enten ce, th ey all ex clai m e d , wi th

tr em b lin g n ec ks ,
thi s i s im p o s s ibl e for u s
Am on g them an A p s ar a s n a m e d V ap u, confid ent of
p er tu r b
in g th e M uni , plied I wi ll f
re ,
o llo w w her e th e M un i d w ell s
43 n ow wi ll I m ak e th at tam er of h i s b od y, wh o h as yo e d k
th e h or s e s of hi s or g an s , b ut a p oor ch ar ioteer w h o s e r ein s
d r op b efor e th e w eapon s of l ov e . W h eth er it b e B r ah m a, or
'
Janér d ana or th e p ur pl e S i v a , hi s h ear t wi ll I now p i er ce
ar r o w of lov e
’
w ith th e .

H avi n
g thus s po k en V ap u d e p ar ted th en to th e S n owy
m oun tain to th e M uni h er m i ta ge , w h er e th e b eas ts
’
s
p r ey of

46 w er e qu elled by th e m i gh t of hi s a us ter i ti e s S to p ing at th e

. p
d i s tan ce of a call fr om w h er e th e gr eat M uni i s s ea t e d ’,

4 7 t h e l o v el y A ps a r as s ang th e cu c koo s ’
m elo d y . H g ear in
"

th e s tr ain s of h er s on g , th e M um a s toni s h e d in m in d w ent

48 t o w h er e s its th at b e auteou s -fa ced m aid en On s ee in

.
g
h er , b e autif ul in ev e r y li m b , th e M un i , s umm onin
g hi s
r e s oluti on, w as fil led with an
g er and r es entm ent , k n o wi n
g
49 th at s h e h ad to p er tur b h im
co m e T h en th e great Ris h i, th e .

p er for m er of m i ghty a us te ri ties , pr onounced thi s s ent en ce .

5 0 S in ce th ou h as t com e h er e , 0 m a id en ! i n toxi cated w ith p r i d e,

to caus e m e p ai n by ob s tr uctin g my aus t er i ti es , w h ich ar e a o

51 com pli s h ed wi th difficul ty, O A p s ar as , th er efor e s h alt th ou,

ollut ed by m y wr ath , b e b or n in th e foolis h r ace o f bi r d s
p
5 2 f or t h e s p ace of s ix t een year s , los ing th ine own for m , and
tak in g th e f or m of a bir d ; an d four s ons s h all b e b or n to
53 th ee , O vilest of A ps ar as es ; an d wi th out havi ng g ain e d afie cti on

am on g th em , ab s olve d fr om g ui lt by d ying i n th e field of

b attl e , th ou sh alt r eg a in th y d w elli ng in th e s ky . N ev er
ma k e an
y r ep ly .
’

54 T he B r ah m an, r ed -e ye d w ith ger , h av ing p r onoun ced thi s

an

gr i ev o u s s entence on t h at p r o u d m aid en , wh os e ti n lin

g k
6 CANT O n .

br acelets w er e tr em blin g , a b an d o n e d th e ear th , w h o s e w av e s

w er e v er
y tr em u lou s , an d d ep ar te d to th e h e av en ly G a n g e s
”
w h os e s tr eam co ns i s t s of a m ul ti tud e of r eno wn ed qualiti e s .

C ANT O I I .

T he B ir th o f the Sp ar r ows .

T he s tory of the B i r d s conti nued —

K a nd ha r a , ki ng f
o the bir d s

killed a d ha s a Vi d/yu d -r ép a f or killi ng hi s br other , a nd , m a rr yi ng

'
d au ghter by her n am ed T cir ks hi w ho w as the
’
the R d hhas a s wife, ha d a

Ap sa r as Vap a S he —
m ar r i ed D r ona When p r egnant by hi m s he was “

ki lled a t the ba ttle of the K a ur a va s a nd P d nd a va s , an d ther e la/id four

eggs f r om whi ch the four B i r d s wer e bor n —
T he B i r d s wer e no ur i s hed
'
by the M i mi S a/mi ka .

M ar k a nd eya s
po k e .

T he king of th e bir d s , Gar u d a b y n am e , w as th e s on o f

G ar ud a
’
Ar i s h tan em i : s s on was r en o w n ed as S am p ati a nd

hi s s on w a s S up ér sv a , h er oi c, m ig h ty V ayu S u p ar s v a ’s
’
as : s on

Kunti Kunti
’
w as s s on w as P r alolup a . An d h e h ad tw o s on s

K ank a an d K an d h ar a .

O n th e top of Kailas a, K an k a s aw k
th e Ra s h as a f a m e d as

V id yu d -r
’

p a , w h os e eyes w er e li e a lotu s le af , a f ollow er

ti k
of K uv er a , w h o w a s b u s i e d in a b a n qu et , cl a d wi th s tr in s o f
'

g
br i gh t g ar lan d s , s ittin g in com p any w i th hi s wi f e on a b ea u
tiful cl ean r oc y seat k
T h en th e Ra s h as a , i m m e d iat el h e
.

y
k
k
w a s s een b y K an a , filled w ith an g er , s ai d, W h e r e fo r e h a s t
th ou com e h i th er , O v il es t of th e e gg -b or n W hy h as t th ou
a ppr oach e d m e w h en I am in com
p any w i th m y w ife S u ch
i s n ot th e r ul e of th e w is e i n m atter s th at m us t b e a ecom
”
p li s h ed i n s ecr et .

K ank a s po k e .

T hi s m ountain i s co m m on b oth to ou
y an d me a nd to o th er

cr eatu e s r al s o ; wh at s p eci al o w ner s hi

p th en ca n s t th ou 7 S ir
h av e h er e
 T HE B I RT H OF m m S PARRO W S . 7

M ar kanqleya s p o k e .

k
T h e Ra s h a s a w i th hi s s w or d s lew Kank a , while h e w as th us
s p ea k i ng , who fell d efiled wi th th e s tr eam ing blood , quiv er ing
an d s e n s el e s s .

H av i n g h ear d th at Kan k a w as s l ai n , K an d h ar a th e k in g of

th e b ir d s , b ewi ld er ed wi th an g er , r es o lv ed s p ee d il y to s l ay

V i d yud -
r li
p H i ng g n e t th m unt in t p w h e K nk
'
a . av o o e o a -
o , re a a

l ay s l a in th king f th e b i d
,
e hi s ey s w ll n wi th
o ng r s, e s o e a er

an d re es nt m ent n d s i gh i n g lik
,
a th king of th N5 g s e e e a

p er for m e d th e S ankal an a for hi s eld e r br oth er W her e s i ts .

th e s layer of h i s b r oth er , th er e h e w ent , r oc in g th e lofty k

m ount ain s wi th th e m i gh ty wi n d fr om hi s w i n g s H e , wi th .

b lo od -r ed ye s ,
e ov er to pp in g th e m ount ai n s , and for ci b ly h ur l
in g d o wn m a s s es of cl ou d s w ith hi s w i n g s , u s ed to d e s tr oy
hi s en em i es s ud d enly . T h er e he s aw th at d em o n , w h o s e
th ou gh ts w er e in tent on k
d r in i ng , w h o s e f ace and eye s w er e of l

a co p p e r i s h colo ur , an d w h o w as s eated on a g ol d en cou ch ,

c o v er e d wi th s tr in g s of
w h os e cr es t w as g ar lan d s , w h o w a s
a d or ne d wi th yellow s an d al , w h os e f ace w a s v ery h or ri b l e

w ith t eeth th a t r es em b le d t h e i n s id e of th e K etaki le af .

And h e s aw , s eat e d o n th e R a k s h as a s
’
left thi gh hi s l on g -eyed
n am e d M a d an i
k a whose v oice s oft a s th e
’
wif e , ,
w as cu ck oo s .

T h en K an d h ar a , w h os e m in d w a s filled wi th w r a th , a d d r es s ed

of th e O th ou o f utt er l
th a t in m at e cav e ,
y ev il s oul ! co m e

f or th fig ht wi th m e
an d S in ce th ou h a s t m ur d er e d m y
.

tr us tfu l eld er b r oth er , th er efor e I w ill b r in g th ee , W hi le en

’

gr o s s e d in d r unk enn es s , d own t o Y am a s abo d e . T o - d ay, s la in

b y m e , s h alt th ou go t o a ll th os e h ells th at ar e th e ab o d es o f
th e m ur d er er s of th o s e w h o tr u s t in th em , an d of th e m ur
d er er e o f w om en an d ch il d r en .

M ar kand eya s p o k e .

20 A d d r e s s ed e v en th u s by th e ki n g of the bir d s in hi s w ife ’ s

p r e s en ce , th e Ra k sha s a, fille d w i th a ng er , th en an sw er e d th e
2 1 bi r d . I f th y br oth er h a s b ee n s l a i n , th en h a v e I d i s p layed
m y va l o ur t h ee too to -d a
y w ill I s la
y w ith this s wor d , O
; , , ,
 CANT O I I .

bir d . S tay a m o m ent , th o u s h alt no t m ov e h er e al v e ,i 0

”
V il e s t of bi r d s .

T h us h e s po k e an d s ei z ed h i s br i g h t s wor d th at r es e m bl ed

a m as s of collyr ium . T h en too k place a m ar v ell ou s b attle

b etw een th e kin g of th e bir d s a nd Kuv er a s warr i or , s u ch
’

as b etw een Gar u d a an d I nd r a . T h en th e R a s h a s a , in k an g er

s wif tly hur ling hi s s w or d ,

b lac k as ch a r co a l , flun g i t a g ai n s t

th e kin g of th e bir d s . A n d th en th e kin g of th e b ir d s , s li gh tly

s pr in g ing up fr om th e gr oun d , s ei z e d i t w ith his be a k ,
as

Gar u d a s ei z es a s er p ent ; an d the e gg -b or n one br o k e it wi th

hi s b ea k an d talo n s , an d sh oo k it . T h er eup on , th e s w or d

b ei n g b r o k en , th ey b eg an t o fig h t wi th th eir ar m s . T h en th e
k
R a s h as a , b ein g i n th e b r ea s t by th e
att ac k i n g o f th e
ed k
bi r d s , w a s s p eedi ly d epri v e d of ar m s , feet , h an d s an d h ea d .

k
W hen h e w a s illed , h i s wif e b es oug ht p r otecti o n of th e
bi d r : s om ewh at f ear f ul , she s aid ,
“
I am thy w if e .
”
T h at
n obl es t o f k
b ir d s , ta ing h er , r etur ne d to hi s ab o d e , h av ing
o bt ai n e d a r ecom p en s e for h i s b r oth er b y th e s l au g h ter of
V i d yu d -r up a . A nd s h e, th e d augh ter of M ena k a wi th b
, eauti

ful yebr ow s , cap abl e of as s um i n g for m s at p leas ur e , on r ea ch

e

in g th e h ou s e of Kan dh ar a , too a for m r es em blin

g G ar u k
O f h er , h e th en b e g at a d au gh t er n am e d T ar k s hi ,
’
da s .

( nam ely V apu th e lov eli es t of th e A p s ar a s e s , w h o w as co n s u m e d

)
’
by th e fir e of th e M un i s cur s e . T h en th e b ir d g av e h er th e
n am e T ar ks h i .

A n d M an d ap al a h a d four s on s of b oun d les s i ntelle ct, J ar i

t ar i th e D r ona th e youn g es t , b es t of d v i j a s
eld es t an d T he .

oun g es t o f th e m , r i gh t eou s in s oul , th or o u gh l

y y r ead in th e
V ed as an d V e d an gas , m ar r ied h er th e b eauteou s T ar k s hi ,
w ith th e con s en t of K an dh ar a . An d aft er a w hile T ér k s h i
concei v e d w h en she h a d g o n e s ev en f or tn i gh ts in h er p r e
g
nan cy , sh e w ent to Ku r uk s h etr a T h e v er y terr ib le b a ttle
.

b etw e en th e Kur us an d P a nd av a s w a s th e n b e in g fo u gh t , an d ,

in co ns e que n ce of h er acti o n b e i n g p r e d e s t i n e d , s h e e nt e r e d i n t o
th e b attl e . T h er e , th en , s h e b eh e ld th e co nt e s t b etw e en B h a

gad att a an d A r jun a T h e s ky w a s th ic filled w i th a rr o w s ,

. k
a s if w i t h locus ts D is ch ar g e d fr om th e b o w o f Ar j una a n
.
 1a B I RT H OF T HE s m aaows . 9

arr o w , . bla ck
. as a ,
s er p ent, fell w ith g r eat for ce and i er ced p
38 th e s k in of h er b elly . H er b elly b ein g p ier ced , four m oon -li e k
e gg s fell o n the g r oun d as if on a h eap of co tton , fr o m t h e
39 f act that th eir allo tte d p er iod of lif e w a s no t en d e d . A t th e
s am e tim e that th ey fell, f e ll the gr eat b ell, th e cor d o f w hich
w as -cut b y an ar r ow , fr o m th e n oble eleph ant S u pr atik a .

4 0 I t r ea ch ed the g r ound ev en ly all ar ou nd , cu ttin g into :th e

s ur f ace o f th e gr oun d , an d co v er ing th e e gg s of th e b ir d wh i ch

lay u
- p on fl es h .

41 And a ft er kin g B h a gad atta , r uler of m en, w as s l a in , t he

fight b etween th e ar m i es of th e Kur us a nd P andav as w ent

'

on

42 m y d ays A t th e en d of th e b attle, w h en D h ar m a s s o n
’
an .
.

'
Y u d hi s h thir a app r oach ed th e s on of S én t anu t o h ear th e hi g h
43 s o ul ed B h i s h m a p r o clai m in g th e e ntir e law s , a s ag e n am e d
mika
'
S a ca m e t o th e s p ot w h er e , O b e s t of d v ij a s , l ay th e e gg s
44 wi thi n th e b ell . T her e h e h ear d t h e v o i c e o f th e li ttle b ir d s

ch ir p in g , w h os e v o i ces w er e in ar ti culata on a ccount o f th e ir

4 5 inf an cy , alth ou g h th ey h ad tr an s c end a nt
ge T h en th e kn o w led .

Ri s h i , accom p ani e d b y hi s d i s ci p les , lift ed u p th e b ell a n d

s a w wi th s ur p r i s e th e yo un g m o th er l e s s a n d f ath er les s bi r d s .

4 6 T h e v en er a b l e M u ni S am ik a , h av in g s o s een th em on th e
’

g r o un d th er e , filled w ith a s to ni s h m e nt, a d d r e s s e d h is a tten d a nt

d vi j as
. .

W ell w a s it s aid b y th e ch i ef o f th e d v ij a s , U s a n a s h im s elf ,

’
.

t he r eg en t of th e p l a ne t V enus , w h e n h e s aw th e
-
ar m
y of

4 8 th e D a ityas i ntent on fl e ein g , h ar d -p r e s s ed b y th e g o d s '

. Ye
m us t n ot g o , tu r n ye b a c k w hy r un
ye a w a y, ye f e eb l e on es
A b an d oni ng v al o ur an d glor y, w h er e h av e ye g on e Y e s h a ll

49 n ot p eri s h . W h eth er o n e p er is h e s or w h e th er on e fig h ts ,

p os s e s s es lif e a s l on g as G o d or i g in ally
on e cr ea te d ,
no t a s

50 lon g as o n e s m in d d es i r es M en p er i s h , in th e ir
’
. s om e

h om es , in fl i gh t s o , to o , d o th ey m e et th eir d ea th w h en
s om e

5 1 e atin g f oo d and d r in in g w ater k

S o , too , o th er s , w h en .

s p or ti ng th e m s elv es , s e at e d i n th e ch ari o t o f ov e , fr e e fr o m L
sic kn es s , th ei r b o d i e s un p i er ce d b y ar r o w s , f a ll into th e p o w er

52 of th e K in g of th e d e p ar t e d O th er s , w hen i ntent o n a u s
.

t e r i ti e s , ar e le d o ff by th e s e r v an ts o f th e K in g of th e d e p ar te d

2
10 CANT O II .

and o th e r s occu p i e d in m e d it at i on an d s tu d
y h av e no t g ain ed
i m m or ta lity O f yor e , I n dr a hu r l ed his
. th und er bol t a g ai n s t
'
S am b ar a , yet th at d em on , th ou g h i er ce d th er eb y t o th e h ear t , p
di d not p er i s h B y th at v er y thund er b olt, ind e ed , and b y
.

th e s am e I n d r a, wh en th eir ti m e w as co m e , th e D ana v a s
s l am th e D ai tyas for th w i th P er ceivi n g
w er e p er i sh e d .

th i s , ye s h oul d n ot f ear
’
: re tur n ye .
fl T h en tho s e D ai tyas , ab an

d oni n g th e f ear of d ea th , tur n ed b ac k . T his s p eech of

’
U s an as i s pr ov ed tr ue b y th es e m o s t n ob le b ir d s , w h i ch ev en
in th e s up erh u m an b attle di d n ot m eet w ith d es tr u cti on .

W h ence co m es th e la yin g of th e gg s , 0 br ah m an s
e W h ence
co m e s th e ev e n f all of th e b ell ? A n d h o w c om es i t that th e

gr ou n d i s cov er ed w ith fl es h , f at, an d b loo d C er tainly th es e

m us t be s om e br ah m a n s ; th ey a r e n ot or d in ar
y b ir d s T he .

fa v our of
d es tin y s h ow s g r eat g o od - for tun e i n th e w or l d
”

H
avi n k
g s p o en thu s h e loo e d at th em a n d s p o e a g ain , k k
R etur n , g o t o th e h er m i tag e, ta in g th e yo un bir d s wi th ou
g ky .

Wh er e th es e e gg -bor n m ay h av e no fear of cat , or r at , o f

h aw k or i ch n eum on , th er e let th e b ir d s b e p lace d 0 d vi j a s , .

w h at i s th e us e o f gr ea t car e ? A ll cr eatur es a r e d e s tr o e d
y
or pr es er v ed by th eir own a cti ons , a s h a v e b een th es e youn g
bir d s Nev er th eles s m en m u s t ex er t the m s elv es in all m atter s
.

h e w h o d oes a m anly a ct
g ai ns co m m end ation fr om u s th e
,
”
g ood .

T hus ur g ed by th at illus tr ious M uni , th os e oun

y g M un is ,
k
ta i n g th o s e bir d s , w ent th en t o th eir own h er m i ta e d eli h t
g , g
f ul t o a s ceti cs , w h er e clu s t er s of b ees s ettl e d o n th e b oug h s of
th e tr ees A nd h e , th e n ob le s t of d v ij a s , g ath er in
g w il d
.

r oo ts , fl ow er s , fr uits , gr as s e s , s u ch a s h i s m in d lov e d , er f or m
p
e d th e v ar i ous r eli gi ou s cer e m o n es or d ain e d
i b y th e V ed a to
all th e d ei ti es , t o V i s h nu , Rud r a , an d th e C r e ator , t o I n d r a
,

Y am a, an d A gni , t o V a r u na, to V r i ha s p ati and Kuv er a and

,

a ls o to V ayu, to B h atri and V id h atri .

 T HE VI S I T T o T HE VI ND HYA M O U NT AI N . 11

C ANT O I I I .

T he Vis i t to the Vi nd hya M ountain .

T he S tory of the B i r d s conti nued — T he B ir d s , when f u ll-gr own

wer e end owed wi th sp eech, a nd ex la i ned tha t wond er to the M um

p
'
S am ika — T hey wer e the four sons o f a Ri s hi S ukr is ha —
I nd ra
app ear ed to the Ri s hi i n the for m of a n aged bir d and as ked for ,

hum a n fl es h— T he Ri s hi or d er ed his four sons to s acrifice them s elves

—
T hey f
r e us ed , a nd he cur sed them to be bor n in the br ute cr ea

ti on, but, m oved wi th comp ass i on at their entr ea ty, bes towed on

them p erfect knowled ge— H ence they wer e born as bir d s .

M ar k and eya s p o k e .

T h u s h e, th e m os t M uni , O pri n cely br ah m an ,

vir tuou s

n o ur i s h e d th em d ay b y d ay wi th foo d an d w ater , an d in s af et
y .

’
Af ter a m onth th ey r e s or ted to th e s un s ch ar iot r oa d , b ein g -

g a z ed at b y th e M un is s o ns , w h os e yes w er e tr em ulous
e

wi th cur i os it
y . Af ter s eein g th e e ar th , wi th i ts cit i es , an d

wi th i ts oce an an d nob l e r iv er s , w hi ch a
p pe ar e d of th e s ize

o f a ch ar i ot w h e el , th ey r e tur n e d to th e h er m it a g e . T he
s p ir i t e d bir d s w er e w ear i e d i n th e ir s oul s w i th th eir t oil an d

th eir kn ow l e d g e w as d ev el op ed th er e th r ou gh th ei r en er
gy .

T h ey al l p er f or m ed th e i
r ev er ent al c r cu m am i bu lation ar oun d

th e Ri shi ,
wh o w a s e x p oun di n g th e tr uth s of th e law in com

p a s s i on f or h i s di s cipl es , an d p e ctfully s aluted h i s f eet

r es

an d s aid ,
“
We h av e b een d eliv er ed b y th e e, O M un i ! fr om

d r ea df ul d eath ; th ou h as t g iv en u s s h elter , f ood , an d w ater ;

th ou ar t o ur fath er and s p ir itu al g ui d e O ur m oth er d i e d , .

w h en w e w er e s till in th e w om b n or h av e w e b een n our i s h ed

by a f ath er : th ou , b y w h om w e w er e pr es er v ed w h en yo un g ,

h as t g iv en u s life T h ou , of p er f ect s pl en d our on th e ear th ,

.

b ell , d i d s t p ur g e evi l
’
lif ting hi gh th e el eph ant s aw a
up y
fr om us w h o w er e w ith eri n g li k e w or m s . H ow m ay thes e

s tr en gth -l e s s o n es gr o w W h en s h all I s ee th e m fl ying

i n th e s k y W h en s h all I s ee th em a li gh ti ng on a tr ee of th e

e ar th , s ettli ng wi thi n th e tr ee s ?
W h en s h all my n atu r a l

col our be obliter ated by th e d us t wh i ch th e w ind fr om th eir

12 CANT O III
“
.

wings r ai s e s , as th ey fli t a b ou t n ear me T hou , d ear S ir ,

k
thus th in ing , d id s t nour i s h u s now w e, th os e ver y bir d s , ar e

r own up an d h av e b eco m e w i s e , w h at ough t w e to d o

g
Ha ing v h ear d th i s th eir p er fe ctly
cle ar ly ar ti cul ated s peech ,

th e Ri shi , s ur r ound ed by a ll h i s d i s ci pl es , and accom p ani ed

S rin gin, b ein g full of ea g er curi os ity, a nd cov er ed

'
by hi s s on

with h orr ip ilation a s wi th a gar m ent s aid , T ell me tr uly th e

'

caus e of your p o w e r of s p e e ch T hr ou gh w h os e cur s e di d .

ou i ncur thi s w o n d r ous t r an s for m a tion both in f or m and

y
s p eech D e gn her e to tel m e th a
i l -

T h e bir d s spo k e .

T h er e w as of yore a m os t vi r tu ous M uni n am ed V i pulas v at .

T o him w er e b or n tw o s on s S uk ri s h a a nd T um bur u . We ar e

th e four s ons o f s oul -s ub d u e d S uk r i s h a ; to th at Ri s hi w e w er e

ev er s ub m i s s i v e i n r ev er en ce , r eli gi o u s p r acti ces and faith .

As h e d es ir e d , w h o w a s d ili g ent in th e p er for m ance of

au s ter ities , an d wh o con s tantl k

y ep t hi s or g ans und er contr ol,
we at once pr od uced fu el , fl ow er s an d ever ything els e, and
w h atever w as need ed f or s us ten an ce .

Now while h e an d w e th u s d w elt i n th e fores t, th er e cam e

th e king of th e g o d s in th e app ear an ce of

bir d , m i ghty in
a

s i ze , wi th br o k en wi n g s , s tr i c k en w i th a ge , wi th eye s of a
'

copp eri s h col our , d ow n -cas t in s o ul ; d es ir ou s to pr ov e th at

v en erab le Ri sh i , wh o p r acti s ed tr uth , pur ity, and p atience ,
and wh o w a s ex ceed in g ly l of ty in m in d ; an d for th e com in
g of
th e cur s e up on u s .

T h e bir d s po k e .

O ex alted d vI Ja , d ei gn h er e to s av e m e, wh o am cons um ed

wi th h ung er . I s ee k f or foo d , n obl e

S ir ! b e th ou m y in;
com pa r abl e r efug e . As I w as s t an d i n
g o n a s um m it o f th e
V ind h ya M ountains , I f ell , S ir , at an gly s wif t blas t s ent ex cee din

b y th e w ings of a b ir d S o th er e I lay on th e ground ,’ los t

'

in uncons ciou s nes s , w ithout m em or y, for s ev en d ays w ith th e

ei gh th d ay I r eg ain e d co n s cio us n es s Now fully cons cious , .

p r es s ed by hunger , I h av e com e for h elp to th ee ; I ‘ '

m
a s ee k
 T HE VI SI T TO T HE VI NDHY A M O U NT AI N . 13

mg fer food , d epr iv e d

’

of all plea sur e,

‘

and with a m ind in

p ai n T h er efor e turn, p ur e-m in d ed sage, thy s tea d fas t m in d

‘ ‘
.

to my r es cu e g iv e m e , O B r ah m ar s hi , food s uitable to
’
s up p or t m y lif e .

H e , thu s inv o k ed ,
ans w er ed h i m , I n d r a i n b ir d -li k e s h ap e ,

I w i ll giv e th ee th e f oo d th ou d es ir e st for th e s u p por t of th y

‘

lif e.
’
k
T h u s h av in g s p o en, th at b es t of d v ij as fur th er as ed k
h im, W h at fo od s h all I p r ep ar e f or thy u s e an d h e r e li e d , p
g
‘
My chi efe s t d eli ht i s in h u m an fl es h
’
‘

T h e Ri s hi s ke
po .

T hy ch il dh o o d i s p a s t th y you th , t oo , g one th ou ar t as
s ur e dl
y i n th e d ecl in e of lif e , 0 e g g -b orn W h y ar t th ou .

'

m o st m ali g n-h ear t ed ge , th ou in w h om of all

e v en in ol d a

k
m an in d ev er y d e s ir e h as ceas ed ? W h at h as th y last st a g e
of lif e t o d o w ith h u m a n fl e s h
-
A s s ur edl y no on e i s cr eat ed
for em o s t am on
g e vi l -b ein g s ! O r w h at n ee d h as t th ou to ad

d r es s m e , b ein g w h at I am O ne s h oul d alw a

ys g iv e w h en
p r ofes s ed op i ni on
’
on e h as pr om is e d —
s u ch is o ur .

H avi n g th u s p o en to s k h im , th e B r ah m a-r s hi r es o lv e d that

it sh ould b e so. C alli n g u s qui c ly an d k com m en d i n
g u s accor d
'

ing to o ur g ood qu ali ti e s , th e M uni , ag itat e d at h ear t , ad

s ev er e s p eech a ll, w h o w er e
d r es s ed a m os t to us r es
p e ctful ly
b o wi ng , ful l of faith , w ith h an d s r ev er entl
y j oin ed . Y e nob le
d v i j as , w h o s e m in d s ar e im pr ov ed , ar e b oun d by o b li
gati on s
equ a lly A g lori ou s p r ogeny h as s pr ung fr om you , j u s t
w i th m e .

a s ye , O t wi ce-b or n , h av e s p r un g fr om m e I f a f ath er i s .

d eem ed b y you a g ur u w ort h y of r ev er en ce a n d m os t e x alt ed ,

’

p er for m ye th en m y pr om i s e wi th ch e er f ul m i n d .

k
W h ils t h e s o S po e w e e x claim ed r es p ectfully, W h at th ou
’
s h al t s ay , con s id er th at i n tr u th a s alr ead y a cco m p li s h e d .

T h e Ri sh i s po k e .

O f m e h as thi s bir d s ou
gh t p r ot ecti on op pr es s ed wi th
h un g er an d th ir s t ; w h er efor e let him b e s tr a i gh tw ay s ati s fie d
38 w ith your fl es h , an d let hi s th ir s t b e qui c ly k as s ua
ged w ith
your blood .
 14 C ANT O III .

T h en we, aflli cted , o ur terr or v i sibl e in tr em bling ,

"
o ur ex

39 claim ed , A las , al as an d s ai d , n ot this d eed H ow f or

the sake of anoth er s
’
bo d y can a w is e m an d es tr oy or inj ur e
4 0 his ow n b od y ? f or a s on is ev en as on e s
’
own s elf . A s on

p ays th os e d ebts , ind eed , th at h av e b een d eclar ed d ue to th e

"

p itris , th e god s , and m en ; a s on d oes not offer up h i s b od y .

41 T h er efor e we will n ot d o thi s w e h av e d on e as h as b een

d one by m en of old W hile ali v e o ne r eceiv es g ood thing s ,
.

42 and wh ile aliv e on e d oes holy acts W hen one i s d ead , th e .

b od y p eri sh es , and th er e i s an en d of ri gh teous nes s , &c .

M en k
s ill ed in h oly law h av e d ecl ar ed th at on e ough t by all
’
m eans to p re s erv e
’
on e s s elf .

H
avi n g h ear d us s p ea k th us ,
t h e M uni , bur ning as i t w ere

with an g er , a gain ad dr es s e d us , s cor chi ng u s , as it w er e , wi th

‘
44 hi s eyes . S ince ye wi ll n ot p er f or m th i s m y pli ghte d wor d
for m e, th er efor e, bla s ted by m y cur s e, ye s h all be b or n am ong
th e b r ute cr eati on

Ha v ing thus ad d r e s s e d us , h e n ex t s ai d to th at bir d , W h en

I h av e p erf or m ed for m ys elf th e fin al s acr ifice, and m y ob s equi es ,
’
46 accor d ing to the S as tr a s , d o th ou unhes itatingly eat m e
h er e, (0 b es t of d v ij a s ) : thi s m y b o d y I h er e g r a nt th ee for

4 7 f ood . T h e b r ah m anh oo d of a b r ah m an i s d eem ed s u ch , s o f ar

i nd eed as h e m aintai n s hi s tr uth fu ln es s , O chi ef of th e feath er
48 ed r a ce . N ot by s acri fice s a cco m p ani e d wi th p r es ents , n or by
any oth er a ct, d o b r ah m an s ac quir e s uch
gr eat vir tue as by th e
’
ob s erv ance of tr uth .

“
H g th us h ear d th e Ri s h i s s p eech , I nd ra, i n bir d -li e
av in
’
k
f or m , his s oul filled wi th a s toni s h m ent, th en r e lied to th e p
50 M uni , A pplyi ng thys elf to d eep m e di tation, 0 l or d of br ah
m ans , quit this th y b od y ; for li vin g thi n g I nev er eat, 0 lor d
’
of br ahm ans .

“
H h ear d thi s hi s s p eech , th e M uni concentrated hi m s elf
av ing

in d eep m ed itation P er cei vi n g th at h i s fix ed r es olution I nd r a

.

, ,

5 2 fur th er , r es um in g h i s own f or m s ai d , Ho pr i ncely br ah

m an, und er s tand with th y un d er s tan di n g wh at is to b e und er
s too d , 0 m an of un d er s tan d in g ! T o
pr ov e th ee h av e I th us
5 3 tr ans g res s ed , O s inl es s o ne ! P a r d on m e then, 0 pu r e -m i n d ed
 T HE VI SI T TO T HE VI ND YA M O U NT AI N . 15

one : an d th ine th at m ay be gr ante d

w h at w i sh i s th er e of

P l eas e d m o s t hi ghly a m I wi th th ee , f or m ain tai nin g th y tr u e

54 w or d en cef o r th ,
. H k
no w l ed ge li e I nd r a s s h a ll b e r ev eal e d
’
k
t o th ee , an d no ob s tacl e s h all w ith s tan d th ee in aus t er iti e s and
’
h oly law .

B ut w h en I n d r a after s p ea king thu s h ad d ep ar t ed , w e p r os

tr at e on ou r f a ces th us i m p lor e d o ur f ath er , th e r enow ne d
‘
56 M uni , w h o w as fille d wi th an g er . D ear fa th er , hi gh -m in d e d ,
d ei gn t o par d on us m i s er ab l e on es w h o d r ea d d eath ; f o r l ife

5 7 i s d ear to us . In an ag gr e g at e of s ki n b ones a nd fl es h , fille d

wi th pu s an d bl oo d , w h er ein on e s h ould ta e no d eligh t , th er e in k
58 d o w e find thi s d eli gh t ear t oo , S ir , h o w p eo p l e ar e b e . H
g uil ed w h en ov er com e b y th os e p ow er f ul en em i es , th eir f au lts ,
5 9 l ov e, ger a n d s o for th
an Gr eat i s th e for tr es s w hi ch h as .

W i s d om for i ts r am par t, th e b on es f or i ts p ill ars , th e s in for k

6 0 its w all s an d b an k s, th e fl es h an dbloo d for i ts pl as ter . N in e

g ates i t h as ; i t i s cap able o f g r eat e ffo r t ; i t i s en cl o s e d on a ll

s i d e s w i th s in ew s ; an d th er e th e S en ti ent s i ts fir m as

61 k in g . H e h as tw o r iv al m ini s ter s , th e I ntelli gen ce? an d th e

U n d er s t and in g i ; tho s e tw o s tri v e to d es tr oy
'
e ach oth er as

6 2 fo es . F our en em i es d es ir e th e d es tr u ction of th at ki n g ,
D es ir e , §
6 3 A ng er , an d C ov etous n es s ; and F olly “ i s th e oth er en em y B ut .

w h en t h a t k
in g clos es thos e g ates a nd s tan d s fir m , th en h e
b ecom es i n d eed both h app ily s tr ong an d fr ee fr om a lar m ;
6 4 h e d i s p lays hi s a ffe cti on s he is no t o v er co m e by h i s ene m i es .

65 B ut w h en h e l e av es all th e g ates o p en , th en th e en em y n am e d

66 P a s s i on ? a s s ail s th e g ates of th e e
yes , e tc . Gai ni ng an e ntr an ce

b y th e fiv e g at es , h e p en etr at es ev er yw h er e an d s p r ea d s wi d ely
th en in d e ed en ter , follo w in g on h i s tr ac , th e thr ee other k
6 7 t er ri ble en em i e s . T h at y enem y, P a s s i on, h avi n g e n ter e d
v er

th er e , for m s a clos e uni o n wi th th e U nd er s tandi n g , tog eth er

‘
5 P ur us h a .

f B ud d hi , p er cep ti ve f aculty ,
.

I M an as cogni ti/ve fa cu lty

,
.

5 Kam a lov e d es i re, aflect/ion

, ,
.

II M o h a, folly i nfa tuati on ,

.

us e d as eq ui valen t to Kam a
1T Rag a, p as s i on, em oti on .
 16 CANT O III .

6 8 w ith th e o th er
g at es wh i ch ar e k n own as t he o r g ans . H e,
‘

d ifli cult t o b e a pp r oach e d ,

h a vi n g r e d uce d i nt o s u b e c ti on
j th e

o r g a ns an d th e U n d er s tan d in g , and h av in g re d uc ed int o su b

69 j ection th e g ates , th en d e s tr oys -
t he r am p ar t . T h e I nt elli g en ce ,
s eein g th e U n d er s tan d in g th e d ep en d ent of th at y, p eri s h es
e n em

for th wi th A nd th er e , d epr iv ed of h is m ini s ter s

. . an d ab a n d on e d

k
7 0 by hi s s ub j ects , th e in g , h i s s tr ateg eti ca l p oint s g ain e d b y
th e en em i e s , p er i s h es E v en s o P as s i on , F olly, C ove tou s n es s a nd
.

7 1 An g er p r ev ail, evi l in th eir n atur e , wr ecki n g th e m em or y of

m an i ndk . F r om P a s s ion s pr in g s An g er ; fr om An g er i s b or n
7 2 C ov etou s nes s ; fr om C ov etou s n es s ar i s es F olly ; fr o m F o lly er r or s

of m em or y ; fr o m l os s of m em o r
y los s of th e i ntellect ; t hr oug h

7 3 l os s of th e in t ell ect m a n p er i s h es . S h ew f a v o u r , O t h o u m o s t
vi r tu ou s I to us wh o h av e th u s los t o ur int el lect s , w h o ar e

p li an t t o P as s ion an d C o v etou s n es s , an d w h o cov et lif e

com .

k
7 4 An d l et not thi s cur s e t a e eff e ct, w h i ch th o u h a s t p r on o un ced , -

S ir ! L et us not tr ea d th e m i s er a ble p ath of d ar kn es s , 0 b es t

of M uni s

T h e Ri sh i s p o ke .

W h at I h av e utter ed , wi ll n ev er b ecom e fals e my v o ice

has n o t s p ok en untr uth hi th er to , 0 s on s F a t e i s h er e su

p r em e ,
I thin k . F ie on w or th l es s m anh o o d , w h er eb
y I h a v e b een
th ou gh tles s ly for ced t o d o d eed th at
a ou
gh t no t to b e d o n e
An d s in ce I am b es oug h t r ev er ent l
y by you , th er efor e , w h en
en d ow e d w ith th e n atur e of b r u t es e s h a l l o b t ai n th e h i h e s t
, y
g
kn ow l e d g e An d ye, h av in g yo ur p a th s i llu m in at ed b
.

y
kn o w le d g e , with th e s t ai ns of
p a in r em ov ed , fr ee fr om d ou b t ,

s h allthr oug h m y fav our g ain th e h i h e s t er f ecti o n ’

g p .

T hus , S ir , w e w er e cur s e d o f ol d b our fath er thr ou h th

y g e

p ow er of d e s tin y h en ce w e h av e d es cen d e d to a low er r a g d e of

cr eat e d b eings for a lon g tim e an d w e w er e b o r n on th e
field of battle w e w er e nour i s h ed
by th ee th u s h a v e w e
acquir e d th e n atur e of b ir d s , 0 b r ah m an T h er e i s n o m a n .

i n this w or l d w h o is not b ound b y fate ” .

M ar k and eya s p o k e .

H av ing h ear d th i s th eir s peech , the v ener a ble a nd em ine nt

 T HE N
I NCAR AT I O N or T HE F OU R-F O RM E D GO D . 17

M uni S’em ik a ans wer ed th os e d w j as who stoo d ne ar h im .

E ven b efor e d i d I m a ke this r emar k in y ur pr esence o ,

T hes e
ar e not o r d i nar y bir d s ; th e s e mus t be s om e br ahm ans, wh o
in th e s up er h um an b attle e s cap ed d e s tr ucti on
’
ev en .

T h en th ey, p er m itted b y th at afl ectionat e h i gh -s oul ed M uni ,

w ent to th e V in d h ya , th e g oo d li es t of m oun ta ins , cla d wi th
tr ees and cr eep er s . Hith gh t eou s b ir d s r e
er to h av e th e ri

m ained on th at m ountain, engag ed in austeri ti es and th e stu d y

of th e V e d a s , an d r es olute i n m e d i t ati on T h us th os e M uni s
’
.

s on s p
gained th e h os itality of th e noble M uni , acquir ed th e
s h ap e of bir d s , a nd ar e d w elling on th e V i nd h ya rang e , in a

c av e of th e nob l e m oun tai n wh er e th e w ater i s ver y sacr ed ,

with th eir m in d s s ubd u ed .

C ANT O I V .

T he I ncar na ti on o f the F our -

for m ed God .

J ai m i ni vi si ts the B ir d s , and ex
p laini ng the r eason of hi s vi s i t,
p uts
them the f
=
our ques t ons i tha t p erp lexed him —
Af ter i nvoki ng
’
Vi s hnu , B r a h/mi a nd S iva , they exp lai n the
ques ti on , why
fir s t
Vis hnu, though d evoid f
o qua li ti es , i s end u ed wi th hum ani ty .

M ér k and eya s p oke .

T h us th es e b ir d s , th e s on s of D r ona , becam e l earned ; an d

th ey d w ell
. on th e V i n d h ya m ountain : vi s i t th em a n d as k

th em .

Jaim ini , h av i ng h ear d th i s s p ee ch o f th e Ris hi M ar kand eya ,

w ent to th e V in dh ya m oun tain , wh er e d w e lt th os e r i g h te

o us bir d s . A n d w h en Ja i m ini r e ach e d th at m oun tain, h e

h ear d th eir v oi ce s as th ey w er e r ea di ng , and h av in g h ear d

filled w ith s ur r is e , he re fl ected T h e br ahm an s ar e r ead -

i
p .

th e b eauti es of
i ous p a s s a g es , r egu th e
i

in g , ob s er v n g var

l ating th eir b r eath , w itho ut a ny i nt er m i s s i on , d i st in ct ly and

with out f aul ts w on d r ou s i s thi s , m eth in s , th at S ar as v a ti k
d oes n ot for s a k e th es e M uni
’
s s o ns , a lth ou gh t h ey ar e b or n i n

th e b r ut e cr eati on . O ne
’
s ci r cle of r el ativ es an d a fr ien d an d

wh ate ver el s e i s d esir e d in o ne s

’
h om e —
all th a t fo r s a k es o ne

3
18 C ANT O IV .

7 an d d e p ar ts S ar as v ati d o e s n ot ab an d o n on e T h i n in g ev en
.
’
k
th u s , h e e nt er e d th e m ou n t ain cav e ; a n d ent eri n g s a w th o s e
d vi j a s s tan d i n
g o n a l ed g e of th e r oc o o i n g at th em a s
'

k . L k
th ey w er e r ea d i n , th e ir
g f aces f r e e fr o m bl em i sh , h e th en
w ith m i ngled s o r r ow a n d
ad d r es s e d th em a ll , j oy .

H ail t o you , O b r ah m an s K n ow th at I am Jaim i n i , a

d i s ciple of V yas a , wh o am com e t o yo u , b ein g ea g er f or l ear n

i ng . V er ily b e ye n ot angr y ; w h er eas ye, b ein g cur s e d b y

your fath er , w h o w a s ex ce e d in gly wr at hful , h av e b een tur ne d

i n to b ir d s , th at was in d eed g eth er f ate a lto . In a f am i ly of

im m ens e w ealth s om e i n telli g ent m em b er s , i t i s s a id ,

w er e b or n

w h en th eir w ea lth w a s los t, th ey w er e w ell com f or te d ,

’
O b r ah m ans , by S ab ar a . M en after
givi n g to others b ecom e
b eggar s them s elves an d o th er s , aft er k
illin g m en, h av e b een
killed them s elves an d other s , aft er h av i n g o v er th r o wn m en , h av e

b e en them selves ov er th r o wn th os e
y m en , thr ou g h th e d ecay
—
v er

of a u s teri ti e s T h u s I h av e v er y often s een o pp os i t es of this

.

kin d th e w or l d i s c o ns t a ntly di s tr es s e d by th e d es tr u cti on of

e x i s t en ce a nd n on -e xi s ten ce . At s uch th ough t s as th es e in

yo ur m in d s , ye s h ould n ot g iv e w ay to s or r ow so m u ch i s
i nvulner ab ili ty to s or r ow an d j oy th e fr ui t of no k wl d g e e .
”

T h en th ey all di d Jaim ini h onour , b y givin g hi m w a t er for

his f eet, an d th e ar g h ofier i n
ya g an d t h e y b ow e d to h i m , an d
qu es ti on ed hi m w i th d eep p ect
r es T h en all th e b ir d s a d d r es s
.

ed h im , th e d i s ci ple of V a
y s a , r i ch i n aus t er iti es , a s h e s at at
e as e , r es tin g him s elf , wi th hi s fa ti g ue m i ti g at ed b th e b r eez e
y
fr om th eir w ing s .

T h e bir d s s
po e k .

T o-d ay h as our bir th b ecom e fr ui tfu l, an d our li v es h av e b e en

w ell-liv ed , in as m u ch as we s ee th y l o tu s -f ee t w h i ch ar e w or th y
t o b e p r ai s ed by th e g o d s . T h e b la z in g fir e of o ur f ath er
’
s

an g er , w hi ch co n tinu e s in
b od i e s , h a s b e en u en ch ed to
our
q ~

d ay b y the w at er of th e s i gh t of th ee , O b r ah m an W e tr us t .

th at all i s w ell i n t hy h er m ita g e am on g th e d e er an d b ir d s

,

am on
g th e tr ees too , and th e var i ous ind s of cr eep er s , s h r ub s , k
r ee d s , an d
g r ass es O r p er h ap s w e though r es ectfu l h av e
p
.

k
no t s p o en thi s fittingly ? W h e nce ca n e vi l b ef all th
os e w h o r
 T HE I NCARNAT I O N O F T HE F O UR-F O RM E D GO D . 19

2 1 ha v e m et with th ee ? And h er e , s h ew us fav our , tell us th e

ca u s e o f th y v i s it ; union w i th th ee , as wi th th e g od s , i s g r eat

p r os p eri ty ; by w h om , p ow er f ul for our good for tune, h as t th ou

b een b r ough t to our vi ew

Jaim ini s po ke .

L et th e r eason be h ear d , 0 br ah m an s , why I h av e co m e h ere

to th e V ind hya m ountain s d eli ghtf ul cav e, wh ich i s
’

pr inkl ed
s

wi th d ro ps of w ater fr om th e r i v er Nar m ad é . At firs t I

qu es ti on ed th e gr eat M uni M ar kand eya, a s cion of B h rigu s
’

r ace , s in ce I found di fficulti es in connexion with th e M ah a

bh ar ata . And h e, wh en as k ed by m e, r epli ed , D r ona s high
’

s o ul e d s on s ar e l iving on th e m i ghty V ind hya m ountai n ;

’
th ey will d eclar e th e f ul l m eani n g to th ee . A nd I i m p elle d ,

b y h is s p e ech , h av e com e t o th i s g r eat m oun tain : th er efor e

”
h ear m e f ully ; h avi ng h e ar d , d ei g n to giv e an ex planati on .

T h e bir d s sp o ke .

T h e m atter b eing on e s p eci a lly kn w n to u s o , we wi ll d e clar e

i t ; li s ten th en, fr ee fr om di s tr us t ; w hy s h ould w e n ot t ell

th ee th at of whi ch our in tell ect s ar e cogni zant ? F o r e v en in

th e four V ed as , for in th e D h ar m a -sas tr as als o , a nd in all

th e A ng a s and w h atev er el s e is co nf or m able to th e V e d as

i n th es e d oes our g e, 0 b es t of br ah m an s ; but
intellect r an

n ev er th eles s w e ar e n ot ab le t o g iv e a p r om is e T h eref ore .

d eclar e f ear l es s ly w h at is d oub tf ul in th e M ah abh ar ata ; w e

wil l d ecl ar e it to th ee, O th ou w h o ar t wi s e in th e law if n ot
”
th er e will b e b ewil d er m en t .

Jaim ini s
po ke .

H O ye pur e on es ! th e m atter s in connex ion with the

ear ,

M ahabh ar ata, whi ch a r e d oub tful to m e h er e ; h av in g h ear d ,

d ei g n to ex plain th em . Wh y i s Janar d ana V as ud ev a, w h o is
th e s up p or t of e v er ythi n g an d th e caus e of all c au s es , al.

th oug h d ev oid of qualiti es , e nd ue d wi th hu m anity An d why

w a s D r up ad a
’
s d augh ter Kri s h na th e com m on wif e o f t h e fiv e

s on s P éndu ? O n th i s p oi nt ther e is very gr eat p er p lex ity

of .

W hy d id t he m i ghty B al ad ev a H al ayud ha ex pi ate hi s br ah

m anicid e by eng aging in a pilgr im age And how was it that
,
20 CANT O I V .

th e unm arr i e d h er o i c h igh -s o u led s on s of D r aup ad i, w ho s e

p r ot ector w a s P andu , w er e sl ain, as if th ey h ad no p r ot ector

L et all th es e d oubtful p oints in conn ex ion with th e M ah a
bhar ata b e exp lained to m e th at I haV ing attai ned m y Ob j ect,
m ay r etur n t o m y h er m itag e in com f

T h e bird s s p o ke .

Having paid ad or ation to V i s h nu , th e lor d th e god s , the

of

p r e -e min ent, th e uni ver s al s oul , th e im m eas ur able , th e et er nal ,

and th e chang el es s ; to him w h o in four f orm s , p o s s es s ed
s ub s i s t s

of the thr ee qu aliti es , and d evoi d of quali ti es , th e m os t ch o i ce ,

th e m os t v en er ab e, l th e m os t ex cellent, and the i m m or tal to

hi m than whom th er e i s nothin g m or e m inute, than Wh om th er e

is nothin g m or e im m ens e, by w h om — the unbor n one , th e b egin .

ning o f th e p
w or ld s — th i s uni ver s e is er m eate d ,— thi s uni ver s e
w hi ch , ch ar acter i z ed b y ap p e ar an ce an d d is app ear ance, by v i s i
bility an d inv i s ibi li ty, h as , m en sa
y, b een cr eat ed an d al s o b een
d es tr oye d i n th e en d : an d h av in g p ai d a d or ati on wi th

p r ofoun d m ed it ation to B rah m a, the cr eator , wh o purifi es th e

’
thr ee w or ld s wi th h i s m outh s as h e utter s th e Ri c and s am e ,

h ym n s al s o h av i ng p r os tr at ed our s elv e s b efor e th e l or d ,

of w h os e arr o w s th e b an d s o f th e A s ur as d o
con
quer ed b y on e

n ot i nterru p t the s acrifi ce s of th e s acr ificer s : w e wi l l d ecla r e

th e wh ol e d octr in e of V yas a , w h o w a s w on d er f ul i n hi s acti on s ,

b y w hom , in d eliv er ing the M ah abh a

r at a, j u s ti ce an d th e o th er

i
v r tues w er e m a d e m anif es t .

T h e w at er s w er e calle d Nar a b y M uni s conv er s an t w ith

tr uth th ey w er e or i gi n ally hi s p lace of m ov em ent * h en ce h e
is call e d N ar ayana . T he a d or ab l e
go d , th e lor d N ar aya na , p er
va di n g all th in g s , liv e s , 0 b r ah m an , in qu adr u p l e for m
a he
18
p os s es s ed as w ell as d ev oi d of attr ib utes Hi s fir s t for m i s
.

i n s cr utabl e th e wi s e b eh ol d i t b r igh t it i s cov e r e d w ith g ar

fl am e ; it i s th e a cm e of
lan d s of p er fe ction to d ev otees it i s
b oth far an d it i s n ear ; i t i s to b e un d ers t oo d a s tr ans c end in
g
attri butes wh en calle d V as ud ev a , i t is s een d ev o id o f e g o is m ;
i ts sh a col our e tc are not r eal
b ut im agin ar y ; i t i s in d ee d
p e, .
,

al w ays p ur e it is the s ol e for m of pro-em i nen ce Hi s s econd .

Ayana .
 21
’
I ND RA S T RANSFO RM AT I O NS .

'
for m , call ed S esh a, s upp or ts th e e ar th b elow w ith its h ead
it i s d e s cr ib ed as b eing ch ar a cter i zed by th e qu ality of d ar nes s ; k
it b el ong s to th e br ute cr eation H i s th ir d for m i s activ e , and
.

d e v oted to th e p r es er v ati on of cr eatur es ; i t i s to b e con s id er ed

as co ns i s ti n g chi efly of th e q u ality of g oo d n es s it i s th e
f as hioner of virtue Hi s f our th for m abi d es in w a t er ; i t lies
.

on a s er p ent a s its b ed ; its attr ib ut e i s p as s i on an d it i s alw a

ys
ind eed activ e .

T h e thir d for m of V ish nu , w hi ch i s a s s i d uo us l

y intent on th e

p r es er v ati on of cr eatur es , al ways m aintains r i gh teou s n es s on th e

ear th . I t d es tr oys th e h au gh ty A s ur as , th e ex ter m inator s of
r i g h t eou s ne s s ; it p r otects th e god s , an d h oly m en, w h o ar e
d ev oted to th e p r es er v ation of r igh teo u s n es s W h en s oev er , .

O Ja i m ini , th e w ane of r i gh t eou s n e s s occur s and th e rise of

ini qui ty, th en it cr e ate s its elf . Hav in g for m er ly be com e ex i e

tent , as a wi ld b oar it r ep elle d th e w at er w i th i ts s n out , an d

lifted o ut th e ear th lik e a lotu s wi th o ne o f i ts tu s h es . H av i n

g
ta k en th e for m of th e m an -lion , i t s le w H ir anya—k asipu , a nd
’
d es tr o yed V ip r ac itti an d oth er D an av as I cann ot . n o w enu

m er at e i t s oth er in c ar nation s , th os e of th e d w ar f , e tc . hi s
r ecen t incar nati on h er e w as th i s o ne i n M ath ur a . T hu s th at
for m , wh i ch i s ch ar ac ter i z ed b y g oo d nes s , b ecom es in car nate ;
an d i t i s d es i g nat e d P r ad yu m n a it i s o ccu pi ed i n th e w or k of
by V as ud ev a
’

p re s er v ation . And ev er s wi ll , i t e x i s ts i n d i v i ne
f or m , h um an for m , an d b r ut e f o r m , a nd p ar t a k e s of th eir s ev er al

n atur es .

“
T h u s th is h a s b e en d ecl ar ed to th ee, h ow th at the lor d .

V i s h nu , th oug h al l -s u cce s s ful , as s um e d h u m an for m . H e ar

”
a g ain th e s e qu el th e r e of .

C ANT O V .

’
I nd/r a s T r a nsfor m a ti ons .

T he B i r d s exp lai n the s econd qu es ti on— D r aup a d i was the wife

of the five P d nda va s , beca us e they wer e p a r ti a l i ncar na tions of

I nd/ra , and s he was the i ncar na ti on of hi s wife .

T h e b ir d s s po k e .

Of old 0 br ah m an ! wh en th e s on of T v as h tgi w as s lain,

,
 22 CANT O V .

’
I nd r a s s plen d o ur , o p p r e s s e d b y t h e b r ah m a ni cid e , s u ffer e d a

2
’

g r i ev o u s d eclin e T h en b ecau s e of h i s wr ong con d u ct I n d r a s

.

s p le n d our ent er e d D h ar m a ; an d , h i s r i g h t eo u s n es s an d s p l end our

b ein g g on e, I n d r a b ecam e s p l en d our les s .

T h en h ear ing th at hi s s on
'

w as s l ai n , th e p r a j ap ati T v as h tr i
e nr a g e d ,
tear in g o ut a s i n l e
g m att ed loc k of h a ir , utter e d th i s

s p eech . L et th e th r ee w or l d s an d th e g od s th er eof s ee my

m i g h t th i s d ay, an d l et I n d r a th e p er v er s e b r ah m ani cid e s e e ,

b y w h om my s on w h en eng a g ed i n h i s o w n b u s in es s w as d e s

tr oyed .
’
T h u s h av in g k
p o en , h e , h i s
s eyes r ed w ith a n g er ,

s a cr ifice d th at loc k o f h a ir in th e fir e .

T h en V ritr a , th e m i gh ty A s ur a , en cir cled wi th fl am e ,

u p r os e

h u g e i n b o d y, wi th gr eat t eeth , r es em b l in g a m a s s of br o en k
co ll yr i um H e , th e en em y of I n d r a , of i m m e as ur abl e s ou l ,
.

s ur p a s s in g th e m i g h t Of T v as h tr i , m i gh ty i n v alo ur , i n cr ea s
ed d aily a b ow - s h ot i n s ta tur e An d I n d r a , h av i n g s een th e
.

m i gh ty A s ur a V r itr a ea
ger f or hi s s l au g h t er , unn e r v e d b y
f ear , s ent s ev en Ri s h i s ,
d es i r in g p e a c e T h en th e a ff ection ate
.

m in d e d Ri sh i s ,
w h o d eli gh ted i n b en ev ol en ce to w ar d s a ll cr e a

t ur es , b r ou gh t ab out fri en d s hi p an d tr eati es b etw een h i m an d

1 0 V r i tr a . W h en I nd r a vi o l ati n g th e r u les of th e t r eaty s l ew

V r itr a , th en hi s m i gh t ov e r w h elm e d by th e s i n of the s lau gh ter

i h
’
1 1 w an e d ; a n d th at m g t w hi ch qu itt e d I n d r a s bod
y e n t er e d t h e
"

w ind , w h i ch p er v a d es ev er yt h i ng , i s i m p er ceptibl e, an d is t h e
s up r e m e d ei ty of p ow er .

12 A n d w h en I n d r a , a s s um in g th e for m of G au ta m a , vi o l at ed

1 3 A h alya, th en th e l or d of th e g o d s l o s t hi s f or m . T h er eu p on h i s
b eauty Of li m b a nd f eatu r e, w hi ch w as ex cee d in
gly cap tiv a t
ing , for s oo k th e wi c k ed l or d of . th e g o d s and w en t to th e
A sv in s .

P er ceivi n g th e lor d of th e g o d s t o h av e lo s t hi s u r i h tn es s
p g
gl ory, to b e p ow er l e s s
an d an d f or m l es s , th e D ait a s en d e a v o ur
y
1 5 c d to con qu er him D ai tyas . of e x cee d i n
g m i gh t , d es ir ou s t o
con qu er the lor d of th e g od s , w er e b or n in th e f am ili es o f in s
g
k
16 0 gr eat M uni
o f s ur p a s s ing v al our , T h en th e E ar th , a ffl i cte d .

w ith th eir w e igh t , on ce w ent to th e s u m m i t of M er u , w h er e i s

1 7 th e a bo d e of th e h eaven- d we llin g g o d s
. A fli ic t ed w ith th e ir .
 23
’
B AL AD E VA s B RAHM ANI CI D E .

exce s s iv e wei ght , s h e d ecl ar ed th at th e of h er d i str es s

'

caus e

ar o s e fr om th e D an av as an d D ai tya s . T h es e A sur as , wi d ely

r es pl en d ent , h av e b e en s la in by you th ey h av e all b e en b or n i n
th e w or l d of m en i n th e f am ili es of ing s ; th eir ar m i es ar e k
nu m er o u s in d ee d : op
pr es s ed by th eir w ei ght, I am s in i n g k
d own w ar d ; d o ye, O ye th ir ty g o d s , d evi s e h ow tr anquillity
m ay b e attai n e d for m e
’
.

T h e bir d s s po k e .

T h en th e god s d es cen d ed w i th p or ti ons of th eir glor y fr om

h eav en t o ear th , to b en efit th e cr eatur es an d to a llev i ate th e
b ur d en of th e E ar th . D h ar m a hi m s elf r eli n qui s h ed th e

glor y w hi ch i s inn at e in th e b od y of I n d r a , th en w as b or n
of K un ti th e r es p l en d ent r aj a Y u d h i s h thir a ; V ayu r eli u

qui s h e d h i s m i gh t, th en w as b or n B h im a ; an d fr om th e h a lf
p ow er w a s b or n D h an anj aya , th e s on of P ritha;
’
of I ndr a s
’
Y a m a s t w o s on s r es em b li n g I n d r a i n f or m , of g l or i ou s d i gni ty,
w er e b or n of M ad r i T h u s th e a d or ab l e I n d r a b e cam e i n car
.

n at e in fiv e f or m s . His au s p i ci ou s wif e w a s b or n as Kr i s h na
fr om A gni s h e , Kr i s h na,
i s th e wif e of I n d r a alon e , an d of no
on e el s e T h e lor d s of a s cetics can ev en m ulti p ly th eir b od i e s
. .

T h u s th e f act of h er b ein g on e w if e to fiv e m en h as b een

e x p l ain e d to th ee ; b e it h ear d h ow B ala d ev a w ent to th e

f ”
S ar as v at 1

C ANT O V I .

B a la d er a
’
s br a hm an/ w
id e .

T he B ird s exp la i n the thir d q u es tion— B a la d eva , i n or d er to

a voi d s i d i ng wi th the P and avas a nd K aur avas , went to the R ai c a ta

f or es t— O ver com e by i ntoxi ca ti on, love, a nd the i nfluences of the

p lace, he killed s um for not s a luting hi/m T o exp i a te tha t s i n —

he un d er took the p i lgr im a ge .

T h e bir d s spo k e .

T h e p lough - ar m ed Ram a, n ow in g th e p er fect a ffe ction of k

Krishn a for Ar j un a , d eli b er ated m u ch C an w h at h a s been
d on e b e b etter d one W ith out Kris hna ,
as s ur e d l
y, I w i ll n ot

n e ar D ur yod h ana ; or h ow , s id i ng w i th th e P and av as , s h a ll

go
24 cANT O v1 .

3 I s lay king D uryo d h ana , my ro yal so n~in~l aw and p

d i s ci l e

T h er efor e I wi ll go n eith er to Ar j una nor to ing D ur yod h ana k .

4 I will m ys elf b ath e m yself a t h oly b ath ing laces , s o long as p

”
it cond uces to th e en d in g of th e Kur us and P and av as .

Having thus t k leav e of Kri sh na , A r un a and D ur yod hana,

a en j
d es cend ant of S fir a , s ur r o un d e d by hi s ar m y, w ent to D v a
’
th e
6 ra ka . D v ar av ati, w hi ch wa s thr onged wi th gl ad
Ar ri v ing at

and well-fed cit iz en s , R am a H alayu d h a dr ank a d r aug ht at th e

7 h oly b ath ing pl a ces , w hi ch ar e to b e vi s ited in f utur e av ing . H
k
d r an hi s d r au gh t, h e th en m a rch e d t o th e fl our i shing p ar of k
Raivata,* takin g wi th hi m th e in t oxicate d A s ar as -lik e R evati p .

8 E ncircl ed by a b evy of m a id ens , th e h ero w ent on, in tox icated,

s tum bl ing i n h i s w al k
A n d h e s aw a f or es t, f as cin ating, b eyond
.

9 com p are , load ed wi th th e fr ui ts an d fl ow er s o f ev er y s ea son,

thr ong ed w ith tr oop s of m on k

ys , s a cr ed , d otted w ith clum s of
e p
1 0 lotus -flower s , a gr eat f or es t ab o un d ing in ool s p
is tening to the . L
c op ious , l ea s ur e -in s pir i n g , l ov e - s oft, b eautiful , ear -d eli gh tin
p g,
m elo d i ous s ong s p our e d for th fr o m th e m outh s of th e bir d s , he
11 s aw th e tr ees th er e, loa d ed wi th th e w eigh t of th e fr ui ts of

ev er y s e as on, bright wi th th e b los s om s of ev er y s eas on, r en

1 2 d er ed r es onant by th e b ir d s —
m ang o tr e es , h og -plum s ,1'
kam ar angas gt cocoanu ts , an d tin d ak a tr ees , § an d little b el

A m ountain near D v ar ak a in Gu j ara t . T h e w oodland s cene d es cr ibed

s eem s to b e a fanciful one , com p ound e d fr om th e auth or s ob s ervat ions ever a
’
y
wh ere .

1 m um the Hog -plum , S p ond i as m angifer a the m o d ern am r a I t is

»
, .

b oth wild and cul tiv ate d I give th e b ot ani cal na m es , fr om Hooker’ s F lora
.

of B ri tis h I nd ia, of all except t h e m os t co m m on , as m any of th e tr ee s have

no E nglis h nam es , and are bett er kn own by th os e nam e s : but ther e can be
no d o ub t th at th e variou s sp eci es in a g enus ar e no t al w a s di s ting ui s h ed , and
y
that th e S anskr it na m e s ar e s om e tim es as m u ch g en er ic a s s pecific. T he
d es criptions are taken from Roxb ur g h e F lara I nd ica, E d n C lar ke, 1 8 7 4 , fr om
’
. .

O liver’ s I ndi an B otany, 1 8 69 , and fr om F irming er s M anual of Gard ening f or

’

I ndia .

I B havya, Averr hoa . ca/ra/m bola , th e m o d er n kd m/ranga . A g ar d en tr ee .

I do not find tind a ha in P r of . M oni er -W illiam s ’ D ictionary : ti nd/aha

occur s in v ers e 14 T he late Rev D r B aner j e a , in a t r anslati on h e b e an
g
. . .

tr anslates it E bony, whic h i s D i ospyr os m el anomy lon, th e m od er n ti nd u . I t is

a larg e tr ee, growing in m os t wood y m ountai nous p ar ts of I nd ia .
 ’
B AL AD E VA s B RAH M ANI C I D E . 25

13 cum in fl p o m egr anates , 1 ci tr on s , § j k ac tr ees , ”m on

key-j a c k tr ees fil p lantain tr ees , a nd v er y ch ar m in g ka

d am tr ee s ,M and p ar av ata tr ees , H
' '
k nkol
a a tr e es , I I u aliu a

14 m ar ing -nut k tr e es , 1HT em blic m yr ob a

’
A bilv aka . I do n ot fin d thi s i n th e D icti onar y . B ilv a , th e B el or B eng al
'
Q uince , E gl e m ar m elos ; th e m od ern bel -p hu l an d s rt-p ha l . B oth w ild and

cultiv ated . I t b ear s p ani cles of lar g e white fl ower s , which ar e us ed in

w o r s h ip .

1 '
Ji r a, C um in, Cum i n/Wm cym i n/um ; th e m od er n j i ra th i s i s a s l en d er

cult iv a t e d annu al . Jir a als o m eans P a ni cum m ili a ceum , Roxb .

, th e m od er n

cheen a , whi ch is a. cul ti vated c er eal f rom 2 to 4 feet hig h .

( Roxb .
, p .

N ei th er s e e m s a p pr opr i ate .

I D édi m a , t h e P om egr a nat e , P uni ca gr wna twm . th e m o d er n d d r ion or

d d li m . A c ultiv at e d tr ee in I n di a
V i l a -p fir ak a , C itr on , Ci tru s m ed i ca , th e m od er n nebu . A cul tiv ate d tree
in I nd i a .

ll P ana s a ,
th e Ja c k or Jac k-f r uit tr e e , Ar tocar p us i ntegr if o li a th e m od er n
'
kaxnthail . A c ul t iv at ed tr e e .
( Rox b .
, p 6 33
. O liv e r , p 2 7 2 . n ot in H o oker ) .

1T L akuc a,
’
th e M onk ey - j a ck , Ar tocar p us l a cucha ; t h e m o d er n d el . A

g ar d en tree .
( Roxb .
, p 6 34 ; F ir m in g er , p 1 8 8
. . n ot i n H ooker ) .

N ip a , Anthocep ha lus cad am ba ( Nau cl ea ca d am ba , Ro xb .

) al s o kad a m b a ,

th e m od er n ka d a/m A g ar d e n tr e e , hi g hl y orn a m en tal with i t s l ar g e , glob ul ar ,

.

b eautif ul, or ang e -c olour e d h e ad s of ower s , a n d v er y us ef ul fr o m its e xtens iv e fl

c l os e s h ad e (s e e Rox b .
, p .

H
‘ '
P ar av at a : th e D ict ionar y s ays thi s i s D i osp 'yr os em br yop ter i s ( gluti nos a ,

whi ch i s th e m od ern gd b but t hi s tr ee i s als o ti n d uka, w hi ch o ccur s

i n th e n ext v er s e , an d ti nd a ka h as oc cur r e d in v er s e 12 . P ar év ata m ean s

al s o a. d ov e or p ig eon, an d h a s b e en c or r up t e d i n t o th e B en g ali p éyr a m ig h t

n ot p ar av ata , th e tr e e, b e cor r up ted i nt o th e B e ng ali p eyar a, whi ch m e an s t h e

Guav a , P s i d i um gwyav a
K an k ol a I do n ot fin d thi s in th e D icti o nar y Rea d kamxkelld n f or
II
'
.
.

t h e A s ok, S a/ra ca i nd i ca (Jones i d ka,

'
ka n kol an
'
Kan kella i s gi v en’
as a so

b ut th i s oc cur s in v er s e 15 .

N a lina . D r B a n er j ea tr an s l ate s thi s

.
as th e I n di g o p lant , b ut P r of . Mo

ni er -W illi am s s ay s u aliua, n eu t .
,
i s th e I n d ig o s h r ub , I n d i gof er a ti/nctor i a whil e

ua liua , m as c . as h er e, i s th e C ar i s s a car and a s ; b u t th e latt er oc cu r s in th e

ne x t v er s e .

A m l a -v eta sa, th e D ock or S or r el, as P r of M onier -W illi am s g i v es it

. .

T h e D o ck i s R/u/ mex v es i ca r i u s , Ro xb . T he S orr el i s O xa li s cor ni cul a ta , H ook er

a nd
( s ee O li v e r , pp 1 8 1 .

a na car d i wm, th e B e ng al i
flfil B h allé ta ka, th e M ar king -nut t re e , S em ecarp us

4
26 CANT O vi .

l an s fi “
an d ab t r e es ? b e a r in g l ar g e fr ui t s , alm on d tr e e s , i
g
k ar am ch a tr ees , § yellow m yr ob al ans , “ L r e d o m yr ob alans fl a

1 5 H e, Y a d u s d es cend an t , s aw th es e a n d oth er tr ee s , and al s o a sc

’

1 6 k as , “
p unnag as
- s cr e w - in e s
fif p , 1i and c a m p ak as ,
’
”
II

bhela A tree, gr owi ng in all th e m ountainous p ar t s

.
of I ndi a , with lar g e

pani cles of s m al l g r eeni s h y ell ow fl ow er s ( Roxb , p . . .

1“ A ’ m al ka
a th e E m bli c M yr ob al an, P h/yllan thu s em bli ca , th e m od ern
,

O li v er , p I do n ot fin d it in H ooker E m bli ca
d m la (Roxb .
, p 6 84 . an d .
.

ofi ci n a li s is an ear li er n am e .

It
’
~

1 T ind uk a , D i osp yr os em br y op ter i s (glut/in os a ,

th e m od er n ga b .

is a tr e e c om m on i n B e ng al , an d a m ong t h e m oun tain s in th e C ir car s . I ts

f r uit i s as l ar g e as a m ed iu m -s i z ed app l e .

1 I u g ud a , th e A lm on d t r ee , T er m i na li a
'
ca tapp a , th e m od er n ba d am . A

b eautif ul lar g e tr e e , g r owi ng ev e r yw h er e .

Kar am ar d a, Ca r i s s a ca r am d a s , th e m o d er n hamam cha . A c om m on s m all

t r ee , wi th b ea u tif ul , whi te , j as m in e -
li ke flow er s .

a li a chebu la l ar g e
-
l| H ar itaka , th e Y ell ow or C h eb uli c M yr ob alan, T er m in a

f or e s t t r ee .

1 V ibh itak a , th e B eleri e M yr ob al an, T er m in ali a beler i ca , th e m od er n ba her a

a lar g e f or es t t r e e .

A s ok, S ar a ca i n d i ca (Jones i o A mi d dli ng -s i z ed ,

’
A s ok a, t h e as oka ,

v ery h a nd s o m e , g ar d en tr e e , w ith l ar g e , g lob ul ar b un ch e s of r at h e r l ar g e

fl owe r s . T he fl ow er s ar e o f a b e autif ul or an g e col our w h e n th ey fir s t e xp and ,

‘

and g rad ually ch an g e to r ed , f or m ing a v ar i e ty o f b eautif ul s h a d es t h ey ar e

f r a g r ant d ur i ng th e ni g h t .
( Roxb .
, p .

H
‘ ‘
P uun ag a , Rottl er a ti nctor i a, ( Rox b . a nd O li v er ) it i s s till called p unn d g .

I do n ot fin d i t i n H ook er . A tr ee , a na t i v e o f Co r om and el .

I I Ke tak i ,
th e S cr ew -P ine, P a nd am/us o d or a ti s s i rruus ,
(Roxb . and O liv er ) , th e
m o d er n hear d . A lar g e s hr ub ,
wi th p ani cl es of l ar g e whi t e , s h e ath -lik e
l e av e s , e ncl os in g b u nd l es of cl o s ely -p ac k ed m inute fl ow er s I t i s t h e t en d e r .

w hi te l eav e s of th e flow er s , chi e fly th os e of th e m ale , th at y i eld th at m os t

d eligh tf ul f r ag r a n ce , f or whi ch t h ey ar e so univ er s ally and d e s e r v e d ly
e s t ee m e d ; f or o f a ll th e p erf um e s in th e w or ld it m us t b e th e r ich es t an d m os t

p o w er f ul .
(Roxb .
, p 7 07
. .

V e h nla , M i m us op s eleng hi , th e m o d er n ba ku l . A tr ee , com m o nly cul ti

v at e d ,
wi th fl ower s m id d le - s i z ed d r oop ing , w hi te and f r a gant b ut F ir m ing er
s ays th ey ar e s m all , p ale g reen
- .
( Roxb .
, p . 31 8 H ooker , p 4 58 . F ir m .
,

p .

”
HC
’
a m p ak a , M i cheli a champ a ca , th e m o d er n c ha/mp a k or chd m
p d . A g ar d en
t r ee with lar g e y ellow d e lig htful frag r ant flowers .
 27
’
B ALAD E VA S B RAHM ANI CI D E .

s aptaparnas fi karnik ér a s fi and S p ani s h j as m ines j :

‘

p ar ij ata tre es , § kov id ar as , " m an d ar as fil

'

and j uj ube
1 7 tr ees , “ d eli gh ts om e B i g noni a tr ee s fi in blos s om , and

d ev d ar tr ees , II sal p alm yr a and ta

S eLpta-par ua, Als toni a s chola/ri s . An ev er -g r een tree gr owing i n the d rier
f or e s ts of I nd ia .

1 Kar nikar a, P ter osp erm um acer i oli um ,

f th e B eng ali kan a k-cha/mqoa . A
H i m al ayan tre e , b ut als o g rown in g ar d ens . I t h as very larg e, p ur e w hite,
frag rant fl ower s .

I M dlati , t he C at al oni an S p ani s h Jas m i ne , Jam i/h um gr a nd ifl orum, th e

or

B eng ali j d ts Hind us tani cham belt I t is a s pr ead ing g ard en s hr ub

’ ’
or s hum ets, .

wi th gr aceful pinn ate foliag e and m i d d li ng -s iz ed white f r ag rant flower s ,

whi ch retai n th eir od our wh en d r ied and ar e m uch us ed for p erf um e .

( F ir m
p . M i lati al so m eans th e C lov e -s cent ed E chi t es , Aganosm a car yop hzyllata

( E chi tes ca ry op hg llata , n ow c all e d m til ati , w hi ch is a clim bing s h r ub ,

wi th b ay -like l eav es and s p r ay s of m i d d ling -si z e d fragrant whi te flowers .

( Roxb , p 24 5 F ir m
. . .
, p .

P ar ij ata, E ry th/rrna in d i ca A lar g e tr ee g r owing all ov er I n d i a, wi th .

r a ce m es o f num erous l ar e br i h t s car let fl ower s T hi s tr ee i s g ener ally

g g .

call e d m an d d/r now .

Kovid i r a, B auhi/ni a v a ri ega ta, th e B eng ali

. r a kta-hwncha/n. A g ar d en tr ee
with lar g e r ed di s h -p ur pl e flow er s .

1[ M an d ti ra . P r of . M onie r -W illiam s s ays this i s E r ythri na f ulgens , b ut I d o

n ot find it in H ook er or Roxb ur gh M ay it b e E stri cta , which g r ows in the

. . .

Wes tern P eni ns ular and m uch r es em bl es E i nd i cts ? I n B engal E i nd/i ca i s . .

now g ener ally call ed m wnd dr .

B ad ar a, Z i zyp hus aenop li a (j uj uba or s ca nd ens , th e B engali hut, the

Hind us t ani bar . A sm all tr e e wi t h fr uit of th e s i z e of a lar g e ch e rry .

H P i tala, B ignom a Roxb th e m od e r n p d ru l I d o not find it in

'

su aveol ens ,
‘ ‘
.
.
,

Hooker . A tree, with larg e , exq ui s i tely ,

f rag r ant d ark d ull cr im s on flower s .

I t bloss om s d uring th e h ot s e as on . P r of M oni er -W illia m s

. calls it th e T r um p e t
flower tr ee , but I d o not find thi s na m e in any of th e B otani cal books I h av e

c ons ulte d ,

it D ev a -d i m , Pi n/us d eud or a , Roxb .

, th e m od e r n d ec d d r . I d o not fin d i t

in Hooker A gr eat tr ee, nati v e of th e m ount ain s n or th

.
of Rohilkhand . No

s p eci es of p i ne i s nativ e i n th e P eni n s ula ( O li v er , p 2 9 4) . thi s tr ee th erefor e

i s quite out of p lace in thi s Guj ar at s c en e .

S i la, th e tr ee , S hor ea r obus ta , th e m od er n ed t . An im m ense tim b er

il
'

|H
| T éla, t he P alm yr a P alm , B or a s s u s fl abellifor rm s , Roxb .
, th e m od er n ta .

Not in Hook er . F ans are m ad e fr om th e la r g e fan-like leaves .

28 C ANT O v1 .

1 8 m alas fi ki m suka s d “ and fin e v an ul a

j tre es j inh abi ted by
‘
" —
.

ch akor s , § an d w oo d p ec k er s , s h r i k ”n d pes , a a r r ots , k oil s fil an d

1 9 s p arr o w s , g
r een i
p g eon s ,
“
an d j i ] k ph
v a 1va a ea s ants fif by pr i ya
‘

T a m ala . P rof M onier -William s

. s ays thi s i s Ga rcixni a wa nthoch/ym/us .
(Xa n
thochym us p i ctorms , R oxb .
) thi s i s a tr ee , a nat i v e o f th e m ountai nous d i str i cts

i n I n d ia . B ut Roxb ur g h s ays th e T am al a is D i osp yr os cor d/i oli a ,

f w hi ch

H ooker un i t e s w ith D m on tan a . . thi s i s a c om m on tr ee .

’
f Ki ms uka , B utea f r ond s 3 a ,
-

t h e B eng ali p a lots h . O liv er call s thi s tr ee th e

D h ak, (p . b ut I d o n ot find thi s n am e anywh er e el s e . I t is a com m on

tr e e, wi th h an d s om e , ir r e gul ar , or a ng e -r e d flow er s in r a c em es whi ch ar e

cov er e d wi th a s oft gr eeni s h p ur pl e d own

-
( Roxb , p . . .

O ug ei ni a d a l ber gzoi d es (D a l ber gi a ooj ei/nens i s , A t r ee

’

I V an j ul a , f

with r ace m e s of nu m er ou s , r ath er s m all , v er y p al e r os e -col o ur e d flo w er s ,

s o m ew h a t f r agr ant .

’
G ak or e , Ca cca bfi s chukor . T h e C h ak or i s s ai d in P r of M . on ier - Willi am s ’

D icti onary to b e th e Gr ee k p ar tr i d g e , P er d i x f
r u a. or T etr ao f
r u us , b ut th e
Gr ee k p ar tr id g e, C a cca bi s s w a ti li s , i s a d iff er e nt s p ecies , in h abiti ng E ur op e ,
f r o m th e c ha kor th e A s iati c s p e ci e s T h e ch akor i s f oun d in th e Him al ayas .

an d th e o t h er no r th er n r ang e s . I t is a lw ay s a bir d of th e hill s , a nd d oe s n ot

occur i n Gu j ar at , w h er e thi s s cen e is lai d (J er d o n

’
s B ir d s of I nd i a, E d u .

G od wi n -A us t en , V ol . I I , p 5 6 4 ; Hum e . a nd M ar s ha ll ’ s Ga m e B ir d s of I n d i a,
V ol I I , p
. . T etr ao r u us f i s th e nam e L innaeus g av e th e E ur o ean bir d
p .

P efrd tr ru a f s eem s , fr om th e e d iti on of h i s wor ks i n th e B e n al A s i atic

g
S o ci ety s
’
L ibr ar y , to b e an ear li er n am e . T h er e ar e o t h er p artr id g es in t h e
'

pl ains of I nd i a , O r tygor n i s gu la m s , &c b ut I d o n ot thi nk th e r ef er ence

' '
.
, can

b e t o th e m , f or th e wr iter s e em s t o b e m ent ioni ng bir d s inh abiting th e

Him alaya s s ee th e n ot e on th e Jivaj éva ka p h ea s ant, b el ow .

B h ri ng a-r aJa . P r of . M oni er -Willi am s tr ans l a t es thi s , M al ab ar s hr ike,

L am/ins m a l a ba m cus T hi s b ir d
’

. s tand s in Jer d on as E d oli us m a la ba r i cus , an d

is, I am i nf or m e d b y D r J S cully , . . a ki ng -cr ow An o th er b ir d m ay b e m e ant ,

.

th e M al ab ar Wo o d S hr ik e ,
- T ep hr od om i s s y lv i co l a , b ut
' f
, a s th e wr i t er s ee m s to
be r ef er r i ng to bir d s f ound near th e H im alay as , b hri n a -r a a m a m e an
g J y
an y ki n d of s hr ike , alm o s t e v ery ki nd of w hi ch i s c om m on thr ou h
g out t h e
g r eate r p ar t of I n d i a (Jor d on, V ol I , p . . .

1[ Kokila, th e Koil , E ud/yna'm/ys ori entali s ( Jer d on , V ol I , p . .

3“H er ita, th e Gr een P ig eon , p r ob ably t h e B en al r e en i e o n Cr o o

g g p g , c p us

p ha mi cop ter us , or t h e O r ang e br eas te d g r e en p i g e on, O s m ot'r er on bi ci n cta

f

Th f
. e

S outh er n g r e en p ig eon, Cr ocop u s chlor i ga s ter , and th e Gr een im er ial i e on

p p g ,

C ar p op ha ga s yl'v a ti ca , ar e n ot f ound n e ar th e H i m alaya s .

H J1 va31 vak a P r of M o nier Willi a m s gi v es th e s ynonym s

' '
.
a l va an d m j .

Ji vanj iva , and explai ns th e wor d as a kind of b ir d s up p o s e d to b e a p h eas ant,

 29
’
B AL AD E VA S B RAHM ANI CIDE .

putr as
“
and fi pi
by v ar ious other bir d s ,
e d -cr es te d cuckoo s fi and

2 0 w ar b ling p l eas in gly an d ver y m elo d ious ly — and th e la es , k

b eautiful and p l acid , cr ow d ed on a ll sid e s with the lotus
w ater -lilies ,1 an d lotu s e s , § an d th e br illi ant b lue w at er

or th e ch a kor . A s th e ch ak or i s m enti one d alread y, it m us t have th e fir st

m eani ng . T aking it t o b ep he as ant , I would s ugges t that it is th e
a kin d of

C heer P he as ant, P hasi awus Wa lli chi T h e S ans kr it nam e look s like an onc .

m atop ce o us o ne, and th e c ry of thi s bir d is s om et hing like th e wor d s chi r

a p in chi/r a. p irr, chir chir , chi r wa chi m e . C h e er is th e na ti v e nam e . T he

bird is found in Gar h wal and Kum aon a nd th e ne igh bour i ng countr y , and

inha b its th e m id d l e slo p e of th e H im al ay a s ( Hum e and M ars h all, V ol I , p . .

1 69 Jor d on, V ol I I , p
: . . I f thi s bir d b e a p h eas ant, i t is clear the wri ter
is m entioni ng , n ot th e f a una of G uj ar at , b ut of th e co untry n ear th e Him a
layas , fo r i t a ppe ar s f ro m Hu m e an d M ar s h all , an d Je rd on , that no p h eas ants
are f ound in I nd i a e xcep t in th e H im a la y an a nd I n d o-B ur m e se m ountains and

f or es ts .

Pr iya-putr a . I do not know w h at th i s b ir d is . T he nam e aif or d s no

i ndi cation .

P r of M onier -W illiam s
’
1 C étaka, th e Pi ed -cr e s t e d C uck oo the bir d i s
“
. . s ays

Cuculus m ela/noleucus , but I find no s uch n am e m entioned in Jer d on . I t is

the C occys tes m elwnoleu cos of Jer d on (V ol I , p . . which h e s ays is called

ch a tak . I t is f ound all ov er I nd i a .

I Kum ud , th e L otus w at er -lil

y , Nym/p hwa l otu s
'
( O liv er , p . T h ere
s eem s to b e s om e conf us i on in d i s ting uis hi ng b tw een th e S ans kri t nam es f or
th e l otus and th e water -lilies , and I would a tt e m p t a s o luti on in thi s and th e
foll owi ng notes .

Of th e wat er -lili es , Nymp hwa , l ar ge wa t er -h er bs with leav es and flower s

fl oatin g on the surface, th er e are 2 s p eci e s com m on in I nd ia, visa, N lotus , th e .

L otus water -li ly, and N . s tell ata, th e B lue wat er -lily .

N . lotus has leav es 6 — 1 2 inch es broa d , an d flower s 2 — 1 0 inch es broad ,

white, ros e, or r ed T hi s sp eci e s c o m b in es Ro xbur g h N m br a and N
’
. e . . ed uli s

(esculenta ) . I ts Sans kr it na m e is km rm d , and p r o b ably wmbu-j a . th e red

vari ety is r aktotp al c . It clos es d ur i ng th e d a y and O p ens at ni g ht .

T h e la tter sp eci es , N . s tel l ata , has flower s 1 — 1 0 inch es b road , slig h tly

o d orous . It com pr is es 3 var ie ti es , ( I) oy c mea (N . cya/nea, flower s me

d i um -sized , blue ; (2 ) pm iflom , flow er s u s ua ll y s m aller , bl ue ; ( 3) oer s i color

(N . v er si color , flowers l ar g er , w hi t e, b lue, p ur ple, or fl esh -c olour ed .

T h e blue-fl owered N . s tell ata. is c alle d i/ntM va/r a , u tp a la , lm va laya. and wfl otp a la .

( Hooker V 6] I , p 1 1 4 : Ro xb ur g h , p
, . . .

P undarika, the L otus or S acr e d L otus , Nelwm bi/mn sp eci os wm . T hi s i s th e

only s p ecies of Nelwmbi wm in I nd ia . I t is a l ar g e er e ct water -herb with i ts
30 C ANT O v1 .

2 1 lili es ,* wi th water -lili es ,1 '

an d lotus es ; 1 an d thr on g ed wi th
kad
b a g ees e , § an d r ud d y s h i eld r a kes l an d w ater -fow l fil
am

2 2 wi th kér a nd av a d u c s ,“ p eli cans ,fl gees e, 1 :t tor toi s es , an d k '

'

leav e s and flow er s r ai s ed hi g h ab ov e th e w a t er . I t s l eav e s ar e p elt at e, cupp ed ,

2 — 3 f eet in d i am eter . T he flow er s ar e 4 — 1 0 inch es b r oa d , w hi t e o r r os e

red . I ts S an s kri t n am es ar e ka/m a l a , nal mi , p a d/min i , p a nd arflca , s a/ra si - a , j

an d s a ha s r a -p a t/ra . T he flow er i s p ad/ma . a nd p a/nka -j a. T he r e d v ar i ety is
’
kokanad a a nd taxm wra s a . Rox bur g h s ay s th e w hit e v ar i ety is call e d in S a ns kr it
’
m bu - a ,
s i tax j and th e r ed v ari ety r a ktotp a la b ut t h e s e nam e s m or e p r o p er ly
d e s ig na te th e w hi te an d r e d v ar i eti e s of th e wate r -lily (Nymp haza) , and P r of .

M o ni er - Willi am s tr a ns lat es th em so . T h e L otu s o p en s d ur i ng th e d a y and

c los es a t ni g h t ( Hooker , V ol . I, p . 1 1 6 ; O li v er ’ s I nd i an B otany , p . 1 56 ;

Roxb ur g h , p .

Nil o t pa la, th e B lue water -lily , Nymx

p haza s tell a ta , s ee not e }: on k um ud ,
s up r a. p 29 . .

t Kahlér a . Pr of . M oni er -W illi am s s ay s thi s i s th e Whi t e e s cule nt w at er

lil y, Nym p hwa lotus , b ut Rox bur g h , as s ig n s i t to hi s N . cy an ea . C a n i t m e an
th e r o s e -col our ed v ar i ety of th e N lotus . or s tel l a ta. S ee n ot e i on kum u d ,
s up r a p 29 . .

I K am al a , th e L otus , Nelm nbi um sp eci os um s ee n ot e § on P un d ar ika, s up r a

p 29 . . B ut th er e m us t b e s om e d ifi er e nce b etw e en th e tw o .

Kéd am b a, a ki nd of g oos e wi th d ar k -g r ey w ing s (kala -ha g s a ), so P r of ;

M oni er -Willi am s . It s ee m s t o b e th e Gr ey L ag -G oo s e , An s er off/h er eus , w hi ch
is call ed kar -hd/ns in B eh ar .
( Hum e an d M ar s h all , V ol . I II , p . 55 ; J or d o n ,
‘

V ol I I , p . .

'
ll C akr av éka , th e Rud d y S h i el d r ak e or B r ah m in y D uck , C as ar ea m ti l a . .

Ana s ca s afr ca is th e L inn aean nam e .

(Hum e a nd M ar s h all , V ol I I I , p 1 2 5 . .
;
Jer d on , V ol I I , p . .

if Jala kuk kuta

- . T hi s i s p r ob ably th e Water -h en, Ga ll i/nula chlor op us , com

m o uly c all e d th e j al m ur g hi , w hi ch m eans th e s am e

(Jer d on
-
.
, V ol . II, p .

K ar andav a , a ki nd of d uck ; al s o call e d kar an d a . I w oul d s ugge s t t h at

this i s th e C om m on T e al , Qu er qu ed/ula . cr ecca , w hi ch i s n ow call e d ker m in
th e N . W . P r ovinces , and kar d o in S in d h .
( Hum e a nd M a rs h all , V ol I I I , .

p, 2 05 ; er d on , V ol I I , p ,J .

- P lav a P rof M oni er -W illi a m s tr an s la tes th i s

11 . . as p eli can , P eli cam/us f us i .

colli s b ut I d o no t fin d any s uch s p eci es in Jer d on I t m ay b e t h e Gr e

y
.

p eli can , P elecam/us P hi lipp en s i s , whi ch i s th e m os t a b un d ant s ecie s in I nd i a

p .

( Jor d on , V ol I I , p . .

11 H aus a T hi s is of c our s e g eneral, and m eans any kind of

g o os e
.
or

d uck .
 31
’
B AL AD E VA S B RAHM ANI CI D E .

d iv er s thr ong ed w ith th es e an d oth er bir d s s wi m m ing in th e

w ater all around .

23 S o g azing
’
on th e d eli gh tful for es t, S aur i accom panied by the
m aid ens gr ad u ally p r o ceed e d on w ar d s to an incom p ar able
2 4s b ow er of cr ee er s p
T h er e h e s aw br ah m ans , d ee ly r ead in
. p
th e V ed as and V e d an g as , b elon g in g to the fam i li es of Kusik a,
25 an d B h ri g u, B h ar ad v aj a, and Go tam a, and brahm a ns s pr ung

fr om v ar i ou s f am alies , all
ger ly li s tening to th e tales ,
ea

26 s eated on la
r e
g ou t er g ar m ents m a d e of the hid e of th e blac k
antel o pe , an d on th e kus a g r a s s an d on kusa grass s eats ;
- and

27 S uta ( th eir b ar d ) in th e m i d s t , r eci ti ng glor i ous tal es of th e

ol d en tim es , b as e d on th e d eed s o f th e fir s t S ur ar s his S eeing .

2 8 Ram mwh os e eyes w er e red wi th d r i nkin g , all the b rahm ans ,

p erceiving h e w as into xi cat ed , r os e up in h as te, s al utin g th e
2 9 pl ough -b ear er , ex cep t tha t s cion of th e b ar d s . T h en filled wi th
r ag e, th e m i gh ty p l ou gh b ear er , w h o caus ed -
all th e D anav as
to qu a ke , g h i s eye, s m ote S ut a
r ollin .

30 Wh en th at har d w a s s lain w hile r ep e ating th e w or d s of th e

V ed a , all thos e b r ah m an s , cl a d in b lac k ant el o
p e s ins , d ep ar t k
31 ed fr om th e w oo d . And th e p lou g h ar m ed her o, p er ceiv i ng
-

h im s elf d i s r eg ar d ed , th ough t, T hi s i s a v er y gri ev ous s in

32 th at I h av e com m itt e d ; f or s in ce I h ave com e h er e t o a

h av e s lain S uta, th e s e d vi j as p er ceivi ng

ab o d e an d
’
br ah m ans
33 m e h av e all d ep ar te d An d m y b o d y h as a di s g us ting od our ,
.

as it w er e of b lo od , an d I p er cei v e th at I am contem ned as

34 a br ah m ani ci d e . F ie on my ra
g e, an d th e wi ne, m y arro gance,

my cr uelty ! P os s es s e d by th em , I h av e com m i tted thi s m os t

35 gr i evous s in . T o ex p ia te it I wi ll p erf or m a twelve-year v ow,
k
m a ing th e conf es s i o n of m y d eed th e utter m os t p enance .

36 T hi s th en i s th e p ilgr im ag e w hi ch I h av e no w un d er ta k en ; I
37 wi ll go to th e P r atilom a S ar as v ati its elf
”
. Hence h e , Rama,
w ent to th e P r ati lom a S ar a s v a ti .

N ext li s ten to this r efer en ce to th e s to r y o f th e P andav eyas .

4" M ad
gu, a kind of d ivi ng bir d I t i s p r ob ably the L ittle Gr e be, P od/icep s
.

'
P hilipp ens ls , com m only calle d d/a b-d u bz fr om i ts i nv e ter ate d iving (Jerd on,
’

V ol . II, p . B ut it m a y b e th e B ald C oot, F uli ca atra , whi ch i s als o a

r ead y d iver (i d , p .
 32 CANT O vn .

C ANT O V I I .

'
T he B ir th o
f the S ons o f D r a up c d t .

T he B i r d s ex
p lai n the f our th
ques ti onr
m
Ktng Har i f
'
—
'
c a nd/ra

i ncur r ed Vtsvd m i tr a
’

g
'
d to app eas e h f/m gi ves up to him
s a n er , an '

hi s ki ngd om a nd a ll his wea lth — Vtéc d m i tr a tll tr ea ts the queen,

a nd Vi sve D evas
five cens ur e hem f or hi s br u tal i ty— H e cur s es

them to be bor n as m en, but exemp ts them f r om m ar m a ge— T hey wer e

'
bor n the D r a up a d t , and
as
five s ons of d i ed young .

T he r i gh teo u s b ir d s s p oke .

T h er e liv ed for m er ly i n th e T r et aA g e a m os t e x alt e d R aJar

s h i n am e d H ar is -c
’
an d r a , vi r tuou s in s ou l , a r ul e r of th e e a r th ,

br illi ant i n f am e . N o fam ine , k

n or s i c nes s , n or u nt i m el
y d eath
occur r e d am on g m en, n or d id th e ci ti z en s d eli g ht i n e v il , w h il e
he r ul e d as k in g
fur th er , d id th e p eop l e b ecom e u p r oar i
nor ,

o us thr ou gh w ealth , v a lo ur , au s t er iti es or s p ir i tuou s li qu or s

nor w er e any f em ales b or n w h o fail ed to r e ach
A n d h e, of m i ghty ar m ,
w h en on ce ch a s in g a d eer in th e
for es t , h ear d w om en p eat ed ly cr yi n g ,
re s av e u s
”
T he ki n g ,

d eer , called ou t f ear ! w h o i s thi s p er

“

g iv i ng ov er th e n ot

6 v er s e b ein g th at , un d er my r ul e , b eh av es wi th i n j u s ti ce At
th is i nt erv al al s o th e B an d r a V ig h na -r aj , th e o pp on en t o f e v er
y
7 un d er ta ki n g ,
w h o w as f ollow in g th a t cr y, d elib er at ed T hi s
V i sv am itr a, full of h e r oi s m , un d er t a ki n g i n com p a r ab le au s t er i

ti es , k eep in g a v ow , i s m a s ter i ng th e s ci en ces of

’
S iv a an d

oth er s , w hi ch b een p er f ect ed b ef o r e

h av e no t T h o s e s ci ences .

8 b ein g m as t er e d b y thi s m an , w h o gov er n s h i s m ind i n p a ti en ce

an d s il en ce , ar e v er il y l am entin g , a ffl i cted wi th d r ea d H ow .

9 can I m an a g e thi s Glor i ou s i s thi s n o b l e s t of th e K aus i ka

’

fam ily I am m u ch w e a k er th an h e th es e terr i fie d i

s c ences

ar e thu s b ew ailing : it appe ar s to m e d i fficult to b e a eco m

p li sh e d . N ow thi s king h as com e in m y w a y, calli n

g ou t

r ep eat e d ly fear not i nt o h im i n d eed enter i n

g , I wi ll s p ee d il
y
acco m pli s h m y d es i r e .

T h en th e king p o s s es s ed b y th at B and r a V i gh n a -r aj a , w h o h a d
k
thu s ta en couns el wi th h im s elf , utter ed th is s p eech in an g er :

An allus io n to infanticid e ?
'
 T HE B I RT H or T H E sons or D RAU PAD I . 33

Wh o i s th is wi c k ed m an th at b in d s fir e in th e cor ner of hi s

g ar m ent, w h en I th e lor d am p r es ent, gleam in g with th e

g l o w in s
g p l en d our of m yp o w er H e t o -d
ay, pi er ced in ev er y

lim b by m y ar r o w s , w h i ch i n th eir fli g h t fr o m m y b ow illum ine

”
th e oth er r egiou s of th e s ky, s h all enter up o n a long s leep .

T h er eu p on V i sv am itr a h av in g h ear d th e ki ng ’
s s p eech wa s
enr a g e d : an d ,
w h en th at g r eat Ri s hi w as e nr ag e d ,
th os e
s ci ences p er i s h ed in a m om ent . T he kin g m or eov er , s eein g

V i sv am i tr a , r i ch in au s t er iti e s , b ein g t er r ified , s ud d enly tr em

bl ed e x ce e d i n g l
y lik e th e l eaf of th e p ee ul tr ee fi
p
“
W h en th e
M un i ex cl ai m ed , wr etch an d s tan d ! th en th e ing f all k
in g pr os tr ate in r ev er en ce a d d r e s s ed h i m O a d or abl e lor d !
’

thi s i s m y d uty I I h av e com m itt ed n o f ault ! D ei gn n ot 0

M uni ! to be an g r y w i th m e , w h o am en
gaged in m y d uty .

A kin g, conv er s ant wi th hi s d uti es , m u s t g iv e gif t s , an d

m us t a fior d p r ot ecti on , an d
lif tin g hi s b ow m us t w a g e w ar , .

'
accor d i ng t o th e D h ar m a s as tr as
- .

V i s v am i tr a spo k e .

T o w h om , 0 ki n g m us t tho u g iv e
g if ts , wh om m u s t th ou
,

pr otect, and w ith wh om m u s t thou w a g e w ar ? S peed ily

”
hi
d eclar e t s , if th ou fear es t unr i h t u n
g eo s es s .

po eH ’
ar i s -c an r a s d k .

I m u s t alw ays giv e gift s to b r ah m an s pr incip ally, a nd to

o th er s w h o ar e s tr ai ten e d i n th eir m e an s I m us t pr otect th os e
in f ear ; I m u s t m a k e w ar wi th en e m i es .

V i s v ém itr a s p o e k .

I f your k
hi ghn es s , a in g , d ul y r eg ar d s th e d uti es of king s —
J
am a b r ah m an d e s i r o u s of a r e w ar d , let th e d es ir ed fee b e
”
giv en m e .

Ficus r eli gio s a . T h e l eaf , w h ich v ar ie s f r om 2 k to 51> inch es i n l eng th

an d al m o s t th e s am e in b r ead th , i s o v at e -cor d at e, a nd h as a long s le nd er ap ex

( acum en ) 1 t o 2 in ch es l ong . I t h as a r ound flexi ble s talk 2 t o 3 inch e s long ,

whi ch i s t wi s te d s o as t o m ak e t h e i nner s ur f ace of th e leaf fa ce o utwar d s

fr om th e branch . T h e l eaf h ang s d o w nw ar d s b y th e long s talk, wit h its

inn er s ur f ac e, w hi ch is s li gh tly c onc av e , f acing o utwar d s , and thus catches

t h e l ig h tes t b r eeze .

5
34 CANT O VI I .

T h e b ir d s s po ke .

T he Ra j a, h av i n g h ear d th i s s p eechwi th g la d d ened s oul ,

d eem ed hi m s elf as it w er e b orn anew , an d ad d r e s s e d th e s ag e

of th e Kausik a r ace B e i t d eclar ed , a d or able s ir wh at, fr ee

fr o m d oubt, I m us t giv e th ee ; cons id er i t a s alr ead y giv en,
alb eit m o s t d i fficult to b e obt ain e d , w h eth er
gold or m oney,
s on , wife, b od y, lif e, kin gd om , city; good for tune —
wh a tev er i s
”
th e d es ir e of my o wn s oul .

V i sv am itr a spo k e .

0 king ! th i s pr es ent h a s b een accep te d , whi ch th ou h as t

g iv en : fir s t , h ow ev er , bes tow th e fee a

pp er taini ng to the
R aJa s uya s a cr ifice
”
- .

T h e Ra j a spo ke .

O br ah m an ! I wi ll i n d eed giv e your h onour th at fee Ch oos e, .

0 chief of th e d v ij a s , w h atev er pr es ent th ou d es ir es t ” .

V i sv am itr a s po k e .

Gi ve m e thi s ear th , wi th i ts ocean , and wi th i ts m oun tains ,

v i ll ag e s an d to wn s an d thy e ntir e kin g d om ,
O w ar r i or , w ith
its m ultitud e of ch ar i o ts , h or s es , an d el e
ph ants al s o th y tr ea
s ur y an d tr eas ur e ; an d w h atev er el s e t h ou p os s es s es t, ex cep tin g
th y w if e, an d s on an d bo d y, 0 s inl e s s on e ! an d exce ti n
p g thy
vi r tue, w hi ch , 0 thou th at know es t all th e v ir tu es , fo ll ow s i ts

p o s s es s or wh en h e m ov es . Wh at n eed for m e to s ay m or e
L et all th is be gr anted m e .

T h e bir d s s po ke .

W ith k
glad d en ed m in d th e in g , unp er tur b ed in counten ance,
h avi g h ea d th e Ri s hi s s p eech , j oi nin g hi s h and s r es ectfull
’
n r
p y
r e li e d ,
p S o b e it

V i s v am itr a s p o
’

k e .

If th y p r op er ty i s g iv en m e, th
all
y i ng d om , th e ear th , th y k
ar m , th y w e al th , w h os e i s th e lor d s h ip , O Ra ar s h i I wh en I
j
—
y
th e as ceti c am s eat ed in th e ki ng d om

H ar ié c'and r a
a
s po ke .

A t w h at tim e I h av e yi eld ed up th e ear th to th ee O br ah

,

m an ! at th at tim e th ou, Sir , art th e owner : h ow m uch m r e

o
now the king .
”
 T HE B I RT H or T HE s ous or D HAUPA L 35
p
V isv am itr a Sp o k e .

If 0 king ! th e w h ole h a s be en gi v e m e by th ee,

ear th
n
th ou m ust d eig n to d ep ar t fr om th e r ealm wh eke I h old s w ay,
unf as teni ng all th y or nam ents , su ch as th y !Wai st band
-
and

e v er y thin g el s e, an d cloth in g th ys elf wi th th e ibar k of tr ees ,

tog eth er w ith th y wife an d s on .

T h e b ir d s s po k e .

Having s aid S o be i t an d h av ing d one, th e i ng s tar t ed

so k
'
t o g o, in com
p an y wi th h i s wif e S ai v ya and his youn g s on .

T h en h e a d d r es s e d k
the in g , h av ing ob s tr ucted th e r o ad as

h e w as m ovi ng Wh er e wil t th ou go , wi th out g ivi ng m e th e

fee app er t ain in g to th e R aj a -s uya s acrifice

Ha -
’
r i s c an d r a s po k e .

A d or able S ir ! thi s kin g d om ha s b een gi v en th ee fr ee fr om

a d v er s ar i es : th e s e our thr ee bo di es , 0 B r ah m an ! ar e all th at
r e m ain to m e th i s d ay .

V i sv ém itr a s po e k .

Nev er th eles s th ou m u s t as s ur e d ly g iv e m e th e s acr ificial fee

a pr om is e unf ulfill ed , es p eci ally t o br ah m ans , p r ov es inj ur iou s .

k
A s lon g as br ah m ans d eli gh t, 0 ing in th e R aJa -s uya s acr i
fice, s o lon g in d e e d m us t th e fee for th e R aj a -s uya s a cri fice be

giv en . k
Af ter m a in g a p r om i s e, one m u s t b es tow th e g if t
an d o ne m u s t fi ht a ain s t a s s ail ants s o t oo th e a ffl i cte d m u s t
g g
b e pr otected ; th us has t th ou a lr ead y a gr eed .

H ’
am s c and r a s p o
-
ke .

A d or ab le S ir , I h av e n ou gh t atpr es ent ; I wi ll giv e thee

the aft er s h o w m e fav our , O B r ahm ar s h i !
fee a w hile an d

b ear in g in m in d
”
n obl e beh av iour .

V i sv am itr a sp o k e .

W hat l ength of tim e m u s t I w ait for th ee, O g uar d ian of

m en ! T ell m e s p ee d il or th e fir e of my cur s e s h all con

y,
s um e th ee .

H ar is
’
-c an d ra s po k e .

In am onth w ill I g iv e th ee th e f ee -m oney, O B ra hm ar s hi A t

p r es ent I h av e no m ean s d ei g n to gr ant m e this p er m is s ion .

36 CANT O vn .

V i sv am itr a s po k e .

,
k
Go go , O/ n oble in g ob s er v e th y d uty ; and m ay th y w ay
“

b e aus p i cious M ay th er e b e no en em i e s

T he b r d s
i s po k e .

45 P er m itted to g o , th e k
in g d ep ar t ed ; h i s que en , w h o w a s
46 unu s e d t o w al k
f oll ow ed h im S eeing th at m o s t n ob le .

kin g d ep ar ting fr om th e y wi th hi s w ife

ci t an d s on , th e citi z en s

r ai s e d a cr
y an d follow ed th e kin g , exclai m i ng

A l as , 0 m as ter ! w h y lea v es t th ou us, who ar e affli c ted

W i th contin ual s uffer in g s ? T h ou , 0 king ,

ar t d ev ote d to

ri
gh t eou s n es s , an d th ou ar t th e b enef act or of th e ci tiz en s .

48 L ea d u s al s o , 0 R éj ar s hi ! if th ou r eg ar d es t r ig h t eou s n es s .

S tay a m o m ent , 0 k ing of m on ar ch s O ur e ye s as b ees d r in ? k

49 th y lotus -li e m outh k . W hen a g ain s h all w e b eh o ld th ee, w h o ,
w h en th ou g oes t for th , ar t p r eced ed a nd f ollow ed by kin g s ?
50 H i s th y wi fe, h old in g h er youn g s on
er e i n h er h an d , f o llowi n g
th ee, b efor e w h om , w h en th o u g oe s t f or th , g o th y s er v ant s s eat ed
5 1 on el eph ants ! er e g oes t o -d H
ay w al i n g k af oot th e king
of m on ar ch s , H '
ar i s-c an d r a ! A las , 0 kin g ,
w h at will th y
52 y youth ful , b eautif ul b r ow ed , s oft-s in n e d ,
v er -
k fin e -n os ed fa ce
b ecom e, wh en inj ur ed b y th e d us t on th e r o ad ? S tay , s tay,
5 3 0 b es t of k
ing s , ob s er v e th y o wn d uty M ild n es s i s a v er y .

nobl e v ir tu e , es p eci ally a m on

g k s h atr i
ya s w h at n ee d h av e w e
of wife , w h at need of child r en , o f w e alth , o r of
or
gr ain ,
54 0 m as t er ? Ab an d onin g a ll thi s , w e h av e b ecom e m er e
s h a d o w s of th ee . A la s m as ter ! al a s M ah ar éj a! al as , 0 l or d !
5 5 w h y d os t th ou a b an d on us Wh er e th ou ar t , th er e i n d eed
will w e b e . T h at i s j oy ,
w h er e th ou ind eed ar t . T h at i s our

city wh er e th ou ar t . T h at i s S v ar ga w h er e thou, o ur king ,

”
ar t .

56 H av in
g thus h ear d th e ci ti z ens
’
ad d r es s th e kin g , ov er whe lm e d

wi th gr i ef, s tood th en in th e r o ad th r oug h v er com as s i on for

y p
5 7 th em S till V i sv am i tr a, s eein g hi m d i s tr es s ed b the ci ti
y
.

’
ex cl am ati ons , app r oachin
z en s
g hi m , wi th e
yes r o llin
g in ang er

Re ad p a d bh/yd m for p r a d bhxyd m

'
.

1 B etter p i vdm a for p ibd/mo, let d r ink

'

us
 T HE B I RT H O F T HE SO NS O F D RAU PAD I . 37

58 and im p ati ence, s

po e k F ie on th ee, v ile in thy cond u ct
f als e , cr oo k ed in th y s
peech ! w h o als o, af t er
g iv ing m e th y
59 k in g d w is h es t ag ain
om , t o wi thd r aw i t ”
T he . king thu s r ou gh ly
”
accos te d b y hi m r epli e d th u s tr em b lin , I an d de
g am goin g ,
6 0 par ted h as ti ly d r awi n g hi s lw if e in hi s h an d . T h er eup on th e
s ag e of th e K au sik a fam i ly y b elab our ed wi th a w ood en
s u d d enl

s taff th e v e r o u thf u l t oil -w e ar i e d w if e , as the king was

y y
61 d r awi n g h er alon g S eein g h e r th u s b eat en , th e i n g
. ar i s k H
'
c an d r a , o d id
pr es s ed w i th p ain , e x cl ai m e d I g oin g
“
p am n or

he utte r augh t els e .

62 B ut th en spo k e fiv e V isv e D ev a s fu ll of
p ity, T his V i sv a
m itr a i s y wi c e d ; w h at w or ld s
v er k wi ll h e obtain , w h o h as
6 3 u p r oo ted th i s b es t of s a cr ifi cer s fr om hi s th r on e ? B y w h os e
fun er al cer em on y fu r th er s h all th e s om a j ui ce ex p r es s e d at
th e gr eat s a cr ifice be ified , by d r inking w hi ch w e s h all
p ur
r each th e e xh il ar ati o n th at i s p r eced ed by in cantations

T h e bir d s spo k e .

H avi n g h ear d thi s th ei r r e m ar k ,

th e s ag e of th e K au mka r a ce
,

e x ce e d in gly enr ag e d , cur s e d t h em Y e s h a ll all a s s um e h um an

fo r m A n d p r op it ia ted b y th em , th e g r eat M uni ad d ed , Al

th ough in hu m an for m , ye s h all h av e n o off s pr ing T h er e .

s h all b e n ei th er m ar ri ag e o f wi v e s f or you , nor h o s ti li ty fr eed

’7
fr om lov e an d an g er ye s h all b e co m e g o d s a g ai n T h er eup on .

th o s e g o d s d es cen d ed t o th e m an s i on of th e Kur u s wi th th ei r
ow n p or tion s th ey w er e b or n of th e w om b of D r au p a d i as th e

fiv e g r an d chil d r en of P énd u . H ence th e fiv e h er oi c P and a

v e yas d id n ot ta k e to th em s elv e s w i v es , th r ough th e cur s e of

th at gr eat M uni .

All thi s h as b een d eclar e d to th ee wi th f

r e ere nce to th e ta le

h av e b een an s w er ed
of th e P éndav eyas . T h y four qu es ti on s
in s ong . W h at els e d os t th ou wi s h to h ear
38 CANT O VI II .

C ANT O V I I I .

'
T he S tory of H ari s -c lra
a na (continued) .

'
Vi évam i tr a not s a tis edfi d ema nd s fur ther fees , a nd H ar i é-c ancl ra

i n d esp er a ti on s ells hi s wif e a nd his s on to a br a hm an and him s elf

' '
to a c a ndd la, and gi ves Vi évd m/itra f
a ll the p ri ce —
H ar i s -
c a nclra

t ' ’ "
ear ns h/is livelihood as he c a nd d la s s er vant a t a bur ni ng-gr ound
i n the m os t a b ect s ta te
j f or a year
—
T hen he s ees a i
vi s on o
f his

futur e tr ansni/igra tions wi th a p r om i s e of happ i ness ultim a tely

H is i s bi tten by a s nake,
s on and the
queen br i ngs the corp se to the
burning-gr ound — T heg r ecognis e ea ch other a nd bewai l thei r m is

funer a l
’

f t
or unes — B oth r es ol ve to i/mm ola te them s elves on their s on s

p ile ; but the god s i nterp os e a nd r es tore hi s s on to life D har ma

—

’
exp lai ns tha t he ha d p er sona ted the c a nd d la I nd r a ca lls the king
—

to S var ga , but he f
r e uses to go wi tho ut hi s f ai th ul f p eo
p le—
H e,
and hi s queen and
p eop le as cend to S var ga i n p erfect bli s s .

J aim in i s p o k e .

Y e h av e d eclar ed thi s in or d er a ccor d i n

g to m y qu es ti on s
gr eat i s m y cur io s ity r eg ar d in g th e s tor y of
'
H
ar i s c an d r a
-
.

A h p as s i ng gr eat w a s th e w oe in cur r ed b y th at m agnani m ou s

ki ng I tr us t h e obtain ed a h app i n es s ful ly com m en s ur ate,
O br ah m ans

T h e bir d s spo ke .

Hea g V i sv am i tr a s s p eech ,
r in
’
th e kin g m
o ve d on s l ow l , ful l
y
of s or r o w , fo ll ow e d b y hi s wif e S ai vy a wi th h er youn g b o
’

y .

T he k
i n g h avi ng r each e d th e d i vin e city* of B en ar es th e —

'
ch oi ce of S i v a who p ronounced th at i t w a s n ot to b e en j oyed
by m en . D i s tr es s ed wi th s or r ow , h e tr av elled afoot wi th hi s
com pli ant wif e . On ent er in g th e cit
y, h e s aw V i s v am itr a
’

p r e s ent . S eein g h e h ad alr ea d

y ar r i v e d ,
H '
’
ar 1 s c an
- d r a b ow e d
r ev er entl
y and , j oinin g hi s h an d s p ectfully, a d d r e s s ed th e
r es

gr eat M uni er e i s m y lif e, H and thi s i s m

y s on , an d th i s i s
m y wif e , 0 M uni ! T a e th at a s th e k ch oi ces t ar gh ya ofier in
g
w ith whi ch th ou s h ould s t k
q ui c ly d eal . W h atever el s e we
”
s h ould d o, d ei gn to excu s e th at .

3“ F or p aai m re ad p urtm .
 ’ '
T HE ST O RY or HARI s O AND RA -
.

V isv am itr a s po ke .

Gone i s th e m onth , 0 Raj ar s hi let m y fee b e giv en m e, if

thy w or d r eg ar di n
g th e Raj a s uya
- s acr ifice b e r em em b er ed
”
.

Har is -
'
c and r a s o
p k e .

O br ahm an , r i ch in f ad eles s au s ter iti es ! to-d ay th e m onth

will, in truth b e com
pleted await thi s h alf-d ay w hi ch r em ai n s ,

but not long .

V isv am itr a s po ke .

B e it s o, M ah ar aj a I wil l com e a g ain unle s s to -d ay th ou

s h all ma ke th e
gift , I wi ll p r onoun ce a cur s e on th ee .

T h e bir d s sp ok e .

T hu s h avi ng spo k en th e b r ah m an d ep ar ted : and th e Raj a

th en too k th ou gh t H ow s h all I giv e h im th e f ee w hi ch h a s
b e en p r om i s ed W h ence can I find p owerf ul fr iend s
W h en ce can I get w ealth at th i s m om ent B lam ew or th y i s
my pr es ent : h ow can I es cap e g oin g d own w ar d ? H ow m uch
m or e am I ab an d oni ng lif e T o w h at
gi on s h a ll I , w h o am re

n othin g , go , if I p er i s h w ith ou t h avi n g p erfor m e d m y p r om i s e

I s h all b ecom e a r o b b er o f br ah m ans , a w or m , a wi c k ed m an,
th e vil es t of th e vi l e ; or I s h all b ecom e a s lav e— b etter in d eed
”
l et m e s ell m ys elf .

T h e bir d s sp o e k .

T h en h i s wif e in k
w or d s b r o en w ith weeping ans w er e d th e
ki ng ,
w h o w as di s tr es s ed , d ej ected , anx i ou s , wi th d own cas t
fa ce ,
L 0 M ah ar aj a; pr es er ve th y tr uthf ulnes s
eav e off car e,

a m an d es titute of tr uth s h oul d b e av oi d ed li e a bur ni n g k

gr oun d T h er e i s n o hi gh er r i gh t eou s n es s , th ey s ay, for a
.

m an th an thi s , n am ely , m ai ntaini n g his tr uthf ulne s s , O noble

m an ! O blations to con s ecr at e d fir e, or s tud y, or th e wh ol e

c ir cle of good d eed s , s uch as liber ali ty, &c .

,
ar e fr ui tles s in
him who s p ea s at k r and om . T r uthf uln es s is con s tantl
y
d eclar e d in th e D h ar m a -sas tr as to ten d to th e s a lv ati on of m en
ov er thr o w of
of und er s tand in g ; and f al s eh oo d to th e m en of

une d ucat ed m in d s . A king nam ed K ri ti , aft er off er ing s ev en

h or s e -s acr i fice s and a Raj a - s uya s acri fice , fell for thwi th from

S v ar g a for fals eh ood . 0 king ,

I h av e gi v en b ir th to a child — 3
40 CANT O VI I I .

T h us h avi ng s pok en s h e w ep t al o ud . T he king s po ke as fol

lows to h er wh os e eyes w er e b ath ed in tears .

H ari é -
’
c an d r a s p o ke .

C eas e, l ad y, th y ag itati on ; h ere s tand s th y boy ; pr ay, s p eak

w h at thou d e sir e s t to say, 0 t ho u wh o ar t gr acef ul in th y

gai t
T h e q ueen sp cike .

0 E n g, I h av e g iv en bir th to a chil d th e wi v e s of good

m an, giv e m e i n e x chan g e for w e al th, an d p ay th e br ahm an

”
th e fee .

Hear ing thi s

pm po s al , th e k ing lo s t hi s s ens es and on r e

ga inin g cons ci ous ne s s l am ented , s or ely gr iev e d D ir e i s thi s

g r ief, O l ad y, tha t th ou th us m enti one s t to m e is th y j oyous

in te r co ur se with m e, w r e tch th at I am, for gott e n Ah al as

h ow co ul d es t th o ugg e s t th i s 0 s w eet-s mil er

su . Re pug nant .

is thi s p lan : how can I ex ec ute i t i

"
T hus h avi ng s po en, k
”
th e E n g , r ep eating th e w or d S h am e ! s h am e ! f ell to the
ov er wh elm ed by fa in tn es s S e eing Har is
gr oun d . th e E ng
'
c and r a pro s tr ate on t h e e ar th , th e qu e en f ull Of s orr o w ,

uttere d th es e p iwous w o r d s

30 i ! f ro m w h o m has
Alas ! M ah ér aj z com e thi s ev il thought,
t h at tho u, wh o ar t accus to m ed to co v er in s m ad e of th e hair
g
of t h e s p otted d eer , ha s t f all en on th e bare g roun d Her e
the E ng , m y lor d , o n th e g r oun d — h e, b w hom te n
s l e ep s
y
th ous and s of ch oi ce ca tt l e and w eal th w ere d i s ens ed am on p g
brahm ans . Ah ! w oe ! w ha t h a s thi s ki ng d one to th ee , 0
b rahm an that h e , th e
,
equal of I nd r a an d V is hnu, h as been
r e d uce d to a s t ate of co m a H av in
g s olil oqui s ed thus , sh e,
b eautif ul -hi pp ed , fell s w o o ni n
g, cr us h ed b
y the intol er able
gr eat w eigh t of h er hu s b and s m i s for tunes
’

T h e chil d .
s eeing

hi s p ar ents lying thus h elp less o n th e gr ound , bein

g ex ces

s iv ely h un gr y and v er y unh appy, sp o e F ath er k , d ear

f ather , give m e s om e foo d ; m oth er , m oth er , ive m e so m ethi n
g g
 ' '
T HE ST O RY O F H ARi s -
c AND RA . 41

to e at . I h av e b ecom e d r eadf ully h un gr y, and th e tip of my

”
tong ue i s gr owi ng p ar ch e d .

T h e b ir d s spo ke .

At thi s int er v al ar r iv e d V i sv am i tr a gr eat in auster i ties ;

b ut , s eein
g H ’
ar i s-c an d r a lyin g on the gr ound in a s w oon ,
he s pr inkl e d th e kin g wi th w t a er an d a d d r es s ed hi m th u s
Ri s e up , r i s e up , 0 s up em e kin g ;
r
giv e m e th e fee I d esir e
-
.

A d eb tor ’
s m i s er y i n cr eas e s fr om d ay to d ay T h en b ei ng .

r efr es h ed w ith th e s now -col d w ater , th e i n g , r ecov eri n g con k

s ci ous nes s , an d
p er ceiv i ng V i sv am itr a, ag ai n f ell i nto a s w oon ,
an d th e M uni gr ew an gry T h e br ah m an , m a in g th e in g
. k k
r e cov er ,
s
po k e L et m y fee b e gi v en m e , if th ou re
gar d es t
ri
gh t eou s n es s . B y tr uth th e s un s h ed s w ar m th ; in tru th
th e e ar th s tan d s fir m tr uth in p eech i s th e h i gh es t r ighte
s

ou s n e s s : S v ar ga i s b as ed on tr u t h A l s o a h un d r ed h or s e
.

s acr i fices an d tr uth ar e p l aced in th e b alan ce— tr uth v er ily

o u t w ei g h s th e h un d r e d h or s e- s acr ifice s . O th er wi s e wh a t
m oti v e i s th er e f or m y s p ea ki ng th u s p eaceab ly t o thee, b a s e

on e, e vi l -i nt enti on e d ,
an d c r ue l , f a l s e in s p eech S in ce th ou
ar t k
p o w er fu l a s i ng , l et thi s m y i n d ly f e eli n g b e h ee d e d If k .

0 k
in g , th ou s h alt n ot g iv e m e th e f ee t o-d ay, w h en th e
s un r each es th e W e s ter n m o unt ain , th en I wi ll as s ur e d ly cur s e
”
th ee .

H avi ng spo k n thu

e s th e b r ahm an d ep ar ted ; an d the kin g
r em ain e d ,
w ea k w ith t err or , fugi ti v e , v i l e , in d i g en t , h ar as s e d

by th e m ali ci ou s an d th e r i ch . H i s w if e ag ain s p o k e thu s

L et m y pr op o s al b e com pli ed wi th , le s t con s u m ed by th e

fir e of h i s cur s e th ou p er i s h B ut th e king , th u s ur g e d .

b y h i s wif e a gain an d a gain, r ep li ed ad y, h er e w i th out L

i t I r ocee d t o s el l th e e w h at ev en th e m a li ci o u s cou l d n ot
p y p
d o , th at d o I , if m y v oi ce b e ab l e t o utter s o h ar d a s p eech
a s thi s T h er eup on h av i n g s o s po en to h i s w i fe, h e w ent
.
k
u nner v ed t o th e city an d th en , h i s th r oa t an d ey e s im p ed ed

w i th t ear s , u tter e d th i s s p e ech ;

T he k i ng spo k e .

H o ! ho ! cit i z ens , li s ten ye al l to m y w or d . W hy d o ye

ask m e, ho ! wh o ar t th ou ?
’
I am m i s chiev o us , inhu m an,

6
42 C ANT O VI I I .

51 eith er a v er y cr u el k
Ra s h as a , or ev en m or e w i c k ed th an th at .

5 2 I , w h o w i ll n ot yi e ld up m y lif e , am com e to s e ll m y w if e . If
of h as n ee d of th e d es i r e of m y lif e as a s l av e -gir l ,
an
y yo u
let hi m s p ea k qu i kly whi l
c e I s ur v i v e .
”

T h e b ir d s s po ke .

A cer t ai n ag ed br ah m an ap pr oa chin g a ccos t ed th e k i ng

D eliv er th e s lav e -g ir l to m e ; I am a p ur ch a s er , p ayi n g
r ea d I h av e no li ttl e w ealth , a nd m
y m on ey .
y wif e i s v er y
youn g ; s h e cann ot p erf or m th e h o u s eh old d uti e s ; th er efor e

gi v e m e this gi r l T hi s w ealth i s pr op or ti on ate to th e s ill,

. k
a e , b ea u t
g y an d d i s p o s iti on of th y w if e : ta e it ; d eliv er m e k
th e m ai d en .
”
W h en th u s ad
d r es s ed b y th e b r ahm an, in g k
H -
'
ar l s c an d r a s m i n d w a s l acer ate d w ith
’

gri ef ; n or d id h e
k
m a e hi m any r ep ly T h er eup on th e br ah m an b in d in g up
.

th e m n
o ey in ca s h i n h
t e e d o th e
n f
’
in g s b ac - cloth d r es s , k k
d r agg ed o ff th e qu een , s e i zin
g h er by th e h air B ut th e .

child Roh i tas ya , w h o h a d a

’
k
b oy s s id e -l o c s of h air , an d w h o
w as clut ch i n g h er d r es s w i th hi s h and , w ept on s ee in g hi s
m oth er d r a gg ed aw ay .

T h e queen sp o ke .

Loo s e, loos e m e , n ob l e S ir w hil e I ta k e a loo k at my boy .

A f utur e vi ew of hi m , kind S ir !
will b e d i fficu lt to et
g .

S ee co m e m
y child to m e thy m oth er th us s ol d i nto s lav er y .

D o n ot tou ch m e , m y r oyal child ! I m u s t not b e t ou ch e d b

y
th ee n ow T h en s u d d enly th e b o s eein h i s m oth er d r a
y g g g ed
”
al on , r an t o h er cr i n M
“
g y g o h er !
t wi th t ear - s oi le d e e s
y .

T h e b r ah m an p ur ch as er , s eeing th e child h a d a
p p r oach ed ,
k k
i c ed h i m w ith hi s f oot ; th e l atter , h ow ev er ex cl
a im in
”
, g
M oth er I d i d not l eav e hold of h is m oth er .

T h e qu e en spo ke .

S h ew m e f av our , 0 m as t er ! and buy thi s bo

y . A lth ough
pur ch as e d , I s h all n ot b e a d i lig ent s e r v an t to th ee . S ir
w h en s ep ar ated fr om him D o th ou i n thi s w a
y b ea m f a
.

v o ur ab ly me unf or tunate
on
; unite m e w ith m
"

” y C h il d as a
co w w ith h er ca lf .
 ' '
T HE ST O RY or HARI S -
C AND RA . 43

T h e br ahm an s p oke .

T a ke th ou thi s w ealth and

gi v e m e th e boy : th e w a ges
of a m an and w om an h av e b een fix ed b y th o s e conv er s ant w i th
th e D h ar m a-sas tr a s at a hund r ed , a th ou s an d , an d a h und r ed
th o us and p i eces , an d a pr ice of t en m il li ons by o th er s .

T h e bir d s s po k e .

A ccor di ngly th en h e b oun d th at m on ey in th e ing s upp er k ’

k
gar m ent, a nd t a in g th e boy b Oun d h im clos e tog eth er
Wi th hi s m oth er . S eein g th em b oth , h i s wif e and s on , led
aw ay, th e king l am e nt ed
g r i ev ed , s ighing d eep ly ag ain
s or ely

and a g ain M y wif e w h om n eith er th e wi nd , n or th e s un ,

“
.

nor th e m oon , no r th e p op ulace for m er ly g a z ed on , h er e s h e

i s , f all en into b on d ag e er e i s m
. H
y b oy, w h o i s s pr un g fr om
th e S olar r ace , an d w h os e h and s
young , and fing er s ar e v er
y
p
d i s o s ed of b y s ale S h am e on m e, s orr y fool th at I a m ! A h ,
.

m y d ar lin g ! a h , m y child , m y p et ! m y im pru d ent cond uct,

b as e m an th at I a m , h a s br ou gh t m e i nto th r ald om to fate

yet I a m not d ea d , ah s h am e

T h e bir d s spo ke .

W h ile th e king w a s th u s lam enting , th e br ah m an ta in

g k
th em b oth d i s ap p ear ed h as tily g tr ees , hou s es an d oth er
am o n

h i gh j
ob e cts . T h en V i s v ém i tr a
’

k
m eeting th e in g , d em an d ed

th e w ealth ; H ar i é -
’
c and r a d eli v er ed th at m on ey to hi m .

C on s id er ing th o s e ri ch es , p r ocur e d b y th e s ale of th e W if e,

in s u ffici ent , Kau sik a enr a g ed a d d r es s ed th e s or r ow s tr ic en - k
king . O ksh atr iya , if th ou d eem es t thi s a fittin g s acr ifici a l

f ee f or m e ; then b eh o ld th ou q ui c ly m y k s u p r em e m i ght,

ar is i ng fr o m au s teri ti es w ell per f or m ed h er e , an d fr om s t ain

le s s b r ah m anh oo d an d fr om m y ter r i ble m aj es ty, an d fr om

m y p erf ect s tud y .

H ’
ar i s c an d r a s p o
-
ke .

M or e wi ll I g iv e th ee, a d or ab le on e b e p lea s ed to wa it
s om e ti m e a t p r es e nt I h av e no ugh t m y w if e h as b e en s old ,
”
and m y young s on .

V i sv am i tr a s p o e k .

T hi s four th p art that now r em a i ns of th e d ay, 0 k i ng ,

for

th at I m us t wait n ough t m o r e m us t I s ay to th ee .
44 CANT O v m .

T h e b ir d s s po k e .

S O, h avi ng h ar s h p i tiles s s p eech to th e s up r em e

utter ed th e

k k
in g , th e an gr y K au sik a too th e m oney an d qui c ly d ep ar t ed k .

W h en V i sv am itr a h ad g one , th e ing , encom p as s ed by a s ea k

of f ear an d s or r o w , af ter r efl ectin g in e v er
y as p e ct , s p ok e alou d ,
wi th d ow n cas t f ace W h at ev er m an d e s ir es m e for a s l av e ,

b ough t wi th m on ey, let h im s p ea k qui kly c ,

w h il e th e s un yet
s hin e s .

T h en a d v an ce d h as tily the god D h ar m a , w eari n g th e for m

'
of a c an d al a ,
f oul - s m ellin g , d i s fig ur ed , un couth , b ear d ed ,
w ith p r o j ectin g t eeth , co m p as s i on at e , d ar k in com p l ex i o n , hi s
b elly p en d u l ou s , h i s eyes t awn y an d h a gg ar d , h is p r on un ci a
ti o n r u d e , a n d car r yi n g a b at ch o f b ir d s , a d or ned w i th g ar
l an d s t aken fr om cor p s e s , a s kull in hi s h an d , h i s f ace lon g ,
h or r id to look a t, k
tal i n g m u ch . a nd o ft en , s ur r o un d e d by

p ac k of d og s , d r ea df ul, a s taff i n hi s h and , hid eous .

T he '
c an d ala S
po k e .

I am an app l i cant t o th ee t ell m e qu i c ly th y k ow n hir e,

at w hi ch , wh eth er li ttle or m u ch , th ou ar t to b e acquir e d .

T h e bir d s s
po ke .

85 T h er e g a zi ng a t h im , s u ch a s h e w as , cr uel -eyed , v er y
coar s e , m utt eri n g , v er y b a d in di s p o s i ti on , th e i n g as ed k k
W ho ar t th ou

T he
’
c and él a s o
p k e .

I am a c and a
'
l a, kn o wn h er e in th i s g r eates t of citi es a s
P r e v ir a , f am ed as th e s laye r o f th o s e con d em n e d t o d e ath
,
th e

g ath er er o f blan k ets fr o m cor

p s es .
”

H am s-
'
c an d r a s po k e .

I s h ould not w i s h to b ecom e th e d e s pi cable s l av e of a

'
c and ala ; b etter to be con s um e d b y th e fir e of th e cur s e
”
th an to b e thr all to a c and él a
’
r ath e r .

T h e b ir d s s po k e .

88 W hile h e w as so s p ea king ,
th e g r eat h er m it V i sv am itr a
 ' '
T HE ST O RY O E HARI s o AND RA.
- 45

ar r i v e d hi s eyes r ollin wi th an g er and wrath , and s ai d thi s

, g
to th e king
V i évi m i tr a s p oke .

'
T hi s c an d éla i s r ead y t o g iv e th e e no little w ealth ; w h y
is no t m y full s acr ifici al fee p ai d m e

H ari S -c
'
an d r a s
po ke .

A d or able d es cend ant of Kuéika ! I know m ys elf to b e

s p r un g fr om th e S olar r ace ; h ow , th ough d es ir ou s of w ealth ,
s h all I go into bond age to ’
a c an d él a
V i év am itr a s po ke .

'
If th ou wi lt gi v e m e th e c and éla s w ealth , obtain ed
’
not

in e x ch an g e for th ys elf, at th e fix ed tim c, I will as s ur e d ly

”
cur s e th ee .

T h e bir d s spo ke .

92
'

T h er eup on the king H ms a

'
-c an d r a, his lif e b oun d up in
hi s a n x i ety, ov er com e wi th a gi tati on s ei z ed th e Ri s hi s
’
f eet ,
9 3 ex claim i ng B e th ou gr a ci ou s I am a s lav e ; I am in s uffer

in g fri gh tened am I ; an d I am s p eci ally thy v o tar y : s h ew

m e f av our , O B r ahm ar shi ! D eplor able is as s oci ati on wi th

'
94 c an d al as . I ns tead of th e b alance of the m oney, I w oul d b e
j
s ub e ct to th ee ind eed , O m i ghty M uni ! thy ag ent in e v er
y
m a tter , th y s ervant , ob edi ent t o th y wil l .

V iév am itr a s p ok e .

I f your h onour i s m y s er v ant, th en, giv en by m e to th e

c and ala for a hund r ed m illion s of m oney, th ou h as t f allen into
’

”
s l av er y .

T h e bir d s s
po ke .

96 W hen he had so spo ken ,

th e low out-cas te th en gla d in
m i nd , gi v ing th at pelf to V i év ami tr a , boun d th e E ng and

9 7 l ed h im , b ewild er ed by blo w s of the staff , hi s s en s es utter l

y .

c onf u s e d , gri eve d at hi s s e p ar ati on fr om hi s lov e d i n d r ed , k

to h i s t own .

98 T h en king Han '

s -c and r a, d w elling in the
’
c an dala s
’
town ,
 46 CANT O vm .

99 at m or nin g , noon a nd ev e ning sang thi s M y d o wn cas t

gir l g b efor e h er m y d own cas t s on , fil le d wi th g r i ef ,

s e ein

‘
1 00 r em em b er s m e ; hop i ng th e kin g wi ll fr ee us b oth , b y

g ivi ng , w h en h e h a s am a s s e d w ealth , m or e w ealth th an thi s

to th e br ah m an
’
S h e , fawn - eye d , d oe s n ot
. n o w th at I k
1 0 1 h av e d on e m or e wi c ked l y . L os s of ki n g d om ,
ab and o nm ent
'
of fr i en d s , s ale of wif e an d s on , an d t hi s c and ala -lif e th a t

1 02 I h av e s un kt o —
al a s a s u cce s s i o n o f m is f or tun es .
”
D w ell
in g in thi s con di tio n , he r em em b er ed un ceas i ng l y h i s b elov e d
s on and hi s s oul - en g r os s in g wif e ; d ep r i v e d of a ll h i s pr o

p er ty, an d ab e ct
j .

1 03 Now L
f or tim e kin g '
an s c an d r a , a s a s er v ant to th at
s om e
- H
m an , b ecam e a g ath er er of g ar m en t s f r om d ead b od i e s at th e
'
1 04 b ur ning g r oun d , an d wa s in s tr u cte d b y th e c and al a , w h o
-

g ath er ed gar m ent s fr om d ead b od i es S tay h er e d ay an d

1 05 ni gh t on th e l oo out for th e ar ri v al ofk cor p s e s T hi s p ar t
.

k
is t o b e giv en to th e ing , an d a s ix th p ar t i s for th e co r
p s e,
”
l et thr ee p ar ts b e for m e , an d tw o p ar ts f or th y w a g es .

1 06 T h us ins tr uct ed h e w en t to th e m or tuar y h ous e an d to th e

s ou th er n quar ter , w h e r e th en s too d in B enar es th e b ur ni n g
1 0 7 g r oun d , a p l ace of h orr ib l e cr i e s , fr e qu ent e d b
y h un d r e d s of
k
j a c als , s tr ewn wi th th e g ar l an d s fr om cor p s es , foul -s m ell ing ,
k '
1 0 8 r e eking wi th s m o e , thr ong ed by P isac as , B h fita s , V et al as ,
D akini s , and Y aks h a s , cr o w d e d wi t h vul tur es and j a ckal s ,

1 09 en com p as s e d k
b y p ac s of d og s , thi c ly s tr ewn w ith h ea s
p k
of b on es , full of d r ea df ul o d our s ; p er v ad ed wi th th e cri e s
of th e fr ien d s of th e v ari o us d e ad p er s on s an d wi th a t err ible
1 1 0 h ubbu b Ah ! s on —
fr ien d ah ! kins m an l bro th er
— —

my chil d ,
d e ar to m e n ow I
—
ah h u s b and —
s i s te r —
m oth er
111 —
ah ! m ater n al un cl e —
p at er nal g ran d f ath er —
m ater nal

g r an df ath er l— fath er —
gr an d s on I— wh er e ar t t h ou g on e !
—
c om e , my ki n m s an wh er e w as he ar d a
great di n of
1 1 2 p er s on s utt er in g s u ch cri es as the s e p la ce
— a fil led wi th the
113 s putt er n g i of bur ni ng fl e s h , m ar r ow and f at . B la c kh alf

b ur nt corp s e s , th eir ro w s of t eeth j ust b ur s ting in to vie w ,

f r om ami d s t th e fir e ,
grinned as
if sa
yi ng,
T hi s i s th e b od ’ s
y
1 14 fina l s tat e !
’
H er e th e fir e cr ac k led along r o ws of b ones of
 '
T HE ST O RY or HARI S -C AND RA . 47

var i ous a es ; and th er e w as th e s ound of th e w ai lin g of th e

g
l
r e ati on s
,
w h i ch w a s cau s e d by th e m err im ent of th e p uk
1 1 5 k a s a s fi“ T h er e i s h e ar d a v er
y loud an d fr igh tful s oun d ,
'
as if at th e cl o s e of th e ag e ,— o B hu
f ta s , V etal as , P isac as ,
1 1 6 Ganas an d k
Ra s h a s as s in g in g . C r owd ed with gr eat h eap s
of b u ffaloe s
’ ’
or d ur e and cow s d un g ; a nd s ur r o und e d w ith
h i g h p il es of th e as h es d er iv ed ther efr om , m i x e d w ith b on es ;
k
1 1 7 d ar en ed b y th e conf us ion of th e cr ow s am ong the m an y
o ff er in s ,
g g ar land s an d l am p s ; fille d wi th m any s oun d s , th e
1 1 8 b ur ni n g-gr oun d r es em b l es Nar ak a d '
T he bur ning -gr oun d
r ev er b e r ated w i th th e fir e -p r e gnant , in au s p i ci ou s yell s of th e

s h e - ac j k al s ; it w as i m p en etr ab l e b y r e a s on o f th e ter r ific cri e s ;

cl os e co nt ag ion o f f ear ; an d p ainf ul b y

i

v er y d re I wi th th e
r e as o n of th e s oun d s of lam entati on .

119 T he kin g arr iv e d th er e , unh appy, r ead

y to gr i ev e Ah
s er vant s , m i n i s t er s , br ah m an s W h er e h a s th at m y kin g d om l

1 2 0 g on e, 0 C r eator ? Ah S ai v y a ! ah m y young s on ! f or s a in g
’
k
k
m e , l u c l es s on e , th r ou g h V isv a it r a s f ault th ey b oth , m i n e
m
’

1 21 T h er e r ev olvi n g th u s in
’
o w n r ela ti ves , h av e g one els ew h er e .

ov er ag ai n th e w or d s of th e c a nd a
’
hi s m i nd ov er a nd l a,
d ir ty, un cou th in ev er y lim b , h i s h air l on g , m al- od or ou s , b ear
1 2 2 ing a fl ag , ar m e d w i th a club , s om ew h at r es em bling D eath , and

r unn i n g h i th er and thi ther , ex cl aim in g T hi s p r i ce h as b een

‘
1 23 o b ta i n e d for thi s co r p s e , an d s h a ll I g et i t ? T hi s i s m in e ,
thi s i s for th e ki ng ,
an d thi s f or th e h ea d c andala
th e k i ng ,
w hil e r unn in g in a ll d i r ecti on s , an d w h il e ali v e ,

1 24 ent er ed in to C lot h ed i n patch ed cloth m ad e

an ot h er bir th .
‘

of ol d r a g s w ell f as ten e d t o g e th er ; h i s face , ar m s , b elly and

f eet cov er e d w i th as h es f r om f un er a l p iles an d wi th d u s t ;

1 2 5 hi s h a n d s
,
d fin g er s s m ear ed with
an v ar i o u s kind s of
“

f at ,

o il an d m ar r ow ; s i g hi n g in tent on s ati s fying hims elf b y

1 2 6 f e ed i n g o n v ari o us cor p s e s and w ater hi s h ea d d r e s s e d w ith

it A l ow c a s te .

N ama ka, th e g e ner al na m e f or h e ll th e p lace of tor m ent ; it is d is tin

f or
‘‘

r egions .
g uis h ed f r om P d td la , th e low er
1 Rea d bheya/m f or bhaya/m
T h e te x t nd/nd - ’a/vo
s d wna -kr i td hd m s eem s to b e incorrect .
48 CANT O V I I I .

b and s of g ar l and s th er efr om ; h e s lee ps not eith er by d ay

”
or by ni ght, fr equently e x cl ai m i ng
“
ah ! al as ! I n thi s

m anner p as s ed tw elv e m onth s a s if a h un d r ed .

k
O ne d ay th at n oble ing w ear i ed , s ep ar ated fr om h i s ind k
r ed and un couth in for m , b ein g ov er p ow er e d b y s lum b er , fell
,

in d eed into a d ead s l eep ; and th er e on hi s p allet b eh eld a

great w ond er T h r ou gh th e p ow er of d estiny, h e h ad in

—

anoth er b od y by di li g ent occup ati on at th e b ur ning gr oun d

-

i n th u u h is f ee , an d th er e w as imm uni ty fr om th e infl i c

g v e e g r

tion of for t welv e year s

p ain T h en h e s aw him s elf conceiv ed.

in th e w om b of a p ukk as a w om an F ur th er th e ing , w h en . k
in th at con di ti on, con s i d er e d th u s I m m ed iately I am
”
bor n, I wi ll ly p r a cti ce th e d u ty of lib er ality
v eri T h ere .

up on h e w as b or n T h en a s a p ukk as a b oy h e w as al w ays
.

r ead y to p er for m th e ob s e qui es of th e d ead b od i e s in th e

bur ning-gr ound O n hi s r ea chi ng his s ev enth year , a d ead

.

br ah m an w as br ou g ht to th e bur ning gr ound by th e r el a

tiv es th en h e p er ceiv e d th at th e b r ah m an h ad b een oor and p
v ir tuou s . B ut h e, as k i ng f o
hi s w ag e , d es p i s ed th e br ahm ans ;
r

th o s e b r ahm ans m en ti oned th er e w h at V i év zi m itr a h ad d one,

D o th ou a d eed m os t s inf ul , an d v i ci ou s , O evi l -d oer Ha i s r
’
c an d r a th e king w a s for m er ly tur ned by V i sv ami tr a into
a p ukkas a f or br ea i n g th e k s l um b er of a br ahm an, by
th e d es tr ucti on of h i s meri t W hen h e di d
”
. not h av e p ati ence
wi th th em , th ey th e n in an g er c ur s e d h im Go f orth wi th
th ou v il es t of m en t o t er r i bl e N ar a k a . I mm edi ately up on

th es e wor d s , the king s till in h i s s l ee

p s aw Y am a
’
s m es
s eng ers , b e ar ing no os es , t err or -ins p ir in g . He s aw him s elf
th en s ei z ed by th e m an d le d o ff by f or ce . S or ely a mi cted ,

ex cl ai m in g, Al as no w , 0 m oth er ! 0 f ath er ! ” h e f ell

m to Nar ak a into a tu b of o il . An d h e w as tor n as un d er b eneath
by s aws an d th e e d g es o f r a z or s , an d s uff er ed
p ain in d en s e
d ar knes s , f eed in g on p us an d bl o o d . He s aw hi s d ead s elf,

s ev en year s old, in th e for m of

p ukk as a
a D ay by d ay i n .

Nar ak a h e i s bur nt an d r oas t ed i n one

p la ce ; h e i s afl icted
and s ha ken in anoth er pla ce ; he i s killed and tor n as und er
 T HE ST O RY O F m ars -ch ur n . 49

in anoth er p lace ; in anoth er h e i s m ad e to m elt y an d to aw a

1 43 b laz e ; in anoth er p l ace h e is as s ai l e d wi th cold w ind s He .

r em a ine d in k
Nar a a on e d ay, wh i ch w as as long as a h un
d r ed year s ; so a hundr e d year s th er e in Nar a a ar e called by k
1 44 th e d em ons . T h er eaft er ca s t u p on th e ear th he w as bor n as
a d og , eatin g filth an d v om i t ed m atter , and en d ur in g cold

1 45 an d h eat : in a m onth he d i e d . N ex t h e s aw h i s bod y born

as an as s , an el ep h ant, a m onk ey, an ox , a goat, a cat , and

a h er on , a bul l, a s h ee p , a. b ir d, a w or m , a fish , a tor toi s e, an d

1 46 a w i ld b oar , p or cup i n e, a cook ,

a ap ar r ot, a and mo
ti onl es s liv ing ob j ects , a s n a e k an d oth er cor p ore al b ei ng s .

1 47 D ay b y d ay cons um e d wi th gr ief h e s aw th e bir th of one

li vi ng b eing aft er an oth er ; a d ay w as as a h und r ed year s .

1 48 A f ull h un d r e d year s th us p a s s ed wi th hi m th ere bom am ong

the lower cr eation An d th e i ng s aw h im s elf b or n once

. k aga in

1 49 in hi s own r ace . W h ile i n th at s ta te , h e los t hi s kin g d om

i n d ice -playi ng ; an d h i s w if e w as car r i ed off, and hi s s on too
1 5 0 and h e s ough t th e fores t alo n e . T h er e h e s aw a ter r ib le
r av eno us g wi th op en m outh , accom anied by a
lion ap p r oach in p
1 51 young el eph ant-
r; and a g ain h e w a s d ev our ed , while r ead y
’
to b ewail his wif e , Ah S aiv ya! wh er e ar t th ou gone now ,
k
1 52 fors a in g m e h ere i n m i s er y i” A g ain h e s aw hi s wife wi th
h er s on i mp lori ng hi m , Res cue us 0 ar i s c an d r a ! W h at
-
'
H
1 5 3 h as t th ou to d o wi th d i ce -p l ayin g , m y lor d ? T hy s on h a s
'
f allen to a l am entable co d h h y w ife S a vya
i
’
n d iti o n ,
an s o as t .

T h en h e no longer s aw th em , th ou gh r unni ng about ag ain and

1 54 ag ain . And ag ain he s aw , —

h e th e ki ng wa s s eat ed in

i“ ’
S ér iké, a m ai né . T h ere ar e s ev er al kind s of m aius s ( or m yna s ) . T he

b est known are th e C om m on m a ins A cr id other es tn s tie, wh i ch i s br own bir d

’

. a

com m on thr ough out I n d ia , and th e Nep al H ill m aina B a labas i ntem e dé a ,

wh ich is a black bir d f oun d al on g th e lower r an g e s of the Hi m alayas . B oth

ar e comm only cag ed and l ear n t o t alk , b ut th e l att er attains m uch high er pr o

fici ency .
( Jar d on
’
I nd i a , E an G od wi n -Aus ten , V ol I I , pp 32 5 an d
s B ir d s of . . .

P rof M oni er Wi ar ik ai s Gr a cula r eli gi os a or T W d/ws s ali ca

’
- lli a m s s a y s S . .

T he for m er nam e i s an old nam eof th e S o uth er n Hill m aina (E religi os a ) an d .

of th e Nep al Hill m aina ( E in ter m ed i a ) .

(I d , V ol I I , pp 337 , . .I . .

d o not find the s econd nam e in J er d on .

S’
f b l i l wi t h eig h t l eg s , s trong er th an a lion,
f arr abha or a a u o us an m a

7
50 CANT O vm .

S v ar g a p oor thi n g w a s b r ou g h t b y for c e, w ith d ish ev ell e d

she
'

‘
1 55 h air , s tr i p t of h e r g ar m ent s , e x cl ai m in g A h ! al a s ! r e s cu e
T h en a g ain h e s aw th er e th r ou gh
’
m e ! in r ep eate d cri es .

y ar e c al lin g out
’
1 5 6 Y am a s o r d a inm en t — th e d w e ll er s in th e sk

C om e h i th er 0 ki n g ! Y am a h a s b een a d d r es s e d b y V i sv a:
1 5 7 m i tr a , 0 ki n g ,
re
g ar d i n g th ee .
’
Y a/m a
’
s s er va nts , w h o b or e
n oos es of s er p e nt s , h avi n g th us s
po k en , l ea d aw ay th e p r i n ce
1 58 by for ce Y am a r el at e d V i sv am itr a A t th at p oi n t , h ow
’
. s d e ed .

ev er , hi s ch an g e w hi ch r e s ulted f r om in i qui ty cam e t o a n en d .

T h e s e w er e a ll hi s s t at e s o f b ei n g w hi ch w e r e r ev eal e d i n s l e ep
1 5 9 th ey w er e b y hi m d ur in g t w elv e y ear s
all e x p er i en ced W h en .

th e tw elv e ye a r s w er e s p en t , b ei n g b rou g h t for cib ly b y th e

1 6 0 d e m on s , h e s aw Y a m a i n b o d ily s h ap e Y am a a d d r es s ed th e .

k in g ,
‘
th e h i gh -s oule d V i sv am i tr a i s d i fii cult
T hi s an
g er of

K au s ika w ill in fli ct ev en d eath o n th y s on

’
1 6 1 to b e r es i s te d . .

G o th ou t o th e w or l d of m en, an d un d er go th e r em ain d er of
th y s uff er in g . W h en th o u
g on e th er e, 0 s u p r em e i n g ! ar t k
’
1 6 2 th ou s h a l t o b t ai n h ap p i n es s A n d w h en th e tw elv e y ear s .

ex p ir e d , th e k
in g , at th e en d of hi s m i s er y, f ell fr o m th e s ky ,
b eing th r us t a w ay b y Y am a s m e s s en g er s
’
.

1 63 An d w h en f a llen f r om Y a m a
’
s w or ld , h e aw o k e th r ou
g h th e
a g i t ati on of f e ar , exclai m i ng ,
“
A la s ! w oe i s m e ! ” k
th i n i n g
of th e w or ki n g of th e cor r o s i v e s ub s ta n ce in h is w oun d s .

1 64 In m y s l ee p I h av e s een
g r i ev ou s w oe , th e en d o f w hi ch I
do n ot p er cei v e : b u t h av e tw el v e ye ar s , a s I h a ve s een in
)”
1 6 5 m y s l eep , g o n e wi th m e i h e in qui r e d w i th a g ita ti on of th e
”
p u kk as as s tan d in g th er e N o r ep li e d c er tain o f th e b
y
.

s t an d er s an d o t h er s s aid e x actl
y th e s am e .

1 66 T h e n th e gr i ev e d k in g s ou h t th e
g go d s
at h e ar i n
g th i s ,
f or r efu g e , ej a cu la ti ng, M ay th e g o d s b es t ow b l es s i n s o n m e
“

g ,
'
1 6 7 on S ai v ya and on m y ch ild A d orati on to gr ea t D h ar m a ! .

A d or ati on to Kri s h na th e cr eator , all - co m p r i s in ,

g p ur e ,
1 68 anci en t , an d i m m u t ab le ! A d or a ti on t o th e e, O V r i h as ati !
p
an d a d or ati on t o th ee , I n d r a

H av in g u tt er ed th i s p r a yer , th e kin g em
p l oye d h im s e lf in
o ccu p ati on ,
’
th e p u kk a Sas i n fix i n g th e
"

p r ice of cor p s es , as
if a
g ain d ead .
in m em or y F i lth y, m atted -h air ed
.

b lac ,
k ,
 ' '
T HE ST O RY OF II ARI S C AND RA
- - . 51

ar m e d with a club , d es p on d en t w a s th e ki n g . No s on h ad
h e, n or w if e in d e e d , in t h e tr ack of h i s m em o r y ; r u i ne d in
e n er g y w a s h e th r o ugh th e lo s s of h is k in g d om ; d w elling
th en in th e b ur n in g - gr oun d .

T o th a t p l ace cam e hi s que en, b e w ai lin g , b r in gi ng h er s on

d e a d , f or th e b oy h a d b een b i tten by a s n a e “
Ah m y k .

”
d ar li ng ! a h m y s on , m y ch ild ! t h us s h e w a s oft e x cl ai m
in g ; em aci a te d , p alli d , ins an e , h er h ai r co v er e d w i th d u s t .

T h e qu een s p o e k .

Al a s 0 k
i ng ! d o s t th o u n ot s ee t o -d ay on e ar th thi s
th y ch ild , w h om th ou d i d s t f or m er ly s ee playi n g ab o ut, n o w

b i tten b y a h u g e s n a e an d d ea d ? k ”

k
T h e in g , li s ten i n g t o th a t h er lam ent ati on h ur r i ed thi ther
’
thi n ki ng h er e w i l l b e a d ea d m an s blank et . B u t th e k i n g
d id n ot r eco
g ni s e a s hi s wi f e h er , w h o w as w eep i n g s or e ly,
w h o w or n w i th hi s l on g ab s en ce w a s li e a w om an i n a n o th er k
b i r th . T he p r in ce s s t oo s eei n g h i m , w h o f o r m er l y h a d
b eau tif ul l oc k s, now w i th m at te d cur l s d id n o t r eco g ni s e th e
ki n g ,
w h o w a s li k e a wi th er e d t r ee T h e ki n g s e ei n g th e
.

sn k a e -b i t te n ch i ld ,
who was ch ar a ct er i z e d w ith th e i n g ly k
m k
ar s, on th e b l a c k c l o th , f ell i n to a r ev er i e Ah al a s

to w h at a s t at e h a s th i s ch il d b or n i n t h e f a m i ly o f s om e kin g
b een b r oug h t b y m ali g n an t D ea th ! F or , s i n ce I h av e s ee n
m y ch ild th u s lyin g i n h i s m oth er s l ap , m y chil d Rohi t as y a
’

w i th h i s lotu s -li k e e yes r ecur s to m y m em or y . S u ch i n .

d ee d w o ul d b e m y ch i l d , a nd of a b out th i s age , i f d r e a d f ul
”
D eath h a s n ot m a d e h i m hi s th r all .

T h e q u e en s p o e k .

Ah m y child ! th r o ug h d i s r e g ar d of s om e s in thi s g r eat

'

an d ter r i b l e evi l h a s b e fa ll en u s , th e en d o f w h i ch w e d o n o t

p e r cei v e .
k
Ah , m y l or d in g h o w d o s t th ou r e m ain p l a cid ly
in s om e p la ce w ith o u t con s oli ng m e w h o am m i s er a ble ?

L os s of kin g d om ,
k
f or s a ing o f f ri en d s , s al e of w if e an d

chi l d
—
w h at h a s th ou no t d one t o th e R aj ar s h i H ar i s-c an d r
'
a ,

O cr eat o r

H e ar in g thi s h er la m ent th e fa llen king ,

r eco
g ni s i ng h i s
52 C ANT O vm .

lov e d wife and hi s d e ad s on , e x cl ai m e d

“
A l a s ! th i s i s in
’
d e ed m y v er y S aiv yé , th i s i s m y ch il d a nd w e p t con s um e d

w i th s orr ow , and f ell into a s w oon S h e too r ecogni s in g him .

f allen in to th at s ta t e , f ai nted wi th a ffli cti o n an d s an km ot i o n

l es s t o th e g r oun d . k
T h e i n g an d qu een bo th r eg ai ni n g 0 0 n
s ci ou s n e s s to g e th er , w aile d in d ee p s ufi eri n g , o pp r e s s e d w i th

th e l o ad of an
g ui sh .

T he ki n g s po k e .

k
A l as m y ch ild ! w h en I l oo on th y v er y youn g f ace , wi th
i ts b ea utif ul eyes , b r ow s , n os e an d cur ls , i s not m y affl i cted
h ear t t or n as un d er ? T o w h om , as he co m es to me of h im
‘
s e lf s w e e tly b ab b li n g , F a th er , d ear f ath er , I affec
’
sh a ll

ti on ately ex cl ai m wi th e m b r ace ,
’
an M y child , m y ch ild
B y w h os e kn ee s s h all th e y ello w d u s t b e b r ou gh t th at s h all
s o il m y upp er g ar m ent , m y l ap an d b od y B o r n of m y bod y
a nd lim b s , th o u w as t th e d el i gh t of m in d an d h ear t to m e,
w h o , h ad f ath er th at I am , s old th ee , O m y ch ild , li e a ch attel k .

Af t er s n atchi n g aw ay m y l ar g e in g d om en tir e , w i th its k

r es our ces a nd w ealth , F at e a s a n ox i ou s s er en t th en b i t m y
p
chil d . Ju s t g a z i n g on t h e l otu s -fa ce of my s on , wh o h as
b een b itt en b y th e s er p ent F ate , ev e n I am now blind ed
b y th e d ir e p oi s o n .
”
H av i n
g th us s p o en , i n coh er en t th r o u gh k
t ear s , h e t oo k th e b oy , and em br acin g him f ell m oti on les s i n
,

a s w o on .

T h e qu e en s
pok e .

k k
T hi s ti g er -li e m an i s n ow n tr uly by h i s v oi ce h e h as
th e k
m oon-l i e m in d of a wi s e m an it i s ’
ar i s c an d r a wi th
- H
out d oub t An d hi s
i s p r om in ent i n fr ont and
n os e
g oes
.

k
d o wnw ar d s ; an d li e o p enin g b u d s ar e th e t eeth of h im
,

th e r enow n ed , th e hi gh -s oul e d W h er efor e h a s th i s king com e

.

t o th e b ur nin g -gr oun d to- d a y

C eas ing h er gr i ef f or h er s on , s h e l oo ed at th e
p r os tr a te
k
kin g A gitated , s ur p ri s ed , a ffl i cte d , s or el o r es s e d on a o
.

y pp
c ount of h e r h u s b an d a n d s o n , g a zi n
g e ar nes tly , s h e th en
’
s aw h er h u s b and s ab omi nabl e s taff fit for a lo w outca s te .
 '
T HE ST O RY o r H AR Is -O
’
AND RA . 53

1 9 9 T h er eup on th e lo n g -eyed l ad y f aint ed , r eg ain

an d gr ad ually
in g co n s ci o u s n e s s , s p o ke ,
f alter in gly
Pi c '

on th e e , O F-at e m os t d ol eful , unr u ly, ab om in ated , w h o

h as t r e d u ced thi s g o d -li k king to th p o iti
e e s on of a low c ut

2 01 c as te . T h ou gh th ou di d s t m ak e hi m un d g l er o o s s of king d om ,

k
f o r s a in g of fr i en d s an d the s al e of w if e an d s on , yet h as t
th ou tur ned th e kin g ,
a fter h e w as p ar ted fr om u s , i nto th i s
2 02
'
c an d ala . Ah 0 king ! w h y d o s t th o u not now r ai s e m e ,
wh o am th u s afiii ct e d ,
fr om th e gr oun d an d t ell m e to m ount
2 03 to th y co u ch I d o n ot s e e th i s d ay th y r e g al um b r ell a , n or

yet th y g old en v as e , th y ch o w ri e or f an w h at i s th i s r ev o lu
2 04 tion H e , b efor e w h om f or m er ly, w h en h e m ov e d , in g s i n k
th e g ui s e of s er v ants f r ee d th e ear th fr o m d u s t w ith th eir

2 05 o wn upp er
g s u ch h av i n g b e en , h e th e s u p r em e
ar m e n ts ,—

k k
i n g n ow w al s op p r e s s e d wi th g r i ef i n th e bur ni n g g r oun d , -

k
whi ch i s thi c ly s tr ew n w i th j a r s an d p ots , wi th s ul ls f as t k
fix ed th er ein ; w h er e th e h ai r of cor p s es i s con cealed b y th e
2 06 r em ai n s of s a cr ificial cer em oni es an d s tri ng s w h er e th e
cav i ti e s o f th e d r y g r oun d ar e b e d ec e d wi th o ily ex u d a ti on s k
w h i ch i s d r ea df ul by r eas on of th e m i x in g of th e m arr o w an d

h alf -bur nt b on es wi th th e a s h es an d ch ar coal w h er e th e

2 07 s m all bir d s h a v e b een s car e d aw ay b y th e cr i es of th e
vu ltur e s an d j ackals w hi ch h as s p r ea d
g loom ov er th e
r e g i on s of th e s ky wi th th e col o ur of th e tr a il s of s m o e fr om k
n i g h t -r o am i n g d e m on s
2 08 th e fun er al p i les w h er e th e ar e
”
j oyf ul th r ou gh th e d eli gh t of tas ti n g car r ion .

209 T h us h av ing k
p o en th e p r in ces s em b r a ced th e i n g s n ec
s k ’
k
a n d , b ear in g h un d r e d s of w o es an d g r i ef s , l am ent e d w ith s or

r owf ul V oi ce,

T h e queen s p o ke .

0 kin g ,
i s it s l e ep or w a ki ng tr uth T ell m e S ir , th i s
th at th ou ar t thi nk in g of : m y m in d i s b ewi ld er ed in d eed .

If thi s b e s o, 0 th ou con v e r s a nt w ith ri gh t eo u s n es s , t h er e i s

no h el p i n g h t eous ne s s , n or i n w or s h ip of b r ah m an s , g o d s
ri

an d o th er s , nor i n p r o t e ct in g th e w or l d th er e i s n o s uch thi ng

as r i gh t eous n e s s . W h en ce ar e th er e tr uth , and cand our ,

and
54 m
‘

CANT O v .

m eekne s s , in th at t h ou , th e d e v ote e of ri gh teo us n e s s , h a s t b een

o us t e d fr om thy king d o m
H e a ri n g thi s h er s p eech , g hi n g d eep ly h e r el at ed in
si

f alter ing acc ents to th e s l end e r -li m b e d la d y , h o w h e h a d

b eco m e a lo w o ut ca s te . She a ls o th e tim i d lad y w ep t v er y
l ong , an d si
gh in g d eep ly, f ull of gr i ef, t ol d h i m h ow h er s on
h ad m e t his d eath .

T he kin g s po k e .

M y d ar li n g , I ch oos e n o t to un d e r g o affli cti on for a l on g

ti m e , n or is m y s o ul d o cil e , O s l e n d er -li m b ed lad y . B eh ol d
m y ill -fo r t un e . If I s h a ll e n t er t h e fir e , wi th th e p er m i s
'
s ion of the c an d éla I s h all in an oth er bir th go
,
a g ain in to
I s h all f all in t o N a r a k a
'
bo n d a g e to c a ndé l as -
.
,
as a w or m
eatin g in s ect ; in to V ai tar ini“ w hi ch i s s li m
y w ith m u ch p us ,
f at , bloo d , an d s ine w s . R ea chi n g th e As i -p a tr a w o od , I
s h all b e f r igh tfull y cut t o p i eces or r eac hi n g M a h a-r aur a v a
an d R aur av a I s h a ll b e b ur nt . S u r r en d er of lif e is th e s h ore

fo r on e s unk i n th e oce a n o f g r i ef . I h ad j us t one s on , wh o

w a s t hi s b oy , t o co n t i n u e mv f am i l y . H e t o o h as s un k
thr ou gh th e vi ol en ce of th e w ate r s of m y F a t e, w hi ch ar e

v er y s t r on g . H ow s ha ll I r es i
g n m y lif e I am d e p en d ent
on o th er s , a nd in a s tr a i t . O r , d oes n o t a m an a ffli ct e d wi th

p a in re
gar d e vil T h er e i s n o s u ch s uff er in
g in th e b r ute
cr e ati on, n or in th e As i -p a tr a f or es t . W h en ce is th er e s u ch
su f fer i ng in V ai t ari ni as in th e b er e av e m en t of a s on I will
’
f all t h e n wi th my s on s b o d y in t o t h e bl a zin g fir e , 0
s l en d er -lim T h ou m us t p ar d on m y ill - d ee d s
b ed an d d o t h o u

w h o h as t m y p er m i s s i o n g o t o th e b r ah m an s h ous e , 0 b ri gh t
’

s m i l er ! k
A n d h ear en, O s l en d er -li m b e d ! t o m y w or d w i th
r e s p ect u f l m in d . If on e m a k es g if t s if on e o fier s s ac r ifices ,

if th e g ur us ar e s at is fie d , th er e m ay b e un io n for m e in an

o th er w or ld wi th m y s on an d w i th th ee . B ut w h en ce in thi s

w or l d wi ll th er e b e t hi s ai m f or m e In co m
p an y wi th th ee
I s h all s p ee d h ap p ily on in t h e s ear ch f or o ur s on , w hi ch I
s ha ll m a ke l a ug hingly or s o m e w h a t s e cr et l
y, O br ig h t-s m il er .

T h e ri ve r of N arak a .
 ’ '
T HE ST O RY or H ARI S -C AND RA . 55

2 2 7 T h ou m u s t p ar d on at m y re
que s t all th at I h av e s p ok en ill ;
d es p i s e n ot th at br ah m an th r ou gh p r id e th at th ou ar t a

qu een ; th ou m us t p l eas e h i m w ith th y utm os t e ff o r ts , as if

h e w er e th y lor d and god , 0 b eau tif ul la d y

T h e queen s p o ke .

I al s o , 0 R éj ar s hi , un abl e t o end ur e th e b ur d en of gri ef

”
w ill as s ur e d ly enter th e bla z ing fir e w ith th ee h er e th i s d ay .

T h e bi r d s sp o ke .

2 29 T h er eup on th e ki n g h e ap i n g th e f uner al p il e , p l aced

up

hi s s on ther eon an d th en a s s oci at e d wi th hi s wi fe h e j o in e d h i s

2 30 h an d s r ev er ent ly , k
thin i n g of th e S upr em e
’
S o u l , S iv a ,
Nar ayan a Har i v a ud e s v a, th e r ul er of th e g o d s , w h o s it s in
th e cav e - li k e eces es of th
r s e h ear t , o f B r ah m an wh o i s w i th out
b eg innin g or en d ; of Kri sh na yellow -clad , b eautif ul
, .

231 W hi le h e w a s t hi nkin g , I n dr a
/
and all th e g od s , m a i n g k
232 D h ar m a th eir Tiaa d er , a s s e m b l ed in h as te . Appr o achi n g s p a e k
th ey a ll -
“
Ho ! 0 k ing ! h e ar k en , 0 lor d ! T h is is B r ah
233 m an , v i s ib l e to op en si gh t , a nd th e ad or abl e D h ar m a him s elf
an d her e ar e al l th e S i d h y as fi“ th e M ar u t s d
'
th e L o k ap al as , I

w ith th eir v ehi cl es , th e N ag as , § th e S id d h a s ll an d th e Grand

2 34 h ar v a s fil an d th e Rud r as * * an d th e tw o A svi n s , —
t h es e a nd

an d o th er s , m any in num b er , and al s o V iév ém i tr a , w h om th e

235 thr ee w or ld s could n ot f or m er ly m a ke a fr ien d . B ut V i své
m itr a d es ir es t o pr offer th ee fri en d s hip an d g oo d .

H e m ounted , th er eon h e m et D h ar m a, and I n d r a and V i sv é

m itr a .

D har m a s p o e k .

B e n ot r a s h , 0 k
ing ! I D h ar m a h av e vi s ited th ee , g r atified
”
wi th th y p ati ence, s elf co m m an d , tr uth and oth er vir tu es
- .

C las s of in feri or d eitie s .

1 W in d
' -
g od s .

I Gu ar d i an -g od s of th e w or ld .

5 H um an -f aced s er p ents of i la
P atz .

Cl a s s of d e m i -g od s .

D em i -g o d s , I nd r a
’
s cel es t ia l m us ici an s
{I .

E l ev en d em i -g od s ( p er s o ni fied r o ar ing of
56 CANT O vm .

I nd r a s p ok e .

O v ir tuous H am
'

s I I ndr a ha v e a pp r o ac h ed ni g h

thee ; th e ete rnal w on by th ee and th y wif e an d

w orld s ar e

238 5 0 11 ! A c com p ani ed by th y w ife and s on , as cend , 0 ing ! to k

th e thir d h eav en, whi ch to oth er s i s v er y di fi cul t of attain
m ent, bu t wh ich h as b een w on by thi n e ow n d eed s .

T h e b ir d s sp bke .

2 39 T h en I ndr a , th e lor d , goin g to th e f un er al p i le , p ou r ed

d own fr om th e s k y a s h ow er of nectar th at pr ev e nts s u d d en

d eath , an d a v er y cop i ous sh ow er of fl ow er s , a cc om p ani e d

wi th th e s ound of th e h eav enly d r um s , h er e an d th er e on

24 1 th at cl o s el
y g ath er ed
- as s em b l a g e of
g od s T h en th e hi gh
.

s oul ed king s ’
s on ar os e, v er
y youthful in b od y, in p er
242 f eet h eal th , pl aci d in hi s
g an s a n d m i ndor An d i ng . k
H '
ar i s c and r a i m m e d i ately e m b r ace d
-
hi s s on ; an d in p o s
s es s i ng h i s wife r e g ai ne d hi s o wn F or t un e H e w as d ec e d . k
243 with h e av enly gar land s ; and w as h app y, com pl etely s ati s fie d

in h ear t, and fille d wi th s up r e m e j oy .

2 44 I nd r a at once r e - a d d r es s e d h im . A ccom p ani ed by thy wi fe

and s on , th ou s h alt g ain s up r em e f eli ci ty A s cen d , 0 . v ir
”
tuons M ug, b y th e r e sul t s of th
y ow n acti ons I
Ha r is -c
'
an d r a s po k e .

0 king of th e g od s ! w hi l e unp er m i tted

by m y m a s ter th e
lo w outca s te, I wi ll not, wi th out hav ing r ecom p ens ed ‘
“ hi m
,
”
as cend to th e ab o d e of th e g o d s .

D h ar m a s p ok e .

P er ceiving thi s th y affl ictio n tha t w a s to b e, I m self d e

y
s cend e d as th e l o w out cas t e th rou h an il lu s i o n of m s elf
g y ;
p
and I d i s laye d th at in con s id e r ate con d uct
”
.

I nd r a s p o e k .

H am
'
24 7 As cen d , O s c and r a , to th e
-
s up r em e ab o d e wh i c h is
d es ir ed by all m an ind k on th e e ar th
,
th e ab od e of m en h o ly i n
”
d eed .

H arié-c'and r a s p oke .

0 king of th e go d s , a d or ati on t o th ee ! h ear k en als o to thi s

F or a -gatvd r ead a -d attvd
 57
' '
T HE ST O RY or HARI S -
C AND RA .

my s peech ,
th at , filled wi th afi ecti on , I s p ea kt o th e e w h os e
c ount en an ce i s b e a utifie d th r ou gh b eni gnity . My j
su b ects in
th e ci t
y of K o éaléfi“ r e m ai n w i th m in d s s unk i n m y g r i ef ;
h ow d i s r eg ar d i ng th em s h all I n ow a s cen d to h eav en ?
T h e m ur d er of a b r é hm a n , th e killing of a g ur u , th e s l au gh
t er of cattl e , an d th e s la
i n f w m n — e qu a l t o th e s e h a s
y g o o e

b een p r onoun ced th e gr eat s i n i ncur r ed i n th e ab an d onm ent

o f o ne s ad h er en ts
’
N ei th er i n thi s w or ld
. n or in th e o th er

do I s ee h a p p i n es s f or on e w ho ab an d on s an ob s e qu i o u s

an d inn ocent ad h er ent, w h o ough t n ot to b e ab and o n ed . If

th ey g o to S v ar g a in p any wi th m e , 0 lor d of th e g o d s i
co m

th en I to o w i ll g o ; or I will go ev en to N ar a a w i th t h em
”
k .

I ndr a s po k e .

M an
y ar e th eir m er i t s and s in s , v a r io u s a nd d i v er s e .

H o w w i l t th o u a
g ai n a tt ain to S v ar g a w hi ch w i ll b e en o j yed
by m ult itu d es

H ar i é -
c a nd r a
’
s po k e .

O I n d r a , by th e i nfl u en ce of th e h o us eh old er s a king en o j ys
hi s ki n g d om ,
an d s a cr ifices w i th g r eat s acr i fices , an d w or ks
m er itori ou s d eed s ; an d th er ef or e b y th eir i nfl u en ce h av e I

p er for m ed ev er yt hi n g ; I w ill n ot f or s a k e th o s e b en ef actor s

in th e d es ir e t o g ai n S v ar g a . T h er efor e w h at ev er , 0 l or d of

th e g o d s , I h av e d on e w ell , w h at ev er I h av e g iv en i n alm s ,
w h a tev er s acr i fices or pr a yer s I h av e m ad e , let th at b e co m
m o n t o th e m an d u s . F or w h at e v er fr ui t of my acti o n m ust

be e at en th r ou g h l ong tim e , l et th at b e for m e an d th em to

g eth er j u s t a s in g le d ay thr ou gh th y f av our

T h e b ir d s spo k e .

So s h all it b e !
”
th u s h av in g sp o k en I n d r a, lor d of th e
’
th r ee w or ld s , an d D h ar m a , an d V isv é m i tr a , Gradh i s s on ,

b ecam e p r op i ti ou s in th eir m i n d s
.
. I nd r a w en t f r om S v ar g a
to th e ear th , w ith a com p any of t en m i lli on h ea v en ly

ch ar i o ts an d a d d r e s s ed th e p eop l e of A yod h ya th u s , A s ce nd

ye t o h ea v en . A n d h av i n g h ear d w i th aff ecti on th a t

s p eech of I nd r a an d th e king ’
s s p eech , and h av in g br ou g h t

I . e. A yo d h y ft .
58 C ANT O vm .

2 6 1 R ohitas ya , V i s v am i tr a hi m s elf , g r e at in au s ter i ti es , w ith th e

’

g od s a l s o , th e M un i s , an d th e S id d h as , en th r o ne d th e kin g ’
s s on

in th e ch ar m i n g c ity o f A yo d h ya, aft er e n th r o n i n g th e ki n g .

2 62 T h en a ll th e p e op l e , hi s g l a d a nd p r o s p er o us fr i en d s ,
wi th th eir

ch i l d r en s er v ant s an d wi v es , as cen d e d to h e av en wi th th e kin g .

2 63 T h o s e p e op l e m ov ed s tep b y s t ep fr om on e h eav enl y ch ar i ot t o

a n o th er T h en k i ng
.
-
’
H
ar is c an d r a al s o g r e w i n g l a d n e s s .

k
2 64 T h e i n g , attai ni n g un p ar allel ed d i g ni ty wi th th e h eav enly
ch ar i o ts , s at on th e figur e of a ci ty w h i ch w as s ur r oun d e d

w i thp ar ts an d w alls
r am .

265 T h en b eh ol d i n g h i s p r o s p er i ty, U sana s , th e em i nent s p ir itu al

g uid e of th e D a i tyas , con v er s an t w i th th e m eani n g an d th e

’
tr uth of all th e S as tr as , s an g a v er s e th er e .

S
’
u k ra
’

( U s anas ) s po k e .

L ik e unto H a r i s c and r a
-
'
th er e h as b een no king ,
n o r s h all

th er e b e . W h o ev er , w h en affl i ct ed wi th hi s o wn s uif er i ng s

2 6 7 l i s ten s to thos e of o thers , m ay h e ob tain

gr eat h app i n e s s ! M ay
h e w h o lon g s fo r S v ar g a g ai n S v ar g a ; m a y h e w h o l on g s f or a
s on g ai n a s on ; m a
y h e w h o l o n g s f or a w if e g ain a w if e m ay
2 6 8 h e w h o lo n g s f or k i ng d om g ai n a i n g d om
a k A h , th e m aj es ty
of p a ti en ce I ah , th e g r eat f r ui t of lib er ality ! s i n ce H ar i s- c an
'

”
d r a h as r ea ch e d his ci t
y an d h a s g ain ed hi s s o v er ei
g nty .

T h e bir d s s
po e k .

2 69 T h i s w h ole s tory o f the d eed s of H ar is -c

’
and r a h a s b een
d ecl ar e d t o th ee : h ear th e r em ai n d er of th e di s cour s e nex t,
2 7 0 0 b es t of M un i s ! th e o ut com e of th e Réj a - s uya s acr i fice ,

whi ch was th e ca u s e o f th e d e cay of th e e ar th , a n d th e cau s e

of th at ou t com e , vi z . th e g r eat b attl e of th e M ?

ai ne
“
a nd

B er ou d "

’
Aidi , al s o call e d S ar éli . T h e d i c ti onar ies all s ay th i s bi r d i s T ur d us gi n
gi ni cm us , whi ch i s th e o l d nam e . I t is J e r d on s
’
B ank M a i na , A cr i d other es gi n

gi ni a nu s , whi ch i s co m m on th r oug h out U pp er I nd i a , an d b u r r o w s in th e r iv er

b ank s (v ol . II, p . J er d on gi v es s a li k ( sar i ka) as th e g ene r a l B e ng al i

nam e f or m aina s b ut I d o n ot t r ace e i th er o f t h e s e two w or d s i n hi s b ook .

1 V ak a P r of M oni er -W illiam s
'
. . call e d th i s b ir d Ar d ea ni v i d a b ut I d o n ot
,

fin d thi s n am e in J er d on . B a h, ba g, ( B eng ali ) an d i

ba gl c ( Hi nd i ) ar e th e
g ener al m od ern nam es f or v ar ious kind s of com m on h e r ons , e g r ets and
 T HE B AT T L E O F T HE M AI NA AND T HE HE R
ON . 59

C A NT O I X .

T he B a ttle of the M a i n d and the Her on .

Va éis htha , enr aged wi th Vi év dm i tr a

'
for hi s cr uelty to Ha/ri é
c a nd r a , cur s ed hi m to becom e a her on , a nd View/mi tr a cur sed
Va éis htha to becom e m ai n d — B oth M unis
gi ga nti c bi r d s
a as
ha ve a terr i ble fight, a nd ar e a t len th
g p acified by B r a hm d .

T h e bir d s s ke
po .

W h en Haris -c
'
and r a h a d le ft hi kin g d om
s and
h ad gone to
th e ab o d e of th e th ir ty g o d s , th er e cam e out fr om hi s r esi

d ence in th e w at er th e g l or i ou s f am il
y p r i es t, V aéi s h th a,
th e M un i , wh o d w e lt at th e G an g e s , at th e e nd of tw elv e

year s ; and h e h e ar d th e w h ol e of th e d ee d s of V isv am itr a ,

an d al s o th e d o wnf all o f th e n ob le-d ealing ing ar i s k H
' '
c a d r a , an d
n h i s as s oci ati on wi th th e c and ala , and h i s s ale
of hi s wif e an d s on . T h at m o s t i l lu s tr i ou s M uni h av i ng
h ear d the s tory, b e i n g fu l l of afi ecti on for th e king , gr ew
wr athf ul in h i s d i g ni ty a g a in s t th e Ri s h i V i sv ém itr a .

V a s mh th a s po k e .

I t w as V i s v ém itr a w h o d es tr oy ed m y hund r ed s ons ; yet on

th at occas ion I w a s not s o w r oth a s I am thi s d ay, on h e ar
in g th at thi s ki ng ,
w h o w a s hi gh -
s o ul e d , em i nent, wor s h ipful
to war d s th e g o d s a n d b r ah m a n s , h a d b een ous ted fro m h i s
k ing d om k
S ince th at ing , tr uthf ul , tr an qui l, d ev oid of env y
.

ev en tow ar d s an en e m y , fa u ltles s a ls o , u
p r ig h t in s oul, vi gilant,
a reli er on m e, h a s b een r e d u c ed t o th e l as t ex tr em ity tog eth er
wi th hi s wif e d e p en d a n t s an d s on , h as b e en exp elled fr om
hi s ki ngd om by V i sv am i tr a , and
h a s b een g r e atly w or s te d ,
th er efore th at im pi ous b r ah m an -h a ter , upr ooted f ro m am ong

b itter ns . T h e L arg e E g r et ( H er od i as a lba , J er d on ) , th e S m aller E gr et ( H .

egr ettoi d es ) , and t h e L i t tle E g r e t ( H gar z etta ) ar e all w hi te

. the C attle E gr et
O

(B ap h/us com m and/us ) and th e P o n d H er o n , g e ner a lly know n as th e P a d d y

bir d (Ar d eola leucop ter a ) w h i ch ar e m o s t c om m o nly calle d bag and bagld ,
, ,

h ave White bod ies (Jor d o n, vo l . I I , pp 7 44

.
60 CANT O ix .

th e w i s e , b la s t ed by m y curs e , th e f oo l , s h a ll b e tur n e d in to a

T h e b ir d s sp o ke .

H ear in g th e g lor i o us V i s v ém itr a like wi s e,

cur s e , th e
'

Ku sik a s d es cen d ant , i nfl i cted th e counte r -cur s e , D o th ou al s o

’

”
b ecom e a m aina .
f B oth th o s e mo s t i llus tr i ou s sa ges w er e

t r an s f or m e d i n to b ir d s th r ou gh th e ir m ut ual c ur s es , th e
V i s v am itr a , K u sik a
’

glor i ou s V a si s h th a an d d e s cen d ant

’

s .

B oth of t h e m , b ou n d l es s i n m i gh t , al l
yin g th em s elv es w i th
o th er cl as s es o fbei ngs , f ou gh t t o g eth er , e x ce e d i n g ly ex a s p er at

ed , g r eat i n st r e n th an d p r o w e s s
g T he M . a ina i n cr ea s ed in
s i z e t o t w o th o u s an d yo j a n as ; a s th e H er on , O br ah m an,
i n cr eas ed to thr ee th o u s an d and nin e ty . An d th en th o s e
tw o , of wi d e h er oi s m , a s s aili n
g e ach o th er w ith blo w s of

th ei r w i ngs , cr eat e d s or e f e ar am o ng th e cr e atur es . T he

H er on , hi s eyes s w o ll e n w i th b lo o d , lif tin g h i s w in g s b eat
th e M ai n a; an d he als o , s tr e tchin
g o ut hi s n e c , s tr uc th e k k
H er on w i th h i s f eet . O v er th r ow n b y th e w ind fr om th eir
wi ng s , m o untain s f ell d o wn on th e e ar th and s tr uc k b y th e
d o wnf all of th e m oun t ai n s th e e a r th
qu a k ed ; an d th e e ar th ,

as k
i t qu a ed , ca u s ed th e w a t er s of th e s ea s to s w ell u , a nd
p
r eel e d o v er o n on e s id e , tur ni n g t ow ar d s th e d es cent t o P at ala .

Li b ein g s p e r i s h e d , s om e by t h e f all of th e m oun t ain s

v in g
,

o th er s b y th e w at er s o f th e s eas , o th er s th r o u h th e
g qu a i n g
k
of th e ear th T h u s ev er yt hin g b ei n g t er r ifie d w as t ur ned
.

i nto l am ent a ti on, b er eft of c on s ci o us ne s s ; th e w or ld w a s

gr eatl y a g i tat ed , an d i ts coun tr i es w er e thr own in to co nf us i on

,

p eop le excla i m i ng Ah , m y ch il d ah m
y b elov ed chi ld co m e ,

h er e I am fix e d ah m y d ar lin
g wife m y b elov ed
hus ba nd f” _
. k
thi s r oc i s fallin g , es ca e ui c l ”
p q y
k
T h en , w h en th e w or ld w a s th u s d i s tr e s s ed a nd a v er te d in
ter r or , s ur r o un d e d by al l th e g o d s , a d v an ce d th e for e -f a th er
,

th e l or d of th e uni v er s e , an d
p li e d to b oth th o s e
re
com ba tants
w h o w er e v i ol ently enr a g e d L et th i s
your s tr if e cea s e
, an d

S ee n o te f p 58
, . .

1 S ee note p 58
‘
. .
 T HE B AT T L E OF T HE M AI NA AND T HE H E RO N . 61

let th e w or ld s r ecov er th e ir s ta bili ty Alth oug h th ey h e ar d

th e w or d s of a, w h o s e bi r th i s i n s cr ut ab le, yet b oth
B r ah m

of th em , fill ed wi th an g er a nd fur y s ti ll fo ugh t , and d id not

d es i s t .

T h er eup on th e f or e -f ath er , th e g o d , s e ein g th e d es tr uction

o f th e w o r l d s , an d d es ir i n
g th e w elfar e of b oth o f th em , d is
s i p at e d th eir b r ut e-n atur e an d th e g o d , th e l or d of cr e ati o n ,

ad d r e s s ed th em b oth , cloth ed i n th eir fer m er b od i es , V a sis h th a

and th e nob l e d e s cend an t of Kusik a , th e s tat e of d ar k ne ss

h av ing b een d i s p elle d

S tay th o u , m y b elov e d V a si s h th a , an d th ou , m os t v i r tuo us

K au sik a , th i s co nt e s t th at , w h i l e i n v o lv e d in th e s tat e of

d ar kn es s ,
ye d e s i r e t o car r y on T hi s . outcom e o f th e Raj a
s uya s ac ri fice o f k-
'
in g H ar i é c and r a , an d th i s w ar b etw e en

you two , a r e c au s in g th e ear th to w as te a w ay Nor m or eov er .

k
d oe s th at b e s t o f t h e K ansi a s ofiend a g ain s t th at in g , for k
s i n ce h e h a s caus e d hi m to att ai n t o S v ar g a , O b r ah m an ! h e
occup i e s
p o s i ti on of a b en ef actor
th e D o ye b oth , th e .

c r eat o r s o f o b s ta cl es t o
your au s ter itie s , w h o h av e fallen into
s ub j e cti on t o lus t an d ang er , ce as e ; for w or thy ar e your
”
pr ayer s , a nd am pl e is your p ow er .

T h us ad m oni s h ed b y h i m , b oth th en gr ew a s h am ed ,
an d
e m b r acin
g lo v i n g ly for g av e each oth er T h er eup on , h ym n e d
.

by th e g od s , B r a h m a d ep art e d to hi s own w or ld , an d V a si s h th a
’

t o hi s o wn p l ace , an d K au sik a al s o to hi s o w n h er m i ta g e .

T h os e m or tals , w h o s h a ll fitting ly r e la te and w h o s h all fit J

ting ly h ear th is b attle of th e M ai na and the H er o n , an d th e
s tor y of H ms a -
'
c a nd r a , w h at th ey h ear s h a ll v e r il
y d i s p el
th eir s in s ; nor s ha ll the y ev er enco unt er antag oni s ti c

d uti es .
62 CANT O X .

C ANT O X .

Convers ati on between a fa ther and s on .

Jai m i ni as ks the B ir d s for i ns tr uctio n how li vi ng bei ngs com e

i nto exis tence and d ie, a nd ho w the f oetus li ves an d d evelop s — Th e

B ir d s r ep eat the exp lana ti on tha t a wis e young br ahm a n S uw a ti ,
w ho was ni ck-nam ed Ja da " because of his app ar en t stup i d ity, but

w ho r em em ber ed hi s f or m er emi s tences , gave his f a ther — He ea:

-ea is ten ces thr ou h

p lai ns how d ea th occur s , a nd d es cri bes the a f ter g
whi ch a li vi ng bei ng p ass es a ccor d/ing as i t has lived well
-
or i ll
H e d es cri bes i ncid enta lly the hell R a ur a va .

Jaim in i s po k e .

D ecl ar e m y d oub t, wh en I e n q uir e , O ow er f ul b r ah m a ns , p

w h er ein th e app earance an d d i s a p p ear ance of liv in g b ein g s
co ns i s t . H ow i s an an i m a l p r o d u ce d H o w t oo d oes it
d ev elop ? H ow , again , is i t p la ced w h en cont ain ed wi thi n the
w om b , p r es s e d u p on by th e l i m b s H ow , a ga in, w h en it h as
”

i s s u ed fr om th e w om b , d o e s it g r ow A nd h ow at th e m om ent
“
of d ep ar tur e i s it d epr i v e d o f th e s enti ent s tate P E v e r y d e ad

p er s on al s o ex p er iences the r es u lts of b oth hi s g oo d a n d h i s b ad

d e e d s , and h o w th en d o th o s e d eed s bri n g about-
r th eir r e s ults to
h im W hy d oes th e f oetus n ot b ecom e d i g es te d th ere i n th e
s to m ach , as if it w er e co n v er t e d i n to a m or s el of f oo d I n th e
b elly, wh er e th e food s
’
f em al e s v ari o us cons um e d ar e d i g es ted
al th ou gh hi ghly in d i g es tib l e , h ow i s it th at th e li ttl e ani m al
is n o t d i g es ted th er e D ecl ar e all thi s t o m e , fr ee fr om
d oub tful term s ; thi s v ery m atter i s a tr ans cend an t m ys ter ,
y
w h er e m en d o er r .

T h e b ir d s po e s k .

U np arall el ed i s thi s b ur d en s om e q ues ti on th a t th o u h as t

pr op oun d ed t o u s ; it i s d ifficul t to b e i m ag in e d , t o u ch ing as

i t d oes th e e xi s tence an d d eath of all living b ei ng s .
Li s t en to
i t, S ir ! as a s on , m o s t th or o u gh ly ri
ghteou s , n am e d S um ati ,I
on ce d ecl ared it to h i s f ath er .

S e e C anto X I V .

F or fid wyanti r ea d s a/rnp d d ay a ti ( n euter , d ual , pr es ent p ar ti cip le

1 s annp a
)
It F or S a m a tir r ea d S wma ti r .
 CO NV E RSAT I O N B E T W E E N A F AT HE R AND SO N . 63

A ad
’
cer t ai n hi gh ly intelligent br ah m an of B h ri g u s line
d r es s e d h i s s on S um ati w h o h a d un d er g o n e hi s initi ati on , an d

wh o w a s tr an qu i l , an d in ap p e ar an ce s tup id .
“
S tu d y th e
V e d a s , 0 S u m ati , i n fr om th e b egi nnin g , b e z eal ou s i n
or d e r

o b ed i en ce k
to th y g ur u , m a e th y food of v i ctu al s colle ct ed b y
b eg gi ng . k
Af ter th at ta i n g up on th ee th e d uti es of a h ou s e
h old er , an d
p er f or m ing th e chi ef es t s acr i fices , b eg et th e
d es i r ed off s pr in g N ex t r es or t t o th e f or es t , an d th en l iv i ng
.

i n th e f or es t , m y be ‘
w an d er ing a s cet i c fi fr ee fr om
=
s on , a

f am i ly t i e s T h us . s h a lt th ou att ai n th at hi gh es t o b ect j Of

r e li k
g ious nowled g e , the S up r em e B ei ng, r e ach in
g whi ch thou
s h al t not g ri ev e .

T h e b ir d s s po k e .

T h u s fr equ ently coun s e ll e d ,

h e th r ou gh hi s s tup id ity n ev er

re
pli ed : s ti ll th e f ath er a g ain an d a a in r e
g p eat ed ly a d m oni s h
ed h im aff ecti on at ely . H e th u s fr equ ently ex h or t ed b y hi s
f ath er , th r ou gh p ater na l lov e , all ur in
gl y a nd i n p l eas ant
ter m s , sp o k e th u s at l en g th w i th a l a u gh
F a th er I h av e r e p eat e d ly s tu d i e d thi s th at th ou en j oin es t
’
m e t o d ay , th e
- o th er S afis tr as als o , an d th e v ari o u s m ech ani cal
a r ts . T en th ou s an d b i r th s an d m or e h av e p as s e d i nt o m y
m em ory ; d i s g us ts
g r atificati on s h av e an d s p or te d i n th e
d e ca y a n d th e ri s e of m y m in d I h av e s ee n p ar tin g s an d .

m e et in g s am on g ene m i es , fri en d s an d wi v es ; I h av e s e en
m oth er s of v ar i ou s kind s, a nd fa th er s of v ar i o u s kin d s a ls o .

I h av e t as ted j oys an d s or r o w s th ou s an d s of ti m es . M any

kin s m en h av e I g a in ed , a n d f a th er s of d i v er s in d s I h av e k .

d w elt in w om en s w om b s , s li m y wi th or d u r e an d ur in e ;
’
al s o

an d th ou s an d s of tim es h av e th e p ains of s i c kn es s es a l s o ta k en

e n d ur e d in
g r i ev ou s h old of m e
y s uff er i n g s h av e I
. M an

m y s tom a ch i n ch i ld h oo d , an d
you th a n d o l d a g e all th os e d o

I r em e m b er . I have been begotten of b r ah m an s , k s h atr i

ya s
an d v ai sya s , an d e v en sud r as an d a g ai n of cattl e an d i n s ects ,

of d eer an d b ir d s . I h a v e b een b o r n m or e ov er in th e h ou s e s
of kings ’
d ep end ant s , an d of kin g s r e s p l e n d e nt in b a ttle , a nd

F or p ar ivr d ta r ea d p ar i vr d n
it .
 64 CANT O x .

in thy d w ellin g a ls o I h av e be en a s ervant and . a s lav e

fr equ en t ly to m en I h av e b een a m a s ter a nd a lo r d ,

. a nd a

p oor m an as w ell . I h av e g iv en blow s , and I h av e r eceiv ed

bl ow s fr om o th er s , an d m y own b low s h av e p r ocur ed m e
b lo w s in r etu r n . O th er s h av e gi v e n m e g ifts , an dI h av e gi v en

g if ts t o oth er s m an y a ti m e I h av e b een .
gr a tified a l s o b y
th e d e ed s of f ath er , m oth er , fri end , b r oth er , w if e a nd o th er

r el at i v e s . An d oft en h a v e I f allen into m i s er y wi th m y f ace

W hil s t th u s w an d eri n g , O f ath er , in
'

w as h ed w i th t ear s .

th e c ro w d e d cir cl e of m un d an e I h av e g a in ed thi s
e x i s te n ce ,

kn ow l ed g e, w hi ch p ro cur e s fin al em ancip ati on fr om ex i s t en ce .

T h at b ei ng kno wn , a ll thi s bod y of re li gi ou s ri te s , cal le d

'
Ri c Y aj u s an d S ém an , i s w or thl es s , a nd d o es n ot a pp ear fit
t in g ly t o m e . O f w h at us e con s e qu en tl y ar e th e V e d a s t o
m e, w h o am m atur e in wi s d om ,
s ati at e d wi th th e kn ow l ed g e
of th e g ur us , v o id of d es ir es , v ir tu ou s in s oul I w i ll g ain ,
0 br ah m an ! th e hi gh e s t s e a t , th at S up r em e S oul , w hi ch i s
e x em p t fr o m th e qu aliti e s o f th e s ix fo l d a c ti o n s ,
p a in , p le as ure ,
o , an d l ov e
j y . H
en ce , O f ath er , I will ab an d on thi s w e ll - n ow n k
s er i es of p ains w hi ch i s t ain t ed b y lov e , j oy, f ear , in qui etu d e ,
r e s en tm e n t an d o ld a e , an d w h i ch i s h am
an g er , g p er e d w ith
h un d r ed s of n oos es in cl o s e co nt act e n s n ar in
’

g on e s o w n s elf as
g am e, an d I wi ll d ep art D o es . n ot th e d u ty j
en oi n e d by
th e thr ee V ed as , w h i ch a b ound s in unr i g h t eou s n es s “ r e s em bl e
fi
th e r es ul t of s in

T h e b ir d s Sp o k e .

H e ar in g th a t h i s d ecl ar a ti on , wh i chw a s in t er r up ted b y j oy

an d su rp r is e , th e e m i n ent f a th er w ith g l a d s o m e m in d a d d r es s
ed his son .

T h e f ath er s
po k e .

W h at i s thi s th ou ye s t, m y s on W h ence ar os e thy

sa

wi s d om H ow cam e th y s tup i d ity b ef or e , and th aw a eni n

y g k
34 n ow Is th i s a cur s e -wr ou g h t ch an g e i nfli ct ed on th e e b a
y
M uni or g od , s i n ce th y wi s d om w h i ch w as ob s cur ed h as
b ecom e ma nif es t

A p un on d ha r m a and a -d ha r ma P r of M o nier -W illiam s g iv es tr a i

g
. .

d ha r m a as m as c . o nl y .
 CoNVE RSAT l O N B E T WE E N A FAT HE R AND ms . 65

T he s on s po ke .

Li s ten fath
“
,
er ,h ow th i s h app ened to m e, entailing leas ur e p
and p ain on m e, an d w h o I w as i n an oth er bir th , and wh at
i s b eyond m ys elf .

I w as for m er ly br ahm an, m y s oul fir ed on th e S u r em e

a p
B eing ; I attai n e d th e hi gh es t p er fecti on i n th e cons i d er a
ti on of the k
no w l ed g e o f th e S u p r em e B ein
g Wh ile Con .

tinually occup i e d in d ev oti on, thr ou gh con stant ap p l icati on

to s tud y, thr ough as s oci ati o n w ith th e g oo d , thr ough m y

own natur al di s p os iti on, th ro ugh d eli ber ati on, b eh avi our and

pu i ficati on
r ,
w h ile yin g m ys elf in th is ind eed I ex
occu p

p er i enced th e s ub lim es t
j oy at all tim es , and I g ained th e
p o s i ti on of a s p iri tu al g ui d e , th e m o s t s ucce s s ful r em ov er of

th e d oub t s o f d i s cip les A l ong whi l e . after w ar d s I attai ned

ab s olut e pe f r e cti on ; an d m y g oo d d i s p os ition w ar p ed by

i gnor ance fell i nto c al am i ty th r ou gh car eles s nes s B egi n .
.

ning fr om th e t i m e of m y d ep ar tur e I had no f ai lur e of

m em o r y, until and h ad
ye ar h ad
a p as s ed r etur ne d to m y
r eco lle cti on of m y b i r th s . B ei n g s u ch , I, keeping my or g ans

und er contr ol, wi ll s tri v e in d ee d , O f a th er , by m ean s of th at

m y for m er s tud y, s o to act th at I m ay not h av e ano th er

e x i st ence . F or th i s i s th e r es u lt of l ear ning an d lib er ality

th at I r em em b er e x i s ten ces thi s in d ee d i s n ot o btai ned
for m er ,

0 fath er , by m en w h o app ly th em s e lv es to th e d uty enj oined

by th e thr ee V ed as B ei n g s u ch I , fr om m y for m er h er m i tage
.

i nd eed , r ecurr in g to th e d uty of

p er f ection, wi ll attain to
d ev otion to one O b j e ct a n d w ill s tr i v e f o r th e final e m an ci p a

tion of my s oul . D eclar e th o u th e n , S ir ! w h at is p erp lex ing

in th y h ear t : an d to this ex tent l et m e, br inging th e j oy,

d i s ch ar g e m y d ebt .

T h e bir d s spo k e .

T h er eu p on th e f a th er spo k e to h i s s on th at s p eech o f a m an

of faith , whi ch r el ates t o t h e p er f ecti on of m un d an e ex is ten ce,

and wh i ch we h av e k
b e en as e d b y th ee , S ir .

T he s on s p ok e .

Listen ,
0 fath er , h o w I h av e oft en p er cei v ed th e tru th ; th e

cir cl e of m und ane ex i s te n ce is e v er young, th e d ur ation of

9
66 C ANT O X .

w h i ch i s n ot kn ow n I th en t ell th ee th e w h ol e , wi th thy
.

p er m i s s i o n, 0 fath er , com m en cin g fr om th e p er i od of d ep ar

t ur e , a s n o on e el s e w i ll t ell th ee .

H o t m oi s ture i s e x ci te d i n th e b od y ; i t i s s et in m oti on b y
a s tr o n g v i t a l air ; b l a zi n g W i th o ut f uel i t p i er ces th e s ites O f
th e v it al or gan s . And th en th e v it a l a ir , c all e d U d ana , p as s es

u p w ar d s , i m p ed ing th e d ow nw ar d cour s e of th e w at er and

f oo d con s um ed .

H e n ce h e, w h o h as off er e d
pr es ents of w ater and h as gi v en
f oo d an d dr ink , ob tains j o y th er efr o m i n ad v er s ity H e al s o, .

w h o h as b e s tow e d f ood wi th a m i n d puri fied by f ai th , i s th en

s at i s fie d e v en w ithout f ood . H e , w h o h as not s p o k en un

tr uth , n or cau s e d a b r e ach of am it a f ai thful b eli ev er ,

y,
m ee t s a p
h a py d eath M en w h o h ave b een intent on th e
.

w or sh i p O f th e g o d s an d br ah m an s , and w ho ar e un s pi t eful f
f a i r , ch ar i tab l e, s h am ef as t , d i e h a pp i ly H e w h o w o uld not .

f or s a k e r i gh t eou s n es s thr ou gh l us t , or ang er or h a tr e d , w h o

a ct s up to hi s w or d s an d i s g en tl e, m eets a h app y d eath .

M en who d o n otgi v e aw ay w ater , nor g iv e aw ay f oo d , en d ure

th en , th e appr oach o f d e a th , b ur ni n
on
g thir s t an d h un g er .

T h os e w h o g iv e aw ay f u el ov er com e cold ; th o s e w h o g ive

aw ay s and al over com e h e at ; an d th os e wh o d o no t in fli ct di s
tr e s s over come th e w oef ul lif e- en d in g p ang T h os e w h o caus e .

e r r or and i gnorance s uff er

g ri ev ous t error ; b as e m en ar e O p
p r e s s e d w ith intens e p a ins . A fal s e wi tnes s , a li ar , an d h e
w h o teach es evi l, th ey all an d al s o p
blas h em er s of the
V ed a s d i e in d elu s ion .

T h en Y am a
’
s officer s , ter r ific, foul -s m ellin g , carr
yi ng
h am m er s and m aces , h ar d -h ear ted , app r oach th e f al s e m an .

W h en th ey m eet h i s ey e s i
g h t , tr em b ling s eiz es hi m , and h e
b ew a il s wi th out cea s in g hi s b r oth er , m oth er , an d ch ild r en .

k
H i s v oi ce s eem s thi c , O f ath er ! and m onoton ous an d hi s ;
s i gh tw and er s thr ou gh t er r or ; and hi s m outh r ow s d r wi th
g y
hi s b r eath ing ; h i s br eathin g gr ow s l oud ; h i s s i h t fai ls n ex t
g ;
p
h e i s p erv ad ed wi th ain s ; th en h e quits th e b o d
y P r eced ed .

b y th e vi tal air s h e as s um e s anoth er b o d s im ilar t o th e y,

'
it F or am suy av a h re ad a n -a sz iya/vah .
 E X PE RI E NCE S O E L I V I NG B E I NC s AF T E R D E AT H . 67

fo r m er , p ro d u ce d b y th e actions of th e for m er , inten d e d for

ch a s ti s e m ent , b or n o f n o m o th er an d f a th er , li ke th e pr ev i ous
o ne, wi th th e p er io d s of lif e a n d d eath conf or m ab l e th er eto .

T h er eu p on Y a m a s m es s en g er s p ee d ily b ind s h i m w ith

’

cr ue l f etter s d r a g s hi m , b ew ild er ed as h e i s w ith th e b low s

of hi s s t afi , t o th e s o uth e r n r e i o n A nd
g . s o, to s om e p la ce
w hi ch i s r ou
g h wi th k
usa g r as s , th orn s , a nt -h i ll s , s ta e s , k
a n d s t o n es , w h er e a fir e i s r a g in g , w hi ch ab oun d s i n h un d r e d s
of h o l es , a nd w h i ch is h eat e d b y th e b l az in g s un , w hi ch i s
s cor ch e d b y hi s ys , h e i s h aled b y Y am a s em i s s ar i es , t er ri b le
’
ra

th r ou gh th eir gh a s tly cr i es . B ein g d r a gg e d ab o u t b y th o s e

f ear ful s er va n ts , b ein g e a t en b y h un d r e d s o f j
s h e - ack al s , h e,
d o er , p r o cee d s b y s ab o d e
’
th e e vi l -
an aw fu l r oa d to Y a m a .

M en w h o g iv e u m b r ell as an d s h o e s , an d w h o b es to w g ar m ents ,
th o s e m en p a s s al on
g th a t r o ad i n eas e ; an d s o al s o d o th os e
w h o g iv e aw ay f oo d T hu s en cou n t er i n g a ffl i cti o n s , th e m an
.

o pp r e s s e d wi th s in i s led i n t w el v e d ays to th e cit y of in g k

Y am a .

W hil e th e b o d y i s b ei n g bur nt , h e e x p er i en ce s a gr eat

b ur ni n g ; a ls o w h ile i t i s b ein g b eat e n , and w hil e it i s b e in g
d ivi d ed i n to p i eces , t er ri b le a g on y W hile the bod y i s b eing .

w ette d a l i vi n g b ein g en d ur es a v er y lon g p ai n , e v e n w h i le

it i s inh a b i ting an o th er b o d y, th r ou g h th e co n s e qu en ce s o f

it s o wn a ct s . T h er e th e d ece as ed f e e d s on th e w at er t h at hi s

r el a ti v es ofi er t og eth er w i th th e s e s am u m s ee d an d th e ca k e

off er T he a n o i nt i n by r el a t i o n s , an d th e
th a t th ey .
g w i th oil

kn ea d in g o f th e lim b s t h a t they p erfor m , —

a liv in g b ein g i s
n o ur i s h e d th er eb y, an d b y w h at h i s r e l a ti o n s
*
e at . A li vi n g
b ein g d oes n ot e n co u n t er e x ces s i v e a ffl i cti o n on th e ea r th

th r o u gh h i s d eceas e d r ela ti v es an d so w h en d ea d he is

n ur is h e d
p by h i s r el a t i v e s w ho m a k g if t s
e .

B ei n g l ed o ff h e s ees hi s o wn ab o d e f o r t w elv e d ays and he

enj o ys th e w at er , ca e & c k . th a t ar e O ff er e d o n t h e e ar th .

Af ter tw elv e d ays , th e m an w h o i s b ei ng carr ie d o ff , n e x t s ees

Y am a s city, a wf ul , m a d e o f i r o n , t er r ib le i n a pp ear an ce
’
.

I m m ed i ately h e h a s g one ther e h e b e h ol d s Y a m a , with fier y

i!“ F or sa bd n d hav d h r ea d s va -bd n d ha v d h
68 CANT O X .

re d ey e s , li k e to a m as s of b r ok en col lyr i um ; in th e m id s t of

D eath , th e d es troy er T i m e an d o th ers h is m outh g api n g w i th

;
j
r o ecti ng tee th , h i s coun t ena n ce d r e ad f ul w ith fr own s ; a lor d ,
p
s ur r o un d ed by h un d r e d s of d ef or m ed , h or ri bl e an d cr oo k ed

di s e as es ; busy in p uni s h m ent, wi th l ong ar m s , a

a war d/ing

n oo s e in hi s h and , v er y f or m i d abl e T h en th e li v in g b ein g .

ta k es th e h ap p y or m i s er ab le co ur s e d ecr eed b y h im B ut .

th e f al s e wi tnes s g o e s t o R aur av a , and th e m an w h o i s un

tr uth ful . Li sten wh ile I d es cr ib e th e natur e of th at R aur av a .

i s in tr uth tw o th ou s an d yoj anas i n S i z e T h en .

th er e i s a ch as m , j u s t k
n ee-d eep , v er y d i fi cult to p a s s ov er

in i t ch ar co al i s h eap ed up an d m a d e lev el with th e g r o un d .

I t b ur ns v eh em ently with its g lo wi ng sur face of kin d l ed

’
ch ar c oal . I n i ts m id s t Y am a s s er vi tors cas t th e ev il - d oer .

He th er e, being b ur nt by th e vi ol ent fl am e ; and

r un s a bout

a t e ach s tep , hi s f oo t i s w a s te d an d con s um ed ag ain an d a ga i n ;

d a y a n d ni g ht h e conti n u es on th e m ov e .

W h en h e h as th us p a s s e d ov er a th o us an d yoj an as h e i s
r e l e as ed , and th en ent er s an oth e r s im ilar hell Nir ay a fi r to

p u r g e aw ay hi s s in s Af ter w ar d s w h en h e h as p a s s ed
.

th r ough all the hells , th e s i n n er enter s th e br ute cr e a ti o n,

a m on g wor m s , ins ec ts and bir d s ; am on
g car ni v oro u s ani m al s ;
a m on g m os qui to e s and s u ch lik e . Af ter h avi ng b ee n b o r n
am o n
g el eph ants , t r ees an d s uch li ke , am on g cattl e , an d

am ong h ors es al s o ; and am o n g o th er evi l and n ox i o us cr e a

t ur e s ; h e attain s hum an i ty, an d i s b or n a m an , cont em p tib le

as a hunch -b ac k or a d w ar f ; am on g c'and al as , p ukk a s a s a n d

s u ch -li ke cas te s an d th e n a c co m ani e d b
p y th e r em ai n d er of
his s i n an d m er it, h e en ter s th e cas t es in as cen di n g or d er ,

s uch as s ud r as , v ai syas , kin g s and so on ; al s o th e p o s i ti on

of b r ahm an s , th e go d s and I n d r a S om etim es in d e s cen d in
g .

o r d er , an d th us ev i l-d oor s f al l h e a d l on
g i nto th e h ell s .

W h at h ap p ens t o ri gh t eo u s d o or s , li s ten w hil e I d ecl ar e

-

th at . T h ey ta ke th e h ol y co ur s e d ecr eed by Y am a . B an d s

of G andh ar vas s inging , bevi es of A ps ar ases d ancing , br illi ant

T errible . t D evoid of happines s .

 C O N C E PT I O N AND GE ST AT I O N .
69

with vari ou s ce l e s ti a l g ar land s , bed ec

p ear l s k ed wi th s tri ng s of

k
and an l ets an d
g y
a w i th m us i c
“
fi and h eavenly ch ar iots
beyond com p ar e g o for th qu i c ly to them An d wh en k .

th ey d es cend th er efr o m , th ey ar e bor n in th e fam il

y of
ki n gs an d oth er h i gh - s ou l ed m en : th er e g up r ight
ob s ervi n

cond uct, th ey exp er i ence vi or o u s f

g p le as ur es , and after w ar d s

th ey g o up w ar d s ; and oth e r wi s e , wh en th ey ta ke the d own

w ar d p a th, th ey b eco m e m en as b ef or e .

T hi s h as all b een d e cl ar e d to th ee, h ow a living being

p er is h es . Next li s te n, O B rahm ars hi, h ow th e f oetus b egins .

C ANT O X I .

Conver s a tion between the f a ther a nd s on (conti nued ) .

S um a ti ( Jad a) eaj ola i ns how livi ng bei ngs ar e concei ved an d

bor n, and m enti ons the ev i ls o f a ll ex s tence. i

T he s on s p o k e.

N ow h um an i m pr egnati on i of w om en is a s eed s own in

d ar knes s im m e di a tely i t i s d i s ch ar g ed it s ets out fr om
N ar ak a or S v ar g a . D om i n a t ed th er eby th e two s eed s attai n

fir m nes s , O f ath er ! an d n ex t the ch ar a ct er of a s p ec k— of a

l ob ul e—
of a b all of fl es h A s th er e m ay b e a m inute s eed in
g .

t he b all of fl esh , so it i s cal l e d a

g er m S o th e fiv e li m b s up
.

gr ow accor d i n g to th eir p ar t s ; an d th e m inor lim b s als o, th e

fing er s , th e eyes , th e n o s e , th e m ou th , a n d th e ear s , gr ow out of
th e li m b s ; s im il ar ly th e na il s an d oth er fea tur es gr ow out of
th em . I n th e s ki n i s d ev elop e d th e h air of th e b o d y , and

after w ar d s th e ha ir of th e h ea d . T h e w om b v er ily incre a s es

in s i ze equally with i t Jus t a s th e co coa nut enl ar g es to g eth er
.
-

w i th i ts s h ell , s o it g r ow s i n s i z e T h e wom b i s s ituated wi th

.

i ts m outh d own w ar d s . B ut a t th e b o ttom o f the wom b the f eetus

d ev elop s , p lacing it s h and s o n eith er s id e of th e n ees : and k

its thum b s ar e p l aced u p o n th e n ees , and i ts fing er i n k
k
fr ont of th em ; b ehi n d th e nee s ar e th e eyes , and between

it F or r e ad
’
-aobhi td

1' Ugr a or nob l e .

I F or ni s hekam m oi/na va/m r ea d nis heko mdn avah

70 CANT O XI .

th e kn ees i s th e no s e ; an d th e butto c ks r es t o n th e h eel s th e

a r m s an d le gs li e outs i d e .

I n thi s w ay g r a d u ally g r ow s th e h um an b ein g , w h en

co n t ain e d w om b i n th e w o m b of o th er
’
in a w om an s : c r ea

t ur es , th e p os it i on of th e f oetu s co r r e s p on d s to i ts f or m . T he

g as tr i c fiu id " r en d er s it fir m . I t li v e s on th e foo d an d d ri n k
ta ken by i ts m other T h u s th e g es tati on of a li vi n g cr eatur e i s
.

m er it or i ou s , an d co n s ti t ute s a m ea n s o f o bta i ni ng m eri t Al s o .

'
th e cor d ,
w h i ch i s call e d Ap yay an i, i s fix e d i n it s n av el , a n d i t
b e co m es fix e d i n th e b ell y o f w o m en
’
A s w o m en s f o o d a n d
.

dr i nk p e n etr at e i n t o t h eir w o m b , th e f oetus in cr ea s es i n s iz e,

i ts b o d y b ei ng n o ur i s h e d th er eb y .

N u m er o u s m a t t er s of i ts t r an s m i g r a ti o n s occur t o i ts

m em o r y h en ce d i s tr e s s e d on th i s s i d e an d on th a t i t b ecom es

di s p iri t ed , thi nki ng,

‘
N e v er a g ain wil l I th u s a ct , w h en o n ce

I am d eli v er e d fr o m th i s w om b ; a s s ur ed l
y I will s o s tr i v e
T h u s it m e d i tat es ,
’
th a t I d o n o t a ga i n u n d er g o c o n ce p ti o n .

r ecoll ecti n g th e h u n d r e d s of
p a in s att en d i n g exi s t en ce , w hi ch
h a v e b e en e x p er i en ce d af or e tim e , an d w h i ch s p r i n g f r om

d es tin y .

Af ter w ar d s i n th e cour s e o f t i m e th e f oetu s tur n s r oun d

w i th i t s f a ce d o wn w ar d s , s i n ce i t i s b or n i n th e n in th or t enth
m on th . W hi l e it i s b ein g e x p ell e d ,
i t i s p ai n e d b y th e wi nd
of th e pr aj ap a ti s , an d it i s p ell ed
ex w ailin g , b ei n g p ai n e d at
he ar t b y i ts s uff er in g s . A n d w h en p e ll ed fr o m th e b elly, i t
ex

fall s i nto an i n t ol er a ble s w oo n ; a n d it g a i n s co n s ci o u s n e s s

Wh en i t co m e s into con tact wi th th e a ir . T h er eu p o n V i s h nu ’
s

m a g i cal p ow er , w h i ch e ff a ces co n s ci o u s n es s , a s s ail s i t ; i ts

s ou l b ein g s tu p e fie d th er eb y, it l o s e s i ts kn o w le d
ge .

T h er eaft er th e h u m an b ein g , b e r eft of k n o w le d e ,

g e n ter s

on childh oo d an d a ft er w ar d s o n b oyh oo d , yo u th a n d m atur e

age ; an d a
g ain th e h u m an b ein g un d er g oes d eath , an d s o
b ir th . H e n ce h e r ev o lv es in th i s r o u n d of m un d an e e xi s t en ce ,

li k e th e j ar an d r o p e a t a w el l .

S o m etim es a m an r each es S v ar g a , s om etim e s Nir aya an d

s o m eti m e s th e d ead m an g oes t o N ar a k a an d S v ar g a . S om e

3“ Agni or , th e d ig e s tiv e f acul ty
, .
 D E S CRI PT I O N O F T HE H E L L S M i ni -m us li n ,
&c . 71

tim es i n d e ed r e-born h er e , h e O b tai ns the consequences o f hi s

o wn a cti ons ; an d s om et im es th e m an wh o h as con s u m ed the
cons e ue n ces o
q f hi s acti on s , p a s s es a t d eath w ith a v er y s m all
r em a n i d er . A nd h ence h e i s s om e tim es b or n h er e with a
s can t
y s to c k of good an d e vi l , h av ing a lm o s t cons um e d th em
in h eav en “ and in h ell ,1" O b r ah m an ! I n th e h ells t h er e i s
thi s v er y gr eat s uff er in g th at t h e d w eller s i n S v ar ga ar e

v i s ibl e thence, 0 f ath er ; an d th e d eni z ens of h ell r ej oi ce , I

as th ey ar e hur l ed d o wn E v en i n S var g a ther e i s an
.

u np ar all el e d p ain i n th at fr om th e v er y tim e of as cen s i on

’ ‘
ther e th i s thought r ev olv es i n o e s m in d ,
n I s h all f all fr om
’
hence an d fr o m v i ew i n g th e h ell s g r eat s uffer in gi s fel t ;
d ay an d ni gh t o ne is ch e e r l es s , thi nki ng I s h al l go th i s
’
cour s e O n e w h o i s b e ing b or n h as gr eat s uff er in g in r e
.

m a i nin g in th e w om b ; an d af t er bir th one h as s nfi eri n g in

child h oo d an d old ag e T h e co nn ex i on als o betw een d es ir e

.

en v
y an d i s gr i ev ous to b ear i n you th a nd ol d a g e i s
ang er

al m o s t all s uff er i ng ; th e h e a vi e s t s uffer in g l i e s i n d e a th

,
.

B o th for hi m wh o i s b or n e ofi by Y am a
’
s m es s en g er s , a nd

f or hi m wh o i s h ur le d d ow n to th e b ell s , th er e ar e aga in
d es ti ned b oth co n cep ti o n , an d bi r th , d eath an d h ell .

S o in th is ro un d o f m un d a n e e xi s t ence cr eatur es r ev o l ve

ab ou t ,
'

li k e th e j ar an d r op e at th e w ell ; an d h av in g b een
b oun d w ith th e fette r s o f na t ur e , th ey ar e b ound p eate d ly
re .

N o pl ea s ur e i s th er e a w hi t, O f ath er , in thi s w o r ld cr ow d ed
w i th hund r ed s O f p ain s ; w h y th en s h ould I i n s tri vin g f or
e m an cip ati on fr om e x i s t ence O b s erv e th e th r ee b r an ch es of

r el igi on
C ANT O X I I .

Ja da d es cri bes the H ells M a haC-r aur ava, T ar/ma s , Nikri nta na,
Ap r a ti s htha, Asi -p a tr a-ma na , an d T ap ta -km nbha to hi s f a ther .

T h e f a th e r spo k e .

Good , m y s on th ou h a s t d eclar e d th e d eep es t ob s cu r i ty of

m un d a n e exi s ten ce, r el yi n g o n th e gr eat fr uit th at gr o w s
fr om th e b es tow al of n ow le d g e k
T h er ein th ou h a s t v er i ly .

S l ka 1 Nar ak a I F or m od amte re ad s i d a/nte

‘
v ar - o . .
72 CANT O XI I .

d e s cr ib ed th e R a ur av a s as w el l a s all th e Nar a k as tell m e of

th em at l en g th , 0 m i g h ty i n int ellect

T he s on s p o k e .

I h av e d es cr ib ed t o th ee fir s t th e h ell R au r av a, no w li s ten
t o the d es cr ip ti on o f th e h ell n am e d M a h a-r a ur av a fi“
O fa th er !
T h er e fo r s ev e n ti m es fiv e th o u s an d yoj an a s all ar o un d th e

ear th i s m a d e of p er ; b en eat h i t } i s fir e
co p . H eat e d b y th e h eat
th er e of th e w h ol e r eg i on s h in es w ith a li gh t e qu al t o th at of

th e r is i n g m o o n , m os t inten s ely s e v er e to s ig ht t ou ch and th e

o th er s ens a ti ons . T h er e th e ev il - d oer i s d ep o s ite d , b oun d h and

m ov es r ollin g ab ou t in th e
’
an d f oot , b y Y am a s s er v ants ; h e
m id s t P r eye d u p on b y cr o w s , h er on s , w olv es ,
. an d ow ls,

s cor p i on s , an d m os qu i toes , an d vu lt ur e s h e is s p eed ily d r a g

g ed o ut i nto th e r o ad . B u r nt an d conf o un d e d , he e x cl ai m s
”
r e p e at e d ly , F ath er ! M oth er ! B r oth er ! D ear o n e ! F ull of

f e ar h e can g et n o r ep o s e I n thi s m ann er th er efor e em an ci

.

p a ti o n fr o m e x i s t en ce i s a ttain ed to b y v i olent m en , w h o e vi l
m i n d e d h av e co m m itt e d s in , in t en th ou s an d tim es ten
th o u s a nd ye ar s .

“
M or eo v er ther e i s an oth er hell n am e d T a m as ; I it i s bitter ly
col d n a tur a lly it i s l on g M ah a r aur av a , an d is e n v el o
as as
ped
-

i n d ar kn es s . T h er e th e m e n , a ffl i ct e d wi th th e co l d ,
r unn i n
g
ab ou t in th e awf ul d ar knes s , en co un t er one a nother an d s ee k
r ef u
ge pin g on e an o th er
cl a s An d th ei r teeth a dh er e t og eth er,
.

ch atter in g wi th p ai n th r o u h th e c o ld th er e a r e als o o th er
g
p l a gues th e s tr on g es t of w hi ch ar e h un g er an d th ir s t A cu t .

ti n g w i n d , la d en wi th p ar ti cles of s n o w , p i er ce s th e ir b ones

p r es s ed w i th h un g er , th ey f ee d o n th e m ar r o w a n d b loo d th at
tr i ckl e d ow n th er efr o m . k
C on s t antly li c i n g , th ey w hir l ab o u t

i n m ut u a l con ta ct S o th er e i n T am a s a ffli cti on is

. v er
y g r ea t
ind eed end ur ed by h um an b ein g s , un ti l , 0 m ost w or thy
b r ahm an ! th ei r s in s ar e co m
p l e t el y con s u m e d .

N ex t th er e i s an oth er n o tabl e h e l l , k
n o wn a s N ik rin t an a .
§
I n it p otter
’
s w h eels r evolv e i n ce s s antly , O fa th er ! Hum an

4“ V er y ter ri b le .

1 F or ta s/ya r ea d yd
ta s'
‘
 D E S C RI PT I O N OF T HE H E L L S M AuA- RAU RAVA, &c . 73

b e ing s ar e m oun ted th er eon an d ar e cu t by th e s tr i n g of F a te

w h i ch i s b or ne on th e fin g er s of Y am a
’
s s er v ant , fr o m th e
s o l e of th e fo ot t o th e h ea d an d th es e m en d o n ot los e th eir lif e
ther eby, m ost v ir tu o us b r ah m an ! a nd th eir p or ti on s s ev er e d

i n h un d r e d s r e uni t e . I n th i s w ay s i nn er s ar e cut i n s un d er
d ur ing th ou s a nd s of year s , unt il i n d eed th e w h o le o f th ei r

s in s ar e co n s u m e d .

Li s te n al s o w h il e I s p ea k of th e h ell A -p r ati s h th a , th e
o ccup an t s of w h i ch h ell un d er g o i n tol er a ble pa in T hos e.

w h eel s ar e th er e i n d ee d , an d
j ar a n d w ell-r o p e s on th e oth er
s id e , w h i ch h av e b een cons ti tu te d cau s es o f p ai n to m en w h o
en g a g e in s in . S o m e h u m an b ein g s m o un te d o n th e w h eels
w h ir l ar oun d th er e ; for th o u s and s of
ye ar s n o oth er con d i
ti on i s th eir s ; an d then a n oth er m an i s b ound to th e j ar and
w ell -r o p e , as th e j ar i n th e w a t er . H um an b ein g s wh ir l
a r o un d ,
c o n tin u all
y s p i tt in g ou t b l oo d , w i th b loo d p ou r in g
fr om th eir f a ce s , a n d w i th eyes s tr eam i n g wi th tear s T h ey .

ar e v i s i t ed w i t h p a i n s th a t ar e b eyon d en d u r an ce b y li v i n g
cr e a t ur e s .

H e ar als o o f ano th er h ell c a ll e d A s i -p a tr a -v an a w h i ch

h as g r o un d co v er e d wi th b la z in g fir e f or a th ou s an d
th e

yo j an a s , w h er e th ey ar e g r i ev ou s ly s cor ch e d b y th e v er y
fier ce v e h em en t b e am s of th e s un T h e li v in g b e in g s th at .

inh ab i t th e h e ll ar e ev er f alli ng d ow n th er e I n t h e m id st .

th er eo f a p p ea r s a ch ar m i n g f or es t w i th m oi s t l e a v es . T he

le a v es th er e ar e s w or d - b la d es , 0 m os t v i r t u o us b r ahm an !
M yr i a d s f of k
p o w er fu l b l a c d o g s al s o b ar k th er e , w i th lo n g
m uz z les , wi th l a r g e t e e th , fo r m id a b l e as tig er s T h en g a z i n g .

at t h a t f o r es t b ef or e th e m , w i th i ts coo l s h ad es , th e li vi ng

b e in g s h as t en th i th er , o ppr e s s e d w i th r ag in g th ir s t, cr yi n g A h
m o th er ! ah d ear on e i n d e e p es t w oe th eir f eet b ur nt by th e

fir e l a m b en t on th e gr oun d . W h en th ey w end th er e , a w ind

t h at h ur ls d o w n th e s w or d leav es , an d c as ts th e
bl o w s , so
-

s w or d s d ow n u p on th em . T h er eat th ey f a ll to th e ear th in to

a m as s of b l a zi n g fir e , w hi ch h as p er v ad e d th e e n ti r e s ur f ace

’ ’
’ ’
bhi td h r ead
’

i“ Sw o r d -le af f or e s t .
1 F or
'
a y nt a -s o ayuta s o s i ta.h
74 C A NT O XII I .

of th e g r o un d , an d is co n s t a n tl y k
l i c i n g i n oth er d i r e cti ons .

T h er eu p on th e t er r ific d o g s qu i c kly r en d m an y li m b s f r o m

th e b o d i es of th os e w aili n g o n es . I h av e d es cr ib ed th i s
A s i -p atr a -v a n a t o th ee , d ear f ath er
N e x t l e ar n of me a b ou t th e v er y d r ea d f ul T ap t a - k um b h a .
*

On a ll s i d es h e ate d p i t ch er s a r e s urr oun d ed w i th th e fl am es

of fir e , a nd a r e fill e d w ith o il ir on a n d p o w d er W h i ch b o i l ov er

on to th e h e ap s of b l az i n g fir e . I n to th em th e w o r k er s Of

i ni qui ty T h ey
’
ar e h e a d l on g b y Y a m a s s er v an t s f
c as t - ar e

b oile d , a nd foul th e w at er w i th th e m ar r ow th at o o z es fr om
t h ei r b u r s tin g li m b s . T e r r ib l e p u ll in g th em out
v ultur es

fr a ctu r e th e e y e -b on e s of t h e ir b ur s t i n g s ku ll s a g ain th ey ar e

d r o p p e d i n t o th e s am e p i tcher s b y th e i m p etuou s bi r d s a g ain

th e y b e c o m e un it e d w i th th e li qu e fie d h ea d s , li m b s , s i ne w s ,

fl e s h , s k in and b on es , b y m ean s of th e o il in t h e s e ethi n

g v e s s el .

T h en b ei n g q ui c ly a n d k vi g o r o u s l y s ti r r ed up b y Y am a
’
s s er

v a nt s w i th a s p oo n , th e s inn er s ar e ch u r n e d u
p in th e w hir li ng

p oo l o f co p i o u s o i l . S u ch i s th e T ap ta - kum bh a th at I h av e
fully d e s cr ib e d t o t h ee , O f ath er

C ANT O XI I I .

Conver s a ti on between the fa ther a n d s on

(conti nued) .

S um a ti r ela tes an i n id en t i n on e
f
the p er i od s he sp ent i n
g o

i
’
hell —
K i ng Vi p a s-c i t cop es ther e a n d a s ks w hy, i n sp i te of a
con d em ned
ri
ghteous lif e, he wa s ther e .

T he s on s
po k e .

N ow I w as b or n in V a i sya
’
a s f a m i ly i n th e s e v enth lif e
th at p r eced ed m y p r es en t on e . O nce u p on a ti m e I ob s tr uc te d

th e cat tl e at th ei r d r i nk in g In
. co n s e
qu e n ce of th at a ct I
w as co n s i g n e d to a v er
y t er r i bl e h ell , f ear f u l wi th fl am e s O f
fir e, i nf e s t ed wi th b i r d s wi th ir on b ea k m ud d y b y r eas on of
s,

th e
'

s tr eam s of bl ood tha t flowed f r om lim b s cr u s h e d b

y
m p er v a d ed w ith th e s ou n d o f blood p our i n g d o w n
ach in es ,

fr om s in n er s w h o ar e b ein g cut a s un d er W h en c a s t d o w n .

it B ur ning -p itch er 1 F or yd m y ah re ad yam ya/ilz

‘ ’
.
.
 ' ’
75
’
KI NG V I PAs -O IT s VI S I T T o HE L L .

th er e I s p ent
ye ar s an d m or e , s cor ch e d by th e
a h un d r e d
i n tens e h eat , an d b ur ni n g w i th th i r s t .

On a s ud d en a wi n d b l e w on m e th er e , b r in i n
g g g l a d n es s , d e
li cious ly co o l , i s s u i n g fr o m o ut Of a p itch er of m eal an d s an d fi“
T hr ough cont act wi th it a ll th e m e n w e r e r eli e v e d of th eir
tor m ent s , an d I t o o g a in e d a b li s s s u pr e m e , s u ch a s th e cel e s

ti al b ei n g s en j o
y i n S v ar g a . And wi th e
yes fix ed i n a w id e

gaze o f j oy ,
i n wond er at w h a t th i s w as , w e s aw a t h an d a

p eer le s s p er f ect m an ; an d Y am a s d ir e s er v ant , s t aff in h an d ,

’

k
li e I n d r a s th un d er b olt wa s s h o w i n g th e p ath in fr ont , an d
’

a v o i ce ca m e s ayi n g co m e h ith er ! T h en th at m an s ee in g

th e h ell fill e d w it h h u n d r e d s of t or tur es , m o v ed w i th com

p a s s io n , ad d r e s s ed th at s er v ant o f Y am a .

T h e m an s
po k e .

HO ! s er v an t of Y am a ! s a y, w h at s in h av e I com m it ted ,
f or w hi ch I h a v e in cur r e d th i s d e e p e s t h el l , fr i g h tful f or i t s
K n own V ip as i t , I w as b or n i n th e f am i ly
’
tor m en t s as -c
of

th e Ja n ak a s ,
i n th e y tr uth a g ua r
c o untr
y o f V i d eh a , in v er

di a n o f m en I s a cr ifice d wi th m an y s a cr ifices ; I p r o t ected

.

th e ea r th w i th u p r i g h tn es s n o r d id I l et figh ti n
g r ag e no

g ues t d e p ar t ed wi th av er t e d count en a n ce ; n or di d I o ffe n d

th e p i tr i s , th e g o d s , th e ri s hi s or my s er v a n ts ; nor d id I co v et

gh t e ls e b elo n gi n g to th em
’
o th e r m en s wiv e s , or w ealth , o r au .

th e p i tri s ,
’
A t th e m oon s ch a n g es on o ther lun ar d ays th e

god s , v o lun t a r ily a pp r o ac h e d m an i n d i k as cow s a

p o ol T he .

tw o r e li
g i ou s d uti e s , b oth s a cr i fice an d m er i t or iou s w or k ,

p er i s h in a s m u ch as th e p erf or m er s o f d o m e s ti c s a cr i fice s d e p ar t
s i hing wi th a v er t e d f a ces
g T h e m er i t a m a s s ed in s ev en liv es
.

i s d i s s i p at e d b y th e s i g h in g of th e p i t ri s th e s ig h in g a s s ur e d ly
d es tr oys th e d e s tiny th a t s p r i n g s fr o m th r ee li v e s e n ce . H
I w a s ev er i n d e ed k i nd ly d i s p os e d to w h at con cer n ed th e g o d s
an d th e p itri s b ei n g s uch , h o w h av e I i n cu r r ed this v er
y
ter r ib l e h ell

cam p h or 1 P ur us ha
‘
Or, . .
76 CANT O x1 v .

C ANT O X I V .

with Y am a
’
*
narr a ti ve (conti nued) T he conver s a ti on fi cer
’
Ja da s
—
s o .

'
i t why he was cond em ne d to
tells king Vi pa s
’
Y a/ma s o fii cer -c

hell — H e exp la i ns to him the na tur e a nd r es u lts of good a nd evi l

'

d eed s gener a lly, a n d m entions a t grea t leng th the p unis hm ents

a war d ed to var i ous sp ecia l s i ns .

T he s on s p ok e .

T h us interr o g at e d th en by th at h i g h -s oul ed ki ng in our

h ear in g , Y am a s ofli cer , th ou gh d r ea d f ul , w ith m o d es t s p eech
’

re
p li ed .

Y am a
’
s ofii cer s p o k e .

M ah ar aj a ! i t i s ev en as
y th ou h as t s aid , un d oubted l .

N ev er th el es s th ou d id s t com m i t , S ir ! a v er y tr i fl ing m i s d eed ;

I wi ll r ecall i t t o thy m ind T h e wif e w h om tho u h ad st, a .

p ri n ces s of V i d ar bh a , n am ed P i v ar i , —
h er s eas on o f ap titud e

for s e x ua l int er cour s e w a s f or m er ly r e n d er ed

b arr en b y th ee,
w h o w as t en am o ur e d of th e r es l en d en t K aik e i ; h en ce for
p y
th e tr ans gr es s i on i n th e m att er of h er s e a s on th ou h as t incur
r ed ,
S ir ! a d ea d f ul h ell s u ch a s thi s . A s th e F ir e e x p ects

th e f all of th e li quid b utter at th e tim e of th e Hom a o b lati on

,

ev en so d oes B r ahm a e x p ect th e d ep o s i t of s ee d at th e

app r ov ed s eas o n . A r i gh t eo u s m an w h o d i sr eg ar d in g th at
s eason , m ay b ecom e ab s or b e d in ob ects
j of d es ir e, w ould s till

in cur s in by r eas on of th e d eb t d u e to hi s an ce s t or s an d

w oul d f all into h ell . S u ch in d ee d w as th y s in ; n augh t

el s e i s f oun d ; co m e th en ! g o , 0 king ,
t o th e j
en oym en t of thy
”
m er i tor iou s act s .

T he kin g s
po e k .

I w ill g o , 0 s erv ant of th e g od , w h er e th ou s h alt lead m e .

S om eth ing I a sk , d eign t o d e clar e i t t o m e ar i g h t . T h es e

cr o w s w ith ad am an t b ea ks ar e t eari n g ou t m en
’

yes ; and s e

th es e m en ar e h a v ing th eir e ye s r en e we d a ain an d a a in

g g .

An d w h at d eed h av e th ey d on e ? E x p l ain thi s ab om in abl e

th in g . Li kewi s e th ey are te ar i ng out th e t on ue f r o m th es e
g

a
t S tupi d
’
T he one, S a m a ti’ a nicknam e .
 '

NAT U RE AND RE SUL T S O E GO O D AND E VI L DEED S . 77

o ther m en as i t i s b ei n g re
p r o d u ced an e w . W hy ar e th es e

gr i ev ou s ly a ffl i ct e d m en . t or n w i th a s aw Why ar e th e s e
o ther m en , i m m er s e d i n O il , b oile d am on
g m eal an d s an d

A nd th es e other m en ar e d r a gg e d ab o u t b y ir on -b ea k ed

b ir d s ; s ay, of w h at ki n d ar e th e y , s cr eam i n g wi th l ou d
cr i e s th r ou gh th e p ai n ca u s e d b y th e loos e n ed b o d i ly b an d s .

P a in e d b y th e w o un d s in e v er y li m b , w h y a r e th es e m en , w h o
k
.

h av e wr ou gh t in i qu ity, s tr u c b y th e on s l au g h t of th e ir on
b ea k s d ay a n d ni g h t . T ell m e w ith o u t r es er v ati on , th r oug h
w h at m atu r in g of th ei r act s ar e th e s e an d o th er t or m ents

s een am o n g s i nn er s .

Y am a
’
s o fficer s p o k e .

S in ce th o u as k es t m e, 0 k in g , con cer n in g th e i
r se o f th e
fr ui t s of s inf u l a cti o n s , I w ill tell th ee t h at s u c cin ctly a nd

co r r ectl y . A m an v er il
y a tta in s m er i t an d d em er it i n r eg u l ar
or d er an d his s i n or hi s m er i t d i m ini s h e s as h e con s u m es i t .

B ut no h um a n a cti on , w h eth er v ir tu o u s or s i nf ul , qui c ly k

cl ean s es e x ce p t by con s um p ti on D i m i nuti on ar i s es
. th r o u g h
co n s um p ti on . A n d h e ab an d on s m er it an d d e m er i t th r ou gh
co n s um i n g i t h e ar k en to m e F r om f am i n e in d eed to fa m i n e ,
fr o m a fli i cti o n to affli cti o n , fr o m f ear to f e ar g o need y s i n

n er s , m or e d ead th an th e d ead A m a ni fold

. cou r s e do
cr eatur e s ta k e th r oug h t h e f etter s of t heir acti o n s . F r om
f es ti v a l t o f e s ti v al , fr om S v ar g a to S v ar g a , fr o m h a pp i n es s to
h a pp i n es s g o th e fa i thf u l , an d t h e p eacefu l , th e r i ch , a n d th e
d o er s g oo d
of B u t s inn er s , w h en s lai n b y s i n , en coun t er
.

p eri l s fr o m b ea s ts of p r ey and el ep h an ts , t er r or s fr om s n ak es
an d th i ev es ; w h at s ur p as s e s thi s D ecked wi th f r a g r an t

g ar l an d s , cla d in fin e p p ar el, enj oyi ng b eau ti ful car r i a g es

a

d w ellin g s an d f oo d , th os e w h o ar e p r a i s e d ev er g o t o s acr ed

gr ov e s w i th th ei r m er itor i ous d eed s .

an d d e m er i t a r e a m as s e d in th e s um of
’
T h u s m en s m eri t

m an y h un d r e d s of th o u s a n d s of liv e s th e y s pr i n g fr o m th e

g er m s o f p le a s ur e an d p a in . F or as th e s eed , 0 k in g ,
aw ai ts

t h e w at er , so d o m er i t and d e m e r it a w ai t hi m w ho act s

o th e r wi s e th an at th e ri gh t ti m e p la ce
an d A tr ifling s in .

co m m i tted by a m a n , w h en i t r e ach es th e p l ace and ti m e ,

78 C ANT O XI V .

i nfli cts th e p ain pr o d u ce d by a th o r n , wh en th e foot i s l anted p

d own heed les s ly T h en i t i n fli cts th e acuter s ev er e p ain th a t
.

i s c au s ed by p ins an d w e d g es , an d li e wi s e s car cely end ur abl e k

h ea d ach es and
p a i ns I t cau s es the p ai ns engend er ed
o th er .

by eatin g un w h ol e s om e thi ngs , b y cold , h eat, f ati gue, infl am m a

ti on an d s u ch l i e k
M or eov er s i n s h a v e r egar d to o ne anoth er
.

am id th e conflu e nce of th e i r r es ult sI n th i s w ay h ein o us

.

i
s ns ha ve r e ar d
g to th e d et er i or ated s tate of pr otr acted
illnes s , &c ; an d the y v e r il
y ten d to th e con s eq uence s p r od uced
b y w eap ons , fir e , cal am i ty , p ain , i m pr i s onm ent , an d s o f or th .

A tr ifli ng go o d d ee d conf er s at o n ce a plea s ing fr agr an ce, or

t ou ch , or s oun d , tas t e, o r s h ap e m or e k k
m ar e d l i e wi s e after
a long tim e , an d
g r e at w h en ar i s in g at th e p r o p er p eri o d .

A nd in th i s w ay p l eas u r es an d p ain s s p r ing in d ee d out of g ood

a nd b ad a ctio ns A m a n s tays h er e con s um ing th e p ro d uc
.

ti ons o f nu m er ou s m u n d an e e x i s ten ces . A nd th e r es u lts of

knowl g e or i g nor an ce ar e ch e c e d b y r a ce and cou ntr y,

ed k
an d r em ai n th er e un it e d m er el y b y outw ar d s i g n t o th e s oul .

N ev er an d no w h er e d oth th e m an ex i s t wh o d oeth no t a

w ic k ed o r h oly act i n b o d y, m i n d , or s p e ech . W h at ev er a m an

r ecei v es , w h eth er p ain or p l eas u r e , w h eth er gr eat or i ns i g
nificant , it pr o d u ces a ch an g e d con d iti on of th e m in d
; b so y
m u ch eith er hi s ,v ir tu e , or on th e oth er h an d hi s s in , gra d ua lly
d i m ini sh e s by con sum p ti o n , j u s t li e f o o d th at i s b ei n eaten
g k .

I n th is w ay th e s e m en , d w ellin g w i th in h ell , d i m in is h thei r

aw ful h ein ous s in s by t orm en t s d ay an d ni g h t . Likewi s e, 0
king ,
th ey cons u m e th e ir v ir tu es i n th e co m
p any of th e fin
m or tal s in S v ar g a wi th th e d o th e r
s on
gs an
j oys of th e
Gan d h ar vas , S i d d h a s an d A p s ar as e s . I n th e co nd i tio n of a

and h um an b e i n g ,
g od ,
a an d a br ute cr e atur e
, one con

s um es go o d or evil , ar i s m g fr o m vi r t u e or s in a nd ch ar acter i z ed
,

by pl eas ur e or p ai n .

“
W h at th ou en quir es t a b o ut of m e, 0 k in g ! n a m el
y Of
w h at p ar ticul ar s in s ar e th e t or tur e s o -d
o er s th e f w i cked
’
con s e quences P th at I wi ll d ecl ar e to t h e e in full d et ail .

When v ile cov et ou s m en h av e g a z ed on o th er s

’
W i v e s an d

go od s w ith ev il
’
on oth er s ey e an d ev il m ind , th es e bir d s
 PU NI SHM E NT S ros V ARI O U S sm s . 79

w ith ad am ant b ea k s t ear ou t

yes ; a n d th ey h av e th eir
th eir e

eyes r e p r o d u ce d con ti nu a ll
y . M or eov er d ur in g a s m an y t w i n k
li n g s of th e ey e s a s t h e s e m en h a v e com m i tt ed th e s in , s o m an y
t h ou s an d s of y ear s th ey un d er g o t h e e y e -tor tur e .

T h os e m en w h o h a v e g i v en in s tr u cti on i n wi c ed S as tr a s , k
a n d th os e w h o h av e a d v i s e d s uch i ns tr u cti on , f o r th e
p ur p o s e of
com pl et el y d e s tr o yi n g t h e s i g h t ev en of th eir e n em i es ; th o s e
w h o h av e r ep ea te d th e S as tr a im p r op er ly ; th os e w h o h av e

gi v en u tter an ce to an ev il w or d th o s e w h o h av e b l as ph em e d
th e V e d a , th e g o d s , th e d vi j as an d th eir g ur u ; f or s o
m an y ye ar s th es e v er y t er r ibl e bi r d s wi th a d am an t b eak s
’
t ear o ut t h o s e m en s v er
y t on g u e s as th e y ar e con tinu a l l
y
r e p r o d u ce d .

A l s o b a s e m en , w h o h av e ca u s ed d i s s en s i o n am on g fr i e nd s ,
or d i s s en s i on b etw een a f ath er an d h is s on an d r el at i o n s ,

b etw een a s acr ifice r an d a s pi r i tu al

p r ecep tor , b etw een
a m o th er an d h er s on w h o i s h er com p ani on , an d b etw een

w if e an d h u s b an d ,— s ee th es e m en w h o ar e s u ch ar e t or n wi th

a s aw ,
0 kin g !
Al s o th os e w h o c au s e p ain to oth er s ; an d th os e w h o f or bid
j oyou s ne s s an d those w h o d ep r iv e other s of f an s , b r ee z y p l aces ,

s an d al , and u sir g r as s an d b as e m en w h o h a v e i nfli cted

lif e
’
s uffer ing o n i nn ocen t m en at s en d —
,
th e s e p ar ti c i p at or s

in s in , wh o ar e s u ch , ar e p l a ce d w i thi n m e a l an d s a n d .

'
w h o e a t s a n o th er s s r ad d h a , w h en
’
M or eov er th e m an

in v i te d b y th e oth er to a cer em on y . e i th e r t o th e g o d s or to th e

p i tri s , h e i s r ent i n tw ai n b y b ir d s .

“
B ut w h oev er l acer a t es th e v it al s of
good m en w i th wi c k ed

w or d s , th es e b ir d s un ch e c k e d co nti nu ally s tr i e hi m k .

An d w h oev er in d u l g e s in k
b a c bi ti n g , d i s s em bling in

s p ee ch , di s s em b li n g i n m in d , h i s t on g ue i s a s s ur e d ly tor n in

tw ain th u s b y s h ar p r a z or s .

An d r op ogon m m i ca tns , Rox bur g h ; th e m od er n kha s -kha s . T he r oot s ,

wh en d r y , a nd th e n g ently m oi s te n e d , em it a p l e as a nt fr a g r an ce ; t h ey ar e

e m p loyed to m ak e lar g e fans and a ls o s c r e e n s , w hic h ar e p lac ed be for e d o or s

and w in d o w s ,a nd w h i ch b e in g k e p t m oi s t d ur ing th e h ot w in d s r e nd er th e

a ir th at p as s e s th r o ug h th em c oo l a nd f r a gr ant ( Ro xb p . .
80 C ANT O XI V .

W h o ev er puff e d ,
u p , s h o w co nt em p t t ow ar d s th eir p ar ent s

an d gur us —
th e s e m en , w h o ar e s u ch , ar e p lun g e d h ea d f or e
r eeki ng w it h p u s , o r d ur e an d u r i n e
m o s t i nt o a pit
.

T hose w ho e at , w hile t h e g od s , g u e s ts an d liv in g b ein g s ,

d ep en d an ts a nd vi s i tor s , an d al s o th e p i tri s , th e fir e an d bir d s

ar e l eft unf ed th os e evi l m en fee d o n carr i o n and ex u d a ti o ns ,

th ey b eco m e S ii c 1 -m uk h a b ir d s fi“ m o un t ain s
’

an d as l ar g e as .

B eh old ! th es e ar e m en of th at ki n d .

B u t th os e wh o f e ed a b r ah m an or a m an of an oth er ca s te

in o n e co m y d i s a g r eeab ly
p an o n ear th ,— th o s e m en , li k e th e s e

p er s on s , f e e d on or d ur e .

“
W h oev er eat t h eir o wn fo o d n egl ectin g a m an , w h o h a s

g one f or th in p an y wi th th em , an d w h o b ein g d es titute

co m

s eek s w e alth , th e s e m en, w h o ar e s u ch , f eed on p h l e g m

—
.

T ho s e m en w h o , w ith ou t w a shin g th eir h an d s an d m outh

aft er m e al s , 0 kin g ! h av e t ou ch e d catt l e , b r ah m an s an d th e

fir e , —
th es e h an d s of th eir s p l a ce d in fir e- p o ts ar e li c k ed

r ep eat e d ly .

B ut th os e m en w h o , w i th ou t w a sh ing th eir h and s an d

m outh af ter m e al s , h av e g a z ed l on g in g ly at th e s un , m oon

’
an d s t ar s , —
in th eir eyes Y am a s s er v ants p lace fir e and

au
gm en t i t .

“
M or eov er w h at ev er m en h av e tou ch e d ca ttl e , fir e , th ei r
m oth er , a b r ah m an , th eir eld e s t b r o th er , f a th er , s i s ter ,

d a u g h t er -in -l a w , th ei r g ur us an d th e a g e d w i th t h eir f e et ,
th e y s tan d m i d p il es o f ch ar coal , w i th th ei r f e e t b o un d w i th

r ed - h ot ir on f ett er s , e n d ur in g b ur n in g up t o th e k nees .

W h oev er h av e e at e n in an u nh a ll o w e d m ann er m il k ,

kh i chr ee , g oa t s fl e s h , a n d th i n g s o fier ed a s f oo d t o th e g o d s ,
’

th e eyes of th o s e s inner s , a s th ey li e h ur l e d t o th e g r ound

g a z in g w ith s t ar tin g eyes , ar e t or n out, s e e f r om th eir f aces

wi th p i n cer s
’
b y Y am a s s er v ant s .

T h e d iction ar i e s d o not s ay w h a t bir d th is i s . I w oul d s ugg e s t f r o m th e

m e ani n g -of th e w or d , th at it m ea ns a H on ey -S u c ke r (t h e c om m one s t s p e ci e s o f

w hi ch i s th e P ur pl e H on ey -S uck er , Ar a chn echth/r a a s i a ti ca

) , or i t m ay b e th e
H oop o e , Up up a ep op s , w hi ch a ls o h as a l ong s l e n d er b e ak (Je r d on , v ol . I , pp .

37 0
 '

a snn s urs ron VAm ous sm s . 81

And b as e m en wh o h av e h ear k e ne d to blas h em y p ag ain s t

gur us , th e g od s , an d d v ij as , an d a ga ins t th e V ed as ,— th es e
s er v ants of Y am a conti nu ally d r iv e ir on w ed g es , r e d as fir e ,
into th e ear s , of s uch wi c k ed m en w h o j
r e oi ce in such thi ngs
th ou gh th ey b ew ail the whi le .

W hoever led b y an g er a nd co v etou s nes l , h ave br o en u p

,
k
*
an d d es tr oyed b eau tif ul r es t -h ou s es , t he ab o d es of go d s and
b r ah m ans , and as s em b l ag es i n th e t em l es of th e g od s , p
Y am a
’
s ex ceed in gly cr uel s er v an t s c o ntinu ally fl ay th e s k in s
of th o s e m en fro m th eir bo d y b y m ean s
‘

of th es e s h ar p ins t ru

m ents .

W h atever m en h av e m ad e w at er in th e p ath of ca ttle ,

br ahm ans , an d th e s un , th es e e ntr ai ls of their s ar e d r awn

out thr ou gh th e anus by cr o w s .

Wh er e a. ma n af ter h avi n g giv en hi s d au gh ter to s om e

on e, g iv es h er to a s eco n d p er s on , tr ul
y th at m an i s th us
d ivi d e d i nto m any p or ti on s , an d swe
pt along in a s tr eam of

b ur nin g corr os i v e .

“
W h atev er m an, m or eo v er , en gr o s s ed in hi s o wn nouri s h

m ent ab and ons h i s d e s ti tu te chi ld r en , d ep en d ants , wife an d

o th er r elati v e s in a f am in e or in a d i stur b an ce, h e i nd ee d

i n his h un ger th us g ets p or ti on s of h i s o wn fl es h , whi ch
cu t o if an d p ut i n to hi s m outh
’
Y am a s s erv ant s .

W h oev er thr o u gh av ar i ce ab and ons thos e w h o h av e s ough t

prote cti o n an d who ar e d e p en d ent on hi m for th e ir li v e lih ood ,

'

wi th tortur es
’
h e in d e e d is th us tor tur ed by Y ama s s erv ant s

by m e ans of m achi n es .

M en who k goo d d
ch ec ee d s a ll th eir liv es long ar e gr oun d
with th e gri n d ing of ks roc ,
a s ar e th es e ev il -d oer s .

M en wh o carr y ofip led g es ar e b ound w ith b and s on a ll

th eir lim b s , and ar e d ev our ed d ay and night by in s ect s , s cor '

pi ons , an d r av ens .

“
W i ck ed m en w h o ind ul g e i n s ex u al inter cour s e b y d ay
,

w or n away by h un g er ,
’
an d m en wh o d efile oth e r s w i v es , ar e

h av e th eir tongue s d r o pp in g fr om th eir p alates by r eas on o f

th ir s t, a nd ar e r a c e d wi th p ang s k .

P r ap a, ro ad -s id e s h e d s f or acco m m o d at ing tr av eller s wi th water .

11
82 CANT O XI V .

M or eov er , s ee th e s e em u l tr ee w ith its l ong ir on

th or n s m o unted ther eon th e b o d i e s of si nner s p i er ced ,
ar e

a nd th ey ar e foul with th e s tr eam s o f b loo d th at p our for th .

S ee al s o , 0 tig er li - k e m an th es e d efiler s o f o th er s
’
wi v es ,
”
b ein g d e s tr o ye d b y Y a m a s s erv ants i n th e m ou s e ?
’
w ho ar e

Wh at ev er m an , d ep os in g hi s s p ir itual p r e ceptor , s tub

b or nl y p ur s u es hi s lear ni n g or ar — t h e v er il y, b ear in g th u s a m
r oc k on hi s h ea d , un d er g oes a ffl i ctio n i n th e p u bli c w ay, s u ffer
in g d in g p ain ,
e x ce e em aci at e d wi th h un ge r d ay a n d ni g h t , hi s

h ea d qui v er in g thr ou g h th e p a in of hi s bur d en .

T h os e w h o h av e d i s ch ar g e d u r in e, p hle g m or o r d ur e

in w ater , —
th ey , s u ch as t h e s e p er s ons , h av e c om e to a h ell
s ti nkin g wi th p h le g m o r d ur e an d ur in &
’
P r es s ed wi th h un g er th es e m en ar e d ev our in g o n e a noth e r s

fl es h — th es e m en f or m er ly d id n o t e at a ccor din
g t o th e r ul es of

h os pi tali ty m utu ally .

T h os e als o w h o h av e d i s car d e d th e V e d a s an d th e fir es ,
them s elv es kin d lin g th eir ow n fir es , —
th ey, su ch as th es e p ers ons ,
ar e r e p e at e d ly h ur l ed d o w n fr om th e lofti es t s um mi t of a

m oun tai n .

T h o s e m en w h o h av e m ar ri e d vi rg in wi d ow s a nd h av e
gr own old t o th e f ul l e x t ent of lif e,— th es e t ur n e d into w or m s
ar e con s um e d by ants .

r ecei v i n
By g fav our s f r om an out ca s te , I b y p er for m in g
s acri fi ce s for a n ou tcas te, b
y con s tant atten d an ce on a n ou tcas te,
a m an e v er r each es th e con di t io n of an in s ect tha t li ves am on g

s ton es .

T h e m an , w h o e at s s w eetm eat s all b y hi m s elf , w hil e hi s

r el ati v es or h i s f r i en d s or a
g ues t l oo k on, e at s a
p ile of

b ur ni ng ch ar coal .

T hi s m an
’
s b ac ki s co nt in ua ll
y d ev our e d b y f ear ful w olv es ,
b ecau s e , 0 king ! h e w as a b ac k bi ter of p eop l e .

'
i lm ali , th e C otton
Sz S il k - co tton tr ee , B om ba x m a la bar i cum he ta h ll a
or
( p p y ,
th e B eng ali s i m nl , th e H in d us tani s em a l I t i s a lar g e tr e e , co m m on
.

al m os t e v e r yw h e re , wi th s t o ut h ar d con i ca l p r i ckl e s (H o ok er , v ol . I , p 349.

R o xb .
, p . H e r e i t m e ans a k i nd of ins tr um e nt of tor tur e .

1 A ki nd of ins tr um ent of tor tur e .

I S e e C anto X V . v er s e 1 .
 I
P UNI SI M E NT S F O R VARI O U S sm s . 83

B lin d , m or eov er , d e af , d um b , th i s m an r oam s ab out , s i c k

w ith h un g er —
h e , b as e m an , w a s un g r ateful to m en w h o oc

cup y th em s el v es i n conf er r i ng b en efits .

T hi s m an , w h o r etur n s e vi l f or g oo d , w or ing inj ur y to k

hi s fri end s , v er y ev i l - m i n d e d , d r o p s i nto T a p ta - um bh a k
th er eaft er h e wi ll g r in d i n g ; th en he wi ll go to K ar am
s uff e r

bh a balu a-
k n ex t he wi ll und er go m ech an i cal t or t ur e s ; th en

A s i p atr a v an a and r end in g w i th s a w li e l eav e s

- -
After e x l - k .
“

p er i en cin g , t oo , d iv i s i on b y th e th r ea d of F ate and m anif old

t or m ents , h o w h e w i ll o b t ain e x p i ati o n h er efr om I kn o w n ot .

C or r up t B r ah m a ns , f or h avin g a s s ail e d o ne an oth er w h en

as s em bl e d at S
'
r ad d h a s , d r in k v er ily th e m oi s tur e th at ex u d es

fr o m y l im b
ev e r .

A g old -s t e aler , a br ah m an - s l ayer , a d r in ke r of s pi r ituo us

hi s gur u s b ed , r em ain, b ein g b ur nt i n

’
li qu o r s , a d efiler of

bl a z in g fir e b eneath , ab ov e , a r oun d , for v er y m an y th o u s an d s

r e -b or n a ffl i cte d w ith
of
y ea r s ; t h er eaf ter th ey ar e as m en

l ep r o s y , co n s um p ti o n , s i ck n es s a n d o th e r d is eas es . An d w h en
a g ai n d ea d , th ey e nter h ell an d w h en a g ai n b or n , th e y un d er

go a s i m ila r m ala d y un til th e e nd of th e k al p a , 0 king !

A co w - s l aye r al s o goes t o h ell for r ath e r les s p er i od ,
“
a

n am e ly, d ur in g th r ee li v es .

T h er e i s l i k ew i s e a fix e d o r d in ance r e g ar d i ng a ll m in o r s in s .

T o w h at v a r io u s gr a d es of cr eatur es , fo r w h a t s ev er al
d e fini t e s i ns , m en go , wh en r eleas ed fr om h el l— li s ten to m e
w h il e I r ecoun t th a t .

C ANT O X V .

Conver s a tion between the fa ther a nd s on Conti nued) .

T he exp os i ti on o f s i ns a nd thei r p uni s hm en ts i s conti nued ,

a nd

é
’

Ja d a conc lu d es h i s s tor
y of ki ng Vip a -
c it T he ki ng by hi s —

m er i t d e li ver s a ll the i n ha bi ta nts of hell a nd a s cend s to heaven .

Y am a
’
s o fli ce r s p o ke .

F or a cce pti ng a n yth i n g o f v a lu e fr om an o ut cas te d l et

’
a

d vi j a b e b or n a n as s b ut l e t h i m wh o s acr ifices for th e

o ut cas t e b ecom e a w or m , on hi s r ele a s e fr o m h ell .

XI I I , 6 1 S ee C anto X I V 83
‘
v er s e
S ee C anto v er s e . . .
84 . C ANT O xv .

B ut th e d v ij a w h o h a s m i s b eh av e d to w ar d s h i s s p ir i tu al
'

’
w if e a nd th e l att er
’
r e ce p tor fi “
by cov eting th e latter s s pr o
p
p er ty i n hi s m in d , un d oub te d ly b eco m es a d og .

T h e m an al s o w h o s cor ns hi s p ar en ts i s b or n an a s s f or

r e vi li n g h i s m oth er an d fa th er h e i s b or n a m ain a; 1 ’
and he

p i g eon b ut for
’
wh o s cor n s h i s br oth er s wif e b ecom es a

i n j ur ing h er h e b ecom es a t or to i s e .

H e w h o , w h ile
’
e a tin
g h i s br oth er s p i nd a , d oes n ot pur s u e
b ein g ov er w h elm ed wi th f olly i s i n d e ed
’
hi s br other s w elfar e ,
b or n aft er d eath a m on k ey .

H e who car r i es aw ay a d ep os i t i s b or n a w or m on hi s
r el e a s e fr om h ell . A n d th e d etr a ct er w h en r el ea s e d fr om h ell
R ak s h as a
'

b e com e s a . A n d t h e m a n w h o d es tr oys tr us t i s
b or n a fis h .

F or yin g O ff thr o ugh f olly p a d d y, b ar l ey, s es a

“
c ar r

m um i s ee d ,
m as h b eans , § k ula tth a b ea n s , m u s t ar d -s ee d ? ”
b ean s fit am an r i ce , “ m a d ga w h eat
'

' ’
U p ad h y aya .
1
“
S ar ik la ; s ee n ot e p 4-
9 . .

1: T ila , S e s am u m , S es a/m um or i enta le, Roxb .

( in d i cwm , L innaeus ) ; th e
m o d er n ti l ( Ro x b .
, p . N ot i n Ho oker .

M as h a, a ki nd of b ean , Pha s eolus m wngo, v ar i e ty r a d/ia tu s , th e B e ng ali

m d s h-ka ld/y . I t is e s tee m e d th e b e s t of all th e le g um in ous p l ant s , a nd th e
m e al i s m a d e i nt o b r ead f or m a ny r eli g i o u s c er em oni es .
( H ooker , v ol . II,

p 2 03 Ro xb , p
. . .

Kulatt h a , a ki n d of b ean , D oli chos bifl or us , th e B eng ali ku la ttha

( Hook er , v ol . II , p 2 10 . Roxb .
, p .

1r S ar s h ap a , M us tar d , Si nap i s cam p es tr i s w hi ch co m bin es Ro xb ur g h ’ e S .

d i chotom a , (th e B éd d oi
’
en g ra i or s a r i s hd , Hi nd
.
. s ar s on
) , an d S .
gla u ca (th e
B eng . s veta r d i ) F r o m b oth v ar i eti es a n oil is r es s ed w hi ch i s
ex
p used in d i et ,
.

a nd f or v ar i o us ot h er p ur p os e s ; ( H oo ker v ol . I, p 1 56 Roxb
'
, .
.
, p .

C a na , C hic k p e a or Gr a m , C i cer ar i eti n um

, th e B eng . but, chand an d
chhold i t i s th e s am e a s v a/r tul a .
( Hoo ker v ol I I , p 1 7 6 ; Roxb
,
p 5 67 ;
. . .
, .

O li v er , p .

K alaya . T his i s th e g ener al nam e f or m os t of the c om m onl cultiv ated

y
ki nd s of b e an s , P ha s eolu s .

x1: Kal am a, th e d m am ( hem an ta ) . or l ater r i ce , whi ch i s s own in M ay an d

Jun e an d is r e a p ed in D e c em b e r a nd J a nuar y T h e d u s (fl
.
u ) or e ar ly r i ce is
s ow n ab out A pr il and r eap e d ab o ut A ug us t .

M ud ga, Gr een gr am , P ha s eolus m a n o th e B en

g , g m ug . or m ag -ka ld y .
 P U NI S HM E NT S F O R VARI O U S SI NS . 85

an d fl ax , or oth e r cr o p s , a m an v oi d of un d er s tan d ing is

b or n a l ar g e-m o u th e d r a t r es e m blin g an i ch n eu m on .

wi fe h e i s
’
M or eov er f or i m p r op er ly t ou ch in g an o th er s

b or n a h or r i b le w olf . A n d th e f ooli s h s i n n er who V iol at e s h is

b r o th e r
’
s wif e becom es a d og , a j ack al ,
a h er on , a v ultur e , a

sn a k e , an d a b ir d of
p yfi b y d egr ees
re
"
A n d th e . s inn er , w ho
h as vi o l at e d his
’
fr i e n d s w if e , h i s g ur u s w i fe , a n d
’
th e k in g s
’

w if e, b e com es a co c k -cu c k oo w h en r e l e as e d fr om h ell . T he

m an o f lu s tfu l s o ul i s b or n a h og .

L et h i m w h o hin d er s s acr ifice lib er a li ty an d m arr i ag e

b ecom e a w or m .

A n d h e w h o g iv e s h i s d au g h t er aw ay tw i ce i s v er ily b or n
a w or m .

“
H e wh o f oo d , wi thout g i vi n g s om e to t h e go d s
ob t a in s

th e p i tri s an d b r ah m an s , i s in d eed b or n a cr o w w h en r el eas ed

fr om h ell .

H e w ho s co r n s hi s e ld es t b r o th er , or a b r oth er w h o i s li k e

a f a th er t o h im , i s i n d eed b or n a cur lew w h en d i s m i s s ed

fr om h ell .

An d th e sud r a for app r oachi n

g a b r ah m an -w o m an i s b or n
a w or m ; f or b e g etti n g ofi s p r in g of h er , let hi m b ecom e an
'
in s ect li v in g wi thin w oo d . A nd a c an d al a f or the s am e s i n

i s b or n a h og , a s m all w or m , a d i v er 1 .

A m an un g r at efu l , b as e am o ng m en , w h o r e tur n s ev i l f or

g oo d , w h e n r e l eas e d fr om h ell i s b or n a s m all w or m , an in

s ect , a b ir d , a s cor p i on als o , an d a fis h , a cr ow , a t or to i s e,

th en a p uk k as a .

F o r s layin g an un a rm e d m an , a m an i s b or n a n as s . T he
m ur d er er of a w om an a l s o an d a child -s la yer ar e b or n w or m s .

B ut f o r s t e ali ng v i ctu al s a m an i s b or n a fly .

T h er e i s m or eo v er a d i ff er en ce am on
g v i ctu al s , li s ten
th er eto . F or t a in g k r i ce - o o f d , h e i s b or n a cat , w h en qu it

M i sha ( s ee n ote ab ov e ) is a var i et y of th i s .

( Hooker , v ol . I I , p 2 03
. Roxb .
,

p .

3“ Kan -ka . T hi s m us t m ean a b ir d of p rey . V aka whi ch i s a synon m

y
h as j us t b e en m e n t i o n e d .

i“
1 M ad g u ; s ee no te p 31
‘
. .
 86 CANT O xv .

fr om h ell but for t a ing k r i c e -f o o d m i x e d w i th s es am um and

o i l -c ak e he i s bor n a r at ; and k
for t a ing clar i fied b u tter
fl es h , a cr ow , a d iv er * H e
’
an i ch n eu m on for ta ki ng g oa t s .

who c ar r i e s aw a
y fi s h -m
e at becom es a cr o w ; h e w h o car r i es

aw ay v en i s o n a h aw k
; b u t w h en s a lt i s t a en a w ay, the oj en k '

d er becom es a w ater -cr ow :1' w h en cur d l e d m il is ta ken a wa y, k

a w or m ; an d fo r s t ealin g m il k he is b or n a h en -h er on ; I
but h e w h o s teal s o il i s b or n a coc k r o ach ; for k
ta i n g h on ey
a m an i s b or n a g ad fiy ; f or t a ing
-
k a ca k e , a n an t b ut f or
s t ealin g pul s e a ” s m a ll h ou s e -li z ar d
“
F or s tealin g d i s till e d s p i r i ts l et th e s in ne r b ecom e a

fr a n colin p art r i d g e fl! an d f or t a i n g ir on b e b or n a cr o w k .

W h en br a s s i s car r i ed oif , he is bor n a gr een p i g eo n

w h en a s ilv er v es s el i s ca r r i ed of , a p i g eon ; b u t for tak i n g
a g ol d en v es s el , he is b or n a w or m ; and for s t e al i n g

g ar m ent of w o v en s ilk h e b ecom p ar tr id H an d

'
a es a
ge :
w h en a s il k g ar m ent i s ta k en a w ay h e i s b or n a s il k
S ee n ote 1 p 85 . .

f V i c i -kaka
'
. I do not find t his in P r of M . o nie r - W illi am s ’
D icti onar y . I
w oul d s ug g es t th at i t i s a T er n, m os t p r ob ab ly th e B l ack -b el li e d T er n, S ter n a
w hi ch h a s b lack a nd g r ey p lum ag e an d i s f o un d in
’

r i v er
j avam ca ,
a e ver y in
'
I nd i a . T h e T er n s ar e co m m only ca lle d ya n g d -chi l or gang -chi l, i . e ., t h e r iv er
kite .
( Jer d on , v ol . I I , pp 8 34 . an d

I B al ak a . B al ak a i s th e P o nd He r on or P ad d y -b ir d , Ar d eol a leucop tera ,

th e B eng hunch -ba h . .

( Je r d o n , v ol . II, p .

P i pili ka ; th e m o d er n p ip iré . or p ip ra d e not es th e l ar g er s p eci es o f a n ts .

Ni s h p av a thi s ap p ear s to b e a g en eral n am e f or m os t ki nd s Of p ul s e .

T it tir i , th e F r a n colin M e ad ow p ar tr id g e , of
'

11 or w hi ch th ere ar e tw o
s p eci es i n I nd i a , ( 1 ) th e B l ack p ar tr id g e , F r a n colim/us bu lgar is ( t he m od er n
ti tir or ka la whi ch i s f oun d t h r o ug h ou t th e w h ol e of N or th er n I nd i a ,
and 2 ) th e P ain t e d p ar tr i d g e , F p i ctus .
( al s o ca lle d kal a - ti ta r ) w hi ch i s f oun d

i n C entr al an d p ar t of S outh e r n I n d ia .
( Jer d on v ol , . I I , pp . 558 and

T h e f or m er i s p r ob ab ly th e b ir d m ean t h er e .

H H ar ita s ee n ote 3” p 2 8 . .

K r of M oni er -W i lli am s s ay s th i s i s P er d i a: s lv ati ca b ut I d

H r ak ar a P . .
y , o

not fin d any s uch nam e in er d on I t i s p r ob ab ly e i th e r th e G r e J

y p ar tr id g e ,
.

O r tygorn i s p on ti ceri a na , which is c om m o n th r o ug h o ut th e g r ea t er p ar t of

I nd ia , or th e Kya h p ar trid g e , O .
gul a r i s , W hi ch is f ound thr o ug h out B e h ar a nd

B engal .
( Jor d on, v ol . I I , pp 5 6 9 , . a nd
 PU NI S HM E NT S F O R VARI O US s m s . 87

w or m wh en v er
y fin e cl o th ,
an i n s tr um ent of h or n*
and .

fine cloth ar e c ar r i e d o ff , th e s i nner i s b or n a

p arr ot an d s o t oo
k
for ta in g a g ar m ent of g oat s -h air or s h ee ’ s w ool , an d a linen
p
’

one w h en a cotton th in g i s ta en aw a h e i s b or n a cur l ew ;

y k
an d th e s t eal er of a b ar k en th i n g i s bor n a
p on d h er on ; f or
-

k
ta ing p aint and p oth er b s he i s bor n a p ea coc T h e m an w h o k .

car r i es o ff a r e d g ar m e nt b eco m e s a i v an l v a
j p h eas ant ; j for
'
j
k
ta in g s pl en d i d p er f u m e s let h i m b ecom e a m u s -r at an d f or k
ta ki ng cl o th e s a h ar e ; for th eft of f r ui t a m an becom es a eu

nu ch ; f or thef t of w ood , a w oo d -i n s ect ; I a nd a fl ow er - s t ealer

becom es a p oor m an ; a c ar r i a g e -s t eal er l am e ; an d on e w ho
ta k es v e g et abl e s becom es a gr een p i g e on an d on e wh o ta k es

w ater a p i e d - r e s te d
c cu c k oo .
”
O ne w h o ta k
y lan d , es aw a

g oin g to R aur av a an d th e
a ft e r o th er v er
y terr ible h e lls
b ecom es g r as s , a b u s h , a cr eep er , a cli m b i n g s hr ub , a r ee d

an d a tr ee b y d eg r ee s an d th e m an aft e r w ar d s , w h en hi s s in s

h av e b een d i m i ni s h ed t o i n s ig ni fican ce , b ecom e s a w or m , an in

s ect , a n d a g r as s h opp er , a b ir d , a n a qu at i c an i m al , a d eer and

h av i n g a t tai n e d th e con d i ti o n of k i ne , a nd d e s p i c ab le cas tes

s uch a s C an d i da an d p uk k a sa , he becom es lam e an d bli nd , d ea f ,

lep r ou s , an d affli ct e d wi th p ul m o n ar y c ons u m
p ti on ; h e i s s e i z e d
w i th d i s e as e s a ff ectin g th e m ou th an d th e eye s an d t h e

anu s ; an d h e b ecom es ep il ep ti c ; he attai n s al s o th e con d i

t ion of a sud r a . T h i s t r u ly i s kn o wn t o b e the co ur s e of

s te a l er s of ca ttl e an d g ol d .

A n d fier ce m en w h o s t eal l earni n g , w h o f a ll s h or t i n th eir

r ew ar d s to th e g ur u ; th e m an who m a k es ano th er s
’
wif e h i s
ow n w if e , h e b eco m es a
—
eunu ch , th e fooli s h m an , w h en

e s cap e d fr om th e t or m ents f
o hell .

“
H e w h o m a k es th e H om a o b l ati o n in un k in d l ed fir e i s

b or n a ffl i cte d wi th th e p a in s Of i n d i g e s ti o n , a n d d y s p e p ti c .

A bu s e o f o th e r s , th e r etur ni n g e vil f or g oo d , h ur ting

“

S’arngi k a . I d o n o t find thi s w or d in th e d i ctio nar y .

1
'
Jiv a n- j iv a or j iv a j iv aka
- . S ee n o te H p 28
. .

G h u na -k itaha o r , an ar m ad ill o
I .

H
H er it a p 28
‘
: s e e n ot e . .

i p 29
'
C ataka s ee n ote . .
88 C ANT O XV .

th e V i tal s o f oth er s , coar s en es s , an d cr uelty, p aying cour t to

o t h er wi ves , p er fid y in ta ing oth er p eop le s p r op er ty,
m en
’
s k ’

p
an d co n tem t of th e g o d s , d i s h ones ty, fr aud t o w ar d s m en ,
an d av ar i ce, m ans l augh ter , an d th e contin u e d p e r f or m ance
a ls o of w h atev er thing s ar e for bid d en — o ne s h oul d n owk
th es e t o b e th e after -ch ar act er is ti cs of th o s e wh o ar e r ele as ed

fr om h ell .

C om p as s ion towar d s a ll cr e atur e s , con cor d ,

aid to o th er

p eop l e , tr uth , s p eech d ir ecte d tow ar d s th e w elf ar e of a ll

cr eat ur e s , i n cul cati on of th e au th or i t y of th e V e d a , v e n e r a ti o n

of g ur u s d ev ar s hi s S id dh a s an d ri s h is , as s oci ati on wi th the

o o d , h o s p i t ali ty, s tud y, fr i en d s hip ,— let th e w i s e m an un d er
g
s t an d th es e and w h a t e v er o th er thi ng s cons ti t ut e t h e d e ed s
of tr uth an d ri
gh teou s n e s s , to be th e m ar ks of s in l e s s m en
wh o h a v e qui tted S v ar ga .

T h i s I h av e d eclar e d e xp li citl
y to th ee, 0 in g ! con k
ce r ni n g m en, h o ly an d wi c k ed ,
w h o eat th e fr ui t s o f t h eir

o w n acti o ns C om e th en , w e go el s ew h er e
. . T h ou h a s t no w

s e en e v er yth in g , for th o u h a s t s een h el l . C om e th en , let

”
us go el s ew h er e .

T he s on s
po ke .

T h er eup on th e kin g p r ep ar ed to follow him ; a nd th en a

cr y w en t up fro m al l th e m en th at ab o d e in t or m e nt
, Be
k
gr aci ou s , 0 i ng s tay b ut a m om ent, f or th e air th a t clin gs
t o t hy b od y g la d d ens our m i n d , an d entir ely d i s p el s th e

b ur nin g and th e s uff er in g s a n d p ains fr o m our b o d i es , 0

ti g er -li k e B e gr a ci o u s , 0 in g "
m an ! k .

O n h e ari n g thi s th eir entr e aty , th e ing as ed th at s er v ant k k

o f Y am a H ow d o I a lf or d g l ad n es s to th es e m e n ? av e H
I d one s uch a m igh ty d ee d o
_ f m eri t In th e w or l d of m or t al s ,
w h er efr om f a lls th is g l a d d eni n g s h o wer D eclar e m e th at .
”

Y am a
’
s ofli cer s p o ke .

I na s m uch th y b o d y w as nour is h e d with th e f o o d th a

as
t
r em ai n e d , after th e p i tri s th e g o d s gues ts an d s er v a nt s wer e

s a tisfied , an d s i nce th y m in d w a s attach e d to th

em h en , ce

th e air th at cling s to thy bo d y b r i n g s gl ad nes s th e tor m en t O

,
 ' '
T HE ST O RY O F KI NG VI PAs - O IT . 89

k ing d oes not h ur t th e ev il -d o er s . W h er eas th ou d id st O ff er

th e h or s e-s acr ifice a n d o th e r s a cr ifice s accor di n g to pr ecep t,
h ence fr om eng ines w eap ons fir es and
’
s e ein g th ee Y am a s

cr ow s , whi ch cau s e i n ten s e s uff e ri n g , s u ch as cr us hing cutti ng

bur ni ng a nd s o f or th , gr o w m il d , 0 k ing ! wh en coun ter acte d

by thy m aj es ty .

T h e kin g s p o e k .

N eith er in S v ar g a n or in B rah m a -lo ka d o m en experi ence

s u ch j oy ,
m ethin ks , i
a s ar s e s fr o m co nf err ing b li s s on s uff eri n g

cr e atur e s . If , w hil e I am pres ent , t or m ent d oes not hur t

th e s e m en, h er e th en , f air S ir , I will r em ain fir m as a m oun
”
t ain .

Y am a
’
s o fli cer s p o k e.

C om e, 0 king ; w e p r oc eed . E n j oy th e d eli gh ts w on by

th i n e o wn m er i t , c as tin
g a si d e h er e th e tor m ents of e vi l
”
d oer s .

T he kin g sp o k e .

F or tha t I wi ll n ot go as long as th es e ar e in s or e

s uff er ing F r om m y n ear -p r es en c e th e d eni z ens of h ell r ow

g
.

h app y . F i e on th e s i ck ly p r ote cti o n -b e gg ing ? lif e of th at man,

who s h ow s no f av our to on e d is tr e s s e d , ev e n th ou gh h e b e a

r e s olut e foe S acr ifices , g if ts , aus ter i ti es d o not w or k for th e

w elf ar e of hi m , w h o h as n o th o ugh t for th e s uccour of th e

d is tr es s ed . W h o ev er b ear s a cr uel m in d tow ar d s chil dr en ,

th e si c k and su ch li k e , and tow ar d s th e ag e d al s o, I do n ot

h old him hum an ; h e i s tr uly a R a s h as a B u t if th es e m en k .

h av e p ai n ori gina ting in h ell , w h eth er p r od u ced by th e h ea t

fr om fir e, or pr od u ce d b y o v er p o w eri n g s m ells , an d if they
ha ve th e intens e p ain ar i s in g fr om h un g er a nd th ir s t th at
caus es f ai ntn es s , y et th e g r an t o f d eli v e r an ce to th e m e xce l s ,

I cons i d er , th e . j oy of S v ar g a . If m a ny s uff er er s s h all o b tain

happines s , w hile I un d er g o p a in , s h o uld I not in tr u th

”
e m br a ce it Go th ou n o t th er ef o r e l o n g .

F or tas m d t r ead a sm d t, (f r o m h e nce) P

'

f F or
’ '
rthi nam r e ad
sar a nax i a r a nd r tha n a m ( fr o m a r tha ud ), s i nce j tvcm am is

ne ut er
90 CANT O XV .

Y am a
’
s o fli ce r s p o k e .

H er e h av e b o t h D h a r m a an d I nd r a a r ri v e d t o l e ad th e e

aw a y . T h ou m us t cer t ainl y d ep ar t fr om us :
go th er efor e ,
0 kin g ! ”

D h ar m a s po ke .

F itti ng ly w or s h i p p e d b y th e e , I l e ad th e e to S v ar ga ;
”
m oun t t hi s h eav enl y c h ar i ot an d lin g er n ot l et us go .

T he king sp o ke .

M en in th ou s an d s , O D h ar m a ! s uff er p ain h er e in h ell ;

th ey th em ; h en ce I
an d b ein g i n affli cti on cr
y t o m e to s av e

”
d ep ar t n ot .

I nd r a s p o k e .

T h es e evi l -d o er s h aV e com e t o h ell in con s e qu e n ce of thei r

own d e e d s ; th o u als o , 0 kin g ,

m us t go to S v ar g a i n co u s e

ue n ce of t h y m eri to ri o u s d eed
q
.

T he kin g s po ke .

I f th ou d os t know , th ou , O D h ar m a , or th ou, O I n d r a,
th en d ei gn"
'
l or d , h ow g r e at in d e ed i s auth ori ty ,
’
S i my
’
ac s

to s p ea k ar i gh t .
”

D h arm a spo ke .

Ju s t as d r op s of w ater in th e s e a , or as St ar s in th e s ky ,
or a s s h o w er s of r ain , as th e s an d s in th e G a n g es —
ju s t as

th e s e d r op s of w ater an d o th er thi n g s ar e inn u m er a ble , O

M ah a-r aj a th y m er it i s in tr uth b eyon d r ec onin g
ev en so k .

I n th y evi n cin g n ow thi s c om p a s s i on h er e in th e h ell s , th e

k
r e c oni n g o f th at m er i t of thi n e h a s v er il a m oun t e d t o a
y
h un d r e d th ou s an d T h en g o , 0
. kin g ! en ojy th en th e ab o d e

of th e i m m or tal s ; l et th es e al s o con s um e aw a
y in h ell th e
s in ar i s in g fr om th eir o wn a cti on s

T he kin g spo k e .

H ow s h all m en att ain th e ir d e s ir e i n thin s conn e cte d

g
wi th m e , if in m y p r es en ce th es e p eop le ain no r os er it
g p p y .

H en ce , w h at ev er g oo d d ee d s I p os s es s , 0 lor d of th e thi r t
y
god s ! b y m ean s t h er eof let th e s inn er s w h o ar e un d er g o in g
t or m ent b e d eliv er ed f r om h ell !

F or ar ha tha z r ead ar hatha

l
 ANAS fiY As
’
GAI N or A B O O N . 91

I nd r a s p o e k .

T h u s h as t th ou , k
0 in g ! g a i n e d a m or e ex al ted s tati on

s ee to o th es e s in n er s d eli v er ed fr om h e ll

T he s on s p o k e .

T h e n fell th er e a s h o w er of fl ow er s up o n th at king ,
an d

H ar i k
m a i n g hi m m oun t th e h eav enl
y ch ar i ot l ed hi m to th e
h eav en -w or ld . B o th I an d th e o th er s , w h o wer e th er e , w er e
r e l ea s e d fr om th e tor m ent s ; th er e af ter we enter e d th e o th er

ear thl e x i s ten ces , as d et er m in e d by th e r es ult s of o ur own

y
a ct i o n s .

T h u s th es e h ells h av e b e en r ec k on e d u p , 0 b r ahm an ! A nd
for w h at p ar ti cular s in t o w h at p ar ti cul ar i n d o f cr eatur e a k
m an d e s cen d s , i t h as all b een r ecounted t o th e e i n d et ail ,
as I s aw it yor e , h av in g g ain e d th e
of accur at e kn ow led
g e th at
s pr in g s fr om p r ev i ou s ex p er i en ce . W h at el s e do I tell th ee
n e x t , n o b le s i r

C ANT O X V I .

Anasuya 3 gai n f
o a boon .

T he father as ks Ja d a f or i ns tr ucti on on
yoga or reli gi ous
d evoti on Ja d a begi ns a long exp os i ti on ,
—
whi ch s tar ts wi th a
s tor of A nas u d —
A cer ta i n br a hm a n wa s cur s ed by M d nd a vya a t
y y
ni ght tha t he s hou ld d i e a t s unr i s e, a nd hi s d evoted wife r es tr a i ned

the s un f r om r s i i ng— A ll a cti vi ty ceas ed , a nd the god s i n a lar m

wif e Ana suyd A t her ex hor ta ti on the wife r elents ,
’
besoug ht A tr i s —

the sun r i s es , a nd the br ahm a n d ies , bu t i s r es tor ed to lif e by

A nas ilyd A na s uyd o bta i ns f r om the god s the boon tha t B

’
—
ra hm a ,
’
Vi s hnu and S i va s hould be bor n her s ons , a nd tha t s he s hou ld

a tta i n
yoga .

T h e f ath er s
po k e .

T h ou h a s t d ecl ar ed to m e , O s on , th e es t ab l i s h e d natur e of

m un d an e e xi s t en ce w hi ch s h oul d be s h unne d e x cee d i n

g ly , a

na tu re w h i ch i s im m u t ab l e li k e th e r op e an d buc k e t at a w ell .

I h av e th u s th en l ear n t it i n i t s e ntir ety s u ch as it i s . S ay,

w h at m u s t I d o in thi s thu s -or d ai ned m und a ne i
ex s tence 7
92 CANT O XVI .

T he s on s p o ke .

I f , 0 f ath er , th ou d os t b eli ev e m y wor d im pli citly, th en

ab an d on in g th y cond iti on a s a h ou s e -h o l d er b ecom e a d i s

ting ui s h e d h er mi t . F ollow in g th at voca tion a ccor d ing to

k
p r ecept, for s a in g thy fir e an d p os s es s ions , d ir ectin g th y s oul
’

to w ar d s t h e S up r em e S oul , in difl er ent i n r e gar d to th e v ar i o us

‘ r elin ui s h in '
opp o s i t es fi q g th y p r o p er ty, b e com e a m end i cant,
e ati ng on ly e v er
y oth er m e a l , s ubd ue d in s oul , un w ear i e d ,

gr own in t ent o n r eli i ou s

g d ev o ti ond ' withd r aw n fr om cont a ct

wi th ex ter na l thin gs . T h er e af ter th ou s h al t a t tai n to th a t

r eli g i ous d ev o ti on , whi ch i s the
—
cur e for co nn exi on with

p ain , t he caus e of final em an ci p ati on from exi s tence, in com

p ar abl e, un utter ab le, d ev oid of wor ld ly atta ch m ent s thr ou g h
conn exi on w i th th at d evotion th ou w il t nev er a g ain h av e uni on
w i th livin g b ein gs .

T h e fath er s
po ke .

My s on , t ell m e nex t of
yo g a , or r elig i ou s d ev oti on, th e
cau s e of fin al e m ancip ati o n fr om e xi s t en ce
; b y wh i ch I m ay
es cap e s u ch s ufi er in g as thi s , w h en I a m a g ain b or n am o n
g
living b ein gs . S ince I am in te nt on att achm e nts , an d my s oul

d o es not by r eas on of th e b o n d s of m un d an e e xis tence att ai n

to r eli
gi ous d ev otion, b eing i ts elf ev e n d ev oi d of r eli
g ious
d ev otion , 1 s
pea k n ow of th a t r el i
g ious d ev oti on . S p r in
kl e wi th th e w ater of thy w or d s , w hi ch ar e cool wi th th e
w a ter of th e kn owled g e of B r ah m a , m e w h o s e b od
y an d

m i nd di s or d er ed wi th p ain thr o ug h th e h eat of th e s un of

ar e

m un d ane ex i s ten ce R e-vi v ify wi th th e d r a u h t of th e nect ar

g
.

of th y w or d s m e , who a m b itt en b
y th e b l a c s er p ent of i g no k
r ance , w ho am in angui s h f r o m i ts v enom , a nd d ead . E as tin g

wi th th e k e
ys of th e know l ed g e of a
ppr ov ed g oo d nes s , lib er at e
m e, who am
g all ed b y th e ch ains of s elfis h n e s s in th e m atter
of s on , wif e , h om e and l an d .

Pl ea sur e an d p ain ,
1 Y og a
'
.

1: Or d ev oi d of m eans th er e s ee m s to be a p un on th e wor d y og a .
 ANAS fiY A s GAI N or
’
A B O ON . 93

T he s on s p o k e .

L is t en , d e ar f ath er ! h ow yor e th e w i s e D attatr eya, w h en

of

d uly qu es ti on e d . ex p ou n d ed the s s tem o

y f r eli giou s d ev otion
at l en th t o A l ar k a fi
‘ =

g
T h e f ath er s po k e .

Wh os e s on w a s D att atr eya ? A g ain , h ow d i d h e d i s cour s e

ab out r eli g i ou s m e d itati on ? A n d w h o w a s th e d i s tin g ui s h e d
A l ar k a, wh o e n qu i r ed con cer ni ng r eli g ou s i m ed itati on

T he s on s p o k e .

T h er e w a s a cer t ai n K ausik a br ah m an in th e town P r ati

s h th ana ; h e b y r e as on of s in s com m i tt e d in o th er bir th s w as
d i s ea s e d wi th l ep r os y . H i s wif e us ed t o h onour hi m h er h u s
b an d , th u s d i s ea s ed , as a go d , b y a n oin tin
g hi s f eet , kn ea d

in g h i s li m b s , b ath i n g , cl o thin g , an d f ee d in
g him , an d by
cl ean s in g th e fl o w of m u cu s , b l ood et cet er a , an d w ith at ten

d an ce in p r i v at e , a n d wi th afiecti on a te con v er s ation T h ou g h .

a l w ays e x cee d i n g ly v en er a t e d by th at m o d e s t l a d y, h e b e i n
g
h ar s h conti nu al ly m en ace d h er by r ea s o n of hi s e x ce s s i v el
y
fier y tem p er . N ev er th el es s hi s wif e , b o w i ng befor e hi m , us e d

to e s teem hi m a d i vi ni ty ; 1 "
n ev er th e l e s s s h e us e d to es t ee m

hi m , w h o w as e x t r e m el y l o athfu l , as s u p eri o r to all .

B ei n g als o of a con s t antly r oam i n g di s p os i ti on , th e br ah m an

“

o r d er e d h i s w if e D o th ou b r i n g m e t o h er d w elli n g . Pr o
cur e f or m e th at co ur t e z an w h om I s aw li vi n g in h er h ou s e
in th e hi gh -w ay, 0 r eli g iou s on e ; she in d ee d d w e ll s i n m y
h ear t I s a w th e m aid e n
. at s unr i s e , an d h er e i s ni g h t
c om e u p on us . S h e d oes no t d ep ar t fr o m m y h ear t, ev e r

s i n ce I s aw h er . If sh e, lov ely i n e v er
y li m b , w i th l ar g e
h ips an d s w e l li n g br ea s ts a nd s l en d er b o d y , d oes n ot em b r a ce
m e, t h en th o u w ilt i n d ee d b eh ol d m e d ie . B eau ti fu l i s lo v e
am o n g k
m an i n d ; an d sh e is co ur t ed b y m any ; and I am
”
un ab l e to g o it a pp ear s p er p le xi n g t o m e .

T h en h a v in g h ear d th at s p ee ch of h er h u s b an d w h o w a s

sic k with lov e , s h e h i s con s o r t , s p r un g of a h i gh f a m ily, v er

y

C anto X X XV I
’

F or An a r kd ya r ea d Al ar kaxya , s ee .

1
'
F or d a va ta/m '
r e ad d a i vatam .
94 C ANT O XV I .

v ir tuou s , f aith ful t o h er h u s b an d , g ath er e d a co m p a ct r etinue ,

an d to o k ab un d ance o f m o n e y, and b ear i n g h e r h u s b an d on

h er s h oul d er , m ov ed i n h er g a it , a lon g th e hi g h
on, s l ow

r oa d ,
in th e cl ou d -cov er e d ni g h t , w hi l e th e s k
y w as r ev eal ed
by th e fitfu l li g h tning ; fo r th e br ah m an l a d y w as d e s ir ou s
of d oin g h er h u s b an d p l eas ur e .

hi s w if e
’
And on th e r oad ,
th e b r ah m an , w h i l e b or n e on s

s h o u l d er , th r o u gh f ear of th i ev e s in th e d ar kn ess p u s h ed
affl i ct e d w i th
aw a
y M and avy a , w h o w as n o th i ef an d w h o w a s
g r i ev ou s p ain , b ei ng i m p al e d on a s ta e E nr a g e d a t th e k .

b r u s h w i th a foot , M and av y a a d d r es s e d hi m H e, w h o
h a s w i th hi s f o ot p u s h ed m e aw ay w h o am th u s ex cee d in gly
a ffl i ct e d , h e s in fu l i n s oul , b as e am on g m en , h a s g otten a
m i s er ab l e co n d i t i on . At s unr i s e , h elp l es s , h e s h all b e b er eft
of lif e as s ur e d ly : at th e s i gh t of th e s un i n d eed h e s h all

p er i s h .T h er e u p on hi s w if e h ea r in g th at m os t cr u el cur s e ,
”
e x cl ai m e d d i s tr es s e d T h e s un v er i ly s h all n ot ar i s e I
T h en th e s un f a ile d t o r i s e , an d th er e w as co n t i nu al ni ght

f or m any len g th s of d ay
T h er eu p on th e g o d s g r ew a fr aid ,
.

f ear i ng H o w in d ee d s h ould n ot all thi s u ni vers e p as s i n to

di s s o lu ti on , w h en th e V e d as ar e n o t u tt er e d ,
an d w h en i t i s
d e p r i v ed of ob l ati o n s w i th fir e an d of th e S v a d b a an d S v ah a

W i th out th e or d in an ce of d ay an d ni gh t , th er e i s a n en d of

m onth s an d s ea s on s : an d a g ain f r om th e ces s ati o n of th e s e

s ou th an d n or th ar e n ot k
h alf year ly cour s e
n o wn i n th e s un s
’
.

k
An d wi th out n o w le d g e of t h e h alf year ly cour s e w h er e w oul d
b e ti m e, s uch a s th e ye ar W i th ou t th e y e ar n o o th er n ow k
l ed g e of ti m e ex i s t s . By r ea s on of th e utt er an ce of th at
d ev ot ed wif e , th e r i s es wi th out th e
’
s un n ot : s un s r i s in g ,
b ath i n g giv ing of g if t s an d th e o th e r a cti on s can not in d eed
exi s t n or in d ee d d oe s th e fir e p r ea d , a n d s acr ifices ar e s eens

to ce a s e ; nor in d eed d o w e g et s ati s f a cti on wi t h ou t th e h o m a

s acr ifi ce M or tal s s ati s fy u s wi th th e ap p r op ri at e s h ar e s of
.

th e s acr ifice s : w e fav ou r m or tal s w i th r ai n f or th e p er f ect

in g of gr ain an d oth er cr op s
t h ei r W h en p lants h av e .

ri p en e d , m or t al s s acr ifice to u s w ith s a cr ifice s ; w o r s h i

p p ed in
th ei r s acr ifices &c .
,
w e be s tow on th em th eir d e s ir e s . F or
 ANAs tiY As G AI N or A
’
B O ON . 95

w e p our r ai n d o w n w ar d s , an d m or ta ls m a e th ei r r ai n k
a s ce n d ; for w e ra i n w ith s h o w e r s o f w at er , m en w it h s h o w e r s

of cl ar ifie d butt er . And ev il -m in d e d m en , w h o d o not g iv e

“
us th e p er io d i ca l s acr ifice s fi bei ng g r eed y e at th e m s elv es o ur

s h ar e of th e s a cr i fice . W e d efile th e w ater th e s un fir e , , an d

t h e wi n d s , and th e e ar th for th e d es tru ction of th o s e m i s

chi ev o u s s inn e r s . k
T hr ou gh p ar ta in g of b a d w at er &c , v er y .

d ir e p or tent s w or k tow ar d s th e d eath of th os e d oer s of e v il

d ee d s B ut t o th os e hi gh -s oul ed m en , w h o aft er d eli g h ti n g
.

u s con s u m e th e r e m ai n d e r th em s e lv es , l et u s a ll o t th e b li s s f ul

w or l d s . T h er efor e al l th i s uni ver s e o f a t r uth d o es n ot ex i s t ,

unl es s th es e th i n g s i ncr ea s e an d e n d ur e . H ow in d ee d m ay
th e d ays b e li b er ate d —
so conv er s e d th e g od s w ith on e

an o th er .

H h ear d th e S p eech
avi n g of th es e b led g od s w h o w er e
as s em

f earf ul of th e d es tr u cti on of th e s acr ifice s , th e g o d B r ah m a

s p ok e , M a j e s ty i s s ub d u e d by m aj es ty i n d eed , an d au s t er i

ti e s al s o by au s t er iti es ,
ye i m m o r t al s O ear en th er e for e H k
to m y a d vi ce T hr ou gh th e m i g h t of th e f ai thf ul w if e th e
.

s un d o e s n o t r i s e , a n d fr o m hi s n ot r i s i n
g lo s s b efa lls m or tal s
an d you . H en ce d o ye , thr ou gh d es ir e th at th e s un s h ould
r i s e, A tr i s faithf ul w if e A nas u
’

p r op i ti a te
’

ya w h o i s r ich in .

”
u t
a s eri t i es .

T he s on s p o k e .

S h e , p r op iti ated by th em w h en th ey r es or te d to her , s ai d

L et your wi s h b e a s ed f or k
T h e g o d s p etiti on ed for d ay ,.

s ayi n g L et i t b e a s b efor e I”
“

An as uya s p o k e .

T h e m i gh t of a faithf ul wif e m ay n ot b e l os t in any w i s e .

Hen ce w hi l e h on o ur in
g th at g oo d la d y, I w i ll li b er at e th e d a y,
0 ye g od s ! t h at d ay an d n i gh t m a y a g ai n ex i s t , an d th at
”
th a t g oo d la d y s o w n h u s b an d s h all n o t p er i s h
’
.

T he s on s p o k e .

T hu s h av in g ad dr es s e d th e g o d s , she th e b eautiful went to

N itya -n aim i ttiki ; s ee C anto XX X .

96 CANT O XV I .

h er tem p l e , an d b ein g as k ed b y th at la d y re
g ar d i n g th e w elfar e
an d r i gh t e ou s n e s s o f h er h u s b an d , sp o ke .

An a s uya s p o ke .

si
P er ch an ce th ou j
r e oi ces t , O b les s ed la d y, at th e gh t of

! P er ch ance t oo th ou th y
’
th y h u s b an d s coun ten an ce e s t ee m es t

h u s b an d f ar a b o v e a ll th e g o d s ! T h r ough o b e d i en ce in d ee d
t o m y h u s b an d I h av e g aine d i d ; th r o u g h th e
a
g r eat r ew ar

of th e o f ev er
o b t a i n m e nt r es ul t s
y wi s h ob s t a cl es h a v e b een
r em ov e d . F i v e d ebt s a m an m u s t ev er d i s ch ar g e , O v i r tu ou s

la d y . T h us , h e m u st am a s s w e alth a ccor d i ng t o th e d uti e s

of hi s ow n c a s t e an d h e m us t n ex t a p p ly th e w ealth g ain ed

to a fitt in g j
o b ect acco r d in g t o th e p r e cep t s he s h o ul d a lw a
ys
liv e f ull of com p as s i o n , o b s er v ing tr uth , c an d o ur , a u s t er iti es

an d l ib er ality : an d h e m u s t d ai ly p er f or m th e cer em on i e s

p r es cr ib e d b y th e S as tr as an d fr ee fr o m a n g er an d enm i ty ,
’

wi th f aith p r ece d i n g , accor d i n g to h i s abili ty A m an wi th .

gr e at p ai n gr a d u ally ob ta i n s th e w or ld s s p eci ally allotted t o

hi s o wn cas t e , s u ch a s th at of th e P r aj a-p ati s a n d o th e r w or ld s ,
0 vi r tu o us la d y . S o w om en b y ob e d i en ce t o th eir h u s b an d s
o bt ain h al f of th e e ntir e m er i t
p a i nf ully e ar n e d b y th e i r
h u sb an d s . T h er e i s n o s ep ar a te s a cr ifice f or w om e n , n o r
sr ad d h a , n or f as tin g : f or by o b e d i en ce to th ei r h u s b and s
in d e e d th ey r e a ch th e s e d e s ir e d w or l d s . T h er ef or e, O v ir

t u ou s an d e x al t ed
la d y, l et th y m i n d ev er b e tu r n e d t ow ar d s
o b e d i en c e to th y h u s b an d , s i n ce a h u s b an d i s a w i e s s u r e m e
’
f p
bli s s W h at ev er w or s hi p th e h u s b an d m ay o ff er b y r i g h t
.

cer e m o ni es t o th e g o d s , an d w h a t ev er t o th e
p i t r i s an d g u es ts ,
ev en o n e h alf of th at d oes th e w if e , w h os e m i n d i s cen tr e d ( i n

h im al on e , e n o y j by v er y ob e d i en ce t o h er h u s b and .
”

T he s on S o
p k e .

Ha vi n g h ear d th at h er s
p eech , th e l ad y s al u t ed A tr i
’
s

w ife An a s uya r e s p ectfully i n r etu r n an d r e

p li e d th u s to h er
,

“
H a
pp y am I , fav our ed am I, a n d r e ar d e d b
g y t h e g o d s am
I, s i n ce th ou , O la d y ble s s e d b y n atur e , a ai n i n cr ea s e s t m
g y
f ai th . I k n ow thi s n on e a m o n—
g w om en h as a con d i ti on
e qu al w ith h er h u s b an d , an d lov e for h i m tend s to h er b ene fit
 ’
ANASUYA S GAI N O F A B O ON . 97

i n this wor ld and the next ; through her husband

’
s favour
b oth h er e a nd after d eath , 0 illus tr i ous la d y, a w om an g ains
p
h ap ines s ; for a h us b and is a w om an
’
s d eity . D o th ou,
b eing s uch a wom a n, 0 ex alt ed la d y, tell m e wh o h av e r each ed

th y tem pl e, wh at I , a nob le * wom an, m us t d o , or wh at m y

noble hus ba nd m us t d o , 0 b eaute ous one

A nas uya s p o ke .

I nd r a and th es e g od s i n di s tr es s h av e appr oached me ;

th ey ar e s ear chi n g for th e d ay and ni gh t, th e vi rt uous acts

p r es cr ibed for w hi ch h av e b een d i s car d ed i n cons equ ence of

thy s p eech T h ey b eg for th e natur al uninterr u ted con
. p
tinuance of d ay and ni gh t : I am com e f or th at ob ect, and j
d o th ou li s ten to thi s m y s p eech . T hr ough th e ab s ence of

d ay ther e i s th e ab s ence of all s a cr ifici al c er em oni es ; th r oug h

th e ab s en ce of th es e th e g o d s d o
g et th eir nour is h m ent,
n ot

O as cetic la d y T h r oug h th e d e s tructi on of d ay a ls o all

.

w or k
i s cut s hor t ; fr om th e d es tr uction th er eof th e wor ld
w i ll p eri s h thr oug h d r oug ht . T h er efor e if th ou d es ir es t to
d eli v er t hi s w or l d fr om calam ity , b e g r acious , O vi r tuous
la d y, to th e w or ld s ; let th e s un r un his cour s e as b efor e " .

T h e br ah m an la d y s p o ke .

M and avy a e x cee di n g ly furi ou s , O illu stri ou s lad y, h as

‘
cur s ed m y lor d , s ayi ng at s unr i s e thou s h alt m eet thy
d oom
A nas uya s p o ke .

I f, h ow ev er , i t p leas es th ee, O lad y, th en at th wor d I

y
k
will m a e thee ev en a new h us b and , i n for m th e s am e as b efor e .

F or I m us t in ev er y p
w ay p r o i ti ate th e m a j esty of faithful
”
wiv es , O h ig h b orn la d y— th us I d o th ee h onour
-
.

T he s on s p o ke .

! th e lad/y A nasu
’
O n h er s aying be it as cetic
so
ya th en
s um m on e d th e s un , r ai s i ng up th e ar g hya ob lation at m id
,

ni gh t o n th e tenth nig h t . T h en the a d or able s un, in ap

p ear ance r ud dy as th e full-b low n lotu s flower , with wi d e

d i sc, r o s e aloft ab ov e th e m igh ty m ountain . F orthwith ind eed

’
F or d/ryaxyd r ead d ryayci
98 C ANT O XVI .

her h us band was b ereft of life a nd fell onthe ground and

s h e cau gh t h im as h e fell .

A nas d yas p oke .

B e not d ej ected , O behold my p ower lad y ;

T h ou .

h as t s u cceed ed thr ou gh th y obed i ence t o thy h u s b and

“

W h at fur th er need has t th0 u of austeriti es ? S ince I h av e

n o w h er e s een an oth er m an equal to thy h us b an d , i n for m ,

in d i s p osition ,
in i ntell ect, wi th s w eetn e s s of s p eech an d
oth er a d or nm
"

ents i n,
v er
y truth let thi s br ah m an, fr eed
f r om k
young ag ain, obtain lif e i n com p any w ith his
s i c n es s ,

Wif e for a h undr ed autum n s S ince I s ee n o oth er d eity the

.

equal of th y h u sb and , i n v er y tr uth let th i s br éh m an r eg ai n

hi s life in s oun d S i nce th y* efior t i s
h ealth c ons tantl
‘

y
p
d ir ected to pr o itiate thy husb and by d eed m ind and wor d ,
”
let this d vij a th en com e to life .

T he s en s oke p .

T h en the br ah m an fr ee fr om illnes s , you ng a ain ,

ar o s e ,
g
wi th hi s own lu s tr e illum in ating th e d w ellin g, as i t w er e an
ev er -yo uth ful god T h en th er e fell a sh ow er of fl ow er s , ao

com panied wit h th e s tr ain s of heavenly i ns tr um ents and

oth er m u s i cal i ns t r um ents . And the god s w er e d eli gh ted and

s ai d to A n a s uya .

T h e g od s s po e k .

C ho os e a b oon, O bl es s ed la d y . I nas m u ch as th ou h as t
a ccom p lis h ed a gr eat m atter fo i th e g o d s , th er efor e th e g o d s
wi ll gr ant th ee a boon, O as ceti c la d/
y .

A nas uy a s p o e k .

I f ye go d s head e d by B r ah m a, bei n fav our able will r ant

g , g
m e a b oon, and if ye d e em m e w or th
y o f a b oon, th en let
B rah V i h u , a nd S iv a b ecom e s on s to m e an
’
m a, s n
d let m e
,

in c om p any with my hus b and a ttain re lig i ous d evotion, to

the d that I m ay be d eli v er ed fr om affl i ction ”
en
.

“
B e it s o, exclaim ed B r ah m i , V i shnu S iv a and th e oth ’

, er

g od s to h er ; and the y d e p ar ted , d uly h onouri ng th e as cetic

la dy .

Eh r mama read tava

 T HE B I RT H or» ,
mi ni m um . 99

CXNT o XV I I .
T he B i rth f
o D attd tr eya .

T he P raj d -
p ati Atri begot three sons by his w
-
ife M yth
'
namely, S oma, D e ltatreya, and D urvds as , who wer e incarnatim s
'
of p or tions of B r ahmci , Vishnu and S i va r es ectivel — H e
p y ir .

d eswi bed D a ttatreya, m bli oung M u

'

afi ces ar e —
e n
ass
g y ms about .

himself, tested thei r loyalty, by livi ng int/viewed i n a We: a nd

by r et elling in sensua l p leasures .

T he s on s p o ke ,

T h en after m any d ays Atri, th e s econd t im e th e ad orable

’

s on o f B r ahm a, l oo k ed u p on h is wif e A nas uy a -

Her , b ath ed .

after m ens tr uation, v ery lov ely m bod y, s ed uctiv e and p er f ect
'

in form , fr ee from bl am e, the love-p osses sed M uni '

en oyed j
m entally .

B ut while he contem p lated her , p owerful wind thr ough

a

and ab ove b r ought th e change that w as prod uced i n her .

T h e ten r egions of d the wh it e-lus tr ed form of

the s ky s e ze i
B rahmé, as it fell all ar ound , in the form of S igm a, char ac e

ter iz ed by pass ion . T hat m ental S ome was begotteni n h er

the of th e é
p j p i A tr i , the life and p os s essor of
- at
’ ' ’

as s on r a

ov ary excellence
s . M agnenim ous V i shnu being p h ased b eg ot
of her D attétreya, the br ahm an, in whom g ood nes s pred omi

nated , by p rod uction fr om his o wn bod y. D attatr eya was he

'

Anes fiyé s breast : he

’
call ed ; b e s ucked was Vishnu ind eed
m
.

incarnate ; h e was Atri s sec ond s on He is sued fro

’
h is .

mo er s m b d ft w d b i
’
th w o se ven ays a er ar s; e ng e ag ed on
m ~

s eeing th at the h aughty ki ng of th e Hai hayas was near and

w as ffend ing Atri , being an gr y he at once d es ir ed to burn

o

up the Haihaya F illed w th i n d ignation at the long p ains

i
‘

and tail of hi s m aid ence in the wom b , a p ortion of S i v a

’
.
.

was b orn as B ur ri s “ .
in wh om d arknes s pred ominated :
T hus t hree sons wer e bor n of h er , being p ortions of B rahm a
’
S iv a and V i sh nu .

B rahma b ecam e Soma, V is hn

u w as born as D attatr eya,
'
S iva was born as D urvasas , thr ough th e b oon granted by the
g od s . T he p raj ap ati S om a , ev er caus ing cree p ers and m edi .
100 CANT O xvu .

cinal plants and m ank ind to gr ow with his cool r ays , abid es
13 in S v ar g a . p
D attétr eya r otects off s r ing fr om d estr uction p
by th e m ali gnant D ai tyas and V i s h nu
'
’
s p ortion m ust also be
1 4: known as the benefactor of th e d ocile . D ur vés as , th e ad or

abl e bir thles s god , d es tr oys th e s corn er ; assum ing a f ormi d able
[5 bod y, h e i s h augh ty in loo m ind and s p eech k
T he ad orable .

p j p
ra a - ati th e s on of A tr i a ain cr eat ed
, g th e S om a l ant ?
p
D attatreya al s o , bei ng V is hnu , e n oye j d j
ob ects of s ens e while
16 eng ag ed in profound m ed itation . D ur v ésas , d eem ing hi s
fath er and m oth er t o b e th e ch i efes t j
ob ect of d evotion,

as s um in g the form known as f rantic ,

’
roam ed ab out the ear th .

S urr ound ed by th e s ons of M uni s , th e lor dl y yog i D attétr eya

als o, d esirous of obtaining e x em p ti o n fr om a ll attachm ents ,

18 long i m m ers ed him s elf in a la ke . N everth el es s th os e youth s,

r esor ting to th e b an k of th e l a k e, d id not f or sa k e him , wh o
19 was m agnani m ous and ex ceed ingly b eni gn Wh en after a .

hundr ed h eav enly year s wer e end ed , all th ose youthful M uni s ,
thr ough aff ection for him , s till f or s oo not th e bank of th e k
20 la ke the M un i , ta ing hi s
,
r
k noble w if e cloth ed i n h eav enly
r aim ent, b eautif ul and p lum p in f or m , ar ose from th e water ,
21 k
thin ing ,
“
I f th es e s ons of M uni s s h all for s a e m e because k
of th e p
r es ence of a w om an , th e n I wi ll r em ain fr ee fr om a ll

22 attachm ents .
”
W h en neverth el es s th e s ons of the M uni s d i d
not fors ak e him , h e k intoxi cating liquor s in com
nex t d r an
23 p any wi th hi s w if T h reupon th ey di d not fors ake him
e. e
,

th ough h e was engro s s ed in d r ink in g s p ir ituous li uor 111

q
com p any w ith hi s wif e n d th ou h h e was r end ered im p ure
a
g ,

by ad d iction to s ing ing m us i cal ins tr um ents and such like

,
,

2 45 and al so by inter cour s e wi th h i s wif e

d eem ing th at th e hi gh
soul ed M a ni whe n wi th h er w as d et ach ed f rom reli ious ri tes
g .

T h e lor d of yogis , alth ough d r ink in g s piri tuous li uor incurr ed

q ,

25 no fault k
D welling li e M étar i svan within th e abod es of
.

dalas , d r inki ng k h e s killed

'
s tro n
c an g d r in , in yog a, th e lor d

T he text app ears to be corr up t. Another r eadi n

g ha s b een s uggested by
B abu Hari M oh an Vid yabh us han, the p and it of th e B e ng al As iatic S ociety,
from a M S , a trah p utr af for a dult p wna t
. thi s is p r efer able and I have ad opt
ed it .
 GARGA S SPE E CH
’
. 1 01

p er form ed t
'

of yogis , attend ed by his wife , aus er ities , being

m ed itated on by yogi s wh o long ed for d eliv er ance fr om
m und ane ex is tence .

C ANT O X V I I I .

’
Ga r ga s
p eech
s .

Arj una the son f

o Kr i ta-v irga , on
_ succeed ing to hi s ki ngdom ,
resolves to rule wor thily— H is m i nis ter Ga rga ad vis es
hi m to p r o .

p i ti a te the M a ui D a ttd tr eya — And nan-

r a tes how, when the D ai tyas
'
a nd D ana vas ha d the god s , the god s by Vri hasp a ti s
’
conquer ed

counsel p rop i ti a ted D a ttatr eya, who, bei ng an i ncarna tion of

Vis hnu, was enj oying hi m self wi th L a ks hm i ; a nd how, when

d em ons p enetr a ted to D a ttd tr eya s her m i tage
’
the and seized

L a kshmi , they wer e d es tr oyed by D a ttd tr eya .

T he s on s p oke .

O nce p
u on a tim e Ar j un a, th e s on of Krita-vivya, wh en
E rita-v ir ya h ad d ep ar ted to h eav en, being invited by th e
m ini s ter s and fam ily pr i es t and by th e citi z ens to be i n
augur ated as king , s o e thu s p k
“
I t is not I w ill w iel d g al s way, which s ur as s es h ell, 0
re p
m in i s ters , if I l eav e th a t fo olis hl y unacco m p li s h ed , for th e s ak e

of wh i ch taxes are l evi ed M er ch ants , g ivi ng th e twelfth ar t

. p
of th eir w ar es to k
th e ing , tr av el on th e road r otected fr om p
robber s by th e watchm en An d th e h er d s m en and hus b and m en
.

g i ving th e s i xth p ar t of th e g h ee , b utter m il k and oth er

p ro
d uce, enj oy th e r es t I f th e m erch ants g a v e a lar ger p or tion
.

th an th at out of all th eir w ar es an d o th er

p r op er ty, th en
th at would tend to th e d e s tr ucti on of th e s acr ifices and iou s p
w or k s of th e extor tiona te k it I f p eople wh o king w h o too .

foll ow th at and oth e liv elih ood s a e p r otected by o th er s

r r
,

h ell i s s ur ely th l t f k in g who takes th e s ix th p art as h i s

e o o a

r ev enue T his h as b een d ecr eed by m en of old as th e p er m a

.

nent incom e of a king Wh n ki ng fai ls to aff or d pr otection

. e a

fr om thi ev es , th at i s the sa m e as th eft ; a nd it would be s in in

a king . T h erefor e if, by p erf o r m ing aus teri t es , i he has g ained
1 02 CANT O XVI I I .

the coveted position of a yog i ,

h e i s th e only ing who oss ess es k p
p
p ow er to r otec t the ear th . T h er efor e I i nd eed wi ll be a
p yof honour end owed with
“

w ea on-bear er in th e ear th , w or th ,

pr osp eri ty I wi ll not m ak e m ys lf a p arti cip ator in sin

”
e .

T h e s on s p o ke .

U nd er s tandi ng th at h i s r e s olv e , s tan d ing am ong th e m inis

ter s s p oke th e leadi ng M uni , Gar ga by nam e, m i gh ty in
intellect, ad vance d in ag e .

If th us th ou d es ires t to act , r i gh tly to g ov er n th e ing k

d om , th en h ear kn e to m y s p eech and act, 0 royal s cion !

P rop itiate, 0 king , D a ttatr eya , th e illus trious , w h o m ad e

hi s ab o d e once in a b uc ket ,
who p r otects th e th r ee w or l d s ,
w ho i s bus ied in r eli g iou s d ev otio n , w h o i s illus tri ous , w h o
lo o ks im p ar tially ev r eywh er e ,
wh o 1s a p ortion of V i sh nu, th e
uph old er o f th e w or ld , incar nate on e ar th . By pr op itiating
h im th e thous an
d -e y d I nd
e
g ai n ed hi s abod e, whi ch h ad been
ra

-m i n d e ”
s ei z e d by th e ev il d D ai ty , a d slew th e s ons of D iti
as n .

A r j un a s p o e k .

How d id th e god s pr op iti ate m aj e s ti c D att atr eya

“

And
how d i d I nd r a re g ain hi s god h ead , of which h e h ad b een
de pri v ed by th e D ai tya s

G ar g a sp o k e .

T h er e was a v ery fierce con t e s t b etw een th e g od s and

D anavas . T h e lor d of th e D aitya s w as Jam bh a , and the lead er
17 of th e go d s w as An d w hil e th ey fou h t a
s pous e .

g
h eav enl y year ela p s ed .
“

T h en th e g od s w er e w or s ted , th e
18 D aityas w er e vi ctor i ou s . T h e g o d s le d by V ipra-c’itti wer e
v anqui sh ed by th e D anav as : th ey s tr o v e to fl ee, b eing d is
th e vi ctor y of th eir
19 pir ited at e nem i e s . D es irous of com
pas s
ing th e s lau gh ter y o f D ai tyas , accom anied by the
of th e ar m p
B élikhi lyas " and Ri s hi s , th ey ap pro a ch ed V rih as p ati and
20 too k
couns el V-riha s Pa ti s aid , D ei gn to r atify with our
.
g y
faith D attatreya , A tri
’
s hig h -s ou le d s on, the as cetic, wh o i s
21 occup i ed in i m p ro
p er pr acti ces . H e th e b oon-giver wi ll r ant
g
‘
B ead
’
B ala-khilyas ? T hese . are d ivine pers onag es of the s ize o f the
thum b .
 ’
GARGA S seas on . 1 03

you a b oon for the d estr uction of th e D aityas ; th en, 0 god s ,

s hall ye an d your fr ien d s s la y th e D aitya s and D a
’
n av as .

’
T h us exh or ted th e g o d s th en w ent to D attatr eya s h er m i
'

t ag e, and th ey b eh eld th e hig h -s ouled M uni , atten d ed by

Lakshm i h ym ned b y Gand h ar v as , a nd engr os s e d in qu afiing
,

s pi r ituous l i quor A r oachi ng th e

. ppy e xpr es s ed in w or d s th eir
s al utati on s to him , w hi ch w er e th e m eans of accom pl i s hin
g
th eir j
ob ect s . A nd th e h eav en d w eller s laud ed hi m
-
; th ey
off er e d h i m food , v i and s ,
g ar l and s and oth er p r es ents ; w h en
he stood , th ey s to od n ear w h en h e m ov ed , th ey m ov e d ; w h en

he r e o s ed on hi s s eat , th ey w or s h i pp ed hi m w i th h ea d s
p
d own -b ent . D a ttatr eya ad d r es s ed th e p r os tr ate g o d s , W h at
d es ir e ye of m e , th at ye d o m e th i s ob ei s ance

T h e g od s s p ok e .

T he D anav as , h ead ed by Ja m bh a , h av e attac ed and sei ze d k

p
u on th e e ar th th e at m o s ph er e and th e th ir d w or l d , 0 t i g er
k
li e M uni , a nd our sh ar es of th e s acr ifices entir ely E m p lo y .

th ou th y wit to th eir d es tr u ction an d our d eliv er an ce, 0 s in

les s o ne ! T hr ou gh th y f av our d o w e d e s ir e to r eg a in the
’
th ree wor ld s which they now p os s e s s .

D attétr eya s p o ke .

I am k
d ri n ing s tr ong d r i n , I h av e k r em nants o f food in m y
m outh , nor h av e I s ubd ued m y s ens es . H ow i s it, 0 g od s , ye
s ee k fo r vi ctor y ov er your en em i es ev en from m e

T h e god s s po ke .

T h ou ar t s inle s s , 0 lor d of the w or ld ; no in h as t th ou ,

into w h ose h ear t, p uri fied by th e a bl utio n f lear ni ng , h a s
e nter ed the l igh t of no w le d g e
’
k .

D attatr eya s p o ke .

‘
T r ue i s thi s , 0 god s ! all lear ni ng h av e I , wh o a m i m pan
ti a l in v i e w bu t b y r ea s on of as s oci ati on w i th th is w om an I
am now i m p ur e after e ati ng . F or co m m er ce w i th w o m en
’
w h en continu ally p ur s ued tend s to d ep r av ity .

T h us ad d r es sed , th e g od s th en s poke a g ain .

1 04 C ANT O XVI I I

T h e god s s p ok e .

T h is w om an, 0 s inle s s b r ahm an i s th e m oth er of th e

w or l d ; s he is not de p r av ed ,
ev en li ke th e s un s
’
h alo o f r ays ,

w hi ch touch es the d vi j a and th e

'
c and ala ali ke .
’

Ga r g a s p oke .

T h us accos ted by th e god s , D attétr eya th en wi th a s m ile

s k
p o e thu s to all th e thir ty god s I f th i s b e your o p ini on ,

th en s um m on all th e A s ur a s to b attle , 0 m os t vir tuou s god s ,

and b r in g th em h er e b efor e m y vi e w— d elay ye n ot— in or d er
‘

th at th e gl or y of th eir s tr en g th m ay b e con s um ed b y th e fir e

of
’
m y gl an ce, an d th at th ey m ay all
p er i s h fr om m y s i ght .

T he v ali an t D aityas , s u m m o ne d t o b attl e b y th e g od s in

com p l iance w ith th at hi s a d v i ce , a d v anced w i th fur y a g ai n s t

th e tr oop s of th e g o d s
T h e g o d s b eing s l augh ter ed b y th e
.

k
D ai tyas w er e qu i c ly d em ora lis ed by f ear ; th ey fl ed in a
k
b o d y, s ee in g p r otecti o n, to D attatr eya s h er m ita g e
’
E v en .

th er e th e D aityas p en etr ated , d r i v in g f or w ar d th e h eaven

d w ell er s , an d s aw th e h i gh - s oul ed m i g h ty D attatr eya ; and

s eate d at hi s left s id e h i s wif e , L k shm

i , l ov ed b y all th e
a

w or l d s , b eauteou s , h er s h ap e m os t g r aceful , h er countenance

li k e th e m oon , h er eyes lu s tr ou s as th e blue w ater h er

hip s l ar g e and b r e as ts full , utter in g m elo d i ous s p eech , a d or ned
wi th ev er y w om anl y v ir tu e S eeing h er b efor e th em , th e
.

D aitya s , s ei z e d w ith l ong in g , coul d not b ear th e in ten s e l ove

wi th for ti tu d e and
pined i n m ind to carr y h er off D es i s ting .

fro m th e g o d s , but d e s ir ou s of s eiz in g th e lad y, th ey w er e

s h att er e d i n v i g our , b eing b ewi t ch e d b y th at s in T h en com .

p act to g eth er th ey s p o e k
I f only thi s j ew el of w om an ind k
in th e th r ee w or l d s m i gh t b e our p r i ze , s u cces s ful th en s hould

we a ll be— thi s i s our eng r os s in

g th ough t W e ar e r es olved
.

th er efor e, l et u s all , foes of th e g od s , r ai s e h er u

p , pl a ce h er
in th e pal i , and k b ear
o ur ab o d eh er to .
’

p
T h er eu on p os s es s e d wi th longin g an d thus m utu ally ex

h or ted , affli cted by lov e, th e uni t e d D aityas an d D anava s

r ai s e d up his v ir tuous wif e , m oun ted h er in th e p alki , and

3“ Nilotpala, the blue water -lily, s ee note pag e 2 9 .

 ’
GARGA S SPE E CH . 1 05

placing the p lk i a on th eir h ea d s s et off for their own hom es .

47 T h er eon D attatr eya s m ilin s o

g p k e th us to the g od s B r av o I
p
ye r os p er er e i s H L k
a s h m i bor n e on th e h ead s of th e

D aityas S h e h as p as s ed b eyond th e s ev en s tati ons , s h e will

.

r e ach anoth er a n ew o n e
’
.
,

T h e g o d s s p o ke .

S ay, 0 lor d of th e w or ld , in wh at s tations has s h e her

abo d e and w h at r es ul t o f a
’
m an s d o es s he b es tow or d es tr oy

D attz
i tr eya s p o e k .

When s t ati on e d o n th e f oo t of m en , Laks h m i b es to ws a

habitation ; an d w h en s t ati on ed o n th e thi gh , cloth i ng and

m anif old w eal th ; an d w h en ta in g h er p os i tion i n th e k
p ud end a , a wif e ; w h en r e s tin g in th e b os om , s h e gr ants
o ff s pr in g ; wh en s tati o n e d in th e h e ar t , s h e f ulfil s th e th ou h ts
g
of m en . L k
a sh m i , is th e b es t for tune of for tuna te m en .

Wh en r es ti n
g on th e n ec k ,
s h e a d or ns th e nec k w i th lo v ed
r el ati ves an d w i v es , and cl o s e co nta ct w ith th os e w h o ar e

ab s ent . W hen abid in g i n th e co unten an ce , th e s ea-b orn

god
d ess b es tow s b eauty fa s h i o n e d a ccor d in
g to h er w or d , r eal
com m and al s o , an d p oeti c fir e . W h en m ounted on th e h ea d ,
sh e fo r s a kes the m a n an d th e n ce r e s o r ts to an oth er a bo d e . A nd
h er e , m ount ed on th eir h e ad , sh e w il l no w d es er t th es e D a i

541 tyas . T h er efor e s ei z e

you r ar m s an d s lay th es e foes of th e
g od s ; nor fear th em gr e a t ly I h av e r en d er ed th em i m p otent ;
’
and th r oug h t ou chi n g ano th er s wi f e th eir m er it is con s um e d ,

th eir m i g ht i s b r o k en .

Gar g a s p ok e .

T h er eup on thos e e ne m i e s o f th e g o d s , being s la in by d i ver s

w eap ons and their h ea d s b ein g as s ai l e d

p er is h ed by Laksh m i ,

th u s h av e w e h ear d An d L
a k s h m i , fl yi ng up , r e ach e d th e
.

g re at M uni D attétr eya , b e ing h ym n e d b y all th e g od s w h o

w er e filled wi th j oy a t th e s l au gh t er o f th e D aitya s T h er e .

g o d s , pr o s tr atin g th ems el v es b efor e th e w is e D att a

'

upon th e

tr eya, g a ine d a s b efor e th e upp er m o s t h ea v en, b ein g fr eed fr o m

a ffli cti o n .
Lik ew i se d o th ou al s o , 0 k in g if th ou w is h es t to
o bta in m atchles s s o v er e i g nty a c cor d i n g to th y d es ir e, s tr aig ht
’

”
W a y pr o p i ti ate him .

14
1 06 CANT O XI X .

C ANT OEX I X .

T he E p i s od e o f D a ttd tr eya .

King Arj una , ta ki ng Gar ga p r op i tia tes D attd tr eya, who

’
s ad vi ce,

gr ants him the been tha t he s hou ld r eign m ghteous ly, p rosp er ous ly and
’

l i h — Ar una is then i ns ta lled i n his ki n d om and hi s r ei n is

g or ml s y j g , g
d es cri bed bless ed ness of wor s hipp i ng Vi s hnu, who is D attd tr eya,
eap ound ed — T he s tor y A la r ka is then begun
o
f .

T he s on s p o ke .

H aving hear d th e Ri s hi sp ea k thus ,

ki ng Arj una, Krita
vi rya s
’ ’
p r oceed e d to D attétreya s h er mi ta g e and w or
s on ,

2 s hi pp e d him wi th f ai th by k
n ead in g hi s f eet and oth er

s er vi ces , and by off er ing h o ney an d oth er d ehicaci es , an d b

y br ing
ing gar land s , s an d al , and o th er p er fum es , w ater , fr ui t &c ; .

als o with p r ep ar ati on s of r i ce , an d b y r em ovi n

g th e Ri s hi s
’

fragm ents of foo d . Pl eas ed ther ewi th th e M uni ad dr es s ed the

kin g in th e v e y r s am e w ay, as h e h a d f or m er ly a d d r e ss ed th e

god s .

E ver ind eed am I an o b j ect o f r e r oach

p for m y en o j
y
m ent of s pir ituous li quor an d
bod ily p leasures , and an oth er

ob j ect of r ep r oa ch for th i s e n j o m ent in t h at I h av e m

y y
wife h er e by m y si d e * D eig n th o u not th us to ob s tr uct m e
.

who am unable to b enefit thee O concili ate on e wh o i s able ” .

T hu s th e M uni ad d r es s e d hi m ; an d Ar j un a Ka tavirya
r , re

ee ch of Ga r g a s , r e p li e d then, b owi ng before hi m

’
calling th at s p .

j
Ar una sp o e k .

W hy d ost th ou b eg uil e m e , m y lor d ,

g to thy r es orti n

illus ory d evice s S inl es s th ou ar t , a nd thi s b r éhm an lad

y is
.

th e path of all exis ten ce .

”

T hus invok ed th b ,
e eni
gn b r ahm an a ns were d him , the ill us
tr i ous K ér tav irya, th e s ub d u er of th e e ar th .

C h oo s e th oub oon ; s in ce th ou h a s t d ecl are d m s ecr et

a
y ,

I h ave f elt th er eb y i nt en s e gr atificati on in th ee t o-d a , 0

y
king .And th e m en w h o s h all w or s h i p m e wi th er fum es , p
k
gar l and s and s uch li e , wi th off er in g s als o of m eat and s tr ong
T he text app ear s ob s cur e.
 ARJUNA AND D AT T AT R EY A . 1 07

d r in k ,
and lwith s w e etm eats accom ani e d
p with clar ifie d butter ,
—
an d who s ha ll wor s hip m e an d L k sh m i wi th
a s on g s als o a nd

th e w or s hi p of b r ah m an s , an d wi th lut e, fl ute, co noh s an d oth er

gla d s om e m us i cal in s tr um en ts t o t h em I w ill g i v e pr em e

— su

gr atificati on, ch ild r en , w i v e s , w ealth a n d oth er blessi ngs , an d I

wi ll w ar d o ff th e v io lent b low s of s cor n er s D o th ou th en .

c h oo s e th e ch oi ce b oon th a t th y m in d d e s i r es : m y f ace i s v e r y
”
gr acious to th ee thr ou gh th y d eclar ation of m y s ecr et nam e .

K ar tav ir ya s p ke
o .

If m y l or d th ou ar t gr aci ou s , th en g r ant m e s up r em e p r o s
p ar i ty, w h er eby I m ay p r otect m y p eop l e an d m ay n ot i n cur
i ni qui ty . I d e s ir e t o h av e kn ow l e d
g e i n th e cu s tom s of oth er s ,
ir r es i s tib ility i n fig h t , an d th e d e x t er ity of a th ou s an d ar m s .

M ay m y p ath s b e uni m p e d ed on h ill, in i

a r ,
in w ater , an d o n

l and , and in a ll th e h ell s !A n d m ay m y d ea th com e fr o m a .

s up er i or m an ! An d l et m e h a v e m or eov er a g uid e to th e
ri I s tr ay fr om th e p ath : an d m ay m y g ues ts "
g h t p ath w h en
b e w or th y of p r ai s e in th e i m p er i s h ab l e b e s tow al of w ea lth !
A n d le t th er e b e fr ee d o m fr om im p ov er i s h m ent in m y countr y
wi th r ep eat ed r ecollection of m e M ay m y f ai th i n th ee b e
e v er i n tr uth unw a v e r in g

D attétr eya s p o e k .

T h ou s h al t r ecei ve all th os e b oo n s i n th e m att er s th at th ou

h as t s p ecifie d ; an d th r ou gh m y fa v o ur th o u s h a lt b eco m e a

uni v er s al m on ar ch .

Ja d a spo ke .

T h er e on Ar j una p r os tr at e d hi m s e lf befor e D att atr eya A n d .

h av in g con v en ed hi s s u bj ects , h e d uly r ecei v ed hi s i n aug ur a

ti on . T h en h e th e H aih aya , es tab li s h e d
i n h i s ki n g d o m ,

h av i n g r e cei v ed s u p r em e p r o s p er ity fr o m D a ttatr e ya , ow ni n g

e x cee d i n g p o w er , m a d e p r ocl am ati o n en ce for th W h o e v er H
b es i d e s m e s h all lay h old of a w e a p on , I s h a ll
pu t hi m to d eath
i h
’
as a r o bb er or as on e ben t o n i n j ur n g o t e r s Af ter thi s
.

or d er h ad b een i s s ue d , th er e w as n o m an th at b or e ar m s in

F or ti thaya h r ead ti thaya h, d ays

’
i!“
1 08 CANT O XX .

th a t co untr
y ,
e x ce
p t t h at H e i t w as
v a li ant ti g er -w ar r ior .

w ho w a s th e g u ar d i a n o f th e v i lla g es , a n d h e th e g uar
d ian o f t h e cat t le H e it w a s w h o w as th e g u ar d i an of th e
.

fiel d s and
p r o te ct or of th e d v i j a s
th e H e a l s o w a s th e .

g uar di an o f a s ceti cs , a n d th e g uar di an of car av an s ; the guar

k
d ia n o f thos e w h o w er e s in in g a m i d th e fear s of r ob b er s ,
ro
g ues , fir e , ar m s a n d s o f or th , as in th e s ea , an d of th os e wh o
w er e in v o lv e d i n o th er cal am i ti es ; h e w a s th e d e s tr o yer o f
h o s tile w ar r i or s . H e it w a s w ho w as e v er r e m e m b er e d as

th e up h old er of m an ki n d . A n d th er e w a s ex e m p ti on fr om im
p ov er is hm en t , w h il e he r ul e d as ki n g . He o ff e r e d m any

s acr ifices , co m p l e t e w i th gift s a n d f e e s He . a l s o p r ac tis e d

au s t er it i e s . H e p e r f or m e d e x pl oi t s i n b attles .

H av i n g s e e n hi s p r o s p eri ty an d e x cee d in g h on our , th e M uni

An g ir as s p ok e .

A s s ur e dl y kin gs wi ll n o t f ollo w i n K ér tav ir ya s s t ep s ,

“ ’

ei ther wi t h s a cr ific es , alm s -g i vi n g , o r aus t er i t i e s , or wi th hi gh

”
ex p lo i t s in b a t tle .

O n th e v er y d a y w h en th e kin g r e ce i v e d
pr os p eri ty fr om
D at t étr ey a , h e p e r f or m ed s ac r ifice to D att i t r eya A n d th er e
.

a ll hi s j
s u b ec t s h avin g s een th e ki n g
’
s s u p r em e p r os p eri ty
th a t d ay o ff er e d u
p s acr ifices wi th d ev ou t att enti o n .

S uch i s thi s m a g nani m i ty D attétr eya , who

'

of th e wi s e
i s V i s h nu , t h e g ur u of all thi n g s m ov a ble an d i m m ov
ab l e , e n d l e s s , h i g h - s o ul e d . I n th e P u énas ar e n ar r at e d th e
'
m a nif es t at i on s of th e b ear er of th e b ow S ar u g a , w h o i s e n d les s ,

in s cr u t ab l e , th e b e ar er of th e c on ch d i s cus an d club . W h at
e v er m an p on d er s on hi s hi g h es t fo r m ,
h a pp y i s h e, an d he
m ay s o on p as s ov er m un d an e e xi s t en ce . Ho I am e v er in
t r ut heas y h of
b y f a i t h ev e n t o V ai s h n
r eac av as ,
’
h ow i s it —

th at a m an s h oul d n o t h av e r ecou r s e to him , w h o s e ar e th es e

v er y w or d s F or th e d es tr ucti o n of un r i
g h t eou S n es s , an d for
th e p r a cti ce o f r ig h te ous ne s s , th e g o d , w h o i s w i th ou t b eg inni ng
an d wi th ou t e n d , p r es er v es th e s t a bili t y f
o na tur e .

M or eo v e r I tell th ee of Al ar k a
*
al s o , t h e f a m o u s b ir th .

B ea d Al ar kam f or An a r ka m .
 T HE rr ow
a or KU VAL Ar KéVA . 1 09

A nd th us h as b een r el ate d th e union b etween th e h i gh -s ouled

R aj ar s h i Alar ka , w h o was f ai thful to h i s f ath er , an d D at ta
treya .

C ANT O XX .

T he S tory f Knva laycisva

o .

King S ’
a t'
ra -
j it s
’
son Ri ta-d hvaj a '
r ecei v es i nto i nti m atefr i end s hip two

n p a r i nces
i n the gu i se of br ah m a ns —
T hey li ve wi th him by d a y,
a nd sp end the ni hts i n R as cita la T hey extol hi m to their fa ther , a nd
g
—

r ela te his s tor

y as f ollows — B i ta—d hoaj a s ets out to s uccour the br ahm an
Gaila va a
gai ns t a D ai tya P d td la-keta , wi th the ai d o f a wond r ous hor s e
nam e d K nva laya .

Ja d a s p o ke .

T h er e was for m er ly a v al or o u s king n am e d

’
S atr u j i t, in
-

w h os e s a cr ifices I nd r a w a s p l e a s ed b y r ecei v in g th e s om a

j ui ce . H is s on w as a v ali ant d e s tr oyer of hi s foes th e p eer

of V rih as pati , I nd r a an d th e A sv i ns in intell ect, pr o w e s s and

b eauty . T he kin g s ’
s on w as con ti nuall
y s ur r ound e d b y youn g

p r i n ce s , w h o w ere hi s e qu als in a g e, intellect, v ir tue, p r ow es s

an d b eh av i our H e w as s om etim es r es olv ed on i n v es ti g atin g
.

’
th e w h ol e S é s tr a li ter a tur e ; a t oth er tim es wi th

p o etr y, d i alo g ue, s in gin g and th e d r am a M or eov er he enj oyed .

m
hi ins elf b oth wi th g a b lin g p a s ti m es , and in th e di s cip lin e of
‘

a ll ki n d s of w ea p on s : h e w as i ntent o n th e s tu d y of el ep h ant s ,
h or s es , and ch ari ot s s uit abl e f or w ar s! T he in g s s on en
’ "
k
j o yed h im s elf in w i th th e young p r in ces , b ei ng
com p any

a b s o r b e d in p l eas ur e by d ay an d ni gh t ali e B ut w h il e th ey k .

s or t ed
p th ere , num b er s of you ng br ahm ans , young p ri n ce s
an d v a isyas of th e s am e a cam e to j
en oy th em s el ves
youn g ge
affecti o n at ely .

No w after a tim e two young Nagas ,

th e s ons of A év atara J

F or -s a m bha 'vai h r ead -s a/m b hav a h

f or yogyd m yud d ha r ead yud d ha -M yogya
'

T he text a pp ear s corr upt ;

A Nag a pr ince .
1 10
- CANT O XX .

v i s i ted th e s ur fa ce o f th e ear th fr o m th e N ag a -w or ld . D is

gu i s e d in for m a s br ah m ans , youthful, h and s om e, th os e t w o ,

i n com p any wi th th e young p r in ce s a nd th e o th er d v i j a s ,
r em ai n e d th er e lin k ed in fr i end s hi p , occup i ed w i th v ari ous

am u s e m ent s . An d all th os e youn g p ri n ces an d th e young

br ah m an s and va isyas , a nd th os e t w o young N ag a p ri n ce s

en
g a g ed i n b ath i ng , k nea d i n g th e li m bs &c , a d o r n ed th em .

s elv es wi th g ar m en t s an d p er fu m es , an d occu p i e d th em s elv es

w ith th e b u s in e s s of k i n g s * A s d ay after d ay w ent by, th e
.

tw o youn g N ag as enj o ye d th e m s elv es , b ein g b oun d by afi e cti on

k
’
f or th e i n g s s o n A n d th e . k
in g s s on r ecei v e d th e h i g h es t
’

p l ea s ur e f r om th os e t w o , b y v ari ou s am u s e m ent s , an d b y j es t s ,
con v er s a t i on , &c . A p ar t fr om th os e tw o h e n e it h er a te , n or

b at h e d , n or d r an k s w e et d r in k s ; h e d id n o t d i s p or t hi m s elf ,
n or ta k e up hi s w e a po n s to i m p r ov e hi s a cco m pli s h m ent s .

A n d th os e tw o , s p end in g th e ni g h t i n Ras atala ,1' m ai nly oc

cupi e d in s ig h i ng i n th e ab s e nce of th at h i g h - s ouled p r i nce,

v i s it ed h im d ay af ter d ay .

“
W ith w h om d o ye b oth , m y s on s , find s upr em e a ffe cti o n
in th e m or tal -w or ld th u s i n quir ed th ei r fa th er of b oth
th o s e youn g N ag a s W h il s t I h av e s een you both m a ny d ays
.

h er e i n P atala , I ever b eh old you b o th w i th in d ly coun te k

”
nan ces by d ay a nd n i g ht .

Ja da s p o e k .

T h u s qu e s ti one d b y th eir f ath er h i m s elf, th e tw o illus tr i

o u s s on s of th e N ag a k
ing fa llin g p r os tr ate, w i th h an d s r ev e
r en tly j o ined ,
re
plie d .

po e T he s on s s k .

'
I t i s th e s o o S atr u -j i t , d ear f ath er , f a m e d b n am e as
n f
y
Ri ta - d h v aj a , s h a p ely, up r i g h t i n cond u ct , a h er o , r ou d
p ,
in d k
of s p ee ch , no s n ea in k
g t ale-b e ar er , I el o qu ent , l ear n ed ,
fr i end ly, a m in e of ex cell en ci es , an h onour er of th e h on our
w or th y, i ntelli g en t, m od e s t , a d or ne d w ith cour tes O ur m i n d ,
y .

T h e text s ee m s incor r ect . F or -s a m ynhtd rn6 r ead

T h e lower w or l d .

F er an d p ri s h a -ka tho r ead a n

t d p r i s htha -ha tho .
 T H E ST O RY or KUVAL AY AéVA . 111

being r av is h e d by att end ance o n hi m , a ffe cti o n for h im an d

p lea s ur e with h i m , find s n o d eli gh t i n th e Nag a -w or ld or th e

22 air -w o r l d fi“ B y s epar ati on fr om h im chill P at al a d oes not
tend t o w ar m u s , d ear f a th er th r oug h un i on W it h h i m th e s un
”
by d ay tend s to g la d d en us .

T h e fath er spo k e .

H e i s th e h ap py s on of a h oly f ather ,
w h os e e xcellenci es

s u ch a c co m p li s h e d p er s on s as thu s cel ebr at e ev en in hi s

ye ar e

ab s ence. T h er e ar e e v il -d is p os i ti o ne d m en l ear ned in th e

'
S as tr a s th er e ar e g o o d -d i s
p o s i tioned m en w h o ar e fool s
but I es t e em h im , m y s on s , th e h ap p i er w h o e qua ll y p o s s es s es
knowled ge f S as tr as an d good d is p o s iti on A f a th er h as
’
o a .

in d e ed a so n in th at s on , wh os e fr i en d s al w ays d e cl ar e hi s
fr i end ly q u aliti es , an d w h o s e enem i e s hi s v al our , am on g th e

g oo d .P er ch ance ye h av e p r ef e rr e d a r eques t to him a s a

b enefact or : h e h a s d one s o m ethi ng to s ati s fy you r m ind , m y
chi ld r en . H app y is h e T h e lif e o f e ach hi g h -bor n one h as
b een well li v e d , w h en p eti ti oner s t o hi m tur n not aw a y, an d th e

p eti ti on of hi s fri en d s i s n ot p ow er les s I n m y h ou s e w h at .

e v er
gold an d o th er m eta ls , j ew els ani m al s f or r i d in an d s eats
, g,
th er e ar e , an d w h atev er el s e im p ar ts d eli gh t th at s h oul d be

g iv en h i m wi th out h es i t ation . F ie on th e lif e of th at m an ,

w h o , w hi le fa ilin g to m a e a k r etur n to beneficent fri en d s ,
b eli ev es th at h e r ea ll
y l iv es T h e wi s e m a n w h o , clou d -l i e
,
k
s h o w er s b en efits on hi s cir cle of f r i en d s a n d inj ur y on h i s
”
f o es ,— m en wi s h h im p r o s p er i ty .

T he s ons spo k e .

W hat m ig ht any o ne d o f or th at s ucces sful m an , wh o s e

p etiti on er s ar e al l alw ays h onour ed in h is h ou s e w i th the gr ant

of a l l th eir d e s i r e s T h e j e w els th at a r e i n hi s h ous e, wh e n ce
.

can w e h a ve t h em in P atal a And w hence his a ni m a ls f or

r id ing , hi s s eat s , and car ri a g e s , o r n a m e nt s an d clo th i n g T he
kn ow l ed g e th a t h e h as , i s fo un d no w h er e els e E v en for th e .

w is e h e i s , d ear f a th er , th e ables t r em ov er of al l d o ub ts O ne .

thin g h e h as d one, an d th at i n o ur o p in ion w a s im p os s ible of

F or bhwvo loke r ea d bhwvar lo/re

 112 CANT O xx .

p li s hm ent, b y B r ah m a, V i s h nu fi S i v a, the
“
and
’
a cco m e x ce p t
” '
o th e r lo r d s 1 .

T h e fath er Sp o ke .

Nev er th eles s I wi s h to h e ar w h at w as his hi gh es t d ee d ,

w h eth er i t b e im p os s ible or p os s ible of a ccom p li s h m ent Is .

an
ythin g i m p os s ib le t o th e wi s e ? M en w h o h a v e d e ter m i
n ati on attain t o th e
p os iti on of th e g o d s , lor d s h i p ov er th e
i m m or tals , a n d th e p os i ti on of b ei ng w or s h i pp ed b y th em , or
an
y o th er cov ete d ar d uou s thin g T h er e i s n othi n g unk n own ,
.

or in acces s ib le, or un ob tain abl e , ei th er in h ea v en or h er e ,

to s tr enu ou s m en w h o h av e b r ou gh t th eir m in d , o r g an s

an d s o ul un d er con tr ol . An an t k
b y w al i n g tr av el s th ou s an d s
of yoj anas ev en Gar ud a , if h e d oe s n o t m o v e , d oes n ot m o v e
a s ingl e foo t W h er e i s th e s ur f a ce
. of th e e ar t h , an d w h er e
i s th e s it e of th e p ol ar s tar Y et D hr uv a th e s on of kin g .

U ttan a -p ad a , a d eni z en of th e ear th , r each e d it . R el ate then

h ow th e g oo d yo un g p r in ce d id hi s feat, th a t y e m ay d i s ch ar g e

your ind eb ted n es s , m y s on s

T he s o ns s p o ke .

T h e h ig h s oul e d p r i n ce h a s told us th is feat h e d i d b efor e ,

-

d ear f ath er ; th at h e s p ent hi s you th , b eing note d f or h i s g o o d

con d uct .

B ut for m er ly, d ear fa th er , a cer t ai n br ahm an , th e w i s e

G alav a , br i n g in g a m agnificen t s tee d , ap p r o a ch e d
'
S atr u j it -

an d r e p li e d to th e kin g A cer t ai n v i l e D ai tya , an e v i l- d oer ,

0 kin g, p s i s d es tr oyin g m y h er niit a g e wi th out

ri n gi n g up ,
'
‘

caus e d ay an d ni gh t , as s u m i n g th e s ev e r a l f or m s o f a li on an
,

e l ep h ant , an d f or e s t -r o vi n g beas ts, an d of o th er s m a ll-b o d i e d .

ani m al s . Wh en I am ab s or b e d i n p r ofound m ed i tati on and

d eep co nt em p l ation , an d i ntent on v o w s o f s ilence , h e r ai s e s

ob s ta cl e s s o th at m y m in d w av er s T h o u ar t abl e ins tan tly
.

t o bur n h im wi th th e fir e of th y an g e r , b ut n ot we . Do I
d es ir e th at aus t eri ti es ar d uous ly a c uir e d s h o ul d be
q s qu an

G o v ind a .

1 T he
‘
t ex t s e em s incor r e ct . F or ta s y d s ti ka r ta vy a m r ea d ta sy a kr i tam
'
kd rya m A nd for zsv a r d d r ead t si a r d n f
'
 KUVAL AY AéVA GUARD S T H E B R i HM AN GAL AVA . 113

d er ed , 0 king ? B ut one d ay 0 kin g

h avi n g p er ceiv e d th e
,

d em o n , I h e a v e d a s i gh , b e in
g d i s tr e s s ed b y hi m , and e x ced
in g l y d ep r es s ed in m i nd T h er eup on th is hor s e f el l for th
.

w i th fr om th e s ky i t s e lf , and a v o i ce f r om no co r p or eal b ein g

ex cl ai m e d — h ear k en to it , 0 lor d of m en U nw eari e d th e
n obl e s t ee d can tr av er s e th e w h ol e ci r cl e of th e ear th w ith
th e s un . H e h as b e en p r o d uce d f or t h ee . N or is h is
co ur s e s ta e d in P até l a , i n th e
y y or in w at er ; nor d oes h e sk

s u ccu m b w h en m ov i n g i n ev er y d ir e cti on , or ev en a m on
g th e
m ount ain s S in ce h e w i ll tr av er s e th e w h ol e cir cle of th e
.

e ar th un w e ar i e d ,
h e wi ll b eco m e f a m e d in th e w or l d un d er th e
n am e K uv al aya . A n d th e b as e s i nf ul D an av a, w h o d ay an d
ni gh t t or m en t s th e e , h i m s h all s l ay , O b r ah m an , th e i n g n a m e d k
S a tr u -j i t m o unt ed th i s hor s e and hi s Ri t a- dh v aj a g et
’
on s on

tin g th i s j ew el of a s t eed s h all att a i n t o f am e b y m ean s of h i m .

I no w h av e m et w ith | th ee d o th o u , 0 k ing ,
w ar d o ff th at

o b s t r u cter of my a u s t e r i ti e s , fo r a k in g i s i n ter es te d ther ei n .

T h er e for e I h av e to ld th ee, 0 ki n g ,
of thi s g em of a h or s e do
th at ri gh teous n es s m ay
’
th ou co m m an d th y s on , s o p er i s h n ot .

A t h i s w or d th e ki n g ,
ri
g h teou s i n s o ul , m oun tin g h i s s o n
Ri t a - d h v aj a , w h o h a d p er f or m ed a s ol e m n cer e m o ny, on th at

h im aw ay th e n w ith G al a v a And th e
g e m of a h o r s e , s e nt .

M un i , t a in g h i k md ,
e
p ar t ed to h i s own h er m i ta g e h om e -
.
”

C ANT O X X I .

K uva la/g é s va m a r r i a ge wi th M a d d la s d
’ ’
s .

Ri ta -d hvaj a , ca lled a lso K u va layd so a , wound s a nd

p ur s ues the
D a i tya P d té la - hetu .
—
I n the p ur s ui t he f a lls thr ough a chas m i n to
P d td la a nd r ea ches the ci ty P ur a nd a r a -p ur a — T her e he m eets M ad d
las d , ( d a ughter o f the Ga nd har va hi ng Vi s vd va s u, ) whom P d td la -ke tu
ha d car r i ed o fi He— m ar r i esher with the hetp of her comp a ni on

Kund a ld who then a d m on i s hes them on the bless i ngs of m ar r i a ge

,

H e ki lls the D ai tyas who opp os e hi m , a nd br i ngs her hom e to hi s fa ther ,

w ho p r a i s es a nd bless es hi m .

T h e f ath er spo k e .

R el at e m y s on s w h a t t h e k i n g s s on d id after h e d ep a r ted
’

”
in co m p any w ith Ga lav a yo ur s to y r i s a s ur p r i s i n n
g o e .

15
1 1 4: CANT O XXI .

T he s on s s po k e .

T he ki n g ’
s s o n , r e s id in g i n G al av a
’

p lea s ant h er m itage,

s

s ub d u e d e v e r y o b s ta cl e t o th e r e ci t er s o f th e V e d a .

T h e b a s e D an av a , inf ect ed wi th fr en z y an d ar r o g an ce , di d
n ot kn ow th e p r in ce
’

Ku v alayasv a w h o w as d w ellin g in Gal a

T h en as s u mi n g th e f or m of hog, h e
’
va s h e r m i t ag e . a ap

p r oac h ed t o ou tr a g e th e b r ah m an G alav a , w h o w as b u s i e d in
-

’
th e ev eni ng s er vi ce O n an o u t cr y b y th e M u ni s d i s ci p le s ,
- .

th e ki n g ’
s s on h as tily m o un ti n g th e h or s e p ur s u e d th e b o ar ,
s h o o tin g arr o w s a t hi m an d d r aw i n g hi s m i g h t y b ow , th at

w as d ecor at e d w i th p r e t ty d es i g n s , h e s tr uc k the boar wi th an

ar r o w s h ap e d li k e th e h alf -m oon . W o un d e d b y th e ir on
a r r ow , t h e w il d b eas t, in t ent on i ts o w n s ee d
p y e s ca p e , s e t o ff

for th e l ar g e f or es t d en s e wi th m oun ta in tr ees . T h e h or s e

f o llow ed h im i m p etuo us l y, s wi f t a s th ou g h t , b ein g ur g ed on

b y th e k in g ’
s s on who w as o b eyin g hi s f a th er
’
s co m m an d .

Af ter tr a v er sing th ou s an d s of yoj an a s w i th s p eed th e qui c k

p a c e d boar f e ll into a n o p en ch a s m in th e ea r th I m m e d i at ely .

af ter h i m , th e
’
k
in g s s on a ls o , on hi s h or s e , f e ll i n to th e gr eat
ch a s m , w h i ch w as env el op e d in cr a s s d ar n e s s T h en th e k .

b ea s t w a s lo s t to th e s i gh t o f th e kin g ’
s s on th er ein ; a nd he
s aw P at al a cle ar ly th er e, b ut no t th at a ni m a l .

N ex t h e th e ci t
y call ed P ur an d ar a -p ur a filled wi th
“
s aw

h un d r ed s of g old en p al ace s , em b el li s h ed wi th r am p ar ts .

E n t eri n g i t , h e b eh eld m an th er e in th e ci t
y , an d a s h e
no

w an d er ed ab out he n ex t s aw th er e a w o m an h a s t eni n g alon g .

H e qu es ti on ed h er , th e s l e n d er -li m b e d
, Wh y or on w h os e
acco unt ar e you p r oceed in g T h e n obl e l a d
y r ep li ed n ot a
w or d and as cend e d i nt o th e p al ace An d th e ln n g s s on
'
’
.

f a s t eni n g u p h i s h or s e on on e s id e f ollow ed h er in d ee d , b ein

g
wi d e -eye d wi th am a z em ent bu t f ear les s .

T h en h e s aw r e cli ni n g on a v er y s p a ci ou s cou ch all m ad e ,

of gold , a s oli tar y m aid en, f ull of lov e , a s i t w er e R ati h er —

f a ce lik e th e cl ear m oon, h er eye -br ow s b e autiful , l ar g e -h i

p p ed
an d f ul l -br eas ted , s car let -li pp ed ,* s lend er -b odi ed , h er e es
y

a Vi m b a J ipp ed . T h e V im ba, Cep ha land r a i nd i ca (M om or d i ca m onad el

 KUVAL AY XsVA M E E T S W I T H M AD KL ASX . 1 15

lik e th e b l ue water -lily, h er na ils r e d -ti pp ed , b l ack -com pl ex io n

cd , s oft-s ki nned , h er h and s an d feet co pper -col our e d

,
h er
thi gh s r oun d and tap eri ng , h er t eeth beautif ul, h er looks
d ar k blue fine and
-
s tr o n g .

On s eeing h er , l ov ely in ev er
y lim b , as it w er e a cr eep er on

th e b o d y of th e g o d of L ov e , th e k ’
ing s s on th ou g h t h er th e
d eity of R as atala . A n d th e b eauteous m aid en im m ed i a t ely
s h e s aw h im , with hi s d ar k blu e w av y h air , and w ell -d ev elop ed
th i gh s s h ould er s an d
h im th e g od of ov e
ar m s , d eem e d L .

An d s h e ros e up , th e n obl e l a d y, f eeling an a g itati on in h er

mi nd T h e s len d er one w as ov er co m e at once b y b as hf ulne s s ,
.

a s t oni s h m ent and d ej eeti on . Wh o i s thi s th at h as com e

I s he a g od , or a Ya k s h a , or a G an d h ar va , or a Nag a, or a

V id yad h ar a, or a m an a cco m pli s h e d in v ir t uous d eed s an d

lov e k
T hi n ing thus , an d s i gh i n g oft en , s h e s eat ed h er s elf

on th e r oun d an d th en th e f as cin atin g -eye d l ad y sw oon e d

g
a wa
y . T he ki n g s ’
s on , b ei ng al s o s m itten by th e arr ow of
L ov e ,
r evi v ed h er , s ayin g Do n ot f ear
’
A nd th en th at
.

m ai d en, w h om th e hi gh - s oul ed p r i nce s aw b efor e, b eing d is

k
tr es s ed too a f an and fann ed h er Af ter r ev iv ing h er , th e .

m ai d en, on b eing qu es ti on ed b y h i m , s om ewh at b as hfully m a d e

kn o wn th e
'
caus e of h er fri en d s f ain ti ng A nd the no ble l a d y
’
.

r e l ate d to th e king s ’
s on i n d eta il a ll th e caus e o f th e fa intin g ,

w hi ch occur r e d a t th e s i gh t of him an d als o h er s tor y a s th e

o th er lad y h ad t old it .

T h e la d y s po ke .

T he kin g of the Gan d h ar v as i s n am ed V is v év as u, and thi s

i s h i s b eautiful -br ow e d d au gh ter cal le d M ad al as é . T he s on

of V aj r a - k etu , a fier ce D an av a , th e cleaver of hi s fo es , w a s

n am ed P atala - k etu , a d w eller wi th in P atala . H e, r ai s in

g an

illus i on of d a knes s
r ,
carr i e d o ff th i s m aid en wh en sh e w as in

h er g ar d en , un attend e d b y m e , and br ough t h er her e, th e

v illain O n th e com in g thir t eenth d ay of the lunar f or tnight,
.

i t w as f or etol d , an A s ur a s h all car r y h er ofi ; but h e d o es n ot

s c ar l et b err y , 2 i nch es long , and 1 in d i am eter

p ha , Roxb .
) b ears a b rig h t .

I t is a cli m b er , com m on everywh er e (Hooker , vol . I I , p 6 2 1 ; Roxb p

. . .
1 16 CANT O X XI .

d e s er v e th e lov ely-li m b e d m ai d en, an

y m or e th an a su dra
d e s er v e s t o h ear th e V ed a . And w h en th e d ay w a s o v e r ,
S ur abh i s aid to th e m aid e n w h o w a s r ea d y to ki ll h ers elf ,
T hi s b a s e D an a v a s h a ll n ot g et th ee He w h o s h all p i er ce
.

h i m , w h en r eac h es th e w o r ld o f m o r t a l s , w i th ar r o w s ,
”
th at on e , 0 n ob l e la d y, s h all s h or t l y b e th y h u s b an d An d .

I amh er p r u d en t co m p an i on , K u nd al ab y n am e , th e d aug h t er
o f V i n dh yav a n , an d th e wi f e of P u s h k ar a -m alin , O w arr i or .

'
M y h u s b an d h a vin g b een kill ed b y S um b h a , I am w an d eri ng ,
i n fu lfilm en t o f a v ow , fr om on e p l ace of p il gri m a g e t o an o th er
by a d ivi n e co ur s e , r ea d y for an o th er w or l d . P at ala - k e tu ,
’
e v i l s oul e d
-
,
w h en h e h a d a s s um e d a wi ld b o ar s f or m w as

p i er ced b y s om e on e w i th a n ar r o w , t o s e cur e th e d eli v er an ce

of th e M un i s A n d I h a v i n g r eall y f oll o w e d hi m , h av e
.

r e t ur n e d i n h as te : i t i s i n d e ed tr u e , t h e b a s e D anav a h as
b een sm i tten b y s om e on e .

A n d thi s la d y f ell i nt o a s w oo n h ear w h a t i s th e cau s e .

T h e m ai d en i s f ul l of aff ect i o n f or th ee e v en a t
fir s t s i gh t , 0

p ri d e-i n s pi r er ! w h o r e s em bl es t th e son s of th e D ev a s , d i s tin

g ui s h ed f or gr aciou s s p e ech an d oth er v i r tu es And sh e i s .

a ll otte d as w if e t o th e o th er , w h o h a s w o un d e d th e D anav a .

F or thi s r ea s on sh e f ell int o the d eep s w oon , an d al l h er lif e

th e s l en d er -lim b e d m ai d en w ill i n d eed ex p er i en ce s ufie ri n
g .

O n th ee i s fixed h er h ear t , 0 en a m our e d her o ; and sh e wi ll

h av e no h u s b an d all h er l if e l on g . H en ce i s h er s uff er

w a s S ur abhi
’
in g . E v en so s p r op h ecy . B u t I h av e co m e h er e ,
m y lor d , th r o u g h a ff e cti on f or h er , ex p er i en ci n g g r i ef ; for
th er e i s in tr uth n o d ifier en ce b e tw een
’
fr i en d
’
on e s s bod y an d

I f thi s l ov ely l a d y g ets an app r ov e d h er o for h er

’
on e s own .

h u sb an d , th en as s ur ed ly m ay I en g a g e i n a u s ter iti es wi th a
m ind at ea s e . B ut wh o ar t th ou an d w h er ef or e h a s t th ou
co m e h er e , 0 h i gh -m in d e d her o A r t than a D ev a , o r D ai tya,
Gan d h ar v a , N aga, or K i nn ar a P
‘
F or n ot h er e ca n m en com e,

n or i s h u m an b o d y s u ch a s thi ne . D ecl a r e th ou th a t , ev e n as

I h av e s p o k en tr uthf ully .
’

T h e D anav a .
f F or c a n y o r ead n d n o .
y
 KUVAL AYAévA m am as mm i m s i . 117

Kuv al ayasv a
’

p oke
s .

‘
W h at th ou as k es t m e, 0 Za ch; s kill ed in h oly la w , wh o I
am an d wh y I h av e com e , h e ar th at , O la d y br i gh t of un d er

s ta n d in g! I t ell i t th e e fro m th e b eg inning . S on of king

S a tr u j it , I w as d e s p atch ed b y m y fa th er , O b eau t eou s on e !
'
~

I r ea ch ed Gal av a s h er m it a g e for th e p ur os e of p r otecti ng

’
p
th e M uni . A n d w h il e I w as a fior d i n g p r otecti on to th e M uni s
who o b s er ve th e h oly law , th er e d i s gui s ed in h og
cam e on e ,

lik e f or m , t o h am p er th em . P i er ced b y m e wi th an arr ow ,

s h ap e d li k e th e h alf -m oon , h e r us h e d aw a
y with gr ea t sp eed
m oun ted on h or s eb ac I p u rs ued h im
k S u d d enl y I f ell as in
.

p l ay into a ch a s m ,
and m y h or s e al s o T h u s m ounted on .

h or s eb ac k ,
w an d er ing al o n e in d ar kn es s , I m et wi th l i gh t,
an d s aw th ee l a d y an d w h en qu es tion ed , th ou g a v es t m e no
an s w er wh atev er . A nd f o llo w ing th ee I enter ed thi s s pl en

d i d p alace T h u s I h av e r el ated th i s tr uly

. No D ev a am I , .

or D anav a , n or N d g s , nor G and h ar v a or Kinnar a , 0 s w eet

s m i l in g on e ! T h e D eva s an d th e r es t ar e a ll ob ects of v en er a j
ti o n t o m e, O Ku nd ala . I am a m an ; th ou m us t not b e afr aid
’
of th is at any t im e .

T he s ons s
po ke .

Glad d ened th er eb y, th e n ob le m ai d en , g az in g d ully thr ou h

g
b a s hf ulnes s on th e n oble cou n t en ance o f h er fri en d , utter ed

no w or d . An d a gain
th e f r i end , b e ing g la d d ened , ans w ere d
hi m , a fter sa yi ng to her , T r ul y h as b e r el ated i t, 0 m ai d en
’
ob e d i ent to S ur ab hi s w or d

Kund al i s po ke .

O h er o, unv ar ni s h ed tr uth is th e w or d th ou h a s t s po k en

an d h er h ear t , p er ceiv ing i t no oth er wi s e, will g ain com

os ur e S urp as s ing b eau ty i n d ee d cl o t h es th e m o o n , and
p .

li gh t cl oth e s p r os er i ty a ttend s th e h ap p y m an,

th e s un : p
for ti tu d e th e r es olute m an , and p ati en ce th e gr eat m an ,

T h ou ind eed h as t a s s ur edl y s l a in th at w i c ed b as e D anav a k

h ow s h all S ur abh i , th e m oth er of catt le , s p ea k fals ely ?
T h er efor e h a p py v er ily i s thi s m ai d en an d bless ed w ith good
/
118 CANT O XXI .

for tune, in g ainin g uni o n wi th th ee P er for m , O h er o, the .

’
n ee df ul cer em ony, cel ebr at ed a ccor d i ng to r ule .

T he s on s s p o ke .

th us s p ok e th e ki ng s
’ ’
I am r ead to h er ,
y to com p ly, s on

0 fath er . An d s h e th ou gh t of h i m , th e l ar g e-thi g h e d * hero,

th e chi ef of hi s r ace . A nd h e taki ng fuel and ki ss
gr a s s ,
accep te d h er im m ed i ately, thr ou gh affection f or M a dal a s a an d
th r ou gh r es p ect for Ku nd ala . Kin dlin g fir e, h e s a cri fi ce d ,

b ei n g c onv er s ant w ith th e m antr a s , an d caus e d th e b les s ed

m ai d en to ta k e p ar t in th e m ar r i a g e cer em ony . An d as he
h ad co m e,h e d ep ar ted th en , b ein g a wi s e m an, to hi s own
h er m i t ag e-abo d e f or th e p ur p os e o f p ra cti s ing aus teri ti es .

An d th e com p ani onf s aid to th e m a id en M y wi s h es ar e

f ul fill ed , O l ov ely-fac ed on e . N ow th at I h av e s e en th e e , re

s pl en d e nt in b eauty, w ed d ed to thi s hus ba nd , I wil l p er f or m

m at chl es s au s ter i ti e s , w ith a m in d at e as e ; and , h avi n
g my
s in s was h ed aw ay i n th e w at er s of th e s acr ed p il gr i m ag e
p l aces , I sh all not aga i n b e com e s u ch a s I am now .

A n d th en b end ing cour teou s ly sh e a d d r es s ed th e king s ’

s on ,b ei n g d es ir ous to g o, yet sha k en in h er s p e ech thr ough

lo v e f or h er fri end .

Kund al a s p oke .

No coun s el sh ould b e g iv en ev en by m en to s u ch a s th ou
ar t, 0 m an of b oun d le s s un d e r s t an di ng ! and m uch l e s s th er e

fore b y w om en h ence I offer th ee n o coun s el B ut yet th ou .

h as t cau s e d m e al s o to con fid e i n thee wi th a m in d d r aw n b y

l ov e t ow ar d s thi s s l en d e r -w ai s t e d one : I wi ll r em i n d thee, O
f oe-qu eller . V eri ly a h u s b an d m us t ev er ch er i s h a n d
p r ot ect
A wif e i s h er h u sb an d
’
hi s wife . s h el p -m eet unt o th e com

F or Mm burm n r ead ta m bara m , wh os e thigh s ar e like th e t um b a , a

kin d of l ong gour d , L agenari a vu l ga r-
is ( Cucur bi ta lagenari a , Ro xb ) I t ap .

p e ar s t o b e a wild v ari ety . T he co m m o n p lant is th e S a n s k ri t alavu, th e

m o d e r n ka d u or lé u . I t b ear s a lar g e , th i ck , m em branous or al m o st w ood y
f r ui t, ofte n 1 5 f oot l ong, us ually b ottl e or d um b bell -sh ap ed (Hooker , v ol . II ,
p 6 1 3 R oxb , p
. . .

1 F or s akhi m read
.
s akhi
 '
KUVAL Ar i svA RE T URNS W I T H M AD AL AS A . 119

p let e attain m ent of r e li gi o n , w ealth and lov e . W h en b oth

wi f e a nd h us b a nd ar e contr oll e d by ea ch o th er , th en a ll th e

th r ee com b i n e , r eli gi o n , w ea lth an d lo v e . H ow w ith out a wi f e

d oes a m an a ttai n to r eli gi o n or w ealth lov e, m y lo r d
or In
h er th e th r ee ar e s et . So als o w ith out a h u s b an d a w if e i s

p ow er les s to fulfil r eli g i on an d th e ot h er d uti es T hi s th r ee .

fo ld g r oup r es i d e s i n w ed d e d lif e M en can not p er f or m th e .

w or s h ip of th e g o d s , p i tri s an d d ep en d an ts and of g u es t s , w i th
out a wi fe , 0 p r i nce An d r ic h es , alth ou gh a cqu i r e d b y m en ,
a lth ou h b r o u h t to th eir h om e , w a s te
g g ow n aw a
y wi t h o u t a
w if e , o r ev en w h er e a w or th l es s wi f e d w ell s . B ut th er e i s
in d ee d no l ov e f or hi m wi thout a wife, —
th i s i s cl ear l
y ev id ent .

By com m uni ty of th e w e d d e d p ai r i n th ei r d uti es h e m ay

atta in t o th e th r ee d uti es A m an s ati s fies th e pi tri s w ith
.

ch i l d r en ; an d
g ues ts wi th p r ep ar ati on s of fo o d ; li ewi s e th e k
i m m or t al god s wi th w or s hi p ; as a m an h e s ati s fies a v ir tuous
wife . M or e ov er f or a w om an th er e i s no r e li
gi on , l ov e ,
w ea lth p r i ng wi th out a h u s b and
or o ff s en ce thi s th r ee . H
fol d g r ou p r e s t s up o n w ed d e d lif e T h i s h av e I s p o en to . k
you b oth ; an d I g o a s I h av e w i s h ed P r os p er th ou w ith h er .

in i ch es , child h i d l o g life
’
r r e n ,
app n e s s an n .

T he s on s s p o k e .

H avi n g spo k en th u s , sh e e m br ace d h er fr i en d an d b ow e d

t o th e p r in ce an d sh e d ep ar ted by a d i vi ne cour s e accor d in
g
t o h er ow n
p ur p o s e .

’
An d S a tr u j i t s
’
-
s on , b ein g d es ir ou s t o d ep ar t fr om P at ala ,
m oun ted h er on th e h or s e but w as p er ceiv e d by D anu ’ s 0 &
s p ri n g . T h er eon th ey s ud d enly s h out e d o ut , S h e i s b ei n g
ca rr i e d off , sh e is b ei n g ca rri e d far a w ay , th e p e ar l a m on
g
m ai d en s , w h om P atal a - k e tu br ou g h t fr om h ea v e n . B es id es

h e h a s w on th e m i g h t of th e D an av as , th e i r on -s t aff, th e s w or d
th e club , th e s p ear , th e b o w , t o g eth er wi th P at ala - et u k .

S tand , s tan d th us e x cl a i m in g , th e D an av a chi efs th en

r ai n e d x
’‘
a s h o w er o f ar r o w s a nd s p ear s o n th e k in g ’
s s on . A nd
'
s s on , e x celli ng in v alo ur s p lit th eir weap on s with
’
S atr u j i t-
,

F or v a va r s hur r e ad v av ri s hur
f
1 20 CANT O XXI .

a m ulti tud e of ar r o w s , lau g h i n g if in s por t

as I n a m o m ent .

th e s u r f a ce of P atala w as cov er e d with th e s w o r d s , l an ce s ,

s p ear s a nd ar r ows , wh i ch w er e s pl it by th e m u ltit u d es of

B it a- d h v aj a
’
s ar r o w s . k
T h en t a ing up T v as htri s w e ap on ’

h e h ur le d it ag ains t th e D zm av a s ; th er eby all th o s e D a

ina v as
to g eth er wi th P at ala - k e tu w er e tur ned i nto h eap s of b on es
bur s tin g wi th th e ex ces s i v e h eat fr om b l az ing r in g s of fir e,
j ust as th e ocean s wer e bu r nt up w h en th e fir e of K apila f ell
on them .

T h en th e p ri nce, s ea te d on h or s eb ac , af ter s l ayi n g th e k

ch e s of th e A h i f th er s city with th at p ear l
’
i f s ur as , cam e t o s a

of w om en ; pr os tr a tin g h i m s elf h e
a nd r eco unt e d e v er
y
thin g t o h i s f ath er , b oth th e vi s it to P atala, and th e m e etin g

wi th K u nd ala,
_
and th e m eeti n g w ith M ad alas a, an d th e con

fli ct wi th th e D anav as , an d th eir s laug h t er wi th th e w ea p on,

an d th e r etur n .

H i s f ath er , h avi ng th u s h ear d th e ex ploits of

hi s gr a cef ul
m in d e d s on, w as b oth fill ed wi th aff ecti on an d em br a ci n
g hi s
s on s
po ke thus — ‘
I h a v e b een d eliv er e d by th e e , O s on,

w or th y, m agnani m ou s , w h o h a s t s av e d fr om th ei r f ear s th e
M un i s w h o f ol low tr ue r eli g i o n . T h e f am e h an d e d d own
by m y an ces tor s h a s b ee n f ur th er a ug m ente d by m e th ou, O
s on , m i gh ty in v al our ,
h a st m ulti pl i ed i t . Now h e, w h o d o es
n ot d im i ni sh th e g lor y , w ealth or h er oi s m whi ch hi s fa th er
h as ac quir e d , i s k nown a s an o r di nar y m an B ut w h oev er .

s tr i k e s out by h i s ow n m i gh t fr es h her oism s til l , ex cee d in

g h is
h er oi s m , th e wi s e
h im g r eat am o n call W ho
’
f ath er s
g m en .

ev er l e s s ens th e w e alth a n d h er oi s m an d g l or
y a cquir ed b y
h i s f ath er , th e wi s e call hi m b as e am ong m en I th en h a d .

a cco m pli s h ed e v en as th o u h a s t th e br ah m an’s d eliv er ance .

An d th e v i s it to P atél a th at thou m o d es t, and th e d e s tr uctio n

th e A s ur as th at thou d id s t
'

of efieot, e v en thi s , m y ch ild , is

in e x ce s s , h en ce th ou ar t g r eat a m ong m en T h er efor e th ou
.

ar t f or tunate, m y b oy . I i n d ee d in g etti ng th ee , s u ch a s o n
as th i s , ex celling in v ir tu e s , am to b e p r ais e d e v en by
ri
gh te ou s m en . T h a t m an d oes n ot , I h old , g ain t he a ffe c
ti on of a d o p ted s on s , wh o d o e s not s ur p as s hi s s on i n w is
 xvvu u i évs
’
s HAPPY mm . 1 21

d om , liberali ty and v alo ur F ie on the bir th of him who

“

is known in th e w or l d th rou gh h i s f ath er ! H e wh o attain s

f am e thr ough a s on, hi s bir th is the bir th of a nob ly b orn m a n .

T h e f or tunate m an is kn ow n by r eas on of h i m s elf ; th e

or di n ar y m an b y of h i s
r ea s o n f ath er an d
gr andf ath er th e
b as e m an attains d i s tin cti on th r ou gh hi s m oth er ’s r elati on s an d

hi s m oth er T her ef or e, m y s on , p r os p er th ou in r i ch es an d
.

h er oi s m and in h ap p in e s s A nd nev er l et thi s d augh t er of

.

th e Gand h ar v a be p ar t ed fr om th ee
’
.

“
T h us h e w as a d d r es s e d b y h i s fath er kind ly ag ai n an d
a g ain in v ar i ous s or t ; an d af ter an e m br a ce h e w a s p er m i tted
t o d ep ar t wi th hi s w ife to hi s o wn r e s id en ce H e li v ed th ere
.

j oyf ul ly in th e s oci et y of hi s w if e in hi s fath er

’
s city, an d al s o

el s ew h er ein g ar d en s , w oo d s , a n d m oun tai n-top s An d s h e , .

th e l ov ely, th e b eauti f ul w ai s te d , h aving pr os tr ate d h er s elf

-

b efor e th e f eet of h er p ar ents i n -l aw , th er eafter m or nin g b y-

”
m or ning en oye dj h ers elf i n co m p anions hi p wi th h im .

C ANT O X X I I .

T he s tory f Kuvalayd éva (conti nued )

o M ad d las a 8 d ea th .

i n the guis e f M uni

’
P d td l ketu
a- s br other l a —ketu, o a d welhing on

the ba nk of the Y am und , i nd uces K uua la yd s va to guar d hi s her m i tage,

'
'

on the p retext tha t he ha d cer ta i n cer em oni es to p erfor m i n the

wa ter — D is am i ng wi thi n the w a ter he goes to the p a la ce a nd r ep or ts

ar

tha t Kuva la yd sva had d ied i n ba ttle w i th the D a i tyas— M a d d las d d i es

'

thr ough gri ef , a nd the ki ng a nd

queen u tter thei r la m enta tions , a nd

l then to the her m i tage

’

f
er or m the p r i nce s obs equies — a —ketu r etur ns
p
an d l
r e eas es the p r i nce .

T he s on s spo k e .

M any d ays after w ar d s th e i n g a g ain a d d r es s ed hi s s on , k

M ounting thi s h or s e g o qu i ck ly t o r es cue the b r ah m an s ,
and p atr ol th e e ar th , m or nin g b y m or nin g , d ay by d a y ,

fo r th e b r ah m ans fr eed om fr om m ol e s tation m us t alw ays b e

’

s o ugh t after T h er e ar e ev il b eh av ed D i nav as in hund r ed s ,

.
-

k
b or n i n wi c ed nes s d o th ou s o a ct th at the M uni s m ay ex
16
l? ‘
Z C ANT O 5m m .

p er re h ce n o ob s t acle fr om th e m d id
’
T h e n th e ki ng
’
. s Eo n as

h e w as d ir ected by hi s f ath er . Af ter tr av er s ing th e wh ole

5 e ar th , th e ki ng ’
s s on d id to hi s f ather s f eet in
’

th e f or enoon, a s e ac h day c am e r o und ; and th e n d ur i ng th e

r es t of the d y he j
en oy e d him s elf wi th h er , th e s lend er
"
a

w a i s te d o ne .

O n e d ay, h o we ve r , w hile m ov ing ab out, h e s aw P atala

“

k etu s
’

youn g er b r oth er T i la k etu, w h o h a d fix ed h is h er m i t a g e a

on th e b an k of th e Y am u n a . T h e wi -ly D anav a h a d a s s ume d a

th e p r evi ous en m i ty in m in d , h e
’
M uni s h ap e B
"

s . ear i n g

a ccos te d th e kin g
yal p ri nce ! I acco s t th ee , d o
’
s s on 0 r0
’

th o u t h en accom p li s h m y r eques t i f th ou a r t w illi n g n or m u s t

th o u r ef us e nn
y p eti ti on , th ou th at ar t tr ue t o thy p r om i s e !
'

I wi ll o ff er a s a cri fice t o D h ar m a, an d th e obl at i on s al s o

m u s t b e m ad e T h e fu ner al p ile s m u s t b e p ut
. up th er e, s i n ce

th ey h av e n o t yet a s cen d ed i nt o th e ai r . H en ce g ive m e ,

O h er o ! thi s th y o wn or nam ent t h at is th y n e c
ab o ut - k
f or g old , an d g uar d th ou m y h er m i t ag e , until I p r ai s e
w ithi n th e w at er th e g o d V ar un a , th e l or d o f m ari n e a ni m als ,
’
w i th th e m ant r a s p r es cr ib e d b y th e V e d a s for V arun a s

w or sh i p , whi ch caus e cr eatur es to thri v e , a n d in h as te

r e tur n .
’
T o him as he spo ke th u s th e p ri n ce d i d o b ei s an ce

an d th en g av e hi s n ec k -
o r n am e nt, an d r e p li e d t o h im , Go
l
'

s ir w ith m i nd at eas e I wi ll s t ay i n th i s v e r y s p ot n ear

‘

thy h er m itag e a ccor d in

g t o th y com m an d , S ir ! unt il t hy
c om in g a g ain . N0 m an s h all cau s e th ee m o l e s t ati on h er e

w h il e I s t ay . A nd d o th ou in p erf ect confid e nce , wi th out

h ur r y , O b r ahm a n , i
p l s h th y p ur p o s e
’
acco m .

B ein g thu s a d d r e s s ed b y hi m , h e t h en pl un g e d in to th e
“

w at er in th e r i v er , w hile th e p ri n ce g uar d e d th e o th er s m a gi c
’

r a i s ed h e r m i ta g e . An d T al a-ketu '

w en t fr o m th a t r i v er to
th e pri n ce
’
s t o wn, and s o
p ke thus i n t h e
p r e s ence of M a d al a s a
a nd o th er p ersons .

T ala -k etu s p o ke .

T h e h er o, Kuv alayésv a, w hile g uar d i n g th e a s ceti cs c los e

to m y he r m i ta g e , fig ht i ng w ith a c er tain w i c ed D a it a
y k
 KL AsA s
’
M AD DEAT H T H RO U GH D E CE I T . 1 23

a nd s tr i k ing d o wn th e br ah m ans foe s in th e

’
conflict with a ll

h is m i gh t, w as p ierce d i n th e b r eas t with a s ear by th e p

wi c ked D ai tya wh o r e s or ted t o m a gi c W hi le d ying h e .

g av e m e thi s nec k or nam ent ;

- an d sud r a as ceti cs
g a v e hi m
to th e fir e in the w o o d . A nd th e fr ightened h or s e whi ch
u tte r e d d i s tr es s ed nei g hi n gs , w ith tear f ul eyes , w as l ed o ff

by th at cr uel D ana v a . T hi s b eh eld I , m ali ci ous , e vi 1-d o er

. .

W h at ev er s hould for th wi th b e d on e in thi s m a tter , let i t b e

d on e with out d el ay . A n d ta k e thi s nec k ornam ent as
- a co m

s o l ati on to your h ear ts , for w e a s ceti cs m ay not h av e anyth in g

’
to d o wi th g ol d .

T he s ons s p o ke .

H av i n g so sp o ken ,
h e l ef t i t on th e g r ound and d ep ar te d
as h e h ad A nd th o s e p eopl e a fil icted wi th g r i ef , f ell
co m e .

d o w n, ill with f ainting I m m e d iately r ecov eri n g con

. s ci ou s

n e s s all thos e royal h an d m ai d s , an d

th e qu eens and th e ing k
lam en ted s or ely d i s tr es s ed . B ut M a d él a s a s eeing th at h i s
n eck o nam ent
- r , a nd h ear in g th at h er hus band w as s lain,

qui ckly yi ld ed
'

e up h er d ear lif e .

T h er eon gr eat cr y ar os e i n th e h ous es of th e ci ti z en s ,

a

e v en a s th er e w a s i n th e
’
ing s o wn hous e k
An d th e k i n g .

b eh ol d in g M ad al as a b er e ft of h er h us b and and d ea d , m a d e
an s w er th e p eop le , h av in g r ecov er ed hi s com p o s ur e
to all

aft er d ue r efl ecti on Y e s h o ul d n ot w eep , n or I , I p er cei v e ,

.

w h en one cons i d er s th e fl eetin g n es s of ev en all re lati on s .

W h y d o I b ew ail my s on W hy d o I b ew ail m y d au g h t er -i n
‘
l aw P I th in
‘

k after d ue r efl ecti on , th at nei th er s h o u ld be

b ew ail ed , s in ce ev e n ts h ap p e n as th ey ar e f ated . W hy
s h oul d my s on , w h o in ob e d i e n ce to m e h as m et d eath w h e n
en g a g ed i n guar d in g t h e d v i j as accor d i ng to m y com m a n d ,

be b ew ail ed by th e in tel li g en t A s s ur ed ly if m y s on h a s
hi s bod y on a cco un t o f t h os e d vrj a s , wi ll n o t th a t b o d y ,
qui tt e d
to w h ich h e res or ts , ca u s e him to ris e h i g h er A nd h o w i s i t
h
o s s ib l e
t at thi s hi g h -b or n la d y, th us f ai th ful to h er hu s b a n d ,
p
s h ou ld b e b ew ailed F or w om en h av e no d ei ty b es id es a h u s
b an d . F or sh e w ould h av e to b e th u s b ewai led by u s , a nd h er

r el ati v es , and oth er com p as s ionate p er s ons, if she w ere

1 24 C ANT O XXI I .

s ep ar at ed fr om h er hus b a n d . B ut th i s n obl e la d y, wh o on

h eari n g of th e d eath of h er h u s b an d h a s im m e d i at ely f ollow

ed h er hu s b an d , s h o ul d n ot for th i s , r eas on b e b ew ail ed by
th e wi s e . T h os e w om en s h o uld b e b ew aile d , w h o ar e s ep a
r at e d their hus ba nd s th os e s h o uld n o t b e b e w aile d
fr om who
h av e d i e d w i th t h em but thi s g r a tefu l wif e h as n ot ex p e
:

r i en c e d s e p ar a ti on fr om h er h u s b an d V er ily w h at w om an .

i n b oth th e w or ld s w ould thi n k h er h u s b an d h um an , w h o

g iv e s her all h ap p i n e s s e s b oth in thi s w o r ld an d th e n ex t

N e ith er s h ou ld h e b e b e w ai le d , n or yet thi s la d y, n o r I , n or
h i s m oth er W e w er e a ll r e s cu e d b y him w h o r e s ig ns h is life
.

f or th e sa k e of th e b r ah m a n s F or m y hi g h - s o u l ed s on , b y
.

r e li n qu i s hi n g hi s b o d y w h i ch w as h alf con s u m ed , h a s fr e ed
h i m s e lf f r o m hi s d eb t t o th e b r ah m a n s , t o m e , to r eli gi on .

T h ou gh lo s in g hi s lif e i n w ar , h e di d n ot s ur r en d er h is
s p otl es s fam e of m y f am ily, hi s
’
m oth er s h on our , th e or own
’
h er oi s m .

T h en K uv alay aév a m oth er , h avi n g h ear d of

’ ’
s h er s on s

d e a th ,
l oo k ed up on h er h u s b an d an d ,
im m e di at ely aft er h er
h u s b an d , s po k e s im ilar ly .

T h e m oth er spo k e .

Not s uch gr a tificati on d i d m y m o th er my s i s ter

or g et,
0 kin g as I h av e f elt i n h ear in g th at m y s on h as b een s l ain

w hile p r otectin g th e M uni . T h os e w h o di e , s i g h in

g , in
g r e at di s tr es s , affli ct ed w i th i lln es s , w h i l e th eir r el ati v e s

l a m en t, th eir m oth er h as br ou gh t for th child r en in

—
v ain .

T h o s e w h o , w h il e fe ar l es s ly fig h tin g i n b attle t o g uar d ca ttle

an d d v ij a s , p er i s h cr u s h ed w ith ar r o w s , th e
y i n d e ed ar e
r ea lly m en i n th e w or ld . H e w h o tur n s n ot hi s b a c k o n s up

p li an ts , f r i en d s , an d en em i e s , i n h i m hi s f ath er h as a r ea l

s o n , an d i n hi m hi s m o th er h as g iv e n bir th t o a h er o A .

w o m an
’
s p a in of co n ce p ti on r ea ch es , I th in , i t s s uc ce s s at k
th e t i m e w h en h er s o n ei th er v a nqui s h e s h i s foe s or is s lai n
’
i n b attl e .

T he po e s on s s k .

T h en th e k in g b es to w ed th e f uner al o b s eq u es on
i his s on
 ’
KUVAL AY AsVA s RE T U RN H O M E . 1 25 ,

an d d au gh ter an d h avi n g g on e for th b ath ed

,

an d off er e d

th e w a t e r t o h i s s on .

A nd T ala -
k etu al s o , h av in g i s s ued fr om th e Y a m un as
’

w ater , s
po e k th i s h on i e d
s p ee ch r es ectf ull
p y t o th e ing s k ’

‘
s on . D ep ar t , 0 p r i n ce ; th o u h as t cau s ed m e t o b e s ucces s
fu l . W h ile th o u h as t r em aine d s tati onar y h er e , th e long .

w i s h e d -f o r bu s i n es s , and the s a cr ifici a l act s to V ar una th e

h i gh - s ou le d lor d of th e oce an , all t h at I h av e co m p l e te d , as

I h a d d e s ir e d
’
.

“
T he kin g ’
s s on d id h im r ev er ence an d d e p ar t e d to h i s
f ath er
’
s ci t
y, m ounti n g on th a t s te e d w h i ch s p ed al on g li k e

G ar u d a an d t h e w i n d .

C ANT O XX I I I .

K uva layé ‘ ’
s va s v isi t to P d td la .

K uva layé sva , r etur ni ng hom e, lea r nt wha t ha d happ ened —

He
m our ns hi s los s , a nd s hu nn i n
g wom en li ves a cheer u l f lif e —
T he n a

ki ng A s v a tar a , hea r i ng thi s s tor y, enga ges i n a us ter i ti es

’

a nd ex to ls S ar a s
v a ti - S ar as va ti , r op i ti a ted b hi m , r es tor es hi m hi s com p a ni on
f p y
K a m ba la , a nd gi ves them both p erfect s ki ll i n p oetr y a nd m us i c B oth

gi v es A sva tar a M a dd las d as hi s

'

p r op i ti a te S i va , who at their r e u es t
q
’ ’
d aughter , r es tor e d to lif e as bef or e —
A t A s va ta r a s sugges ti on, his s ons
i nv i te K uva la ya s va thei r p a la ce i n P d td la and i n tr od u ce hi m to
’ ’
to

thei r f a ther — A éva tar a a s ks K uva layd sva to l

r e a te his s tor y .

T he s on s s p o k e .

T he k in g ’
s s o n r eachi n g y in h as t e , d e s ir ous
th en h i s o w n ci t

to s alu te hi s p ar en t s f ee t r e s p ectf ull y, an d eag er t o s ee M a d a

’

2 l as a, b eh eld s om e p e o p le of th e ci ty d o w n ca s t, w ith j o yl e s s
co unt en a n ces , an d t he n a g ai n as to n i s h e d w i th j oyfu l f aces

3 an d o th er p eo p le wi th w id e -
o p en e y e s , e x cl ai m i n g H ur r ah !
h ur r a h em br aci n g on e a no th er ,
fille d w ith th e u tm o s t

curi o u s int er es t . L
ye s t th o u li v e , 0 m o s t f o r tun a t e
on g m a
’

p r i n ce T h y a d v er s ari e s a r e s l ai n ; g l a d d en th y p ar e ts m i n d
n

a n d o u r s al s o , w h i ch i s r eli e v e d o f an x i ety

S ur r oun d ed b ef or e an d behi n d b y th e ci ti z en s w h o w er e

hi s f or th wi th a r ou s e d he e n ter e d hi s
cr
yi n g o ut th u s , j oy ,
1 26 CA NT O XXI I I .

fath er p ala ce And h i s fath er and

’
s . m oth er and o th er r e la

tions e m b r ace d h im , and th en i n v o k e d on h im p i ci ou s bles s

a us

in g s , s ayi ng L on g m ayes t th o u li v e T h e r eup on h avi n g

d o ne ob ei s a nce , p r i s ed at w h at thi s m i ght m ea n, h e ques
s ur

ti o n ed hi s fath er ; an d h e d uly ex p l aine d it t o hi m .

O n h e ar in g th at hi s wif e M a d ala s a, th e d ar lin g of hi s h ear t,

w as d ea d , and s ee in g hi s p a r en t s b ef or e him , h e f ell in to th e
m id st of a s e a o f s h am e an d g ri ef H e th ou gh t , T h e m a id en,
.

on h ear in g I w as d ea d , g av e up lif e , th e v ir tuou s on e : fie o n

m e h ar s h -m i n d e d tha t I am ! M ali g nant am I , w or thle s s a m
I , th a t I li v e m os t p itil es s , w h en d ep ri v ed of th at d eer -eye d
”
on e w h o en coun ter e d d eath f or m y s ak e ! A gain h e th o u gh t,
h av i n g fir m ly comp os ed hi s m in d , b ani s hin g h a s tily th e r i s i ng
d i s tr acti on , an d b r eathin g h ar d out war d s a n d in w ar d s , fe eli n
g
un d on e .

If I ab an d o n lif e b ecau s e sh e h a s d i ed on my a ccount,

w h a t b en e fit sh a ll I c onfer o n h er Y e t th is w ou ld be p r ais e
op i ni o n Or if b ei ng d o w n cas t I w ee p ,
’
w ort h y i n w om e n s .

’
r e p e a te d ly e x cl a im in g ah ! m y b elov e d , s t i ll th is w ou l d not

b e p r ai s e w or th y i n u s ; f or w e ar e m en as s u r e d ly F r i g i d wi th .

g ri ef , d o w ncas t, u n g ar l a nd e d , un cl ea n s e d , I s h all th en becom e

a n ob ect ofj con tum ely to m y a d v e r s a r i es . I m u s t: cut off my
e n e m i es , an d o b ey th e kin g ,
m y f ath er . An d h o w th e n can I
r e s i gn m y lif e w hi ch i s d ep en d a nt on h im B ut h er e , I co n

s i d er , I m ust r e noun ce p l ea s ur e wi t h w o m an , an d y et th a t
r enunc a t on i i d oes n ot t en d to b en e fit th e s l e n d er -lim b e d o ne .

N ev er th ele s s in ev er y w ay I m u s t p r act i s e h ar m l e s s ne ss, w h i ch

w or k s n ei th e r b en efit n or i n j ur y . T h i s i s li ttle for m e to d o

”
r es i
on h er acco un t who g ned h er lif e on m in e .

T he s o ns s p o ke .

H av ing th u s r es ol v e d Ri t a -dh v aj a th en
p er fo r m ed th e
,

c er em o n y o f ofi er i n g w at er , an d i m m e d i at ely aft er w ar d s
p er
for m ed th e ob s eq u ies a nd h e s p o e ag ai n k .

Bita d h v aj a
- s
po e k .

If s h e, M a d gi l a s a, th e s l en d er -l i m b e d , w er e no t m y W i fe , I
w o ul d not h av e a n o th er co m p an i o n i n th i s li fe . B e s id e s
th a t f aw n -e yed d au ghter of th e Gan d h ar va , I wi ll not lov e
 '
wmcwnn
’
Kc vs t n i s va s L I FE . 127

21 a ny w o man— Sc h av e I s po k en i n tr u t h . Ha v i ng g iv en up

th at w ife , w h o o b s er v e d
gion , w ho s e g a i t w as li e th e
tr ue r eli k
el e I will not as s ent to any woma n thi s h av e I d eclar ed
’

p h ant s ,
— a

”
i n tr uth .

T he s o ns s p o k e .

A nd h avi n g r e n oun ce d ,
d e ar f at h er , all th e d eli g h ts of

W oman , b er ef t of h er , h e continu e d to s p or t in com p an

y w i th
h i s p e er s , h i s e qu al s in age, in th e er f ecti on of h i s p g oo d d i s
p os iti on . T h i s w a s hi s s upr e m e d e ed , d ear fath er . W h o is
ab le t o d o th at w h i ch i s e x ce e d i n gl y d ifii cu l t of accom pli sh m ent
b y th e g o d s , h o w m uch m or e so by oth er s

Ja d a s p o e k .

H av in
g h ear d th eir s p eech , thei r fa th er b eca m e d i s s ati fie d

a n d aft er r efle ctin g th e N ag a ki ng ad d r es s ed h i s two s on s , a s

if in ri d i cule .

T h e N ag a kin g A sv aftara s p o e k .

If m en , d eem in g a thi n g im p os s ible, will p ut f or th no eff or t

in th e d e ed , fr o m th e los s o f e x er ti o n th er e e n s u es lo s s . L et
a m a n un d er t ak e a d eed , w i th out s qu and er ing hi s ow n m an
h oo d th e a cco m p li s h m en t of a d e e d d e p e n d s o n fa t e an d o n
m anh oo d . T h er efor e I wil l so s tr i v e , m y s ons , h en ce

f or th — let m e p r acti s e au s t eri ti es d i li g ently , th at thi s

so —

”
m ay i n t i m e b e accom pli s h e d .

Ja d a s p o e k .

H k
av in g s p o en th u s , th e N i ga ing w ent to P laks hav ata k
r ana fi th e p l ace o f p ilgri m a g e on th e
“ i m av at m oun tai n , an d H
p r a cti s ed m os t a r d u ou s a us teri ti es An d t h en h e pr ai s e d th e .

g o d d es s S ar a s v a ti th er e wi th hi s in v ocati on s , fix in g hi s m i n d
on h er , r es tri cti n g h i s foo d , p er f or m i n g th e th r ee p r es cr i b e d

ab luti o ns f f
po e
'
A s v a tar a s k .

D es ir o us of p r op i ti a tin g th e r e s p le nd ent g o d d e s s J a g ad
d h atr i S a r a s v at i , w h o i s s p r u ng fr om B r ah m a, I w ill pr ai s e
h e r , b owi n g m y h ea d b ef or e h er . G oo d a nd b ad , 0 g o d d es s ,

W h e r e th e R S ar as v at i
. t a ke s i ts r is e .

1' A t m or ning , no o n, and eveni ng .

1 28 CANT O xxi n .

wh atev er ther e be, th e caus e th at con f ers ali k e final en an ci p a

ti o n a nd r i ch es , —
all t h at , j
con o in t and s ep ar a t e , r es i d e s in
th ee , O g od d es s T h ou , O g od d es s ,
. ar t th e i m p eri s h ab l e a nd

th e s up r e m e , w h er ein ev er ythi n g i s p ri s ed ; thou ar t th e

com

i m p er is h abl e an d th e s up r em e , w hi ch ar e es tabli s h ed lik e th e

A tom . T h e i m p er i s h ab le an d th e s u pr em e i s B r ah m a , an d

thi s un i v er s ei s p er i s h ab le b y n a tur e . F ir e r e s id e s in w oo d ,
and th e a t o m s ar e o f ear th . S o in th ee r es i d es B r ah m a , an d

thi s w or ld i n i ts entir e ty i n th ee i s th e ab o d e of th e s o und

Om, an d w h at ev er i s i m m ov ea ble and m ov eab l e , O g o d d es s .

I n th e e r es i d e th e th r ee p r o s o d i al ti m es , * 0 g o d d es s , a ll th a t
ex i s t s an d d oes n o t ex i s t , th e thr w or ld s ,1 th e thr V ed as ,
'
ee ee

th e thr ee s ei en ces , 1 th e th r ee
‘
fir es , § th e th r ee l ig h t s , an d ”
th e t hr ee co l o ur s fif an d th e k
l aw -b oo ; th e thr ee q u ali ti es ,
th e th r ee s oun d s ,
” th e thr ee V e d a s an d th e thr ee asr am as d f
'

th e thr ee t im e s , and th e thr ee s t at es o f l i fe , th e p i tri s , d ay,

‘

ni gh t a n d th e r es t . T h i s tr i ni ty of s t an d ar d si s th y f or m , 0

god d e
ss S ar a s v ati ! T he s ev e n s o m a - s a m s th é s a cr
ifices , and .

th e s ev en h av i h- s a m s th a s a cr ifices ,
an d th e pa a
s e v en k
sa ms th ai i s a cr i
fices ,
w hi ch ar e d eem ed th e ear li e s t b
y th os e

M étr é s h o r t, l ong , an d p r ola te d .

1 L oka ; e ar t h , at m os p h er e a nd th e s ky .
‘

I V i d ya m etap h y s i cs (with l og i c ) , t h e a r t of g ov er nm ent , and th e p r ac

tical ar t s ( P)
i v aka
Pa g ar h ap atya , fih av anl ya , and d aks h ina .

I] Jyotis ; fire on th e e ar t h , e th er in t h e at m os p h er e, and th e s un i n t he

s ky .

1T V ar na ; or , th e t h r e e cas te s .

'
S ab d a .

th e g rih a -sth a ,
’

ff Asr am a th o s e of v an a -p r as th a, an d bh iks h u .

It T he na m es of th e s e s acr ific es ar e th us g iv e n m e b y th e P and it of th e

B en g al A s i a ti c S oci et y . T h e S om a -s am s th é
( 1 ) ag ni s htom a ( 2 ) atyang i ar e -
,

s h to m a (3 ) u kth ya ( 4 ) s h od asrn ( 5 ) atir atr a ( 6 ) v aj ah eya an d (7 ) ap tor

, , s , , ,

y am a T h e h avi h s a rp s t hé ar e ( 1 ) a g ny ad h eya ( 2 ) a ni -h otr a

( 3 ) d aréa -
-
.
g , ,
v

'

p ii r na m és a n (4 ) c étur m és y an i ( 5) p a éu b a n d ha ( 6 ) s antr a m ani a nd (7 )

’
s - -
, , , ,

a g r aj anes h ti T h e p éka s am s th a ar e g iv e n d ifi er e ntly b d iff e r e nt author s

-
y
.
.

'
A ccor d i ng to Ap as t am b a th ey ar e ( 1 ) aup és an a h om a ( 2 v aiév a d e v a 3
) ( ) -
,
-
,

p arv a na (4 ) a s h ta k a, (5 ) sr éd d h a ( 6 ) s ar p a lb ali ( 7 ) i s éna -b ali

, A cc or d i ng , , .

t o B aud h éyana, ( 1 ) h uta , (2 ) pr ah uta ( 3 ) ah uta ,

(4 ) s ulag av a ( 5 ) bali , ,
 T HE I NVO CAT I ON or SARASVAT i . 1 29

w ho think d iffer ently, and w h ich ar e as eter nal as B r ah m afi“

ar ep er f or m ed by th os e, wh o as s er t th at al l th ings ar e B r ah m a :
wi th th e utter ance of th y na m e, 0 g o d d e s s U nd efina ble , .

co m p osed of h alf a m eas ur e , su pr em e ,

un ch ang ing , im p eri sh
able , cel e s ti al , d ev oi d of al ter ati on i s th i s th y oth er s upr em e
for m whi ch I cannot ex p r es s . A nd even th e m outh d oes
not d eclar e it, nor th e tong ue , th e copp er -colo ur ed l ip , or

oth er organs . E v en I nd r a , th e V a su s , B r ahm a, th e M oon and

S un, an d Li gh t cann t d o eclar e thy for m , w h os e d w elling i s th e

uni ver s e , w hi ch h as th e for m of th e univ er s e w hi ch i s th e
r ul er of th e uni v er s e, th e S up r em e Rul er ; w h i ch i s m enti on
ed in th e d i s cu s s ions th e S ank h ya
V ed ant a p h ilo
of an d

s ph i e s , and fir m l
o
’
y e s tab li s h ed i n m any S a h as ; w h i ch i s k
wi th out b eg innin g m id d le or end ; w hi ch i s good , b ad , and
neutr al ; w hi ch i s but o ne , i s m any, and yet i s n ot o ne wh i ch
a s s um e s var i ous kind s of e x i s t en ce ; w hi ch is w ith out na m e ,
an d y et i s n am ed after th e s ix g unas , i s n am ed after th e cl as s es ,
an d r es id e s in th e th r e e g unas w h i ch i s o ne am on g m any
p owe f ul pos s es s es th e m j es ty of th e S ktis nd i s s up m e
r ,
a
’
a ,
a re .

H appin es s and unh appin s s h a ing th e fo m of gr eat h appi e ,

v r

nes s ap p ea in th ee
,
T h us 0 g od d s s th at wh i ch h s p ar ts
r .
,
e , a

i s p er v d ed by th ee nd s al s o th at whi ch h a no p art s ; th at
a ,
a o s

w hi ch r es id es in n on - d u ali ty, and th at w h i ch r es i d e s in d uality

(O br ahm an ) . T h in g s th at ar e p er m anen t, an d oth er s th at

p er is h ; th os e ag ain th at ar e gr os s , or th os e th at ar e s ubtler
th an th e s ub tl e th os e ag ain th at ar e o n th e e ar th , or th os e th at
ar e in th e atm os ph er e or el s ew h er e th ey
-
all d eri v e th ei r

p er cep tibili ty fr om th ee ind eed . E v er yt hing — b oth th a t w hi ch

i s d es titute of v i s ible s h ap e , an d th at w h ich h as v i s i b l e s h ap e

or w h atev er i s s ev er ally s ingl e i n th e el em ents th at w h i ch i s

h d 7 ) a s h t akz
i -h o m a A cc or d ing to Gautam a,
h ar ana, ( ) p y
6 r at a v aro ana, an .

(1 ) as htaké, ( 2 ) p arvana, ( 3) ér a d d ha, (4 ) srav ani, ( 5 ) égr ahayani , ( 6 ) e aitr i ,

and 7 ) aévayuj i .

A M S i n th e S ans kri t C oll eg e

.
re ad s id/ye
a f or d d yd , and s an d tane f or

s an d ta/nd with th i s r eadi ng th e fir s t line of th e v er s e w ould q ualify d evi

h
s a/ra sv a ti , if s a/nd ta/ne b e t ak en as an d r s ha f orm o f s and tani . B ut th es e vers es

s eem obs cur e .

1 30 CANT O xxm .

in h eav en, on th e sur face of th e in th e s ky o r el s e

ear th ,

w h er e —
is conn ected wi th th e e by thy v owel s and by thy
cons onants

Ja d a s p o ke .

T h er e u p on ,
b ei ng pr ai
thu s , th e god d es s S aras v a ti, w h o i s
s ed

l d N a - A sv at ar a
V i sh n u
’
s tongue, n
a s w e r e d th e hi g h -sc a e ga .

S ar as v ati sp o e k .

r
I g ant th ee a b oon , O N ag a in g , br oth er of K a m b ala ; k
s p ea k
th er efor e : I wi ll g iv e t h ee w h at i s r ev olvi n g i n thy
m in d .

A sv atar a s po ke .

Gi v e th ou m e, O g o d d es s , K am b ala in d eed m y f or m er
com p ani on , and b e s to w o n us b o th a conv er s an ce w i th all
”
s oun d s .

S ar as v ati s p o ke .

T he s ev en m usi cal notes fi“ th e s even m o d es in th e m u si cal

s cal e d 0 m ost
'
nob le N ag a ! th e s ev en s ong s al s o , I an d th e

S vara, a m usical note . T h er e ar e 7 svar ce, vi z .

, s ha dj a , ri s habha,
’
gd nd hdma, m a d h/ywm a, p a nc a m a, d ha/iv a ta , and n/ls hd d a and th ey a r e d es ig na
t ed by th eir initi al s ound s , s o , r i , g a , m a , p a, d ha, and u i bu t t h e arr ang e
m e nt v aries , and P rof M oni er -Willi am s i n his di cti onary p laces n i s hd d a first,
.

s ha dj a f our th , and p anc'ama s ev enth T h o s e 7 s var as com po s e t h e m us i cal

.

s cal e , gr dmi a (B eng . s op tak ) . T h e i nter val b etween each cons ecutiv e p air of
‘
n o t es is d i vi d e d into s ev eral l es s er n o t es call ed ér ati t hu s t h ere are 4
b e tw e en se an d ri , 3 b etween r i and ya , 2 b etween ya and m a , 4 b et ween m a

an d p a , 4 b etween p a and d ha , 3 b et w ee n d ha and ui, and 2 b etweeen a t and

'
ea in th e hi gh er octav e— th at i s 2 2 s r uti s in all . T he s var a s corr e s p on d to
’ '
natural notes , and th e s r uti s t o th e s h ar p s and
‘ ’
fl ats
‘
the . in E ur op ean
m us ic .
( j
Ra a S our ind r o M ohun T a g or e’ s S m gi ta -s d r a -s wngr a ha , pp 2 2 — 2 4, .

'
w h er e t h e na m es o f th e s r utis ar e g iv e n and hi s V ictor i a -g iti -m él é in B en

g ali , I n tr o d ucti on ) .

1 Gr ém a-r ég a I d o not find this . in th e d i ctionary . D oe s it m ean the

s e r i es of m us ical scal es that can b e f or m e d by taking each of th e notes

( s var a) as th e k ey '
note ? T h us th er e woul d b e 7 s cales , as th er e ar e 7
n o te s . B ut Raj a S M . . T ag or e call s thi s sv a r a -gr i m an d he s ays

th at only 3 s uch s cales wer e com m on in e arl y ti m es , vi z t hos e wit h aka dj a,

gan d har a and m a d hy am a k ey notes (Victoria-giti-m alé
’
as
, I n trod uction,
p .

I Gitaka . I d o not know wh at th e s ev en s ong s ar e .

 SARAS VAI i
'‘ ’
S GRANT or A B OO N . 81

s am e nu .
mb er of m o d ul ati ons fi“ s o al s o th e for ty-n ine m us ical
tim es ,1" an d th e th re e oct av e s I —
all th es e th ou an d al s o K am
b a la s h alt s in g , O s inl es s o ne I T h ou s h al t kn o w m or e yet
thr oug h m y fa vour , Nag a in g I h av e O k .
gi v en th ee th e four
kind s of q u ater -v er s e, § th e th r ee s or ts of m u s i cal tun e s , ”th e

th r ee kind s of m us i cal m ov om entfif al s o th e th r e e p au s es in

’ ’
M li r c h ané . T hi s s eem s to b e r unning up or d own t he s cale ;

d efine d th us

Kr a/m aZt d r oha f

’
s var ofi
na m s ap taind m r ohanam
c a va'

M W c hanetg/uc yate gr d m a -tm ye tai li

' 'f ’
s ap ta s ap tu. c a .

A s th er e ar e 7 s cal es ob tai ne d b y taking any of th e 7 note s asth e key n ote ,

th er e w oul d be 7 m itr c’h a né s and th i s appli e s t o th e 3 octav es ( grd m a
tr ay s ) , s o t h at
’
m zir c han ws ( S wngita
’

th e r e ar e 21 '
al tog eth er -s d/ra -s am gr a ha ,

p . 30 , wh er e th eir n am e s ar e g iv e n ) . B ut in hi s B e ng ali T r eatis e Ra j a

’
S M . . T ag or e e xp lai ns irrc han d. t o b e th e
mc '
p as s ing untntew up ted ly fr om on e
n o te ( s e a/ m) to ano th er , an d i n th e p roces s s oun d ing all th e int er m e d i a t e
n o te s a nd l e s s er n ot es T hi s corr es p ond s to s lurr ing .
’
W it h
’
th i s m eanin g th e num b er of p os s ibl e m zir c hanai s i s al m os t in d e finit e .

1
“
T ala, th e d ivi s i on of t im e i n m u s i c . It co n s i s ts o f th r ee th i ng s , kd la ,
th e d ur ati on of t im e, kr i yd , t he cl ap p in g of th e h and s (accentuati on) , a nd

m d fma , th e in t erv al b et ween th e cl ap ping s . It s eem s to corr esp ond t o th e

‘
bar an d th e kin d s of ti m e i n E ur o p ean m us i c . E ur op ean m us ic h as o nly

3 kin d s of t im e , C om m on, T r i p le and C o m p oun d , each wi th a f ew s ubd iv i

s i on s ; b u t in H i nd u m us ic th er e i s th e ut m os t v ar i ety . I do n ot k no w

wh at th e 4 9 t élas h er e m eant ar e b ut Ra j a S M . . T ag or e g i ves two lis t s of

d es 'f -td las , o n e en um er at i ng 1 20 , an d th e o th er 72 .

”
I Gr am a, th e oct av e . Hi nd u m u s ic u s es onl y th r ee octav es , wh i ch are
’ '
calle d a i mma ) ( ) a nd ( thir d )
’

(B eng a d d/rd m ad h/ya m ud amd

‘
ue c a
‘

.
.
,

P ad a .

HT éla r ef e r t o th e cla s s i ficatio n of t h e tt

c lws , viz éwd d h a ,
'

. T h is s ee m s to .
,

si l o/ra ga .
( or s d la n . ka or sd laga , v. r .
) an d s an -loér z
za , ( Ra ja S M . . T ag or e’ s
S eng im
a -s ara -s ang r ab a, p 2 0 1 ) . b u t th i s c l as s i ficat i on is a ls o ,
a p pli e d t o th e

r d gas ( s ee hi s V i ctor i a -g iti -m élé , I n tr o d ucti on , p . T h e éwd d ha . ar e e x

p laine d to b e th e f am o us kin d s co m p l ete in th e m s e lv es ; the s d l am gu ar e

th os e p r od uce d b y a m ix tur e of tw o s i m p l e on es ; and th e s anké ma th os e

p r od uced by a m ix tur e of m any s im pl e on e s .

1T L aya , m us i cal s p eed .

”
T h e 3 kind s ar e d ru m, qui ck , m a d ly/ya , m ea n ,

and v i la mbi ta, s low t h e d rum b eing twi ce as f as t as t h e m a d h/ya , and th e

m a d h/ya twice as f as t as th e v i lam bi ta

f
. L aya d oes not take acco unt o f .

pr 0 a

s odi al t im e . T h is corr es pond s to t h e m ov em ent in E ur op ean m us ic .

1 32 CANT O xxm .

and th e four -fold tod ya .

1
~
T h i s th ou s ha lt know thr ough

m y fav our O Nag a k i ng ,

a nd wh at lies f ur ther . W h at is
contained within thi s a nd de p end ant thereon, m easur ed in

vowel s and cons on ants

—
all th at I h av e giv en to th ee and
Kam bala . I
given have n ot so it to any oth er on th e
ear th or in P atala, O N ag a : and ye s h all be th e teachers
of all thi s in P a tala and i n h eav en and on ear th also, ye
two Nagas

Ja da Zs p oke .

Hav ing s poken th us ,

th e l ot us -e e d
y g od d ess S aras vati, the
of all , th en d is app e ar e d at on ce fr om th e Né g a s vi ew
’
tongue .

An d th en, as h app ened to th os e t wo N d yes , th er e w as

it all

b eg otten in b oth th e f ull es t n owl ed g e in v er s ification, k

m usi cal tim e, m u s i cal n ot es , &c .

T h en th e two N ég a s , ob s er v ing mu s i cal tim e on th e lute

s tring s , b eing d es ir ous of p r op i t iating w ith sev en s on s th e
g
l or d wh o d w ells on th e p ea s of Kailas a and im alaya, k H
Kam a s bod y,
’
th e g od S iv a, w h o d es tr oyed
’
b oth ex er t ed

them s elv es to th e utm os t , wi th v o i ce and tone com bin e d , b eing

as s id uous m or nin g , nig h t , no on an d th e two twi li gh ts . T he
bull -banner ed god , b ei ng long p r ai s ed by th em b oth , was
gr ati fied with th eir s ong , an d s aid to both , C h oos e ye a
”
b oon T h er eon A sv atar a wi th hi s br oth er d cm r ever ence
.
g
’
m ad e r eques t to i
S v ,
a th e blue thr oate d U m as lor d
-
,
’

If th ou, O ad or ab le
thr e e-eyed g o d of th e od s
g , ar t pleas ed
with us , th en gr ant us th is boon a ccor di n to g our d esire ;

Y ati, break in th e l a/ya ” ( layu-p r auri tti -ni ym a ,

a
) ’
a r es t in m us ic .

ar e s wmd , sr oto -g ata , and go

’

T he 3 kind s T he s amd m ay occur at

th e b eg inning , in th e mi d d le , or at th e end of t h e la ya, and in each of th e 3
'

kind s of lays T he er oto- a ta app ar entl

g occur s
y wh en th e tim e qui ckens
.

( acceler amd o) af ter th e r es t, th at is wh e n th e laya c h ang es f r om v ita/mum to

mad h/ya, 01
'
fr om m ad h/ya t o M 50 , or f r o m uttwmbtta or m ad h/ya to d ra w.
.

'r
T he g puc c hd occur s app ar ently wh en th e tim e b ecom e s slower r allenta/nd o
o-
( ,

r i tur d amd o) after th e r es t, th at is wh en th e tag s ch an es fr om d

g rum to m ad
h/ya, or fr om m ad h/ya to vi lam bi ta .

1 T od ya . I d o not find thi s wor d in the d ictionar .

y D oes it mean
d r um -m us i c ?
 M AD AL ASA I S RAI SE D T O L IF E AGAI N . 1 33

l et Kuv alayas ’
v a s d e ceas e d w if e , M ad alas a, 0 g od , at once
65 b ecom e m y d aughter of th e s am e g e as when
a s he d i ed , r e

m em b er ing h er li fe as b efor e, en d ow ed with th e s elfsam e

b eauty, as a d evotee, an d th e m oth er of Y og a ; let h er b e

b or n in m y h ous e, 0 S ’iv a ” .

’
S iv a s p o ke .

A s th ou h as t s p oken ,
m os t noble Nag a , it s h all all ha pp en
th r ough m y f avour , in v er y tr uth . H ea k en
r al s o t o th i s , 0
Nag a . B ut wh en th e sr ad d h a i s r e ach ed ,
th ou sh ould s t eat

th e mi d d l e p ind a by th ys elf , m o s t nob le Nag a b ei ng pur e, and

,

h av ing thy m ind s ub d u ed an d th en, w h en th at i s e aten,

th e h ap p y la d y s h all r i s e out of th y m i d d le h ood , th e s am e in
f or m as wh en she d i ed . An d h av ing p ond er ed on thi s thy
d e s i r e , d o th ou p er f or m th e lib ati on to th e p itr i s ; im m ed i ate
ly s h e , th e fin e-b r ow ed , th e au s p i ci ous , s h all r i s e out of thy
”
b r eath ing m id d e h ood , t e s am e
l h i n f o r m as w h en s h e d i e d .

H av ing h ear d i
th s , b ot h th e n a d r
o e d ’
S iv a, an d r etur ned ,
full of contentm ent , to Ras atal a . A nd so th e Nag a Kam ,

young er b r oth er , p er for m e d th e sr ad d h a, and al s o

’
b ala s

d uly ate th e m id d le p ind a an d , w hi l e h e p ond er e d on th at

h i s d es i r e, th e s lend er -w ai s te d la d y w a s p r od u ced " at once ,

i n th e s elf s am e f or m , ou t of h is b r eath in g m i d d le h ood .

A n d th e Nag a told th at to no o ne he k ept h e r, th e lov ely

teeth ed one, con ceale d by hi s w om en i n th e i nn er partm ents
a .

A nd th e two king pur suin g pleas u e d ay

s on s of th e Nag a r

by d ay pl ayed f wi th Rita d hv aj a li ke th e im m or tals

,
B ut -
.

on d ay th e Na
e g a ki ng b ing intox icated s p ok to h is s ons
,
e , e ,

W hy i nd e ed d o ye n ot d o a I told you b ef e T h e ki ng
“ ’
s or s

s on i s your b enef actor in m y opin i on why d o ye not conf er

a b enefit on h im , th e p r id e-i ns pir er ? T h er eup on th ey b oth ,
b eing th us a d m oni s h ed by th eir kind ly afie -
cti on e d fa ther ,
’
w ent to th eir fr i end s ci ty , and en o ed
jy th em s elves w ith
th e wi s e p ri nce . T h en b oth , aft er h avi ng h eld s om e oth er

t al k wi th Kuv alayasv a , invi ted h i m r es p ectfull

y to com e to
th eir h ous e . T he king s ’
s on s aid to th em , I s not th is your

1 Read ci kn d cite fo r
‘ ’

j aj ne ci ktz
’
F or yag ne r ead .
'
dd te .
1 34: CANTO XXI I I

h ous e ? W hatever i s m ine ,

r i ch es , car r i ag es , g ar m ent s , &c , th at .

i s i nd eed your s B ut wh atev er ye d es ir e s h oul d be giv en you,

.

r i ch es or j ew el s , l et th at b e g i v en you , 0 youn g d v i j as , if ye h av e

fri endl y r eg ar d for m e . Am I ch eat ed by su ch a cr uel fate a s

th is , th at ye d o not e vi n ce an y /

s ens e of owners hi p in m y
h ous e I f ye m us t d o m e i n d nes s , if I a m t o r eceiv e k f av our
fr om you, th en cons i d er m y w ealth and h om e a s your own .

W hatever i s your s is m in e, m in e i s your own . B eli ev e ye

this in tr uth . M y lif e h as g one out i nto you . Nev er again
m us t ye S p ea k of s ep ar ate p rop er ty, 0 v ir tuous d vij as
85 s in ce ye are d e v oted to m y f av our , I h av e j
a d ur e d
'
you by m y
”
h eart afiectionately .

T h er eu pon both
th e youn g N aga s , the ir faces b eam i ng wi th
affectio n, r ep li e d to t h e k
in g s so n , s om ew h at f ei gni ng ang er
’
.

Ri ta dh vaj a wi thout
-
, d oub t, w e m u s t no t k in our
th in m ind
in thi s m atter oth er wi s e th an th o u h a s t no w s p ok en . B ut
our hi gh -s ouled f ath er h as him s elf
-
r ep e ate dl
y said thi s I
wi sh to th at Kuv alayasv a T h er eon Kuv alayaév a
’
s ee .

r i s i ng fr om his s eat of h onour , pr os tr ated h im s elf on th e

”
gr ound , saying , Be i t a s your d e ar fath er s ays
!

K uv alayasv a s po k e .

H ap py am I M os t r i ch in m er i t am I I W ho el s e i s th er e
like m e ,
th at your f ath er s h ew s an e ar n es t m i nd to s ee me
Ris e ye th er efor e let u s go : not ev en f or a m om ent d o I wi sh
”
to tr ans gr es s hi s com m and h er e . I s w ear by hi s f eet !
Ja d a s p o e k .

Having s poken th us t h e kin g s

’
s on w ent wi th th em b oth ,
and issuing fr om th e ci ty r e ach ed th e h oly r iv er Gem ati .

T h ey p as s ed through it th Nag ,
e a pr in ces and th e ing s k ’
s on

th e ki ng s s n th u gh t th i
’
and o o e r h ome lay on th e oth er s id e

of th e ri ver . A nd d r awi n g hi m
‘

th enc e , th ey l ed th e prince
to P atal a ; and in P at ala h e b eh el d th em b oth as young
Nag as , lus tr ous * w ith th e g em s in th eir h ood s , d i s p l aying
th e s v as ti ka m ar k s Ga zi ng wi th eye s wi d e op en w ith
-
.

am az em ent at th em b oth , w h o w er e m os t h and s om el

y f or m ed ,

Rea d kr i tod d yotau for kr i tod yotww .

 KUVAL AY AéVA s VI SI T
’
TO PAT KL A . 1 35

95 and s m ilin
g he s p ok kind ly
e B r avo ! m os t nobl e d v uas !
”

96 And the y tol d him th ei r fath er , th e Nag a ing, A sv atar a

of k
by n am e , p e aceful w or th y of h onour b
y t h e h eaven-d weller s .

T h en th e kin g s g P atala wh ich was

s on s aw c h ar m i n

ad orn ed wi th N a g a s , youn g a d ult and old , and al s o w ith

98 Nag a m aid ens , w h o w er e p layi n g h er e an d th er e and wh o wor e
beautif ul ear -r i n g s and n ec klaces ,
as th e s ky is d ecked w ith
s tar s ; and el s ewh er e r esoun d i ng wi th d r um s , s m all d r um s ,
99 an d m us i cal ins tr um ents , m i ngled wi th th e s tr ain s of s ingin g ,

whi ch kept tim e wi th th e s ound s of lutes and pip es ; fil led

1 00 with h und r ed s of ch ar m in g h ou s e s . Ga z ing ab out on P étala
’
S at r u- j it s
’
s on th e f o e-qu ell er , w al k ed a bout a ccom panied by
th o s e tw o N ag as hi s fr i en d s .

1 01 T hen th ey all en t er ed th e N ag a k ing s ’

r esi d ence, and th ey
s aw th e h i gh -s oul e d N a ga in g k s e ate d , cl ad in h eav enl y

g ar l and s and r a im ent, a d or ned w ith g em s and ear -r ings , r e

1 02 s p k
l end ent wi th s up er b p ear l -n ec l aces , d ecor a ted wi th ar m lets ,
'

bless ed with g oo d f or tun e , on a th r on e all of

g old , th e fr am e of
1 03 whi ch was ov er lai d wi th a m ulti tud e of g em s coral and la i s p
l azuli .

T h ey sh owed t h e i n t
g o hi m s ayi g
n
“
k
T h at i s our fath er ;
1 04s and th ey intr od uced h i m to th eir fath er , s aying T hi s i s th e
“

”
h er o Kuv al ay éév a . T h en Rita -d h v aj a b ow ed at th e feet of

1 05 th e Naga i ng k . Rais in g hi m up by f or ce, th e Néga ing k

em br ace d h i m w ar m ly, an d ki s s ing him on th e h ead h e
1 06 s aid Long m ayes t th ou li v e , and d estr oying al l thy foes , b e
to th y f ath er
s ub m is s i v e M y s on th y vir tues h ave b een
.

1 07 m enti on ed even in th y ab s ence , happy that than ar t thy

r ar e whi nes hav e b een r ep or t e d to m e by m y tw o s ons .

1 08 M ayest th ou ind eed pr o s p er th er eby in m ind , s eech , bod y p

and b eh avi our : th e lif e of a v ir tu o us m an i s rai s e-worth
y p
a w ort h les s m an a lth oug h ali v e is d ea d . A vir tuous m an,
whil e accom plish ing hi s g oo d , b r in gs com lete s atisfac
o wn p
1 09 tion to h i s p ar ent s ,
a n ui s h i nt o th e h ear ts of h i s enem ies
g ,

and confid ence am on g th e p o p ula ce . T h e god s , th e itris , p

1 1 0 br ahm ans , fr i end s , s up p li ants ,
th e m a im ed and oth er s , and
hi s r elat iv es al s o d es ir e a long li fe for th e v ir tuous m an .
 1 36 CANT O xxi v .

T he life of vir tuou s m en , wh o e s ch ew abus e, wh o ar e com

p as si onate tow ar d s th os e i n tr ouble , wh o ar e th e r efug e of

”
th os e in calam ity , ab ound s in good fr uit .

Ja d a s p ok e .

H aving s p ok en th us t o th at h ero , th e N ag a next ad d r essed

h i s two s ons th us , b eing d es ir ous to d o h onour to Kuva
layasv a . W h en w e hav e fini s h ed our abluti ons and all the
oth er proceedi ngs in d ue o d e r r, when we have d r un k wine and
enj oyed oth er pl as u es when e r , we ha ve feas te d up to our

d es ir e, we s h all th en wi th j oyful mi nd s s p end a s hor t

tim e wi th Kuv al ayasv a in hear i ng th e s tory of th e s uccess of

h is h ear t s fes tiv a

’
A nd atr u jit s
-
’
s on a s s ented in s il ence
to th at s p eech . A ccor din gly th e l ofty-mi nd ed ki ng of the
Nagas d id he had p rop osed
as .

T he gr eat i k
n g o f th e N ag as , tr ue to hi s wor d , as s em blin
g
with h i s ow n s on s an d th e king s ’
s on , filled wi th j oy ,
feas ted
on food s and wi n es , up to fittin g b oun d s , p
s elf- os s es s ed and

en oyi ng
j pl eas ur e .

C ANT O X X I V .

T he s tory of Kuva layd éva (con ti nued) .

T he Recover y f
o M ad d lasd .

T he N d ya hing As‘vatar a as ks K nva layd sfva

what gift he ca n con er f
on hi nt — Knvala/ydéva r ep ties he need s nothing, a nd is sn
fi ciently
’
d b h k i g f T h ki hi m d his sons
'
ifie y
r at t n u u t
—
s avo r e n g r es n
g e g a a

sugges tion the p ri nce as ks to see M a d d las d even i n illusion — me kin

g
i n as an i llusi on, and f
a terwar d s r es tores her to Kar a- J
lay d éva .

Ja d a s p oke .

Hi s t wo s ons and th e king

’
s s on r es p ectfully attend ed the
h i gh s oul ed king of the Nég as fter ,
a h e h ad b anquetted . T he
high -soul ed Nag a m anifes ted kin dl y r eg ar d towar d s his sons
'

fri end with s ui tabl e conv er s ati on , and s aid ,

“
D eclar e, S ir ,
wh at pleasur e I m us t d o th ee wh o h as t entered m y h ouse
 KW AL AYi éVA S M E ET I NG WI T H T HE NK
'
GA KI NG . 1 37

east away hes itation toward s m e as a son would towar d s his

4 father . W heth er s i lv er g ol d , r aim ent, carr iages , :or s eats ,
or

or whatever th ou pp
d os t h ighly a reciate th at is hard to be
”
got
— ask th at of me .

Kuv alayaéva s p ok e .

T hrough thy favour , illustr ious S ir ! gold and oth er wealth

ar e in m y fath er s h ous e ; I h av e no need of
’
any s uch thing
at all now . W hile m y f ath er r ul es th is ear th for th ousand s
of year s and th ou al s o m les t P éti l a, m y m ind i s not exp ectant
in s oli citation T h ey ar e b oth p os s ess ed of S v ar ga and are
.

v er y r ich in m er it, wh o fr om th eir youth ossess , in their p

l if etim e, a m er e p ar ticl e "
t
of
’
fath er s w ealth am i d s t h is
.

kror es of w ealth , fr ien d s e qually-ed ucat ed , and a b od y

fr ee fr om k
s ic n es s . M y f ath er? h old s th e weal th ; h ave I
not youth W h en w ealth i s w anting , m en s m ind s b ecom e
’

p r one to p etitions W h en . I h ave i t in ful l m eas ur e, h ow s h all

m y tong ue ma ke p eti ti on T h os e wh o need not thin k
wh eth er th ey h av e any ri ch es at h om e or not, ha ppy ar e they ,

s h elter ed in the s h ad ow of th e tr ee of th eir f ath er

’
s arm .

B ut th os e, wh o ev en fr om ch i ldh ood l osing th ei r fath er

h av e h ad th e car e of a f am ily, th ey h av e i n m y o inion, p
thr ough th e r ui n O f th eir tas te for h app ines s , b een tr ic ed by k
th e Cr eator . We th er efor e thr oug h th y fav our alw ays give

w illingly to su pp licants th e h oar d s of m oney, g em s and oth er

wea lth l eft by our fa th er s I h av e ev er yth ing th en h er e,
.

s ince I h av e t ou ch ed th y f eet wi th m y cres t-

ewel , s ince I have j
”
touch ed thy bo y d .

Ja da s poke .

B eing answer ed thus in a m od es t s p eech th e noble Nags.

,

re pli ed kind ly to th e young prince th e , b enefactor of hi s sons .

T h e Nag a S p ok e .

I f it be not thy m i nd to r eceiv e of m e gem s , gold or other

w h t l m ay p l eas e thy m ind , m ention th ou it I
gif ;
t a ev er e s e .

”
will giv e i t thee .

blad e of
Wealth as s m all as th e p oi nt of a g r as s .

1 Read j an itr d for j am/ltd

‘
.

18
1 38 CANT O XXIV .

Kuv alayasv a s p oke .

M y lor d , thr ough thy fav our , I wh om th ou d ost ask h av e

ev er ything at h om e i t h a s b een gained e s p ecially thr ough
s i g h t of th ee . A nd h er ein I am s u cces s f ul , and m y lif e h as

b een r e w ar d e d , th at I a m or t al hav e em b race d thy b o d y wh o

ar t di v in e ; th at th e d u s t of th y fee t has foun d a s eat on

m y h ead . Wh at in d eed h av e I gained th er eby, O N ag a

no t

kin g ? B ut if th ou n eed s m us t g iv e m e th e b oon that I

d esi r e, th en let n ot th e f a culty of k
w or i ng r i g hteous nes s
d ep ar t from m y h e ar t . Gold , g em s , j ew el s and s uch lik e,
car r i a g e s , ho us es , s e at s , w om en , foo d and d r ink , and chil dr en,

an d t as teful g ar land s an d oin tm ent s ,— b oth th e s e v ar ious

j
o b ect s o f d es ir e, an d al s o v o al and c ins tr um ental m u s i c and

w h atev er oth er m us i c ther e be— all th is I h old to b e th e fr uit

of th e tr ee of
goo d w or s k
T h er efor e a m an m u s t s tar t
.

fr om th e r o ot th er eof ; h e m us t e x er t hi m s elf , w hi l e r ul in
g
hi s s p ir i t ; no th i ng in th e w or ld i s h ar d of attain m ent to th os e
wh o adher e to g oo d w or ks .
”

A év atar a s p o ke .

S o s h all thy m in d b e, 0 wi s e m an , r el
yi n g on ri g h teous

nes s ; and tr uly all thi s i s th e fr uit of r i g h teou s n es s a s thou

h ast s aid . N ev er th el es s th o u m u s t c er tainl
y ta ke,
now that
th ou h as t ent er e d m y h o us e, wh at th ou think es t h ar d to b e
”
g ain ed in th e h um an w orl d .

Jad a s p oke .

H vi ng h ea
a rd th i s h is
p eech , th e young prince th en s

l ook ed t th f
a e a ces of th e Na a
g i ng s sons
’
T h er eup on both k .

th o s e h er o es p r o s tr ating th em s elv es told th eir fath er clear l

y
all th e young p r ince s th ou h t s
’

g .

T he s on s s p o ke .

W h en thi s p ri nce s b elov e d W if e h ear d th at h e w as

’

s l ain ,
sh e f or s oo k h er d ear l if e , b ein g d eceiv ed b a cer tai n
y cruel ,
b a d m in d e d D anav a , w h o s h e we d hi s
'

enm i t
‘

S he was the
-

y .

d au gh ter of th e Gandh arv a king ; s he w as n am ed M a d alas a .

T h en h e , m i ndf ul of th e p as t , m ad e thi s v ow, d ear f ather ,

‘
No oth er s h all b e m y wi fe M ad alas a ’
T hi s hero
s av e .
Rita
 MADKL AS K1 s snows T O r ou nn x
svs . 1 39

d hv aj a Iong s, d ear father , to b eh old h er , lovel

-
ylimbed
- : if
thi s m ay be d one, l et it be d one .

Asv atar a s p o e k .

S uch m agi cal p ower a s th at b el ong s to one wh o is ex em pt

from s uch gros s el em ents . How can thi s be
‘

e xce pt as a d ream
or as an pr oceedi ng f om S ambara
illus ion r
’

Jad a s p ok e .

T h en S atr u 3 ts s on pro s tr ted him self before th e hi gh

' ’
1
a
s oul e d N ag a k in g and ep li ed b eing touched w th affecti n
i

r , o

an d m o d es ty .
“
I f th ou s h ow? m e now , d ear f ath er , Mad alas a
ev en i n illus i on , I h old th at th ou h as t d one m e th e gr eates t
”
favour .

Aév atar a s p oke .

L ook th ou h er e th en, m y s on , if thou w ould es t

.
s ee th e
I m u s t s h ow th ee favour ; vis itor
’
illusion . a at one s h ous e,
”
th ough a chil d ,
is m as ter .

Ja d a s p o e k .

k
T h e N ag a i ng l ed in M ad élas a wh o was conceal ed in the
h ou s e, and nex t h e utter ed s om e gi bb eri s h d i s tinctly in or d er
to b ewil d er th em . A n d th en h e s how ed th e youn g pr i nce th e
b eauteou s la d y, s ayi ng , I s sh e or is sh e not, 0 ri nce, thy p
wif e M ad al as a
Ja d a s p ok e .

T h en , s eeing th e s l end er on e , h e los t hi s r eti cence th at v er y

m o m ent he m ov ed t ow ar d s h er , utter ing th e w or d

A nd th e Nag a A s v atar a h as ting h eld him
’

B el ov ed off .

A sv atar a s p oke .

I t i s illusi on, m y s on ! tou ch h er not ! I told th ee s o at

fir s t . T h e illu s ion qui ck ly v

v ani sh es w h en touch ed or o th er
”
wi se m ed d led wi th .

T h er eu p on h e fell to th e gr ound ,
,
ov er wh elm ed by a faint ;
”
a nd ex cl ai m in g
“
Ah B e lov ed ! h e th ought of hi s no b le

wif e . A las for th e l ove of th i s king tow ar d s m y s tea df as t

“
,

m ind , whereby I h av e b een thus overthr own without th e

1 Rea d
'
d ari ay ase f or d /
’
an aya t s ?
140 ro xxv
cAN' .

41 weap ons of foes . S he was shown as an illusion, though it was

clear ly no illusion at all by r eason of the action of air , water
and fir e, ear th and ether .

Ja d a s p oke .

T h en th e Naga r ev 1 v1 ng Kuv alayaév a, r elated to him th e

whole s tory of h er r ecov ery fr om d eath an d a ll els e tha t ha d
happ ened . T h er eat j
r e oi cing h e took a g ai n hi s l ov ed one , and

after d oing obei s ance to th e Nag a d e p arted in gr eat s plend our ,

m ounted on th e h or se, to hi s own ci ty, h aving attain ed " the

j
ob ect of his thoughts .

C ANT O XXV .

T he story of Kuoalayd éva and M ad d lasd ( conti nued ) .

Kuvalayasoa,
’

r etur ni ng
hom e, li ves i n p erfect happ iness wi th M a d ri
'
las d — He succeed s his father S atr u-j i t— A son is bor n to them , Vi -kr an
ta- M ad d lasd p r attles to the i nfant .

Ja da s p oke .

Reaching th en h is city h e n ar r ated th e wh ole s tor y full to

y
his p ar ents , h ow h e h a d r e g ain ed hi s s lend er -lim b ed one who
2 h ad d i ed An d th e b eautiful , s lend er -li m b ed la d y b ow ed at
.

th e feet of h er fath er and m oth er -in -law , and d id h onour as

0
0 b efor e to h er kin d r ed with o b e i s an ce
, em br aces an d su ch

$ greetings , accor di ng to pr opr i ety, and th eir ag es . T h en the

citi z en s h eld a g r eat f es ti v al th er e in th e cit
y .

An d Rita -d hv aj a l ong en oyed

h im s elf wi th hi s b eautiful
j
5 wai s ted wife, b oth am ong m ountain torr en ts , and on r iver
k
s and -ban s , and am i d p l eas ant w oo d s
, an d i n gr ov es S he .

al so, l onging to h er m er it by th e d eli hts of lov e

con s um e
g ,

6 j
en oyed h er s elf wi th h im , h er gr eatly-belov ed in leasant
,
p
places .

A long tim e after war d s th e ki ng S atru j ’

- i t, h avi ng r uled the
earth worthi ly, und erwent the law of D eath . T hen th e citi

Read a bhy up eta z l for abh/yup etam

 ni ni L AsA l ND HE R r msr sou . 1 41

8 z ens inaug ur ated «

as king his high-s ouled son Rita-d hvaj a,
nobl e in cond uct and acti on .

W hil e h e d uly protecte d hi s s ub ects j as if th ey w er e h i s

own s ons , M adalas é g av e bir th to h er fir s t-b orn s on T he .

fath er gav e th at clev er chi ld th e nam e V i -kr zinta T he re .

ta in er s were pleased th er eat and M ad alas alaugh ed . M ad a

l as a s p ok e to h er inf ant boy in th e way of prattlefi“ as h e lay
on hi s b ack cr ying not unm el o di ous ly .

P er fect thou, d arling , nor h as th y nam e b een g iv en

ar t

th ee n ow i n m er e f ancy T hi s v er y bod y of thine is com os ed

. p
of th e five el em ents , n ot ind eed for thi s r eas on d os t th ou cr y

— wh erefore th en Nor in d ee d d oes your h i ghnes s ( th i s ti tle

i s th y bir th i ght) cry b ecaus e art a k ing s s on th ou
’
-r D oubt .

f ul ar e th e v ar ious good a nd b ad quali ties , th at are connect ed

with th e el em ents , in all th y or g ans S ince in a m an h er e th e .

el e m ents , ex tr em ely wea k ,

i ncr eas e by th e m eans
”

of th e el e

m ents , nam ely, by m eans o f t h e fo od and w ater an d oth er

nutr im ents giv en, of wh at h a s t th ou n o gain, of w h at h as t

th ou no l os s Do
gr ow in fatuated at thi s thy b od i ce
not

whi ch i s alr ead y d ecayin g , an d in th at thy b od y ; thy b od y

i s g iv en th ee by g oo d and b ad d eed s ; th e b odi ce i s f as ten ed
on th ee b y p ers ons inf atu at ed
wi th p r id e and oth er p as
D o th ou gr eatly e s teem each ag gr egate of elements
s om e one aggr ega te as a d ear fath er , s om e other a s a ch ild ,

s o m e other as a m oth er , s o m e other as a loved wif e , s om e other

s om e other not thy ow n A

as th y p rop er ty,
own as . m an

b egui l ed in m ind thin ks th at evils tend to as suag e evil that s,

en j oym ent s ten d to h ap p ines s A g ain th e unwi e m an g eat . s ,

r

l y b egui led in mi nd think s th at th ese very v ils

, e p l ea e ar

s ur e s L aughter g a ing t th e b ones 1 a p air of e s i v ely

.
,
z a ,
~
x ce s

br igh t m ocking eyes fi m p lu m p fl esh in th e b eas ts and

,
r r

th at i s L ove s ab od e ; is not wo m n
’
el s ewh er e in a wom an
— a
,

U ll ap an a : not in th e d ictionary . U llé pa i s s aid to m ean c alli n

g out in
a. loud v oi ce,
” “
ch ang e of voice in gri ef, s icknes s , &o 5 ” b ut
. no s uch m eanin
g
is ad m i s s ib l e h er e.

1‘
A s thi -
s and ar éana ; this s eem s meani ngless . Ak shi -s and arsana s eems

s up er uousfl .
1 42
'

C ANT O xxvr .

18 h el l T he carr i age r es ts on th e ear th ; and th e b o d y 1s

s eat ed i n th e car r i ag e ; an d even in th e b od y th er e i s an oth er

s eated , th e s oul . T h er e i s no t th e p er ce tion of owner

s am e p
this exces s iv e inf atuation wi th
’
s hi p in one s bod y, as th er e i s
”
it.

C ANT O XX V I .

T he s tor y of Kuva layd é'va ( continued) .

T he E d ucati on of hi s S ons .

S a tru-m ar d ana— A four th

'
T wo other sons ar e born, S u bd hu a nd s on

i s bor n whom M a d d las d nam es A lar ka — S he criti cizes thes e na m es

T he king obj ects to her way of ed uca ti ng them , and wis hes th em to be
br ought up as ksha tr iyas— S he p ra ttles to A lar ka .

Ja d a S p o e k .

1 Now the queen tr ained up th at s on, as h e gr ew d ay by d ay,

2 to uns elfis h th ou g ht by tal in g an d o th er m ea ns A s he k .

r egular ly g ai ned s tr ength , as h e g ained h i s f ath er s i ntelli

’

en ce ev en s o h e acqui r ed knowl ed g e o f hi m s elf th r ou h h i s

g , g
’
m oth er s tal k
S o th e youth , ins tr ucted by h er fr om hi s
.

bir th , h av ing und er s tan d ing an d b eing un s elfis h , d id not

tur n hi s m i nd towar d s fam il y lif e .

A s econd s on w as b or n to h er . H i s fath er n am ed him .

Wh en he sai d T hi s i s S u -bah u,” M ad alas a l au h ed

g . H im
a ls o wh en a chil d sh e spo ke t o wi th p r attl e and oth er ta lk
th e s am e as b efor e, and thu s h e, h avi ng a g oo d intellect, ao

quir ed knowled g f om hi s childh oode r .

Wh en th ki ng n m d the thi d bor n s on S at

e a e r -
'
r u-m ar d ana,
she th e b eautif ul -br ow e d lau gh ed -
ag ai n v er y lon g th er eat .

T he sl end er -lim b ed m oth er s im ilar l

y in s tr ucted hi m als o fr om
ch il dh ood . D ev oi d of d esir e h e p er for m ed cer em onies , but
not anyth in g b enefici al .

Now th e king , wh en d esir ous of n am ing th e fourt h s on, s aw

M ad alas a, well-b ehav ed s he was , l aug hing s lig h tl

y ; the
as
 B I RT H or T HRE E noun sONs . 1 43

king , som ewh at eagerly curi ous , s p ok e to h er as sh e w as

l aughing .

T he king s p oke .

T ell m e th e caus e of
your l augh ter , at the v ery tim e w h en
th e nam e i s b eing given V i -kr énta, S u-b ahu and th e oth er
.

'
S atr u-m ar d ana,— th e nam es g iv en by m e ar e I th ink fin e,
s uit e d to th e kshatr iya k ind r ed , and ind icativ e of h er oi sm
and ma j esty . If th ese ar e n ot good , l ad y, - i f you thin thi s k
in your mind ,— th en d o th ou give a nam e to thi s m y four th
7’
S O IL

M adél asé s p ok e . .

i -r aj a, as thou tell e s t m e ;
I m us t ob ey th y comm a n d , M ah a
so I wi ll giv e a nam e to th y four th s on A lar ka Lear ned .

in r el i gi o n he shall acqui r e fam e in t h e wor ld , an d thi s thy

”
s on s h all h av e un d er s t and in g
younges t .

O n h ear ing th at nam e g iv en th e s on by th e m o th er , th e

king , lau ghing at
‘
Al ar k a pp r opri ate
as in a , s ai d

T h e kin g s p oke .

T hi s na m e th at th ou h as t giv en to m y s on , b eauteou s
l a d y,— why h as t th ou g iv en s uch an ina r o ri ate one W h at pp p
is i ts m eaning , 0 M ad alas a

M ad al as a s p ok e .

T his i s m y fancy, M ah é r a a; I have giv en i t as b eing

-
j
practi cal S o d o th ou li s ten, 0 ing , to th e m eanin gles s n es s
. k
of th e nam e s giv en by th ee S ince wi s e m en s ea of a p er v ad
. p k
i ng s oul and
‘
kr énti i s d es cr ib ed as th e cour s e whi ch p asses
fr om one place to anoth er p lace s ince th e s oul i s a ll- er
p
v adi ng i n th at it i s u bi qui tou s and d oes not m ov e ab out

th er efor e thi s a pp ellation V i k - rant a, pas sed beyon d ,

’
app e ar s
’

t o m e m eani ngl es s . The ap p ell ation S u-b ahu, fin e-ar m ed , ’

s econd s on , th at too i s m eani ngles s becau s e th e
given to th ey
s oul i s incor p oreal , 0 king . T h e nam e th at th ou h as t g iv en
th e thi r d son , Ar i-m ar d ana , foe-cr ush er , ’ I th in th at too i s k
i nap pr opr iate and li s ten to th e g ar d s it S in ce
r eas on as re .

th er e i s onl y one s oul i n all b od i es , wh o th en , 0 ing , i s k

r e g ar d e d as its enem y in this wor ld , or who as its fri end ?
 CANT O XXVI .

22 Cr eatur es ar e cr ush ed by cr eatur es ; how can th e incorpo

r eal be cru sh ed T h i s f ancy i s m eaningl es s b ecause of th e

23 s ep ar at e e x i s tence of ang er and th e p ass ions

oth er If a .

b ad n am e i s fix e d u p on b ecaus e of m utu al d eali ng , w hy d os t

th ou thi n k th er e is no m eaning in th e nam e Ala k a r

Ja d a s p ok e .

B eing thu s e x cel lently ad d r es s ed b y th e qu een, th e k ing ,

h av in g gr eat un d er s tan d i ng , as s ented to h is lov ed wif e wh o
s po k e corr e ctly . A n d th e fin e br ow ed l a d y
-
s p ok e to th at s on ,

j ust as to th e el d er s on s , w h at w ould ar o u s e th e int ellect .

T he ki n g s aid to h er .
“
W hy d os t th ou d eal th u s , 0 foolish
one , wi th th e tem p er am ent of my ch il d , b y g ivi n g him a m is
chi ev ou s e d ucati o n a s thon d i d s t b efor e to m y other s ons If .

th ou s h o ul d e s t d o w h at p lea s es m e , if m y w or d s h oul d b e ac
ce pt e d , th en r e s tr ain thi s s on w ith i n th e p ath of activi t So
y .

th e p ath of a cti on wi ll n ot lead to utter d e s tr ucti on , O lad y ;

an d s o th e p i nd a ofier in g to th e pi tri s wi ll not ceas e, O vir tuous
o ne .T h e pitri s d w ell i n th e D ev a -lo a , th ey ar e al s o b or n as k
k
b r utes , th ey b ecom e m en li e wi s e, and th ey r esid e wi thi n th e
cl a s s of el e m en t s B y ofier in g th e p i nd a and w ater a m an,
.

b u s i ed i n th e cer em o ni e s , ev er nour i s h es th em , 0 fine -br o w e d

on e , b oth th e ri
gh t eou s an d th e un r igh t eous , th os e w or n out
w ith h un g er , th os e h ar as s ed b y th i r s t he nour i s hes th e g o d s
k
li ewi s e an d g ues ts T h e god s , m an in d , th e p itris , d e ar ted
. k p
g oblin s , an d guh yak as , b ir d s , w or m s and ins ects live
s p i r it s ,

up o n m an ind e ed T h er efor e, O s lend er -lim b ed , caus e m y s on

.

to a cqu r e i thor ough ly th e w h ol e d uty of k sh at ri

yas , as re
”
g ar d s th i s lif e an d lif e in th e nex t wor l d .

T h e qu een M a d ala s a, b eing th us a d m oni sh ed by h er hus

b an d , a pok e to h er s on Al ar a , with p r attling w or d s k .

T h r ive m y s on ! r ej oi ce m y h us b and s m ind wi th thy d e ed s ,

’

in or d er to b en efit fr i end s and d es tr oy enem i es app y ar t . H

th ou, m y s on, w h o al one, wi th nev er an enem y, wilt long pr o
t eet th e e ar th : fr om
pr otecting it m ayes t th ou h ave full
e nj o m ent of h ap ines s , and fr om
y p
r igh teou snes s th ou s h alt

Alark a, a fur io us d og , or a fabulous hog with eig h t l eg s .

 T HE E D UCAT I O N or AL ARKA . 1 45

o btai n th e frui t, im m or tal ity . M ayes t th ou d eli gh t the

br ah m ans at M ayest th ou fulfil th e long in g
th e h oly fes tiv als
a m on g th y k
ins m en ! M ayes t th ou th in ind ly in thy h ear t k k
for anoth er ! M ayes t th ou r es tr ain th y m ind fr om the wi v es
of oth er s P leas e continually th e g od s w ith num er ou s s e
cr ifices , and th e d v1 j as wh o res or t to thee wi th w ealth A nd .

th ou s h alt long s ati s fy w om en wi th un p ar all el ed aff ecti on s , and

th y foes wi th battl es , O h er o ! As a ch il d gl ad d en th e m ind

of th y ki nsm en and as a boy the m i nd of th y teach er b y
ob s erv ance of h is com m and s ; a s a youn g m an gla d d en the m ind
of w om en w h o ar e th e or n am ent of h i gh f a m ili es ; as an old

m an the m i nd of th e h er mi ts in th e fores t
E x erci s ing th y .

s ov er ei gnty m aye s t th ou gl ad d en th y fr i en d s ! Guard ing th e

g ood , m a ye s t th ou oif er u p s acr ifices , d ar ling ! D es tr oying
th e w ic ked and th y e n em i es
in b attle, m ayes t tho u m eet th y
d eath , m y child , on behalf of cattle and br ah m ans

C ANT O XX V I I .

T he E d ucation f
o the S ons ( conti nued ) .

ki ng s d uti es — E nfor cing p eci a lly

’
M a dd las é i ns tr ucts Ala r ka i n a es

the necess i ty for sel f -co ntrol, p r ud ence and m ai ntenance of the laws .

Jada s p o e k .

1 k
Now b eing tal ed to in thi s way by h is m other every d ay,
2 k
th e child A lar a g r ew i n a g e and int elli g ence T h en this s on .

Rita -d h v aj a, r eaching b oyh ood , r ece i v ed i nv es t itur e

of on

wi th oth e s acr e d thr ead , an d b eing i nt ellig ent d i d o b ei s a nce to

3 h i s m oth er and s aid ,

“
Wh at I ough t to d o now for h ap pines s

in th i s w or ld an d th e nex t w or ld tell all th at to m e w h o am

b owing r es p ectf ully b for e e thee

M ad al a s é s p o e k .

M y ch il d , a k in g in au gur at ed in h i s king d om m ust in th e

r s t p la ce con cili at e hi s s ub ects ,j w ith out ob s tr u cti ng hi s ow n

fi
w h i ch ar e r ad ically I n ur i
5 d uty . E sch e wing th e s ev en vi ces , j
h e m us t g uar d h i m self fr om h i s ad v er s ar ies wi thout d e .

o us ,

19
1 46 CANT O XXVI I .

ar ti ng fr om good ; coun s el Ju s t as a m an m eets d e s tr uo

p .

ti o n i n ei gh t w ays fr om a fine-w h e el ed ch ar i ot, s o un d oub ted ly

d oes ev en a ki n gwith out d ep ar ting fr o m g oo d coun s el .

An d let him r eco ni s e th e b ad and g o od m i ni s t er s th r ough

g
hi s en em i e s
’
f aults ; and he m us t s tr enuo u s ly tr ace o ut hi s

e nem
y
’
s s pi e s by s
pi e s . B ut a ki ng m u s t not confid e in

f ri end s , acquaintance s , or r el at iv e s ; l et a kin g tr u s t e v en in

an unfr i end ly p er s on , if s o ob li g ed b y h i s afi air s A_ ing . k

m u s t hi m s elf b e conv er s ant w ith th e s tati on ar y, p r o s p er o u s
an d d eter i or atin g con d iti on s f
o s ta te
p olicy, b e f am ili ar w ith
“
of s ix m i li tar y p olicyfi a nd n ot
th e m er its th e m e a s ur e s o f
be ensl av e d by d es ir e .

“
A ki ng m u s t fir s t s ubd u e hi m s elf , an d h i s m ini s ter s , th en
h is d ep en d ants , an d a ft er w ar d s hi s ci ti z en s ; th en let him ,
fi g h t ag ain s t h is e nem i e s . B ut h e wh o, wi th out h av i ng
ind eed con qu er e d th e s e, d e s ir e s to co nqu er his ad v er s ari es , h e,
w ith hi s o w n s el f un s ub d u ed an d w ith uns ub d u ed m ini s ter s ;
is killed b y hi s
p ar ty A i n g m us t th er efor e, m y
e nem i es
’
. k
s on , fir s t con qu er d e s ir e a nd th e oth er p assi ons f or w hen
th ey ar e conquer ed , v i ctor y i s his as s ur ed ly ; v anqui s h ed by
th em , a in g p er i s h esk D es ir e, an d an ge r , an d cov etou s nes s ,
.

i ntox ic ati on a nd p r id e, j oy al s o , an d en em ie s th es e in tr uth

—

tend to d es tr oy k in g s L et h i m r es tr ain hi m s elf, r ecollect

.

ing h o w P and u hi m s elf w a s kill ed w h en engr o s s e d in lov e

and h ow An uh r ad a i kill ed h is own s on thr ou gh an
g er ; and

h ow Ai l a § w as kill ed thr ou gh cov et ou s nes s ; h o w V ena | | w as

killed by d v ij a s th r o ugh i ntox i cation: h ow An ayus fli
’
s on B a li
was killed th r ou gh pr id e ; P ur anj aya th r ough j oy . R ecol
leeting h o w , w h en th es e w er e co n u er e d
q ,
hi gh - s ouled M ar utta
v anqui sh e d all , l et a king cas t out th es e h i s o wn f ault s .

'
Vi a , s a/nd hi , p eace ; i i gr a ha, war ; yam a , m ar ch i ng ; d s an a ,
'
enc a m p ing
d 'v a i d hi -bhti/va , d i v id ing h i s f or ce s an d s am i r a/ya , alli an ce .

gi td tmdj i ta/m d ty a h
'

j i ta tm d j i td m d tyah
’
r ead
’ ’

i F or .

1: S o n of Hir auya-kaéi p u .

’
P ur II rav as .

A s on of An g a .

1T S he was h i s m other .
 1 47
’
E XPO S I T I O N or A KI NG S D UT I E S .

A king s h oul d l ear n t h e ways of th e cr ow, cuc oo an d k

bee, of th e d eer , s er p ent an d p eacoc k , of th e g oos e, coc and k
th e r ed
g oat king sh uld act lik e
. A o an i n s ect ag ains t an

an d a k in g h ul d c
o pp nent
o
y out th e ways of th e nts at
s o ar r a

a fitting tim e A k i n g wh p o s s e s s
. th e natu l ch ct r
,
o es ra ar a e

o f th m o n nd th s un ough t t k now f
e o a th e k f g od ,
o or e sa e o o

p oli cy th b eh av iou of s p k s of fi
e nd of th e s eed s of th e
r ar re a

s eem ul t efi
" An d
re king ou ght to g th e w is d om f m a a r ro

a court e z an , th e l otu s fio w er ,1 a nd a gr as s h opp er , a d oe-h ar e ,

‘

and th e b r eas t of p r eg na nt wom en, and al s o fr om a w om an of

th e co w -h er d cas t e .

A k i ng s h ould a s s um e th e five f or m s of I nd r a, th e S un,

Y am a a nd th e M oon , and al s o of th e W in d in th e w or k of

g ov er n m ent Ju s t a s I nd r a nour i s hes th e p eop le on th e ear th

.

w ith s h ow er s of w ater f or f our m onth s , s o s h ould a i ng k

n our is h them wi th l ar g es s es . Jus t as th e S un d r aw s u p th e
w a t er wi th hi s y s for ei gh t m onth s , s o s hould a ing collect
ra k
th e tolls a nd o th er d ues b y tr uly s u btle m eans Jus t as Y am a .

r e s tr ain s fri end an d foe w h en th e tim e arr iv es , s o a ing k

s h o uld b e im p ar ti al tow ar d s fr iend a nd foe, towar d s th e
v i ci ous and th e v ir tu o us . Jus t as b y g a zin g on th e f ull
M oon , a m an g r ow s affecti o nat e , s o , wh er e th e p eop le ar e all

p e aceful , th at i s th e p r acti ce he s hou ld a d op t fr om th e m oon .

Ju s t as th e W ind m ov es m ys ter i ou s am ong all cr eatur es , s o

s h o ul d a king m ove am ong th e ci ti z en s , m in is ter s an d oth er s ,

and am ong his r el ati v es b y the a

gency of s p i es .

T he king goes to S v ar g a , wh os e m ind i s at

,
my ch il d ,

tr acted neith er by cov etou s nes s , nor by l Ov e , nor by r ich e s , a s

by oth er m oti ves T he ing go es to S v ar g a, w h o
. e ep s k k
wi thi n th eir d uty erri ng f ooli s h m en , w h o ar e s w er vi ng fr om
th eir d uty . H e , in w h os e kin gd om th e d uti es of th e four
’
cl a s s es and th e f our p er io d s of a br ah m an s life d o not f a ll

in to d es u etud e, h a s , m y ch ild e t er n al h app in e s s af ter d eath

and in a f utur e s t at e . A king s highes t d uty ,

an d th at wh i ch

if
S alm ali s ee note p 82 . . T h e p od s contain a quantity of s ilky co tto n

Which i s blown ab out , w he n th e p od s b ur s t .

f Nelum biu/m sp eciosum s e e n ot e p 29 . .

1 48 CANT O xxvrI I .

br ing s p
s u r em e felicity for him , i s th e m ai ntenance am ong

m en of th eir own it i s d is tur b ed b y evi l-m ind ed

l aw s , * s ince

31 m en . B y pr otecting cr eatur es ind eed a in g r each es s uc k

ce s s ; h e w h o d uly p
rotects g ains by his effor ts a or ti on of p
”
ri gh teous ness .

C ANT O XX V I I I .

T he E d uca ti on of the S ons ( conti nued ) .

M ad d lasd
’
s E xhor ta ti on .

M a d d lasd enunc a tes i to Alar ka the sp eci a l d uti es of the fowr t as tes
’
a nd o
f the four p eriod s of a br d hm an s life~ and the d uti es com mo n to

thos e four cas tes and p er i od s , whi ch m us t be s trenuously m ai ntai ned .

Ja da s p oke .

Having lis tened to th at his m oth er ’

s e xh ort ation, Alar k a

al so fur th er ques tioned hi s m other both ab out the d uties of

th e four clas ses , an d ab out th e d uti es a pertai ning to th e four p
peri od s of a b r ah m an s life
’
.

Alar k a s p ok e .

T h ou h as t gr acious l ad y, th is the d uty r el ating

ex p oun d e d ,

to th e s ys t em of ingly g ov er nm ent k
I w i s h to h ear th at .

d u ty w hi ch concer ns th e f our clas s es and th e four p er iod s of a

”
b r ah m an
’
s lif e .

M a d al as a s p o k e .

’
A br ahm an s d uty i s h eld to b e th r eefold - lib er ality, s tu d y, d e

s acr ifice . T h er e is no oth er four th d uty H i s d uty i s . r e g ar d

le ss ofh i s p os ition . I r r epr oach able s acr ificial and ed uca

ti ch al o ccup ati ons , and th e a ccep tan ce of

gifts fr om th e pur ified
—
this i s fitly pr oclaim ed hi s th r eefo ld m eans of liv elih ood
L ib e r alit y, s tud y, s acr ifice— this i s d eclar ed to be th e thr eefold
d uty of a ks h atr i
ya al s o : pr otecti on of th e ear th , and su b
s i s te n ce by w eap ons ar e hi s m eans of liv elih o o d .
Lib er alit
y’
s tud y, s a cri fice ,— th at i nd eed is th e th r eefold d ut of a v ais ya
’

y
D h arm a .
 A B RK 1 49
’
HM AN S r oux PE RI O D S or L I FE .

al s o : m erchandi se , an d th e t en di n g of cattl e, and agr icul tur e

7 ar e hi s m eans of liv elih ood . L ib e r alit

y, and s acri fice, O b e
d ience to d v ij as , I h av e d eclare d to b e th e thr eefold d uty of
th e sli d ra al s o ; and h is m e ans of liv elihood ar e a h and i cr aft,
8 ob e di en ce li kewi s e to d v ij as , nour i s h ing t h em , buyi ng an d

s elli n g . T h es e are s ai d to b e th e d uti es of th e four cl as s es .

Hear also the connexi ons am ong th e fou p e r r i od s of a br ah

’
9 m an s life . A m an wh o h as not err ed fr om th e d uty of h is
o wn cl as s gains p erfect f eli city : he goes to h ell after d eath ,
if h e h a s s erv ed wh at i s for bid d en And as long in d e ed a s .

a d v ij a i s not inves ted wi th th e s acre d thr ead , so long , m y

s on , he acts , s p eaks and e ats unrestr ained ly .

Wh en d uly in ves te d w ith th e s a cre d thr ead , he becom es a

'
b rahm ar in in h i s g ur u s h ous e , and h e sh oul d d well th er e
’
a-c .

I r el ate hi s d uty ; h ear it of m e P rivate s tud y, atten .

d ance on fir e, b ath in g , an d w and er ing ab out for alm s , and

alw ays eati ng th at fo o d aft er inf o r m in g his g ur u and o btain

H e s hould be d i li gent in th e g ur u s
’
i ng p er m is si on fr om hi m .

b us i nes s ; t h er e s h oul d b e thor ou gh ev o king of hi s affecti on ;

an d wh en s um m oned by h im , h e s h oul d r e ad i ntently, hi s m in d
wi th d r awn from ev er yt hi ng el s e . After acquir i n g o n e , t wo or

th e V e d as fr om h i s g ur u s m onth , h e is auth or i z ed to gi ve th e
’
al l

gur u hi s fee w ith w or d s of e ulogy B ut let him enter on th e .

g ri h a th a
-e p eri od wh en d e s ir ous of p er iod of fami ly lif e
th e
or , by hi s own wis h , on th e v ana p rastha per iod and on th
- e

fo urth period O r let th e d vi j a awai t hi s d eceas e th e r e in

.

’
th e g ur u s hous e, obed ient t o th e g ur u s s on if th e g ur u b e
’

di s ci ple, if th er e b e O b ed ient,
’
d e ad , or to th e gur u s no son .

fr ee f rom s elf-conceit , l et him p ass thr ough the p e r i od of a

’
br ahm a-c arin .

N ext wh en h e h as d es i s ted th er efr om , thr ough d es ir e f or

l et hi m th en ghtly m arr y a w ife ,
ri
’
a gr ih a -etka s s tatus ,

s p r ung fr om the famil y of a d ifier ent" Ri shi , h i s equal , fr ee

fr om k
si c ness , not g rih
d efor m ed , for th eth a s sa ke of a a -s
’

s tatus . And havi ng g ain ed m oney by hi s ow n toil, let him d ul y

A -s am d na . His fam ily a nd her s s h oul d not b e d es cend ed fr om th e s am e

T his i nd icates exogam y .

Ris h i .
1 50 CANT O XXV I I I .

p
p leas e th e itris , g od s a nd g ue s ts by f aith ; and als o nour i s h

th os e w h o r es or t to him , h is d e end ants p and chi l d r en , an d

hi s fem ale i
r el at v es , an d th e a ffli ct e d ,
th e bli nd , and th e o ut

cas t, th e bir d s and th e to th e u tm o s t h i s pow er

of

ih - th a
w ith g if ts of food . T hi s i s th e d uty of a gr a s ; s ex ual
inter cour s e al s o at th e pr o p er s eas on : b ut h e s h o uld no t, to
th e utm os t of his p ow er , neg lect th e p er for m ance of th e fiv e
s acri fices . A n d let th e m an him s elf , b ein g z e al ou s to th e b es t

of h i s p o w er , tog eth er wi th hi s d ep end ants , e at th e r em ains

of th e foo d con s um e d b y th e p itri s , th e g o d s , th e g ues ts and

k
p at er n al in s m en .

No w I h av e d ecl ar ed thi s grih a-s th a p er i o d d is tinctly I .

d es cri b e to th ee th e d uty of the v ana p r as th a : b e i t h e ar d - .

H av in g s een the s u cces s i on of hi s O ff s pr in g , an d th e s to op o f

h i s b od y, l et th e w i s e m an th e van a-p r as th a
en ter u
p on p eri o d ,
for th e pur p os e of p ur ifyin g hi s s oul I n it ther e . is the
enj oym ent of th e for es t , a nd attr a cti o n b y p enances , s l eep

ing on th e gr oun d , s acr ed s tud y , c er em oni es f or th e pitri s

g od s and gues ts , th e h om a O bl ation , th e thr ee d aily ablu

t ions ,1' th e w e ar in g m atted h air an d a b ar kd r es s , and d ili

g ence in m ed itati on unceas ingly, th e u s e of f or e s t un g uents .

T hi s i s th e v ana -pr as th a p er i od , for th e pur ificati on of s in ,

a nd b en efici al to th e s oul . B ut a fter th at comes anoth er , the
l as t, p er i od of th e bhi k sh u .

B ut h ear fr om m e th e natur e of th e f our th p eri o d , whi ch

“

w i th its p eculi ar d uties h as b een d es cr i b ed , m y d ar ling , by

hi gh -s ouled m en conv er s an t w ith i ts d uti es i Renunci ation
a s s oci a ti on , s acr e d s tu d
of ev er y y, ab s tinence fr om an g er ,
contr ol ov er th e s en s es , no l ong d w ell in g in o ne h abi tation,

ab s taini ng fr om und er t a in g s , an d e atin k

g f ood ob tained by
b e ggin g on ce a d ay, al s o d es ir e for th e aw a k e nin
g of kn ow

l ed g e of th e s oul , g a zin g at th e s oul

and N ow I . h ave
a cquain te d th ee wi th th i s d uty i n th e four th p er io d .

H e ar fr om m e th e co m m on d uty of th e o th er clas ses and of

’
F or p a i av a s
'
r ea d c a pa stas »
;

1 At d awn , n oo n , a nd s uns e t .

1: F or y a h s va -d ha rm o
’
s ya r e ad s'va -d ha r m o yas ya
 GE NE RAL D UT I E S O E AL L C L ASSE S . 1 51

th e p eri od s of lif e . T r uthfulnes s , pu r ity a nd h ar m l es s nes s ,

fr eed om fr om an d m er cy, g en er os ityfi"and
e nv
y, p ati en ce, con

tentm ent is th e e i h th v ir tue

g .

T h es e d u ti es h av e b een s u ccin ctly d es cr ibed to th ee con

cer ni ng th e cl as s e s an d
th e p er i o d s o f life : and a m a n s h ou ld
s ta nd w h olly w ith in th es e hi s ow n p eculiar d uti es A nd .

th e m an , w h o , o v er s tep p in g h i s own d uty nam ed accor d in g to

hi s o wn p er i o d of li fe , s h oul d b eh av e oth er w is e ,
cl as s or

s h ould b e puni s h e d b y th e in g k
An d th e in g w h o o v er . . k
k k
l o o s m en , wh o after for s a in g th eir own d uti es com m it s in ,
los es hi s p i ou s a cts T h er efor e . a king m us t vi g or ou s ly

puni s h all th e cl a s s es th at b eh av e contr ar y t o th eir s p e ci al

d uti es , and h e m us t k eep th em w i thi n th eir o wn o cc u

p ati on s .
”

C ANT O XX I X .

’
M ad d las d s E xhor ta ti on ( conti nued ) .

M ad d las d exp lai ns to A lar ka the p osi tio n of a gr i ha s tha

- —
a nd
p ers o
cow, the Ved as , p i ous a cts , the wor d s f the good a nd the
n ifies as a o

ha nta— S he
'
wor d s s vah d, s va d h
'
é, vas ha p a nd d escr i bes the ba li
er i ng, a nd uts ar ga abla tion the d uti es f griha s tha to gues ts the
fi
— -
a o a —

sr d d d ha —
f
a nd fur ther d uti es to gues ts — S he p r onoun ces a blessi ng on
'

the griha—s tha s ta te— a nd quo tes a song by Atm on it .

A lar k a s o
p ke .

A n d wh at m en m u s t d o w h o ar e eng a g ed in th e g rih a-s th a ,

er i o d an d w h at b ecom e s co nfine d in th e ab s ence of a cti on

p ; ,

2 and wh at incr eas e s by a cti on and w h at i s b enefici al to m en

an d w h at a g oo d m an s h ou l d av oi d at h om e an d h ow th in g s
ar e d one— d eclar e th at a ccur ately to m e w h o as k .

M a d ala s é . spo k e .

M y ch il d , a m an on as s um i ng th e g rih a-s th a s tatus , t her eb

y
n our i s h es all th i s ear th an d c on qu er s th e w or ld s h e long s for .

4 T h e p i tri s , th e M uni s , th e g od s , liv i ng thing s , and k

m an ind ,

akd rp a nya/m
F or a kd r p ya n ymn r ead
1 52
"

CANT O XXIX .

an d w or m s , i ns ects , and fl ying cr eatur es , bir d s , cattle , and

A s ur a s s ub s i s t up on th e gri ha-sth a, and d er i v e s ati s fa cti on

fr o m h i m ; an d g az e ind eed at hi s cou nten ance, wond eri ng,

W ill h e giv e us anything
T he s u pp or t of ev er ything i s thi s cow , m y child , w hich con

s i s ts of th e thr ee Ved as , i n w h i ch th e uni v er s e i s e s t ab li s h ed ,

an d w h i ch i s b eli ev ed t o b e th e c au s e of th e univ er s e . H er
b ac ki s th e Ri g -V e d a ; h er loi ns th e Y aj ur -V e d a ; h er f a ce
an d n ec k th e S am a -V ed a ; an d h er h or ns ar e p ious acts ; h er
h ai r th e e x cell ent w or d s of th e g oo d ; h er or d ur e and ur i n e

ar e tr anquilli ty p r os p er ity ; s h e i s s u p p or ted on feet w hich

and

ar e th e four cl as s es ; s h e i s th e s us ten ance o f th e w or l d s ; b eing

i m p er i s h ab le s h e d o es not w ane T h e w or d s v éhafi .

“
and th e

w or d s vad h a d and th e w or d v as h a t, m y an d th e oth er

”
s on ,

w or d h anta h er i f our teats T h e g o d s d r i nk of th e

‘
ar e .

t eat w hi ch i s the ha; and th e pitri s of th at

w or d s v a co ns is t
'

in g of s v a d b a; and th e M um s of th at w hi ch i s th e w or d
v a s h at ; th e g od s , liv ing thi n g s and A s ur a s , and m an indk
d r ink con s tantly of th e t eat w hi ch is th e w or d h anta .

T h u s t hi s co w cons i s ti n g of th e th r ee Ved as , m y chi l d , fattens

th em . A nd t h e m an , w h o g r i ev ous ly s i nni ng cau s es th eir
d es tr u ction, s i nk s i n to th e h ell T am as , § th e h ell Andh a
t am i s r a || a nd th e h ell T am i s r a fil A nd th e m an, wh o giv es
thi s co w d ri n k wi th hi s o wn chi l d r en and wi th th e i m m or tals
an d oth er o b ects o j f wor s hip at th e pr op er tim e , att ain s S v ar ga .

T h er ef or e , m y s on , a m a n m us t nour i s h th e g o d s , ri sh i s ,
and p i tri s and m en an d liv ing th i ng s d aily, e v en a s hi s ow n
b od y . T h er efor e havi ng b ath ed and b ecom e cl e an h e s h oul d ,
com p o s edin m in d , d elight th e god s , r i shi s and p itri s , a nd th e
i i l o w ith w at er a t th e i A
p j p t t “
ra z -
a a s r
p po er m e n d a m a n .

hav ing w or sh i pp ed th e g od s wi th th e fr agr ant fl ow er s of the

g r e at -fl o w er e d j asm ine , s h ould n ex t d eli gh t A gni ; and the
b ali off eri n g s h oul d als o b e m ad e . L et h i m ca st th e b ali

T he O b l at io n to th e g od s . C om p l ete d ar kne ss .

1 T h e oblati on t o th e pi tri s .
1T D eep gl o o m .

H
I Re ad ta s yé h f or ta s yd Read m d nav a h f or mé navd h
“
f
. .

D ar knes s .
 T HE RIT E s or H O SPIT AL I TY . 1 53

o fferin
g toB rah m aand th e V isv a-d evas insid e the h ouse, and
'

to D h anv antari to th e north ea s t ; l et him ofier th e b ali -

e as twar d to I nd r a, s outh w ar d s to Y am a, and th e b ali w es t

war d s to V ar una, and nor th war d s to S oma . And l et h im al s o

g iv e th e bali to B h atri and V i d h atri at the h ous e-d oor , a nd

let h im giv e it to Ar yam an out s id e and all around th e h ous es .

L et him O ffer th e b ali to ni gh t-w al ing goblins in th e a ir , and k

l et him s catter i t to the p i tri s , s tand ing with his f ace s outh
w ar d T h en th e grih a-eth a , b eing intent and h av ing h i s m ind
‘

.
-

w ell com p osed , sh oul d ta k e th e w at er and cast it , as a wi s e

m an, into th o s e places fo r th os e s ev er al d eities , th at th ey m ay
r i ns e o ut th eir m outh s .

Ha vi n
g t h u s p e r f orm ed i n hi s h ous e th e f am il -b ali , th e
y
i - th a sh oul d p er for m th e uts ar ga abl ati on r es p ect
p ur e g r h a s

ful ly for th e nour i s h m en t of li v ing thing s . An d let h im

s catter it on th e gr ound both f or th e d ogs , and low -ca s te m en
an d the b ir d s ; for cer tainly th i s ofieri ng to th e V i sv a-d ev a s
i s d e clar ed to be one for e v enin g an d m orning .

A nd th en h e, as a wi s e m an, h av ing r ins ed out h i s m outh ,

s h ould loo k towar d s the d oo r th e ei gh th p art of a m uhur ta ,
w h eth er a g ues t i s to b e s een . H e s h ould h onour th e g ues t,
who h as arr ived th ere , wi th r i ce and oth er f ood an d wi th

w ater and with fr agr ant flo wer s and oth er p res ents , a ccor d ing
t o hi s p owe r. H e sh oul d n ot tr eat as a g uest a fr iend , nor a
f ellow -v illager , nor one wh o b ear s th e nam e of an unk nown

f a m i ly, nor one w h o h as arr i v e d at that tim e . M en c all

a b r ah m an who h as ar r i v e d ,
h ungr y, w ear i ed , s uppli cat

ing , indi gent, a gues t ; h e s h oul d b e h onour ed by th e w i s e

accor d i ng to th eir p
ow er . A l ear ned m an s h ould not inqu i r e

hi s line ag e or cond uct, nor hi s p r i v ate s tud y ; h e s h o ul d e s teem

h i m , wh eth er h and s om e or unh ands om e in a pp ear an ce, as a

m
p ; a- pati . h e s tays b ut
F or s in ce a tr ans itory tim e, h e i s

th eref or e called an a tith i , a g ue st

-
’
. W h en he i s s ati sfie d , th e

h -s th a i s rel eased fr om th e d eb t wh i ch aris es fr om h o s pi ta

gr i a

lity . T h e guilty m an, wh o with out giv ing to th e g ues t h im

s elf e ats , h e incur s on ly s in and fe ed s on or d ur e in anoth er life .

T h e g ues t transferr ing his m i s d eed s to th at man , from wh os e

20
1 54 OAXT O XXI X .

hous e het urns b ac k W i th b r oken hopes ,

and k
ta ing that m an s
’

off; M or eov er m an sh ould h ono ur g ues t

'

m eri t, g oe s a a re

d ing to h i s p o w er w th gifts of w ater

i

s p ectful ly accor ,
and

v e g e tab l e s , or w i th j u st w hat h e i s himself eatin g

.

'
A nd h e sh ould d aily p er f orm t he s r add h a wi th r ice a n d
' '

o th e r
focal and wi th w ater wi th r e g ar d to th e p itris an d b r ah
m ans or he s ho uld f ee d a br ah m an . k
T a i ng up a n agr afi“ of
th e r ic e, he s h oul d pr es ent it to a br ahm an : a nd h e s h ould

g ive an alm s t o w and er ing br ah m ans w h o as k . T he al ms

s h o ul d b e th e s i z e of a m outhf ul, th e a gr a f our m outhf uls .

B r ah m ans call th e agr a fo ur tim es a h anta - ar a t k B ut

with out giv ing f oo d , or a h antak a r a , an a r a or an alm s
g ,

acc or i n g t o hi s s ub s t an ce , h e m u s t n ot hi m s elf eat

d An d .

h e s h ould e at , after h e h as d on e to g ues ts fr ie nd s;

r e v er en ce

p ater n al kins m en ,
r e lati v es , and p e titi on er s , th e m ai m e d and
,

ch ild r en an d o ld m en an d th e s ic k .

If a m an co ns um e d wi th hun g er , or anoth er who i s d e s titute ,

w ants fo od , h e s h ou l d be fe d by a h o us eh old er wh o has a d e

q uate i s ub s ta nce W hatev er in s m an i s di s pi ri t ed w h en h e
k
‘

r e ach es p k
pro s er o us in sm a n , th e la tter g ets the s in th at h as
a

b een d on e by th e d i s pir ited m an A nd the pr ecep t m us t be .

o b s er v e d a t e v e ni n a nd h e s h ould d o t o th e g ues t
g, r e v er ence

w h o h as ar r i v ed th er e after s un s et , a ccor d in
gly t o hi s a b il i t
y,
wi th a b ed , a s eat and f ood .

T h us a w eigh t i s p laced on th e sh oul d er o f .

one who
un d er ta es k fam il y lif e V id h atri , a nd th e
.
od s
g , and th e
p itris , th e g r eat Rishi s , all s h o w er bli s s on h i m , and s o al so
d o g ues ts a nd r elativ e s : and th e h er d s of cattl e and the flo c s k
of bir d s, a nd th e m i nut e ins ec ts th at ex sti be s i d e s , are s ati sfied .

An d A tr i hi m s e lf u s ed t o s in g songs on this s u bj ect, no bl e o ne !

H e ar th os e , 0 noble on e th at ap p er tai n to th e g riha -
e th a

p eri od Ha ving d o n e r ev er enc e to the g o

d
s , and th e p it ris

and g ues ts , l
r e ati ve s likewi s e, an d fem al e l
r e at ons
i

a nd ,
,

g ur us als o , th e g riha-stha wh o has s ubs tance s hould s catter

A m e as ur e .

i A f or m ula of salutatio n, an offering t o a g ues t

v , f
or .

Read s ama r the for j s a/rnar tfzo

 THE O CCASI O NAL RE DI GI O US cus umor ms. 1 55

t h fr agments nthe gr ound for b oth d ogs and lo wcas te men

" '

e O '

a nd bir d s : for h e s h ould cer tainly p er form th is o er ing

fi to th e
nd d ay
'
V is v a-d ev as even i ng
"

An d h e s h ould him s elf

"

a not
'

. .

eat fl e sh , r ice and v eg etab le s an d

wh atev er m ay hav e b een
p rep ar ed in th e house, whi ch h e m ay not s catter accor di ng to
th e pr ecept .

CANT O X X X .

M add las d
’
s E schor ta ti on ( continued ) .

M a d d las d ex
p lai ns to Ala r ka the cer emoni es to be p erfo m ed by a
r
g ri
ha
h , toki ch are of three kinds , conti nua l, occasi onal a nd p eri od i
-s t a

cal— S he ca p ta i ns the occasi ona l sr d d d ha , which i s celebrdted for m en

and wom en .

M ad al as a s p ok e .

Now wh at the grih a s th a s cer em oni es ar e, the continual,

’

and th e occas i onal , an d th e p eri o d i cal , li sten th ereto, m

y s on .

The co n
t inual ar e co m
pr i s e d in th e fiv e th es e
th a
t I h av e d escr ib ed to th ee and th e o ccas i o nal ar e th e
o th er s, s uch as th e cere m on y on th e bir th of a s on, and s o

3 for th . T he p er iodi cal? ar e

gni sable by th e l ear n ed
r e co
“
as

th e ch ang e s , th e srad d ha and oth er s

’
s ac ri fices at th e m oon s .

id dha
.

Here : I Will tell th ee of th e o ccasi onal sr z cel eb r ati o n ,

41 of th e bir th -cer em ony th at s h oul d b e il ar ly by

.
perfor m ed s im

m en on th e bir th of a s on ; an d everythin g d u ly r elated i n

o r d er th at sh oul d b e d o n e at m ar ri ag es and on oth er occas i ons .

5 An d i n thi s th e N and i -m u h a itri s § m us t be wo rsh i p ed ; k p p

an d h e sh oul d giv e th e p i ndas m i x ed wi th cur d s and con tain

6 i ng b ar ley, facing ‘
nor th w ar d or eas tw ar d , wi th pos ed co m

k
d m a in g th e abl ati on . S om e m en li ke i t with th e off er
'

B rah m a (i . e. V ed a -ya ) j na , d eva -ya jna, pitri-yaj na, m annShy a yaj g a’

‘
o , and

bhuta -ya j na (all created b eing s .

ni tya-nai m ittikam f or nitya -nawni tti ka

1 Read
'

I Read a tr a for tat/ m

Ni ne p itris , vi z the six par en
. ts , grand p ar ents and greatagra nd p ar e ts on n
and th e g randf ath er , gr e at g randfath er and gr eat g r eat
-
th e p at er nal s id e,
-O

r and fa th er o n th e maternal si d e
g
.
15 6 CANTO xxx .

ing to th e V isv a-d ev as

.
om itted . And in th i s cer em on
y the
d v ij as m u s t b e in p air s , and m u s t b e
arr an g ed w or s hi pp ed in
d extr al cir cum am bulation T his i s th e occas i onal . cer emony

d ur in g gr owth , an d th e oth er i s th e fu ner al ob s equi es .

A nd th e sr ad d h a f or a s ingle d e ceas ed p er s on s h ould b e

p er f or m ed on th e d ay of th e d e ath ; li s ten to th at . An d i t
s h oul d be p erf or m ed om ittin g th e to th e g o d s , and
o ff er ing

w ith a s ingl e v es s el . A nd th e ob lati on s -wi th s h oul d not

b e m a d e in th e fir e with out th e cer em oni e s . An d h e s h ould

g iv e o ne p i nd a to th e d eceas ed p er s on n ear th e fr ag m ents of

fo o d , an d s e sam um -s eed and w ater on th e r i gh t, accom anying p
wi th th e r e coll ecti on of M ay h e
’
th em th at p er s on s n am e .

be ex em pt f r om d ecay ,
’
l et the celebr ant s ay , an d m ay j
en oy
’
m ent b e hi s , let the other s d eligh ted s ay, at th e pl a ce w h er e
th e br ah m ans ar e d i s m i s s ed . M en m us t d o th i s e v er
y m onth
f or a year . Now at th e ex pir ati on of th e ye ar , or w h enev er
the cer em ony i s p er f or m ed by m en, th e sr ad d h a for d eceas ed
s ap i n a sd m u s t b e p erf or m ed for h im al s o so th e r ule i s

s tated ; an d th at m us t be with out th e oii er i ng to th e g od s ,

and accom p ani e d w ith s ing le
gh a a ar offer i ng i n a s i ng le

v e s s el A nd th at cer em ony m us t not be p erfor m ed th er e in

.

th e fir e with out od er ing th e ob lati on s -w ith -fir e an d on th e

r igh t th er e , h e s h oul d f eed th e s ing le d vij a s .

“
And t h er e i s anoth er d is tincti on , con s i s ting in an ex tr a

cer em ony ev er y m onth d o th ou li s ten a ttentiv e to m e, as I

tell thee of it , w hile it i s b eing d es cr ib ed . He s h ould fill
four v es s els th er e wi th s e s am um -s ee d
p er fum e and w ater ,
,

th r e e for th e p itri s , o ne for th e d ecea s ed p er s on, m y s on .

An d he s h ould s catter th e ar gh a-ob lation in th e th r ee

y v es
’
s el s , an d in th e d eceas ed s v es s el d ’
utteri n g th e w or d
‘
s Ye
s am ana h e s h ould p er f orm th e r es t as b efor e
’

5rd , .

“
T hi s sr ad d h a for a s ingl e d eceas ed p er s on i s or d ai ned

p r eci s ely th e s am e for w om en al s o T h e sr ad d h a for d eceas ed .

s ap ind a s d o es not ex i st for th em , if th ey h av e no s on T he .

sr ad d h a for a s ingle d eceased p er s on m ust be p er for m ed

Kvah ana .

'

1 Read p a t/re f or p reta-p d tram l

’
p reta w
‘
 T HE PARV N A A sRAD DnA . 1 57

y year for a w om an by th e m en, d uly th e d ay of h er

'

ev er on

d eath , as h as b een h er e m enti oned f or m en .

B ut if th er e ar e n o s ons , th e s ap i n as d if th ey ar e w an t
ing , th e “ ’
s ah o d aka s fi an d th os e w h o m ay b e th e m oth er s

s ap in a s d an d th o s e wh o m ay b e th e m oth er s ah o d a ka s ,
’
s

s h oul d d uly p er for m thi s cer em ony for a m an w h o h a s n o

s on , a nd
for one wh o h as b egotten only a d augh ter T h e .

d augh t er s an d their chi l d r en in th i s w ay p er f or m the

s h ould

cer em ony f or th e m ater nal gr and f ath er B ut th os e wh o ar e .

d e s i g nat ed as th e s ons of
p er s ons s h ould w or s hip
tw o s uch

th eir m ater nal and p ater n al gr and f ath er s fittingly w ith th e

occa s i on al sr ad d h as .

“
W h en all thes e r ela ti ves ar e w anting , th e w om en s h oul d

p er f or m the cer em ony wi th out th e m antr a s for th eir h u s b an d s

w h en th ey too ar e w anting , th e ing s h ould cau s e the cer e k
m o ny to b e p erf or m ed b y a m em b er of hi s ow n f am ily, and

th e cr em ati on an d a ll th e oth er c er e m o ni e s to be p erf or m ed

p r op er ly b y m en of th at cas te f or th e k in g in d eed i s kins

m a n to all th e cl as s es .

T h u s th e s e continu al and o cca s i on al cer em oni es h av e b een

d e s cr ib ed to th ee, m y ch il d . H ea r th e oth er p er i o d i cal cer e

m ony ap p er tain ing to th e sr ad d h a . T he n ew m oon is

just th e ti m e i s th e m oon
’
th e caus e th er e , a nd s w anin g th e
”
fix ed tim e i nd i cates th e con s tancy of th at cerem ony .

C ANT O X X X I .

'
D escrip ti on f
o the P d r va na S rad d ha .

s ap i nd a
'
M a d a las d m enti ons the s even a nces tors , a nd the lep a

bhuj as , an d the r em oter a nces tor s — S he ex

p la ins how the celebr ant of
nour i s hes them a ll— S he enum er a tes the ti m es
for he
’
d d ha t
’

the s r az

sr ad d ha , a nd the p er s ons who s ho uld and who s hou ld not be i nvi ted to
i t— -S he d es cr ibes how the sr d d d ha s hould be p erf or m ed
e .

M a d al as a s p o e k .

After th e p erf or m ance of th e sr ad d h a to d e cea s ed s ap inda s ,

.

w ho i s the f ather s g r eat-g r and f ath er p as s es to the class of

’
he
it T he s am ano d aka s .
1 58 C ANTO xxxi .

th o s e w h o feed on th e lep a fi “
h av ing los t hi s share in th e inda p
-ab ov e
H f h h
'

o ff er e d t o th e i
p rt i s . e ,
w h o i s th e o u r t t er e
’
a m o ng th es e w h o feed on th e le p a b es to w ed by th e d eceas ed s

s o n , cea s es to e at ther eof an d obt ains th e s ati s facti on th at i s

fr eed fr om th e r el ati ons h i p .

T h e fath er , gr and fath er , and al so th e r eat-grand

“
and g
f ath er — th es e truly m u s t b e known as the thr ee m ale s w h o
4 ar e r e lat ed by th e p ind a 1 A nd th os e w h o r el ated by
'
. ar e

th e l ep a ar e s aid to b e th e thr ee oth er s r ec koning up war d s

fr om th e gr an df ath er s gr and f ath er : and th e cel eb r ant i s

’

5 th e s ev enth a m on g th em S u ch h av e M uni s d eclared thi s

.

s ev en -an ce s tr al r el ati on shi p to b e, r ec koni ng fr om th e celebr ant

up w ar d s . A nd th er e-ab ov e ar e th os e b eyo n d p ar ti cip ation in

th e l e pa .

N ex t are clas s ed all th e oth e r an ces tor s , bo th th os e w ho

d w ell in Nar a ka , an d th os e w h o h av e b e com e a ni m als , and

th o s e w h o r e s id e wi thin li vin g cr eatur e s an d oth er thin gs .

“
B y w h at s ev er al m eans th e celebr ant , w hil e p er for m ing
th e sr ad d h a ri
gh tly, nour i sh es all th o s e a nces tor s , h ear th at ,
my chi l d .

Now tr uly those ances tor s w h o h av e b ecom e p 1 s ac a s obtain

’

s ati s f acti on fr om th e food th at m en s catter on th e gr oun d .

9 T hos e a nces tor s , my s on , w h o h av e b ecom e tr ee s , r e cei v e s ati s

fa cti on fr om th e w ater th at dr i p s fr om th e b athin g g ar m ent

10 on th e gr oun d B ut th e d r op s o f w ater , th at f all fr om th e
.

li m b s on th e g r ound , m ini s ter nour i s h m ent to th o s e a nces tors in

11 th e f am ily wh o h av e atta ined d ivini ty An d w h en th e .

pi nd a s ar e ta ken up ,
th e p ar ti cl es of
‘

food th at fa ll on th e
ear th , h
— t ose ances tor s in th e fam ily wh o h av e b e com e ani m a l s

12 g ain nour i s h m ent ther efr om . T he chi l d r en m or eov er in

th e fam ily w h o , b ein g cap able of
p er for m in g r eligi o us c er e
m oni e s b ut not h avin g un d er g on e th e p ur ificator y r ite s , ar e
bur nt on thei r d ea th, th ey in th eir d i s tr es s s ub s i s t o n the
13 s catter ing of th e f o od a nd th e w ater used in s e cur in And
g .

T he wiping s of th e hand s af ter offering th e funer al ob l ati on s to th e thr ee

s apindas .

f S ap indas .
 ms T I M E S r oe r un p s s r os m ucs or T HE ss i ovm . 1 59

the water , both that whi ch i s used by br ah m ans for ri ns ing out

the month aft er m eals , and that w hich is us ed by them for .

Spri n k ling th e feet - ,

th e oth er a nces tor s likewis e g ai n s ati sfac
1 4 t i on i nd eed th erefro m . So w h atev er water and food i s
s catter ed by th e celebr ant and by th os e d vrj as, whether i t be
15 un s ullied or fragm ent ar y , th at, m y child , i n the fa mily of
thos e W ho d uly perform th e sr ad d h as , nouris hes the oth er
ances tor s wh o h av e b een bor n am ong the s ev eral c r ea

16 ti ons .
“

W ith the ér éd d h as which , m en perfor m wi th i ll -got

ten wealth , ar e satis fi ed those ances tors wha have been born as
'
c a udales, pukkasas and o th er me n of d egr ad ed cas tes .

T hus ni any h er e d er iv e nour ishm ent, m y child , through .

th eir rel ations w h o p erform th e sr ad dh as , by m ean s of th e

18 c as ting aw ay of f ood a nd d ro p s of w ater . T h er efore a m an
s h oul d per for m th e sr a
d d h a in faith
‘

accor d in g to r ule ev e n

with v eg etables p er i sh es in th e fam ily of

'

no one one wh o
p er fo rm s th e
I wi ll me nti on th e p er iodi c tim es f or it ; an d learn of
me b y wh at r ule m en p er f or m it .

T he ér ad dh a m us t n ecessari ly b e p erfor m ed th e ni gh t on
’
of the ne w m oon, at th e m oon s w aning ev er y m onth , and on

th e ei ghth d ay? " als o .

L earn of m e th e v olunt ar y s e as ons . O n th e arri v al of a

d istingui shed br ahm an, on an ecli p s e of th e s un or m oon, at

th e s ols ti ce, a t the equinox , a t th e s un s p as s age fr om one s ign

’

22 into anoth er , and on th e occa s i on of a p or tent,1 m y s on, on '

acquir ing p ro p e r ty w or th y o f a ér éd d h a, and on seein

g a bad .

d ream, an d at occul tation s of th e cons tellati on or pl anet

und er w hich one i s bor n, one s houl d p erf or m th e sr ad d h a
inclina ti on
’
accord ing to one s .

“
A d is tin g ui s he d br ahm an l ear ned in th e V ed a, a
yogi,
one wh o knows the V ed a, o ne wh o h a s m as ter ed th e Jyes h

th a -s z i m a n, one who h as th ri ce
‘

k i nd l ed the fir e Nac’iketa , one

who knews fihe three verse s whi ch b eg un Wi th

O f three m onths .

F or c yattp d te r ea d watip d te . T his wor d has s everal other meani ngs,

whi ch are ad mis s i ble.

Ri -V I 9 0 6 — 8
I g . . . .
 1 60 CANT O xxxr .

‘
wh o knows the s ix
'

wh o knows th e tri -s up ar na
a h ym ns , one

Ritvij pr i es t, a d augh ter s h u s

’ ’
V e d an g a s , a d au gh ter s s on , a

f ath er -in law al s o , and on e w h o

’
b and , an d a s i s ter s s on, an d a

is s ki ll ed i n th e b u s ines s of th e fiv e s a cr e d fir es , a nd one wh o
is e m in ent in aus t er i ti es , a m ater nal un cl e , an d on e wh o

p ar ents , a d i s cip l e, a r el a ti ve by m ar ri ag e ,
’
is anteri or to on e s

and a kin s m an —
th es e b r ahm ans ar e all wor th y of invi tation
‘

to a sr ad d h a .

A r el i gi ou s s tu d ent wh o h as b een incontinent, and a s ic k

m an , and o ne w h o h as a lim b s up er fl u ou s or d eficient, th e s on

of a wi d ow r e m arr i e d , an d a one -e yed m an, a n ad ul ter in e s on

,

an d a wid ow
’
s b as tar d , my s on , a tr ait or to hi s fri en d s , on e

w h o h as b ad n ai ls , an i m p otent m an , a m a n w ith b r ow n t eeth ,

a b r ah m an n eg li g ent o f h i s d uti es , a m an cur s e d b y h i s fath er ,

a s l an d er er , a v en d or of s om a j ui ce, one wh o h as d e
fl ow er ed hi s d au gh ter , a m ed i cal m an , and one w h o h as d is
car d e d h is g ur u an d f ath er , a h ir ed teach er , a fri end ,* and

th e h u s b an d of a
p r e vi ous l
y m arr i ed
-
w o m an, o ne w h o
d is car d s th e V ed as , an d o ne wh o ab and on s th e s acr ed fir e , a
m an wh o h as b een corr upt e d by th e hu s b an d of a l ow cas te

w om an ,1 an d oth er s w h o h ab itu ally p r a cti s e i m pr op er acts ,

'

v er il
a ll these p er sons y to b e s h unn ed in cer em oni es to th e
—
ar e

p i tri s , ( O b r ah m an s ) .

T h e celebr an t s h oul d inv it e th e ab ov e-m enti oned br ah m ans

on th e d ay b ef or e, t o th e fun cti on p er f or m ed i n h onour of th e

g o d s an d p i tr i s , an d s h oul d fetch th em als o .

A n d b oth h e , w h o s h a ll p er f or m a sr ad d h a th at ough t to
b e p e r for m e d b y th os e s elf -contr olli ng m en , an d h e , w h o
i nd ulg es in s ex u al i nter cour s e a fter h av i n g off er ed th e sr ad
d ha an d eat en th e foo d , —
th e ance s tor s o f th e s e tw o m en v eri ly
li e d ow n in th at s em en a m onth . M or eov er h e wh o cats at a

h e w h o g oes to ‘
sr ad dh a an d i
a s r o d d ha aft er inter cour s e w ith
a w om an , th e
—
an ce s tor s of th os e tw o m en f eed on s e m en an d

uri ne f or th at m onth . T her ef or e a wi s e m an m u s t fir s t i s s ue

B h ritak ad h yap ak o m itrah . T hi s s eem s s tr an e .

g
1;
F or c ri s ha lt-p ati -d t s hi tah r ead c ri shali -d us hi td -p at/ih, one who h as mar ried
a. low-cas te wom an or a d eflower ed gir l ?
 T HE RI T UAL or T HE éRi D D HA . 1 61

34 i nvi tation; d m en w ho h av e inter cour s e w th w om en

i

an an

b efor ethe da y ar r iv es m us t be s hu nned .

W ith h is m in d co ntro lled h e s h ould f east th os e w h o

“

h av e com e s eeking f or alm s , or a s ceti cs wh o contr ol th em

s elv es at th e p r op er tim es, after fir s t p r opi ti ating th em
w i th pr o s tr ati ons a n d oth e r r e
v er en ti a l acts Ju s t as th e tim e .

36 of th e w anin g m o on i s d ear er to th e p itri s th an th at of th e

w axing m o on, so th e aft er n oon p l eas es th e p itri s m or e th a n

the f or enoon . O ne s h oul d do r ever ence to th es e d v ij a s , wh o

37 h av e arr i ved at h i s h ou s e , w ith a w elcom e ; an d w ith th e

p av itr a i n hand h e s h ould s eat th os e, w h o h av e r i ns ed out

th eir m ou th s , on s eats I n th e cas e of th e p itris th e n um b er
.

of b r ah m ans s h ould b e un ev en , an d in th e ca s e of th e G od s *
38 ev e n ; or , a ccor d in
g to th e cir cum s tances of th e celebr ant, th er e
s h ould be one brah m an for th e p i tris an d on e for th e God s .

I n li k e m anner f or th e m ater n al ances tor s the num ber f

o br oth
m ans s hou ld be uneven or on ly one . T h e b r ah m ans inten d ed
.

39 for th e V iév a -d ev as m ay b e i d enti cal on the s id e of the p i tr is

a nd m a ter na l a nces tor s ; b ut s om e oth er m en d e s ir e th at th ey

s h ou l d b e d i s tinc t H e s h ould p lace th e b r ah m ans intend ed

.

f or th e God s w ith th eir f aces tow ar d th e eas t, and th os e for

430 th e p itr
is tow ar d th e nor th .
1 T he y d ue t o th e
c er em on

m ater nal an ces tor s h as b een s im ilar ly e x p ound e d by th e w i s e .

L et th e intelli gent m an g i v i n g k u-
sa gr as s for a s eat, an d
41 w or s hi ppi n g w i th th e ar g h y a an d o th er o fie r i n g s , gi vi ng
thi n g s p ur e an d s uch li k e, an d ob tai ni n g
p er m i s s i on f r o m
th em , let the W i s e d vi j a p er for m th e i nv ocation to th e g od s
'

42 a ccor d i n g to th e m antr a s . A nd h av ing al s o gi v en th e ar g h ya

off er i ng to all th e d eities with b ar l ey and w ater , an d h avi n g

d uly g iven per fum e, g ar land s , w ater and in cens e accom p ani e d
43 with a lam p , le t hi m b oth p er for m th e w h ole of th e d e xtr al
ci r cu m am bulati on f or th e pitris h av in g g iv en
; and a d ouble

qua ntity of d ar b h a g r a s s , an d h av i n g ob tai ne d pe r m i s s i on

F or d evat r ead d alve .

T h e t ext i s v ery o b s cur e , and s ee m s corrup t F or thi s tr ans l ati on I am

f .

i nd eb te d to B ab u Har im oha n V i d yabhus h an, th e P an d it of th e B engal A s iati c

S ociety .
1 62 CANT O XXXI .

fr om th em , le t th e intellig ent m an p er for m th e inv ocation to

th e pitri s , p r efacing i t w ith th e m antr as And l et hi m als o .

p erf or m th e d ex tr al cir cum am b ulati on g ive th e

an d ar
gh ya
o fier ing an d b ar l ey and m on ey an d s es am um s e ed , inten t

on l e a s in th e p i tri s T h en p er m i tt e d by th e d v ij as wh o
p g .

s ay , P er f or m th e cer em oni es in th e fir e l et him offer r i ce

un m ix ed wi th co nd i m en ts o r s alt accor d ing to r ul e . T h e fir s t
r it e cons i s ts in utt er in g S véh a to fir e , th e b ear er of

o b lati on s to th e p i tri s a nd l et th e nex t b e S v ah a to

S om a w h o i s e s te em ed b y th e p itri s and th e thir d ofier ing i s

‘
S v ah é . to Y am a , th e l or d of th e d e ar t e d p
A n d l et h im .

of o if e r in g in to th e v es s el s of th e d vi j a s
p ut th e r em ain s th e
an d ta i n k
g h old of l et h im g ive th e r i ce accor d in g
th e v es s el s

to r u le . H e s h ould s ay aff ab ly H o, d o y e enj oy your s elves

h a pp ily a nd th en th e
y als o s h ou l d eat h app ily, w ith th eir
m i nd s att enti v e th er eon an d o b s er v i ng s ilen ce . A nd a m an

s h o uld l ei s ur ely g iv e th em w h a tev er f o od th ey li e b es t, d i s k

p l ayin g n o wr ath a n d a llur in g th em a pp r opr i ately A n d l et .

hi m u tter th e m an tr a s w h i ch v anqui s h th e R a s h as as , an d let k

him s tr e w th e g r ound w ith s e s a m um s ee d a nd with whi te
m u s tar d sr a
d h a p o s s es s es abu n d ant d ev ices for
f or th e d
’

p r otection An d let the m an , p er m i tted by th e d vij as w h o s ay

.

Y e ar e s atis fied and w e ar e s ati s fie d by th os e w h o ar e

n o ur i s hed an d s a ti s fied ,
”
s catter foo d ev er ywh er e on th e

gr oun d S im ilar ly th en h avi ng ob tained p er mi s s ion , let him ,

.

wi th v oice b od y an d m i n d contr olled , g iv e the d vuas s ev er ally

w ater? to r in s e o ut th eir m outh s . T h en , m y s o n, let h i m
w ith h i s left h and p ut th e p i nd as w i th r i c e a n d s es am um -s eed .

on th e d ar bh a g r a s s , n ear th e r em ai ns of th e foo d , for th e

p itri s . L et h i m com p os ed ly al s o
g iv e th em water wi th th e
p ar t of th e h an d i s acr ed to th e p itris , s ince 0
pr in ce h e
celeb r ates th e s acr i fice wi th fai th for th e pitris . S im ilar ly
he s h ould , after g i v ing th e p i nda s o n b eh alf of th e m ater na l
accor d i ng to r ul e , th en
gr and father s gi ve w ater for r i ns ing
F or yathé s a kham re ad yathé -s ukha/m
it
'

F er tip a h r ead ap a h
.

Pitri -tir tha, th e p ar t b etween th e forefinger and thumb .

 T HE RI T UAL or T HE sl D nA. 1 63

out th e m outh togeth er w ith s cent, gar land s &c ; and h av ing .

g iv en t h e br ahm ans fee a ccor d ing to h i s ability, ad d r es s

’

th em M ay S v a d h a b e for tunate an d let h im caus e th em ,

w h o b eing i
s at s fie d s a
y
“
B e it so
”
l to p r onounce th e V ai sva
d ev ika m antr as . L et him s ay M ay th ey b e p leas ed H ail
to you , O V i sv e d ev as ah y g , B e it
i “
An d o n t h o s.e b r m an s ,
s a n
”
so ! h e s h ould r eque s t th eir b ene di ctions H e s houl d d i s m i s s .

th em , a d d r es s ing th em p l ea s antly and p r os tr ating him s elf i n

f ai th and h e s h oul d attend th em as f ar a s th e d oor , and h e
s h ould r etur n , a
glad d ened m an T h en h e s h ould . p erf o rm

th e continu al cer em ony, an d s h oul d al s o fe e d g ues ts . A nd

s om e
y g ood m en wi s h f or a continual cer em ony to th e
v er

pitris ,
and oth er s d o n ot wi s h i t for th e p itri s H e s h ould .

p er for m th e r em ain d er as th e fir s t p ar t s om e th in k not

k
w i th a s ep ar ate coo ing v es s el , s om e p refer i t
’
re p eated ex a ctl
y
in the s am e or d er fi
“
T h en th e cel eb ant r s h o uld eat th at r i ce
in com p any wi th h i s s er v ants an d o th er s .

killed i n
[

T hus s h oul d th e m an s r eli gi ous law perform com

p os ed ly th e sr ad d h a to th e pitri s , or s o as s ati s faction accr ues

to the b r ahm ans T h er e ar e thr ee p ur e th i ng s in a sr ad d h a ,
.

s e s am um -s e e d , 1 s acr i fici al gr as s , an d th e s es am um -pl ant ; i

~

an d th ey s ay th es e , (0pr incely br ah m an) ar e to b e av oi d ed ,

an g er , j our neyi ng ,
h as te A s ilv er v e s s el i s als o com m en d ed
.

at sr ad d ha s , m y s on N ow s ilv er i s for u s e , for loo ing at and

. k
f or gi v ing away ; for wh en th e off er ing to th e p itris i s m il ed k
out in a s ilv er vess el, the pitri s g iv e e ar to th e e ar th h ence
th e pi tri s d es ir e s ilv er , whi ch in cr eas es th eir aff ection .

9 T h e text s eem s ob s cur e

‘ .

D auhi tr am , s ee note I, p 84
f . .

I T ila .

5 T he text s ee m s i ncorr e ct .
 car —re xxxn .

C ANT O XXX I I .

'
T he or d i na nce o f the S r d d d ha .

la
ins wha t kind s i d d h
’

M a d d lasd ood l a s e the p i tr is a t s r c

exp f f
o p e as

wha t p eri ods— wha t kind s to be a voi d ed — w ha t s tes s ho uld

i
an d f or ar e

be a voi d ed f or the cer em on y

—
w ha t m en a nd a ni m a ls s hould be exclu d e

l
ee — a nd .
wha t d efilem ents m us t be avoid edr — Y ogis m us t ha ve p r i ori ty at

to be s ung— and what benefits a ccr ue

’
the s r ard d ha— a nci ent s ongs ar e

fr om the p erforma nce .

M ad al as as p o ke .

Ne xt h ear , m y s on, w ith faith thi s " th at I wh at i s to

'

s ay ,—

be av oi d ed in or d er to pl ea s e th e p itri s , or w h at con d u ces to

th eir p le as ur e .

T h e pitris ar e s atis fied with cl ar ified butter and ri ce for a

m on th T h e p ater n al gr and f ath er s r ecei v e s ati s f act ion wi th
.

fis h -m eat for two m on th s . V eni s on s h oul d b e k nown to s ati s

fy the p itris for thr ee m onth s and th e fl es h of h ar es

i i f f h
’
n our is h es t h e p tr s or o ur m o n t s ; bir d s fl e s h s a ti sfi es them

fo r fiv e m onth s h o g’s fl es h for s ix m onth s ; g oat s fl es h for

’

s e v en m onth s an d fl e sh of th e b l a c k an t elo p e ? for e i gh t

m o nth s ; fl e s h of th e r ur u d eer
gi v es the m s ati sfa ction for
ni m onth s , w itho u t d ou b t ; fl es h of th e g ayal j g iv es th em
‘

n e .

for ten m onth s M ore ov er

’
s at s facti on
i . s h e ep s fl es h § s ati s fie s

th e p i tr i s f or el ev en m onth s ; an d m il k of k ine o r an t hin g

y
m ad e . of m il k s a ti s fies them a year . F les h of th e r h i n ocer os ,

fl es h of th e r e d -g oat , th e d ar
'
k tul si p l ant, ”
and h on ey, and

fl es h of th e r h inocer o s fil and wh atev er els e i s gi ven b

y m em ber s

F or i m am read id am .

1 F or ai n eyam r ead ai eya/m .

n
I F or gava syd m i s ham r ead g ava/yém is harm
F or d r a bhr a m r ead a ur abhram .

Kala -s ak a : O cym/wm s an ctwm, Roxb I d o not find i t in Hooker .

.

1I D auh i tra ; but th e r hi no cer os i s alread y m entioned .

 '

F OO D T O B E O RE E RE D JN T JI E - -
sRXD D nA .
1 65
o f the ir o wn fam ily , and t ur m eri c -
and so m a j uic e , and a
-
tr ad
d h a perfo r m ed at Gaya wi th out d oubt yi eld th e itris end p
9 l es s s atisfa cti on
’
S yém aka* gr ain an d r a a-syam ak af gr ain, . j
g k
a n d li ew i s e s m all - r aine d r i ce , I w ild r i ce,
§ an d pau s hkala
gr ain , these am ong gr ain t end to s ati s fy th e p itri s .

B ar ley, vr ihi r i ce ll, a n d s es am u m - s ee d , a nd w h eat, g r een

'
**
r am fil and m u s tar d , p r i an u s ee d kov i d ér a H s eed , and
g y g
' '

th e fines t p uls e, I I m ar k a ta ka §§ s e ed , r a a-m as h a

j Hpuls e
H , an d

anu flHl gr ain s ho uld b e es ch ew ed a t a sr ad d h a .

s ee d an d l ent il s T H ar e for bi d d en i n a sr ad d h a Gar li ci i i and ' '

.

r ed car r o ts fiH Hl and

W h atev er oth er vegeta bles ar e s hunn ed o n account of th eir ta s t e

T hi s a ccor d ing to Roxb ur gh i s P a n i c/um fr w nm taceum , t he B eng . fytim a

but h e s ay s th e B eng . s yli mé al s o d en o te s P . col onum .

1 '
P er h ap s t h i s m ay be P ani cu/m hi sp i d u lum, wh ich Roxburg h says is c alled

B eng
’
. ba r a -a yaim ai .

I i tika
P r as z .

N iv ar a .

HT h e (m s, or r ain y s e as on crop ?

1T M ud ge ; s ee n ote p 84. .

P r iy an g u, P a ni cu m i ta li cum , (Roxb .
p .

Hp 27
'

H Kovid ar a , B au imxni a v a ri egata se e n ote -

, . .

11 N is h p év a ; s ee n ot e ”p
, . 86 .

M a r k a ak a t thi s d o es n o t s ee m t o b e k no wn .

Raj a -m és h a . P r of . M on i er -Wil li am s s ays t h is i s Vi gna cati ang (D oli chos

j
cat a ng, L in n . an d ( Hook er , v ol . II, p .

' ’

11H m al i a cev/m, Rox b th e m od er n chn

'

T P ani cum .
, xna .
W V ip r é s hika ; not g iv en in t h e D ictionary
“ .

H1 P r of M oni er -Wi ll ia m s t h is is e ithe r

’
M as ti t a . . s ay s E r vv/m hi r s utum
. or

( Roxb T h e for m er i s th e m d er n mas ur chana , and th e

’

C ig ar lens .
p . o L

latter m as ur . H ook er ap p ear s to co m bin e b o th i n Vi ci a hirs uta , wh ich s eem s

t o b e th e com m o n L entil ( Hooker , vol I I , pp 1 7 7 . and
.

In L aéuna .

Gri nj ana

u
nnPal an du
flfiflf P inda m filaka .

“ fl Kar a m bh a, n eut . P rof . M on ier m s doe s

Willi a no t g ive the ne w but
,

is Asp a r a gus r a cem os us , w hi ch is als o called

’

s ays kar am b h a , f em , s ata m fili

Roxb p 2 9 1 ; . . not m Ho oker ) .
1 66 CANT O mu m .

an d k a d us ,f s alts and s alte d thin g s ,

i“
a nd colour ; g an d h ar ik a
an d r e d d i s h j ui ces , I an d th in g s th at ar e m anif e s tly s alt— th e s e

s h o ul d b e in d eed av oi d ed in a sr éd d ha An d w h atev er h as b een

’
.

ob tain e d by tal k or thr ou gh b r ib e s or oth er i m pr op er m ea ns i s

n o t co m m en d e d ,
n or w h at h as b een acquir e d fr o m an o ut ca s t e

a nd w ealth th at h a s b een ob t ai n ed un l awfully a s th e pur

ch a s e -p r i ce of a b ri d e i s for bid d en in th i s cer emo ny A nd .

w ater th at i s b a d - s m elling an d fr oth y, an d v er y s canty, an d

w ater th at cattl e w ou l d d i s d ai n, a nd w h a t h a s b e en t a ken

by ni gh t , an d w h at h as b een l eft aft er ev e r
y one h a s coo kd
e ,

and w h at i s unfit for d r ink in g in a t an k —

th at w ater s h oul d

be av o id e d alw a
ys in th e cer em ony t o th e p it ri s . A ll m i l k
f r om d eer , s h ee p , c am el s , and fr om a ni m al s th at h av e un
h oofs , fr om buffaloes , an d fr om an d
’
cl ov en t h e yak , cow s

m il k th at i s n ot m or e th an t en d ays ol d , § an d w h at h as
b e en br ought to p er s on w h o h as as ed for it on accoun t of
a k
th e p itri s , —
s uch m il k
m us t b e always av oi d ed by th e g ood
i n th e sr ad dh a cer em ony .

An d in th i s cer em on y gr oun d m u s t b e av oid e d th at i s

s war m ing wi th ins ects , th at i s r oug h , a nd th at h a s b een
s cor ch e d b y fir e , an d th at i s h ot wi th th e w or d s of en em i es

and wi ck ed m en, and th at i s foul - s m ellin g .

M en wh o d i s gr ace th eir f ami ly or wh o inj ur e th eir f am ily by

s ep ar ati ng th em s elv e s fr om th e sr ad d ha , n a ed m en an d cr im i k
n al s m ay d es tr oy th e cer e m ony to th e pi tri s w i th th eir gl ance

a eunuch , an d a m an r e p ud i ate dby his r ela tions , a coc k , and

th e v ill ag e h og , an d a d og , ea ch r uins s r ad d h as by hi s loo

’

k ,
and

s o al s o k
d o Ra sh as as .

Hence let a m an oif er the cer em ony b eing w ell s eclud ed , and

Génd h ér ik a; not in th e D ictionary . Pr of e ss or M oni er -William s s ays in

ga
d h ar i d enote s H ed ysa/rwm a lhagi (Roxb .
, p . and th e P r ickl y Nig h t sh ad e

( whi ch ap p ear s t o b e S olanwm Jacqui ni , Roxb .

, p . b ut n eith er s eem s

ap pr op ri ate . T h e text as it s tand s s e em s corr upt . F or gd nd kd/m road

gand holi ka/m, whi ch m igh t m ean d r y ging er ”?

1 Alébu s ee not e p age 118 .

I Niryasa ; or g um s
’
.

A -nir d aéa . T hi s s eem s s tr ang e .

 VARI O U S RUL E S RE GARD I NG T HE sni nnnA . 1 67

s catter i n g th e gr o und with s es am um s eed T hu s m ay . s afety

be s ecur e d in th e sr ad d h a ev en for b oth , m y child .

W h at h as b een tou ch ed by a cor

p s e or by a r ecently
d eli v er ed w om an , * an d by th os e wh o h av e b een l on g i ll , by
ou tcas t e s , and by filth y p er s on s , d oes n ot n o ur i s h th e p i tr i s .

And th e c e le b r ant m us t m or e ov er av oi d th e s i g h t of a

w om an wh o i s i n h er cour s es ; an d h e m us t s h un s i tti ng to

g eth er wi th b ald -p ated m en and d r un k en m en at a sr

’

ad d h a , out

o f r e s p ect .

And w h atev er i s infes t ed wi th h a ir -li ce, an d wh at ev er h as

b een g a z e d at b y d og s , and w h a tev er i s pu tri d an d s tale, an d
th e br i nj al ,? and fer m ents , 1 an d w h atev er h a s b een f anned b y
th e wi n d fr o m cl o th i n g , ar e ind eed to b e av oi d e d at a sr ad d h a .

W h ate v er ,
in th e sh ap e of ar ti cl e s of fo o d p o s s e s s ed b y
th ee , i s gi v en w i th s upr em e fai th to th e p itri s a ccor d i ng to
th ei r n am e and fa m ily, th at b ecom es foo d f or th em . H e nce
’
a m an o f f a ith , wh o d es ir es th e pitri s s ati s f acti on , m u s t p l ace
th e b es t th at h e h a s in th e v e s s el an d a ccor d i ng to r ul e at a
cer em ony to th e pi t ris .

A nd th e yog is m u s t al ways b e fe d by a w i s e m an at a
sr ad d ha ; f or th e p itri s ar e p atr on s of r eli gi ou s d ev oti o n
h en ce one s h ould ev e r w or s h i p th em . N ow if a yo g i i s fe d
fir s t, h e can s av e th e p er s on for w h om th e s acr ifice i s o ff er e d

a nd th o s e w h o f ea s t, j us t as a b o at s aves in w ater , b etter th an

thous and s of b r ah m an s .

A t this cer emo ny al s o s on g s in h onour of th e pi t ri s a r e s un

g
by th o s e w h o r ec ite th e V e d a , s ongs w h i ch w er e § f or m er ly s un
g
k
b y th e p itr is to in g P ur li r av as W h en wi ll any o ne of us h av e
’
.
“

a s on , th e ch i ef am ong h i s r a ce , w h o , eatin g th e r e m ai n s o f

foo d left by th e yogis , w ill O ff er th e pi nd a on ear th O r will

aj er th e p i nd a , b uif alo -b eef , th e cl ar i fie d b utt er , or th e v e g eta
'

F or fav a -s ata ba -s a m sp ri s htam r ead si ita kd -fa va -s am s p ri s h a/m t

1'
V arték i, th e bri nj al, S olar i um m el ongen a , Roxb .
, th e m o d er n begv/n . P r of .

M oni er William s c all s it th e egg -p lant . I t is a well -known and f av ouri te

I d o not find i t i n Ho oker
'

v eg e ta b l e . .

I F or abhi s havd ms r ead abhi s havas

F or é s in r ead (fawn.
 1 68 CANT O xxxm .

b le kal a
"
m ix ed with s e s am um -s e e d, or khi ch r ee at Gayiz for
m onth ly s ati s facti o n M ay we o bt ain r th e o fl er in
o ur
g to
'

th e V is v a - d ev a s j ui ce
’
a nd th e s om a , buff alo -b e ef , a n d th e

fin es t clari fie d b utter , an d th e di v ine food }: b y g etting a youn g § _

r hino cer os

L et hi m d uly O ff er th e sr ad d ha th e thi r teenth d ay and

on

w h en th e m oon i s i n th e a s teri s m M a gh a,
a nd m i l m i x ed wi th k .

h o ney an d cl ar ifie d b utter d u r ing th e wi nter h alf of th e year .

L et a m an th er efor e , m y s on, w or s hi p h i s ow n p i t ri s in fa i th ,
'

h op in g to g ain all hi s w i s h es a nd h is o wn d eli v er a nce f r om

M en s p i tri s , w h end eli g ht ed w i th sr ad d h a s , p leas e th e
’
ev i l .

V a s u s , t h e Ru d r a s an d th e Kdi tyas , th e con s t ell ati on s , th e

p l an ets an d th e s tar s . T h e p i t r i s , w h en d eli gh te d w i th

sr a
’

d d h a s , b es tow l on g lif e, w i s d om , w ea lth , kn ow l ed

g e,
S v ar ga , fin al e m an ci p ati o n fr om ex i s ten ce , an d j oys and

s ov er ei g nty .

I h av e d e cl ar ed to th e e ,
my s on , t h e sr ad d h a cer e m on
y
as i t h as b een e x p oun d e d : h ear , m y child , th e p r a i s e of

g to th e var i ous d ays on whi ch

’
th e V olun tar y S r ad d h as acco r d i n

they ar e
p erfor m ed .

C ANT O XX X I I I .

T he benefits to be obta i ned fr om the Voluntar y

M ad d las a ex
p lai ns the benefits to be obtai ned
fr om p erf or m i ng the
‘
sr é d d ha vo lun tar i ly wi th a vi ew to the ben efits — ou the v ar i ous d a ys of
the lu n ar f or tni
ght—
a nd when the m oon i s i n the d i fferent a s ter i s m s .

M a d ala s as p o ke .

T h e fir s t d ay of th e lunar for tni gh t, if the sr d d d ha be er

p
for m ed on i t, i s ausp i ci ous for th e acqui s ition O f wealth ; th e
T h er e ar e m a ny plan t s of thi s n am e .
’ '
’
a sm wam ahe r ead a ah/wvam a hai
’
i
s F or
'
I A s icr ya/m in th e t ext , b ut it s eems incorr ect . Read d swrya m or as a r am
’
f r om a s ur a ? A s um i s in th e d ictionar y, but not d s wrya .

Vi s hci na -v ar j ya , h or nles s .

'
Kém ya S r z
i d d ha .
 T HE B E NE F I T S E RO M VOL UNT ARY sRAD D nAs . 1 69

s econd b e s tow s m en ; an d the thir d s ee ksfor boons ; th e

four th d es tr oys en em i e s ; in th e fif th a m an acquir es f or
tun e i n th e s i x th h e m ay b ecom e w or th y of w or s h ip i n th e
s ev ent h h e a c u ir es chi ef tai n sh i
q p ; in th e e i gh th th e h i gh es t
p
p r o s er ity ; in th e n i n th h e g ains w om en ; in th e tenth
p er fect gr atificati on of h i s w i s h es . S o l et h i m , a s s i d u ou s in
th e cer em oni es , g ai n all th e V e d a s in th e elev enth A n d in .

th e twelfth th e w or s hi p p er of th e p itris g ai n s conti nual v i c

tor ies , o ff s p r ing , m ental vi g o ur , c attl e ,
p r o s p er ity, i nd ep en
d en ce an d p er fect nour i s h m en t T he . m an o f i nt en s e f aith ,
wh o p erf or m s th e sr a d d h a on th e thir teen th d ay , g ain s length
o f lif e an d s ov er e i nt S ince o n e i s s u cce s s ful i n
g y un d o ub t ed l y .

sr ad d h a s by m ean s of ch oi ce f oo d , h e, w h os e an ces tor s di ed or

w er e s l ain wi th w eap on s i n th eir youth , s h oul d , if h e w i s h e s
f or th eir p leas ur e, p er f or m th e cer em ony on th e f our teenth
d ay . T h e p ur e m an , w ho p er for m s th e sr ad d h a d ili g ently o n
th e ni g h t o f th e n ew m oon , o bt ain s all h i s w is h es an d a ttai n s

S v ar g a ev er l as ti n g l
y .

B y w o r s hip p in g th e p itr is when the m oon i s in th e a s ter i s m

Kr ittik a, a m an ob tain s S v ar g a A m an w h o wi s h e s f or .

o ffs p r ing m ay ob t ain i t when the m oon i s in th e as t er i s m

R oh i ni ; a nd h e m ay g ai n vi g our when s he i s i n th e S aum ya

s i g ns of th e Z o d i ac an d h e m ay ob t ai n v al o ur when s he i s
'
in th e a s teri s m Ar dr a an d lan d s an d o th er p os s ess i ons when
s he is in P un ar -v a s u an d no ur i s h m ent by al w a y s w or s hipp i n g

when s h e is i n P u s h ya ; an d no b l e s on s when s he i s i n A sles h a;

an d p r e -e m inen ce a m o ng h is when s he i s in M a gh a,
r el atio n s

and g oo d for tun e when s he i s in P h al gu ni 1 An d th e m an Of

.
"

lib er al d is p o s itio n ob tain s ofl s p r in g when s he i s i n U tt ar a

P h al g uni . A m an w h o O ff er s sr ad d h a s when s he i s in H a s ta

v er ily attain s ex celle nce . And so a m an g oo d ly for m m ay

of

o b t ai n o ff s p
i g w hen s he is i n C i tr a
r n
’
. S v i ti b es t ow s s u cce s s
in tr a d e ; V i sakh a gi v e s p hil opr o g eni ti v en es s M en w h o p er .

for m the ér d d d ha w hen the m oon is in An ur ad h aattain i m p er i a l

r ule an d when s he i s in Jye s h th a l or d s h i p ; an d whens he i s

T h ey ar e T aur us , C ancer , V irg o, S corp io , and C ap r icor nus .

1 F or p ha lguni r e ad p ha lgun i
‘
.

22
1 70 CANT O xxxrv .

Mula p er fect h ealth . A cqui s ition of f am e com es from p erform

i s i n As h adh a; and fr eed om fr om
’
i ng the sr d d d ha when s he

gr ief in U ttar a As h adh a A n d on e g ain s b r ig h t w or l d s by

.

p erform i ng i t when s he i s i n S r av a na and i m m ens e w ealth

’

when s he is i n D h anis h th a . O n e m ay a cquir e intim ate now k

l ed g e of th e V e d as w hen s he i s i n A bhi -j i t ; and succ es s in

m ed i ci ne when s he is in S at a-bhi s h aj go a ts and s h eep by

’

p erf or m ing the cer em ony i n B h i d r a ; a n d am oro us d alli ance

p
in th e la tter ar t of B h ad r a . An d on e w h o p er f orm s th e a ss
d h a when s he is in Rev ati acquir e s th e b a s er m etal s ; and when
s he is i n A év ini h or s es an d when s he is in B h ar ani full l ength
of lif e .

Hence a m an w h o i s s kill ed in t r ue kn owled ge s h ould

p erfor m th e v oluntar y ér cid d has at th es e s eas ons .

C ANT O X XX I V .

’
Alar ka s E d ucati on- T he exp os i ti on o
f Vir tuous Cus tom fi“

'
M ad adds d m enti ons the benefits o f the obser vance o
f Vir tuous Cus tom
whi ch consi s ts i n the p ur s ui t of r i ghteous ness , wea lth and love— S he
m entio ns a la rge num ber of gen er a l r u les r egar d ing r eligi ous wor s hi p ,
ea ti n i
, s oc
a l behavio ur , p r i v a te a cti ons , a nd m a rr i a e— S he i ves enera l
g g g g
les regar d ing the s a cr ifices , a nd d es cr i bes the p ort ions of the hand to
us ed ther ei a nd
’
be n— m enti ons how one s r esi d ence s ho uld be chos en .

M ad i l as a s p o k e .

T h us , m y s on, s houl d th e g o d s an d p itris b e wor shi ed b

y pp
a h ouseh ol d er wi th th e ob l ati o ns to th e
god s and th e obl ations
to the p
itri s an d w i th f oo d s hould g ues ts and i ns m en k ,

2 livi ng cr eatur es , al l d ep en d ant s , cattl e , b ir d s an d ant s , b eg

g ar s and oth er p
eti ti on er s be wor s hi
pp ed b y th e d weller in a ,

3 h ous e, wh o ob s er v es th e g oo d cu s tom s and er for m s th e d o p

m esti c s acr ifices , my child H e incur s s in if h e neglects
.
th e
p er iod ic ce r em on i e s .

’
S ad éc ér a-
.
 P URS UI T or RI GHT E O US NE S S , W E AL T H AND L O VE 1 71

A lar ka s po k e .

T h ou h as t d eclar ed to m e , m oth er , th e th r eefold cer em o nies

to b e o b s er v ed by m en , th e p er p etual , th e occa s i onal , an d th e

r io d i cfi
“
p e I w i s h to h ear , O lad y w h o g la d d ene s t th y f am ily,
ab out V ir tuou s C u stom by pr a cti s ing w hi ch a m an g ains h app i
”
n es s in th e n ex t w or ld and in thi s .

M al as a s po e
ad k .

A h ou s eh ol d er m u s t ev er m ain t ain V ir tuou s C u s to m th o

r o ugh ly : f or on e w h o h as los t V ir tu ou s cu s tom h as no h a pp i
nes s h er e or i n th e n ex t w or ld . S acr ifice , al m s -g i v in
g a nd

aus t er i ti es do not t en d to th e w elf ar e of a m an h er e , w h o

h ab i tuall y tr an s gr es s e s V ir tuou s cu s t o m . F or a m an w h o
f ollow s b a d cu s t om d o es n ot fin d lo n g lif e h er e . O n e m us t

y f oll ow V ir tu o us
e ar nes tl cu s tom V ir tu ous cu s t o m d es tr oy s
wh at i s i nau s p i ci ous .

I will e x p ou n d t o th e e m y s on , th e n a tur e o f th at v ir tu ou s

cu s tom . H ear i t fr o m m e wi th s in g l e m in d , a nd ev en so

m ain t ain i t .

A h ou s eh o ld er w h o p er for m s th e d om es tic s acr ifices m us t

s tr i v e t o a c co m p li s h the thr ee -f o ld ob j e ct s of l if e :1 in full s u c
‘

’
ce s s th er ei n li e s th e h ou s eh ol d er s o w n s u cc e s s h er e an d in th e
n ex t w or ld . W ith a qu ar ter of hi s W ealth let hi m , m a s ter o f
him s elf , l a y up a s tor e for th e n e x t w or ld an d w i th h alf l et

hi m s u p p or t h im s elf and
p er f or m th e p er i o d i c sr é d d h as
an d tr ea tin g qu ar ter a s
a hi s cap it al , h e s h ould i n cr e as e i t ,
by ex er tin g h im s elf o n hi s own accou nt T h u s , m y . s on, W ealth
o u g h t t o b e fr ui tful accor d i ng t o V ir tu ou s cu s tom . S i m ilar ly
a wi s e m an m u s t p r acti s e Rig h teou s n es s in or d er to w ith s t an d
s i n ; an d s o al s o th e th ir d , L
ov e , yi el d s fr uit h er e i n d e e d on ao

c oun t of th e n ex t w or l d . An d th e thir d , L ov e , is n ot i m p ed e d

th r ou gh f e ar of d i m i nu ti o n . L ov e '

a ls o is s aid t o b e tw o -fold

fr om i ts n ot b ei n g opp os e d b y thi s th r ee -fold cl as s . L et a m an

con s i d er all th es e s u cce s s i v e co r r el ati o n s .

H ear fr om m e th o s e o
pp os it e co r r el a ti on s , s uch a s Ri gh t

&c Ri gh teou s n es s ai m s at a s u cces s i on of ri

gh t
eo us ne s s , .

4‘ Nity a , n ai m it tik a , and ni tya -na i m ittik a .

D h a r m a , kam a a nd ar th a
1
‘
.
1 72 CANT O xxxi v .

’
eou s n es s fi
“
Rig h te ou s n es s i s no t d es tr uctiv e to one s o wn

W ealth . A nd L ov e i s d iv er s e fr om b oth an d th os e tw o ag ai n

ar e d iv er s e fr om it .

“
A t th e B r ah m a m om ent a m an s h oul d thin k of an d p ond er
ov er Rig h teou s n es s an d W e alth ,
aft er r i s in
g up an d r in s in g

o ut hi s m outh , s tan d in g t ow ar d s th e eas t , s elf -r e s tr ain ed ,

pur e : let h i m w or s h ip th e tw iligh t wi th th e c on s tellati on s in

th e eas t, th e tw ili gh t wi th th e s un in th e w es t, as i s r i gh t
he s h oul d n ot n e l ect it ev en w h en fr ee fr om a d v er s ity
g .

H e s h oul d es ch ew conv er s ati on wi th th e wi c k ed ,

fals eh oo d ,
an d h ar s h s p eech , ev i l b oo ks , ev il w or d s and th e h om ag e of

e vi l , my s on .

E v eni ng an d m or ni n g , wi th s o ul r es tr ain e d h e s h ou ld O ff er

th e h om a O b l ati on .

He s h o ul d not g az e up at th e or b of th e s un a t s unr is e or

at s un s et .

He s h o ul d l oo k in a m ir r or in or d er to d r es s h i s h air
he s h oul d w a s h h is te eth ; an d d elig h t th e g od s in th e v er y

for em oon .

He s h ould no t d efecate or v oid ur in e p ath l ea din g to

in a

th e vi ll ag e s , to t em pl e s , to p laces O f p il g r i m ag e or t o th e

fiel d s , n or on cul ti v at e d
gr oun d ,
n or in a cattl e -p en .

“
H e s h oul d n otg a z e at an oth er s w if e n a e d H e s h ou ld
’
k . not

l ook t hi wn
a s o or d ur e H e s h ould av oi d s eein g , tou chin g
. an d

ta lking with w a om an in-h er - cour s es .

H e s h ould not v oi d ur in e , or d ef ec at e, or en g ag e in s ex u al

in t er cour s e in w at er .

“
H e s h oul d n ot s t ep on or d u r e, ur i n e, h air , a s h es or p ot
s h er d s : an d a wi s e m an s h oul d n ot s t e
p on hus ks ,
ch ar coal,

b on es or d ecayed thin g s , or on r op e , cl othin

g , &c .
, wh eth er on

a r oad , or on th e ear th .

M or eov er a h ouseh old er s h oul d do r ev er en ce t o th e p itri s ,

go d s an d m an ind , k an d to liv i n g cr e at ur e s
, a ccor d in
g t o hi s
cap ab i lity a nd after war d s eat h i m s elf . An d a m an s h oul d

alw ays e at his food , facing th e ea s t or th e n or th , with hi s

O r , bri ng s w ealth as a c on s e quence of r i h teous nes s .

g
 M ORAL AND SO CI AL M Axm s . 1 73

mouth well r ins ed out , r es tr a i ni ng hi s s p eech p ur e

, ,
with h i s
m ind intent on hi s fo o d a nd wi th his fa ce b etw een hi s knees .

’
“
An intelligent m an s h o uld not d iv ulge anoth er s fault ex

ce pt in th e ev ent of in j u r y .

F ood s h oul d be av oi d e d in w hi ch s alt is vi s ible, and wh i ch

is v er y h ot .

A m an of s elf -contr ol s h o uld not d efecate nor v oid ur ine

wh il e w al king or s tandi n
g .

And h e s h oul d n ot eat an

yt h ing at all wh ile r ins ing out
h is m outh . W hil e h e h as r em ai ns of foo d in hi s m outh , h e

s h oul d n ot car r y on an y con v er s ati on an d he s h oul d ceas e his

re ad i ng , an d he s h oul d n ot t ou ch a cow, a br ah m an; fir e, or

hi s own h ead
N or s h o uld h e loo k at th e s un or th e m oon or th e con
“
s t ell ati ons w i th p as s i o na t e d es ir e fi
And h e s h oul d av oi d a b r o en s eat k and b ed an d cup .

He s h ould O ff er a s eat t o g ur us , a ccom p an

ying the afier
with r i s ing u p and o th er r es p ectful a cts an d h e s h ould s alute

th em r es p ectfully a nd co nv er s e wi th them agreeabl an d

y
h e s h oul d follow th em . H e s h ou ld n o t s ea
p k ab out them ad

ver s ely
-
.

An d wh en cl ad a s in
gl e g ar m ent h e s h ould not eat nor
in
eng ag e in th e wor s h i p of th e g o d s .

An intelli gent m an s h ould n ot c ar r y d v1 3as , nor s h ould h e

v oi d ur ine in fir e, nor s h o ul d he ev er b ath e or s le ep na k ed .

A nd h e sh oul d n ot s cr atc h hi s h ea d wi th both h and s ; nor

s h oul d m en w as h th eir h e ad s f r e qu ently with out caus e And .

wh en hi s h ead is was h ed h e s h oul d no t touch h is bo d y wi th

oil at all .

And h e s h oul d ceas e hi s own r e ad in g , wh en every one is

ab s tai nin g fr om r eadi n g .

H e s h oul d nev er v o i d ur in e ag ai n s t a b r ah m an, th e wind ,

c attl e or th e s un ; f acin g n o r th b y d ay, and facing s outh b
y
ni gh t , h e sh ould d o h is
- v oi d ance of ur ine and faeces d ur in
g
i llnes s ? wh enev er h e d es ir es .

E ame t sa .

1 F or d bd d hd s hu r ead d bd d hots u .
1 74 CANT O XXXI V .

H e s h o ul d n ot t al k ’
h i s g ur u s evi l- d oi n g, and h e s h ould
of

app e as e hi m w h en an gr y H e s h ould n ot li s ten to abu s e

.

w h en oth er s u tte r it .

A n d h e sh ou ld yi eld th e p ath t o br ah m an s , t o th e in g , an d k
to on e w h o i s ill wi th p ain , t o hi s s up er i or in l ear ni n g , t o a

p r eg n an t w om an, to a m an l ab ou r ing un d er a bur d en , to a

youn g er m an , t o th e d u m b , bli n d an d d eaf , to a d r unk en m an ,
a ch il d a nd
an d to a m a d m an , t o a
p r o s titut e, to an e n em
y, t o
to an ou t cas t e .

An in t ellig en t m an s h ould r es p ectfu ll y cir cum am b ul at e a

tem p l e , an d a fi g -tr e e s t an d i n g o n a s acr e d s p ot , an d a p la ce

w h er e f our r oad s m e et , hi s s up er i or i n l ear nin g , a
g ur u an d
a god .

H e s h ou ld not car r
y s h oe s , cl oth es , g ar l an d s &c . th at
o th er s ar e car r yi n g .

He s h o uld av oid th e s a cr ed thr ea d , an or n am ent , an d th e

w ater -p ot on th e f our teen th , ei gh th an d fif t een th d ays of th e
m oon an d at its f our ch an g es . He s h o ul d a l s o es ch ew r u b

b in g hi s b o d y wi th oil , an d s ex u al i n t er cour s e w i th h is w if e ,
on th os e d ays .

An d a wi s e m an s h o uld nev er s tan d wi th h i s foot or h i s le g

e x t end e d : n or s h o ul d h e thr ow o ut b oth hi s f eet ; n or s h ould

b e p r es s on e f oot on th e o th er .

H e s h oul d e s ch ew d e a d ly atta c k s , abu s e and calu m n

y . A
cl e v er m an s h ould n ot d i s p l ay d eceit , s e lf - co n ce it or s h ar p
,

n es s . He s h o ul d n ot d i s g r ace wi th r id
i cul e f o o ls , in s ane p er
s on s , or th os e i n c al a m ity, th e d ef or m e d , or m ag ici an s , or th os e
wh o h av e li m b s d efici en t p er fl u ou sor s u .

He s h ou l d n o t i nfl i ct p un i s h m e nt o n an oth er in or d er to in
s tr u ct a s o n o r d i s ci p l e .

L ik ew s e i th e wi s e m an s h ould n ot d r aw h i s s eat tow ar d s

him an d s it d ow n .

H e sh oul d k
p r ep ar e a ca e , khi ch r e e o r fl es h for h i m s elf
n ot .

H e m u s t h av e h i s foo d ev en in g and m or ning , after d oi ng r e

v er en ce to h i s gu e s ts .

F aci ng e a s tw ar ds or n or th w ar d s , r e s tr aini n
g hi s v o i ce, he
s h oul d al w ays w a s h h is teeth , m y ch i ld .
 M O RAL AND SO CI AL M Axuv
Is . 1 75

H e sh ould e s ch ew th e pr ohib i te d v eg etab l es .

A m an s h o ul d cer t ai n l
y n ot s leep w i th h i s h e ad to th e
nor th , no r wi th hi s h ea d to th e w es t ; h e sh ould s l eep , pl ac
i ng hi s h ead to th e n or th ea s t or ea s t .

H e s h ou l d not b ath e i n p er fum ed w at er , n or at nigh t b ath

i ng ex ce p t by d ay i s d e clar e d t o b e m o s t p ot ent for cal am ity ;
n or w h en h e h as n ot b ath ed , s h ould h e wi p e hi s li m b s wi th a
cl oth or wi th hi s h an d s . N or s h ould he sh a k e hi s h a ir , nor

sh ould b e s h a k e hi s l
c oth es ?
“e
N or s h o uld an intellig ent m an ,
w h en h e h a s n ot b ath e d , p ply un g uents
ev er a

N or s h oul d h e w ear r ed cl othin , n or ev en

g v ar i eg at e d or

b la c k cl oth i ng : n or s h o ul d he m a k e a com p l et e ch an g e o f hi s
cl oth ing or i n hi s or n am ent s . A nd tr ans p ar ent? r ai m e nt

s h oul d be av o id e d an d al s o w h atev er i s
, v er
y m u ch d am ag e d ,
an d whatever i s i nf es ted w ith li ce , or h a s b een tr am p l e d on,
or h a s b een lock e d by d og s , an d h as b een li c ed or thr own
at k
d own , or h a s b een b efoul e d b y th e ex tr a cti on of p u s .

H e s h ould n ev er eat fl es h fr om th e b ac , or fl es h unfi t f or k .

th e g o d s a n d p itri s , or p r o hibi ted fl es h , m y s on , or th i ng s

w h i ch ar e vi s ibly s alt F ood th at i s lon g s t ale or th a t i s n ot
.

fr es h m u s t b e av o id e d ,
my ro
yal s on , b ecaus e of th e ch an g e s

th at occur in fl our , v e g etab l es , s u g ar can e and m il k; an d m eat

l on g s t al e m us t b e av oid e d , b ecaus e of th e ch ang e }: th at
o ccur s in i t .

“
H e s h ould av o id
lyin g d own at s unr is e an d s uns et .

N ot w h en un b ath e d , n or w h en r ep os i ng , nor w hile th in ing k

of o th er thin g s , n or w h e n s itting on hi s b e d o r o n th e ear th ,

nor w h en m a i n g k a s oun d , § nor w h en cl ad i n a s ing l e g ar m e nt,

nor w h en s p ea k in g ,
n or wi th out g ivi ng t o S p ect ator s , b ut

w h en b ath e d a m an s h ould eat e v e ning an d m or ni ng accor d

i ng to r ul e .

’
A wi s e m an s h ou ld no t r e s or t t o oth er m en s w iv es . A d ul
t er y d es tr oys th e r e lig i ou s act s and th e life of m an . N oth ing
’
F or v d s a s z r ea d v d s dm s i

vi d a fa
’
I do in th e d ictionary
’
F or v i d a sam r ead v i s a d a m n ot fin d .

'
’ ’
é
’
F or v i kafi
r d m éc a r ea d v ik rac c a

’
F or fabd ava t r ea d sa bd ay an
1 76 CANT O XXXI V .

’
ind e ed i s s o s h or t -li v e d in th e w or l d , as a m an s inter cour s e
wi th w if e h er e
’
ano th er s .

L et hi m p er for m th e w or s h ip of th e g o d s , an d th e cer e
m oni es to fir e, an d th e r es p ectful s alutati on to hi s g ur u , an d
al s o th e c er em on o f e atin g hi s f oo d , a fter d u ly r in s i n
g ou t hi s
y
m outh . F a ci ng e as tw ar d s or n or th w ar d s he s h oul d r ev e e ntr
ly h i s m outh , m y s on, wi th fr othl es s , ino d or ou s , pur e
r in s e o ut
‘

an d h oly water H e s h ould av oid th e fiv e e ar th s fr om b e

.

n eath w ater , fr om a h abi t ati on , fr om an ant-h ill , fr o m g r oun d

i n f es t ed with m i ce, an d w h er e p ur ific ator y it e

acti o ns c . h av e
b een car r i e d on . After w as h in g h i s h an d s an d f eet a n d s p r ink

lin g w at er on th em h e s h o uld ,
wi th hi s f a ce b etw een h is kn e es ,

an d com p o s e d m in d , r i n s e o ut hi s m outh . He s h ould d r in k

w ater th r ee or four tim es af ter twi ce wi p i n g th e s id e s of hi s
m ou th , th e ap er tur es O f th e b od y, an d h i s h ead . Af ter d u ly
r ns in
i g out hi s m outh w ith w ater , b eing p ur e , h e s h ou ld p er
f or m th e cer em ony to th e g o d s , th e r i s hi s , an d th e p itri s d i
lig ently . A m an s h oul d a lw a
ys p er for m the cer em oni es , p r e
s er v in g a com p os ed m in d . A wi s e m an s h oul d r ins e out h i s
m ou th , aft er h e h as s n ee z e d , or s p it t e n out , or d onn ed hi s
r ai m en t . Af ter a s n ee z e , a n d k
li c in g , an d a v om it an d s ittin
p g
& c , h e s h oul d
. r in s e o ut hi s m outh , touch a co w s b ac k ,
an d

l oo k at th e s un ; and he s h ou l d h ol d up hi s r igh t ear , s ince

th i s i s i n h i s p ow er ; in th e ab s ence of th e for m er , h e s h ould

'

d o th e l atter ; if th e for m er b e w antin g , i t i s d es ir ab le to d o

th e latter .

H e s h ould n ot gn as h h i s t eeth , nor b eat hi s o wn bod y .

He s h oul d a l s o a v oi d s l ee ,
p r ea d in
g a n d foo d at b oth
t wi li gh ts a n d s ex ua l inter cour s e an d s ettin j our ney
g o ut o n a
at th e ev enin g t wi li g ht .

I n th e f or e noon, d e ar h e s h oul d i n f ai th p er f or m his

s on ,

w or s hi p to th e g o d s , and at n oon to m en an d in th e after n oon

,

to th e pi t ri s A nd wi th h ea d b ath ed , h e s h ould
p er for m th e
.

cer em on i es t o th e g o d s or th e p i tri s An d h e s h oul d tr i m hi s .

b ear d facin g ea s tw ar d s or n or th w ar d s .

H e s h ou l d e s ch ew a m ai d en al th o u
g h we ll -
b or n, if s h e i s d e
for m ed , or s i c kly , or d i s fig ur ed , or tawny- colour e d
,
or ta l k ative ,
 S O C I AL AN D M O RA L M AX I M S .
1 77

o r co nt am inate d by ev er yb o d y ; And one w h o i s fr ee fr om

.

d efor m i ty , w h o h a s a b e autif ul n os e , an d is m ar k ed wi th

a ll th e au s p i ci o u s m ar k s— s u ch a m aid en as th at s h ould a m an

alw ays m ar r y wh o d es i r es w elf ar e . He s h ould m ar r y on e

fif th d egr ee di s tant fr om h i s p ar en ts
”

w h o i s in t h e s e v enth. or

he s h ould guar d h i s w if e , a n d h e s h ou ld s h un j ea lou s y, b y d ay,

in s l ee p a nd in s ex u a l i nt er cour s e .

He s h o ul d av o i d a d ee d th a t cau s es to o th er s , an d

th e infl i cti on of
p ai n o n li v in g cr eatur es .

A w om an , d ur i n g m en s tr u ati on , s h oul d b e a v oi d e d by a ll

th e ca s tes f or f our ni g h ts . H e s h o ul d av o id j us t th e fifth ni g h t

of the m oon in or d er to av o id th e bir th of f em a l e s : th en l e t

h im pp r o a ch h i s wife o n th e s i x th
a .
n i gh t , tha t ni
ght i s th e
b es t am ong th e ev en ni ghts , m y s on . S on s ar e b egott en on

th e ev en n i gh t s , d au gh ter s on th e od d ni
g h ts : th er efo r e a

w i s e m an w h o w is h es for a s o n s h ou l d a l w a y s co h ab i t wi th hi s
wif e on th e e v en n i g h t s . L a wl es s m en coha bi t wi th thei r wi ves

i n th e m or ning , and e u nu ch s at ev en i ng .

Af t er s h avi ng , a nd v om i t in g and s ex u al i nt er co ur s e , m y
s on , th e w i s e m a n s h ou ld r e s or t to th e p lace w h er e b o d i e s .

ar e b ur ntf an d s h o u ld b ath e , k eep i ng h i s cl o th es on .

O ne s h o ul d d i cu l e th e g o d s , th e V e d a s ,
n ot r ev i l e or ri

or d v ij a s , g oo d , tr uthful or m agn ani m o us m en , a g ur u or ,

d ev oted an d v ir tu ous wi v es , or p er s o n s w h o ar e s acr ificing

p er for m in g a u s ter it i es , my s on . O ne s h o ul d n ev er li s t en to
th o s e un m ann er ly p er s on s w ho d o s uc h th i n g s .

O ne s h ou l d n ot m oun t on a hi g h b e d or s eat , n or o n a lo w

O n e s h ou ld neith er d r ess un b e co m i n gly , n o r s p ea k un b e

com in g ly . O ne s hould be cla d i n p ur e w hi te r ai m ent , and

a d or n e d wi th w hi te fl o w er s .

N ei th er wi th th e h au g h ty , n or w ith th e in s a n e , n or w i th

fo ol s , yet wi th th e un m an n er ly s h o uld a wi s e m an f or m
n or

fr ien d s h ip nor yet wi th th os e o f b a d d i s p os i t io n , n or y e t w i t h

“

th o s e w h o ar e co r r up te d w i th th ie v i ng a nd o th er V ices , nor ye t

U p a -tép ak a no t i n th e d ic tionar y .

1 Kata -b h um i
‘
.
1 78 CANT O xxxw .

wi th s p en d - thr if t s , nor wi t h th e cov eto us , n or yet wi th e nem i es ,

n orwi th p r os titute s , n or wi th inf er i or s , n or wi th th e h u s b an d s

89 of pr o s tit utes H e s h ould n ev er m a e fr iend s hi p

. k wi th th e

m i g h ty, nor w it h i nf eri or s , n or wi th re

p r ob at es , n or wi th th e
He s h o ul d contr ac t fr i end
90 ev er -ti m i d ,yet wi th fatali s ts
n or .

s h i p wi th g oo d m en , wi th t h os e w h o al wa y s obs er v e V ir tu ous

cus t om , wi th th e wi s e, wi th th e hb n e st , with th e p ow erf ul ,

with th os e w h o ar e r es olut e in a cti on .

In com pany wi th on e s
’
fr i end s , th e ini ti ate d , th e ki ng ,

f ath er -in -l aw , on e s h oul d do

’
S nat ak a b r ah m a n s , and on e s re

v er en ce to th e Ritvi j pr i e s t , an d th e fiv e ot h er v e n er a ble p er
92 s on s a nd t o g ues ts . O ne s h oul d do r ev er ence , my s on , to
d v ij as , wh o h av e d w elt for a
year , wi th an ofier ing of h oney
and mi l k a ccor d i ng to on e s
’
a b ili t
y and wi th a l acr i ty a t fitting
93 ti m es . Au d th e br ah m a n w h o d es ir es bli s s s h oul d ob s er v e

th eir g ov ernance , and if i nt e ll ig ent h e s h oul d not con tr ad i ct

th em e v en th oug h al w ays s col d ed by th em .

H a v ing p er for m ed th e h ous eh old w or s hi pr op er ly in th e p

an d in d ue o r d er , h e s h ou ld n ex t wor s h i
fittin g p lace p th e fir e
95 an d O ff er i t th e o b l ati ons in d ue or d er . H e s h ould m a k e th e
fir s t o fi er in g to B r ah m a, and th en to to th e pr a j a-p ati , and the

96 th ir d to th e Guh yas , an d th e next t o Ka sya a T h en h aving p .

*
offe r e d t o An um at i he s h ou l d next off er th e h ou s eh old b ali
an d th e cons tant o b lati ons , t h at I h av e a lr e a dy e x p l a in ed to

97 th ee, a ccor d in g t o th e r itua l . N ext h e s h oul d m a k e th e offer

ing to t h e V isv a -d eva s , th en t h e o fier in g s to all cr eatur e s , and

s ep ar at ely to th e g od s a cc or d ing to p l a ce an d ap p o r ti onm ent .

98 An d h e s h oul d ma k e th e th r ee ob l a ti o ns to P ar j anya , th e
D h ar itr i s , and to M i nak ad '
and to V ayu in ev er y d ir e cti o n,
99 to t h e e a s t and o th er r eg ions of th e s k y in d u e or d er ; and t o
-
.

B r ah m a, t o th e A ir an d to th e S un in or d er , an d to t h e V isv a
1 00 d ev a s and to all b ein gs ; an d th en h e s h ould o fi er to t h e
'
D a wn , an d to S i v a nor thw a rd s ; an d s o u th w ar d s to t h e p i tris ,
1 01 ex cl ai m i ng S v adb a, r ev er en ce !
’
H avin
g d one i t on th e

’
T he fift e enth d ay of th e m oon s a g e, p er s onifi e d .

1 T hi s
'
is s aid to A r u m I n d i cum , th e B eng . mi n-ka oli n, t h e s tem s and

t uber s of w hi c h ar e g en er a lly eaten ( Ro x b .

, p .
 M I NO R RE L I GI O U S R U L E S
“

. 1 79

ri
gh t an d to the n o r th
-
w es t, s a ying , O Y aks h m a fi“ th i s i s f or
.

th ee ! th e f oo d
’
he s h o u ld ,
if h e wi s h es , ofi er th e r em ain s o f

an d th e w at er fr om th e v es s el a ccor d in g t o th e r ule : T h en
k
t a in g up th e fir s t p a r t of th e food , h e s h o uld O ff er i t wi th th e
b en e d i cti on H ant a to th e b r a h m an a ccor d i n
g t o th e r ul e an d

j u s ti ce .

H e s h o uld p er for m th e cer e m on i es t o th e g o d s e nd o th er

o b ects o
’
j f wor s hip , w ith each on e s s eci al p or ti o n o f th e h an d ac
p
co r d in to r ul e and he s h o ul d p e r for m th e cer em on y o f r i ns i n g
g
o ut the m ou th wi th th e p or ti on of th e h an d s a cr e d to B r ah m a .

1 04 T hi s i s
'
c all e d th e p or tion of th e h an d s a cr ed to B r ah m a f or
t h e p ur p o s e o f rin s in g ou t th e :m outh , lin e d r a w n to th e
1 0 5 l eft T h e p i tri s p or ti o n of
’
of th e th um b of th e r i g h t h an d .

the h an d i s s ai d t o b e th e p ar t b etw e en t h e f or efin g er a nd

th e th u m b ; b y th at h e s h o uld o fie r th e w ater an d ot h er O bl a
’

1 06 ti o n s t o th e p i tri s , e x ce p t i n th e nand i-m uk h a sr ad d h a . An d

th e fin g er s th e
’
th e g o d s p or ti on of th e h an d i s at t h e ti p s of

r i t u al of cer e m o ni e s t o th e
g od s s h ould be p er for m e d th er e
“

T h e p r aj p a ti s p or ti o n of t h é h a n d i s at th e r oo t of
’
wi th . a-

th e little fin ger , hi s cer e m o ny m u s t b e p er form e d f t h e r e w i th .

1 0 7 T h us a lw a
ys w i th th e s e p or ti ons of th e h an d s acr e d to th e
go d s an d
p itr i s , h e s h ou l d always er fo r m th e cer em o ni es , p “

1 08 n ev er w i th an y o th e r
p or ti o n o f th e h a n d I t i s p r o p er a l .

w ay s t o r in s e o u t th e mo u th w i th th e p or tion of the ha n d
s a cr e d t o B r ah m a; a n d to of er t h e o b la ti o n t o t h e p it ri s wi th

t h e p or ti on of the ha n d s acr e d to th e p it ri s ; an d th at to th e

g o d s w i th th e p or ti on of th e h a n d s a cr e d to th e g o d s ; an d
th e o ff er i ng t o th e p r a j a-p at i w ith hi s o w n p or ti on of the ha nd .

1 09 A wi s e m a n s h o ul d
p er f or m th e ca k e -an d w ater
- c er em o n
y to

th e n an d i - m uk h a an ces t or s , an d w h atev er is of er ed to th e

p r a a- ati ,
j p wi th th e p or ti on of the ha nd s a cr e d to th e p r aj a

p at i .

A s e n s i bl e m an s h ou ld not car r y w at er an d fir e at th e s am e

ti m e ; n or s h o ul d h e th r u s t out b oth hi s f e et tow ar d s g ur u

an d th e g o d s .

P ul m onar y d i s eas e 1 R ead kar yam f or khyam

'
.
1 80 CANT O xxxv .

H e s h ou ld not loo k t a a h eif er su c ki ng .

H e s h ould n ot dr ink w at er wi th th e h a n d s j o i ne d tog eth er .

At p e r i od s O f p e r s on al p ur ificati o n w h eth er i m p or ta nt
a ll

112 or un i m p or tan t , h e s h ou l d n o t d e lay f o r th e s a e of p ur ifica k

t i on .

H e s h oul d no t blo w th e fir e wi th hi s m outh .

O ne o ug h t n ot t o ta k e up
’
on e s abo d e , my s on , w h er e
fo ur thi n gs d o n ot ex i s t , vi z .
,
a
p er s on w h o p a ys d eb ts , a n d a
p h ys i ci an, a b r ah m an lear n e d i n th e V e d a s , an d a r i v er fu ll
of w at e r . W h er e th er e i s a ki n g w h o h as v an qui s h e d hi s
f o es , w h o i s p ow er f ul , a n d w h o i s d e v ot e d t o r i g h t eous n e s s ,
th er e s h oul d a wi s e m an al w ays d w ell : w h en ce can com e

h a pp i n es s , w h en th e k
i ng i s w or thl es s ? W h er e th e kin g i s .

un as s ai l ab l e , w h ene th e ear th i s pr olific, w h er e th e citi z en s

ar e w ell g ov er n ed an d al w a
ys p r a cti s e j u s ti ce , w h er e f ol ar e k
ch ar it ab l e , th ere d o es r e s id e n ce b e s tow h a pp in es s In a .

countr y w h er e th e h u s b an d m e n ar e n ot g en er a ll
y g luttonous ,
an d w h er e all m ed i ci n al h er b s p r ocu r a ble, th er e s h o uld a
are

s en s i b l e m an d w el l O ne ou h t n ot , m y s o n , t o d w ell th er e,
.
g
w h er e th es e th r ee th i n g s ar e co n s t ant , a p er s on d e s i r o us of
conqu er in g , a nd a f or m er e nem
y, an d f ol k w h o ar e al w ays
h old i ng f es ti v a l A wi s e m an s h oul d al w ays d w el l am on
g
.

g ood t em p er ed n ei gh b o ur s
-
.

“
T h us , m y s on , h av e I , th y w ell -wi s h er , e x p oun d ed th i s to

C A NT O X X X V .

T he ed u ca ti on f
o Alar ka ( conti nued ) .

An p os i ti on f thi ngs p er m i tted d

ex o an
for bi d d en .

M a d a la s d d es cr i bes w ha t food
’

m ay be ea ten a nd w ha t not
how va r i ous thi ngs ar e to be clea nsed when i mp ur e, a nd w ha t
thi n gs ar e a lwa ys
p ur e— how one w ho ha s con tr a cted i mp ur i ty
s hould
p ur ify hi ms e
lf w hat a cti ons
—
a n d cond uct one s hou ld a voi d
 RUL E S AS T O E AT I NG AND P URI FI CAT I O N . 181

S he i ns i s ts on the necessi ty o f m ai nti ni ng the d ai ly . s acrifice —

S he
m en ti ons w ha t holi d ays ar e a llowed the var i ous cas tes — S he d es
cr i bes cer ta i n
p o f
s t- uner a l cer em o ni es — and p ur ification after d ea ths
a nd bir ths .

M ad ala s a s p o ke .

N ex t d o th ou h ear k en t o th e r em e d ia l m eas ur es for thi n g s

for bid d en and p er m i tted Ri ce . s h ould be e aten th at h as b e en
k ept a w hile, m ix ed wi th o il , an d long s t or e d ; an d w h ea t ,
b ar l ey, a nd butter -m il k an d
pr ep ar ations th er eof un m i x ed
wi th o il T h e h ar e, th e tor toi s e, th e go -s ém p fi"
. th e p or cu p in e
,

an d th e r hino cer o s , my s on , th es e in d eed

-
may be e a t en ; an d
(

e s ti c
th e d om p i g and fow l s h oul d b e es ch ew ed T h e r e m a i ns .

of food at a sr éd d h a after th e p itri s and god s and oth er r eci

p ie nts ha ve been sa tisfied m ay b e eaten at th e d es i r e of th e

b r ah m an s A m an wh o eat s fl esh th at h as b een ille d f or th e
. k
p ur p o s e of m ed i cine i s not d efiled .

S h ells , s tones , g old , an d s il v er , ro

p es , an d g ar m en ts , a n d
'
veg etabl es , r oots an d fr ui t s , an d w ic k er -w or k v es s els a n d lea

th er , an d
g em s , di am on d s , an d cor al , and p ear ls , a n d
’
m en s

bod i es ar e b es t cleans ed wi th w at er ; j u st as iron th in g s wi th

w a ter , an d s tone by s cr ubb in g . O ily v es s els ar e cl ean s e d w i th
w ar m w ater , an d wi nno win g b as kets g ain and nt l p s kins
,
r a e o e- ,

a nd th e p es tl e and m or tar f or h u s kin g r i c and th i k l the, c c o s,

a n d a s t or e b y s ri n lin g ; an d p k all kind s of bar k m d thi ng - a e s

ar e b es t cl ean s e d w ith w a t er and ear th . Gr a s s , w oo d an d

m e d i ci n al h er b s ar e b es t clea n s e d by s pr in kling ; an d all

w ooll en th ing s an d h ai r h av e ce r em oni al

pur ity W hite m us .

cl ean s ed w ith s e d im ent or th e s e d im en t fr om

t ar d is o h
s e s am um s ee d . T hin gs th at ar e i nj ur ed ar e alw a
ys cl ean s ed
wit h w ater , m y s on . So a ls o co tton th i ng s ar e cle a n e d wi th

water and as h es . T im b er , i v or y, b o ne an d h or n are b es t

cl ean e d by s cr ap ing . E a rt h en p ot s ar e p uri fie d cer e m o

i
n all y by b
r e - ur nin g .

P ur e ar e alm s , a w or m k an s
’
h and , w ar es for s al e , an d a

G od h a, the Go -l ém p a ve ry lar g e ki nd of lizar d f o und in j ung le .

182 C ANT O XXXV .

face , w h at ev er p as s es al o n g th e h i g h -r o a d , w h at is
’
w o m an s

u nk n o w n , w h at i s b r o u g h t b y s l a v e s an d o th er m eni a ls , w h at i s

ad m i r ab le for it s s o un d w h a t i s lon g p as t , w h a t i s s cr een ed b y

,

m a ny , w h a t i s li gh t, w h at i s ex tr em el y a bun d ant , w h at i s

youn g , and w h at i s d on e b y th e ol d a n d th e s i c ly, k k it ch en s

w h e n th e b u s i nes s i n th em i s en d e d , w o m en w h o ar e s uc kling
child r en . P ur e al s o ar e r un n in
g w at er , an d o d our les s b ub bles .

T h e gr oun d i s cl ean s e d th r ou g h ti m e , b y th e r ub bin g of

b o d i es , a n d th e p as s ag e O f cattle , b y s m ear i ng , b y d i gg i ng ,
b y w ater ing , b y h ou s es , b y s w eep ing an d b y w or s h ip .

T h in g s i nf es t ed wi th h air -li ce , or s n iff e d a t by catt l e , or

i n f e s te d w i th fli e s s h o ul d be s
pr i n l e d wi th
l
k ear t h w at er an d
a sh e s to be cl e an s e d ,
my s on ; th i n g s m ad e Of u d u m b ar a

w ood * wi th v i n eg ar ; ti n an d l ea d wi th s alt . B r as s thi ng s

ar e cl e an e d wi th as h e s an d w at er ; a nd th e o v er -fl ow s of fl uid s
ar e
p ur e . A thi ng s oil e d by Or d ur e i s clean ed wi th ear t h an d

w a t er and by r e m ov in
g th e s m ell ; an d oth er s uch lik e thing s
by r em o v n
g i th e c ol o ur an d s m e ll .

W at er i s p ur e th at h a s s ati s fie d cattl e , th at i s in its natur al

s t at e , th a t i s lying o n th e ear th an d li k e wi s e fl es h th at h as
d al a s Kr av yad as
’
b e en s l ain by C an , an d o th er s . A nd cl oth es

and o th er thi ng s l ying on th e hi gh ~

r oa d ar e s ai d to be m a d e

p ur e b y th e wi nd D u s t fir e , a h or s e , a cow , th e
. .
s h ad e , th e
r ay s of the s un a nd m oon , th e wi n d , th e ear th d r op s Of w ater ,
,

an d m os qu i to es an d o th er i ns ects infl i ct no co n t am i n ati o n

th o ug h th ey m ay h av e b een in co nta ct wi th w h a t i s cor r u

pt .

A g o at an d a h or s e ar e
pu r e as r e
g ar d s th e ir f a c e ; b u t th e f ace
k k
.

of a co w or calf is not p ur e w h en th e m oth er i s i n m il a h aw

i s p ur e w h en it kn k oc s fr ui t d o w n . A s e at , a b ed , a c ar r i a
ge,
b oats , an d g r a s s on th e r o ad — th e y ar e
p ur i fied b y th e r a s of
y
th e m oon an d s un an d b y th e wi n d , in th e s a m e w ay a s ar ti cles
of tr a d e .

k
Aft er w al in g al on g th e hi gh r o a d , and after m a tt er s of
b ath ing , h un g er , d r i nk in g , an d w ear in es s , one s h Ould ch ang e

U d u m b ar a , F i cus glom er a ta , Roxb a. lar g e tr e e , c om m on ab o ut v illa e s

g
.

( Ro xb .
p .
 P U RI F I CAT O RY AN D SA N I T A RY RU L E S . 1 83

’ “
one s cl o th e s an d d u ly r i n s e B ad r oa d s fi m ud
’
ou t on e s m o ut h . ,

an d w ater , w h en on e co m es i n to cont act wi th th em , ar e cl e an e d

b y leav i n g th em alo n e ; and thin g s m ad e of m ud or br icki '

a r e cl ean s e d by c o n t a ct w it h t h e w in d .

.
k
O u t a i n g up a m or s el c r i ce f o od th at h a s b een d am a g e d. s

th r ou gh ov er -m atur it y, h e s h ou l d d i s car d i t , an d s h oul d r i ns e

ou t hi s m outh wi th w a ter
.
an d e ar th , a n d s h ou l d s p r in kl e th e

r em ai n d e r w it h w at er . O ne w h o h a s eat en b ad foo d w h eth e r

o r un w i tti n
w i ttin g ly gly, s h o u ld f as t for thr ee nig h t s in or d er

to as s u a g e i th at f ault .

Af ter tou chin g a m e n s tr u o u s w om an , a h or s e , a j ackal ,

an d

o th er a ni m a ls , or a w om an y d eli v er e d of a chil d , or
r ece ntl

p eo ple Of
'
iOW ca s t e , on e s h ou l d b ath e f or th e s a e O f
p ur ific a k
ti o n ; an d so s h o u ld t h o s e w h o h av e car r i e d a cor s e Af t er
p .

a n oil
t ou chin g y h um an b on e a m a n b ecom es cl ean w h en h e
h as b ath ed ; a
fter touchi ng a d r y hum a n bone h e b ecom es cl e a n

by r in s in
g o ut hi s m ou th , or by tou chin g b y g a z i ng
a co w , or

at th e s un . M or eo v er on e s h o u ld n ot d i s r eg ar d bloo d , s p ittle , -

a u d un g ue nt s for th e b o d y .

A wi s e m an s h o ul d n ev e r s t an d i n g ar d ens a n d oth er

p l ace s i n th e after n oon s N or . s h ou l d o n e h o ld co nv er s e w i th

a w o m a n h at e d b y th e p op ul ace or w i th a wi d o w .

O ne s h ou ld cas t r e m n a nt s of f ood , o r d ur e , ur i n e an d th e
w at er u s e d for w as hin g th e f eet o ut s id e th e h ou s e .

W i t h o ut k
t a in g u p fiv e p i nd as on e s h ou l d n ot b a th e i n
s h o u ld b ath e in h oly p o n d s ,
’
a n oth e r m an s w at er ; one a nd

in th e Gang es , i n la k es an d r i v er s .

Af ter t ou chi n g or h o ld i n g co n v er s e wi th b las p h em e r s of th e

'

g od s , p i tri s , and h oly s as tr a s , s a cr ifices , p r ayer s a n d o th er

p ur if y on e s s elf b y g a zi ng
’
s a cr ed o bj ects , o n e s h ou ld at th e

s un . An d af te r k
l oo i ng at a m e n s tr u ou s w o m a n , a s ud r a , an
ou t cas t e , or a d ea d b od y , th e u nr i g h t eo us , a w om an r e cen tly
d eli v er e d of a child ,
a e u n u ch , a na k ed
p e r s on , a nd
p e r s o ns
of lo w ca s t e , an d on t h os e who giv e awa
y chi ld r e n , a nd

I F o r wp a éa m en a
’

Vi -r a t h y a; no t i n th e d ic ti onar y . r ead up a s a m ciy a

1 I e h ta , b r ic k
‘
1 84 C A NT O XXXV .

th e wi s e m us t in
’
on t h e p ar am our s of o th er m en s w i ve s ,

d ee d p e r f or m thi s p ur ificati on of th em s elv es O ne co nv er .

s an t w i t h r i g h t e ou s n es s , aft er t ou chi ng fo r bi d d en f oo d , a w o

r ecent l e un u ch , d og,
m an
y d e liv er e d , a a eat , a r at , a or a

coc k ,
an d an o u t cas t e , w h at i s c as t a w ay , a C
’
a nd él a , an d

th o s e w h o c ar r
y a w ay cor p s es , i s p ur ifie d b y b at hi ng ; a n d s o
als o one w ho has to uched a w o m an in h er cour s es , an d th e

d om es ti c h o g , a n d e v en t w o m e n w h o h av e b e e n co nta m i n ated

b y t h e i m p ur i ty of a n e w ly-d eli v er e d w om an .

T h e b as e m a n, b o th h e w h o d a ily n e g l ect s th e contin u al

c er em o n
y, an d h e w h o i s a b an d o n e d b y b r ah m an s , i s p o ll ut ed .

O ne s h o ul d n ev er all ow t h e con tin u al cer e m on y to ceas e ; b ut

if i t is ne
g le ct e d , t h er e i s a s t op
p ag e t o th e t e -bir th of h is
d ec ea s e d rela ti v es .

A b r ah m an s h oul d s p en d t e n d ays , e x em
p t fr o m a lm s -gi v i n
g,
th e H om a s acr ifi ce an d o th er p io us a cts and a k s h atr iya
s h o ul d s p en d t w el v e d a ys : an d a v ai s a h alf
y a m o n th bu t a

sud r a s h oul d r e m ain a m on th , p t fr om h i s p e cu li ar occu

ex em

p at i on : th er e af t er a ll s h o u ld
p ur s u e th eir o w n o ccup ati on , as
alr e a d y e x p oun d e d .

W at er o u gh t t o b e pr e s en t ed to a d ep ar te d p er s o n , after hi s
b od y h as b een b ur n t ou t s i d e b y h i s r e la tiv es , * o n th e fir s t,
a n d fo ur th , s e v en th an d ni n th d a s o t he mo on H i s r e l ativ es
y f .

s h oul d g ath er t og eth er th e a s h es an d b on e s o n th e f ou r th d a ;

y
i t i s p r es cri b ed th at aft er g ath er ing th em t o g e th er , th e
y
s h o ul d t o u ch th e ir li m b s w i th th em B ut th e s ah o d a kas .

s h o ul dp er f or m all th e cer em o ni e s , a ft er th e g a th er in g to
g eth er of th e r em a in s I f t h e s ap i nd a s ar e t ou c h e d b th em ,
.

y
th e n b oth th e s api nd as an d t h e s a h o d ak a s lo s e th eir it -
p ur yf
If p e r s on d i e s d ir ectly of hi s ow n fr ee w il l, b y th e s w or d ,
a

b y w at er , b y h an g in g , or b y fir e , b y p oi s o n , b
y a f a ll , or ,

i n an y oth er u nn a tur a l wa y, or b y r e li i o us fa s tin to d ea th

g g ,

o r b y f a s t in g t o d e ath fr o m v in d i c ti v e m o ti v es
; I or if h e

Go tr ik a .

’ '
F o r m r i ta ha/ni r ea d m rij a ha ni s
-
.

F or v er s e 45 of t h e te x t r e ad
' ' '
An m ks h a m i c c h a yd s a s tr w toy o d ba n d ha n a -r a hn i s h u
'
Vi s ha p m p - t fl l i d i m r ite p r a yo na f an a yo r
-
ap i .
 PU RI F I CAT ORY RUL E S AFT E R D E AT HS . 1 85

46 d i es as a child , or as a s o o ur n er j in a for eig n countr y, or a s a

r el i
g i ou s m end i cant , p ur i ficatio n w ill b e effe ct ed a t on ce ; an d
o th er s s a th e ri o d o f i m u r it * i s d ecl ar e d t o b e th r ee d a s
y p e p y y
47 f or th e s ap i nd as ; but if , a ft er th e oth er p er s on i s d e a d , th e
s ap i n a al s o
d d i es , i n thi s cas e th e cer em oni es m u s t b e p er f or m
ed d ur i n g th e d ays call ed th e p er i od of th e fir s t i m p u r ity .

T h i s s a m e or d in an ce i s ap p li e d al s o to th e i m p ur i ty cau s ed
b y th e b ir th of s ap ind as , a m ong s ap i nd as an d p r o p erly a m ong
49 s ah o d ak as al s o . W h en a s on i s b or n , th e f ath er m u s t b ath e
wi th hi s cl oth e s on . A n d if , after on e chi ld h as b een b or n
50 th er e , an oth er s h ould b e b or n, th e p ur ificati on i n th at ca s e
al s o is p r es cr ib e d accor d i n g t o th e d ays of th e e ld er b or n child
- .

W h en t en or tw e lv e m onth s or h alf a m onth h av e el a p s ed ,

51 all th e cas t es s h o ul d d ul y p erf or m t h eir r es p ecti v e r ites an d

cer e m o ni es N e x t th e id d ha s h ou ld b e p er for m ed
ek o d d i s h ta sr c
’
f
.

52 f or th e d ep ar t ed p er s on A nd m en of un d er s tan d in g m u s t
.

g iv e g ifts to th e br ah m an s ; w h at ev er i s m os t d es ir e d in th e
w or ld , and w h atev er i s p r i z e d at h om e , th os e v er y thing s

53 th er efor e m us t on e w h o h op e s f or i m m or tality g iv e to a bN f h
’

m an e n d ow ed wi th g ood qu a li ti es bu t at th e en d o f t h e d ays ,

af ter th ey h av e t ou ch ed w at er , ch ar i ot ,
a a w eap on , g oa d
a

54 an d a r od ,
an d aft er th ey h av e p er f or m ed th e cer em on i e s ,

th ey s h o ul d m a k e the ob l a ti on f o r d ain e d b y th e l aw s of th eir

r es p ect iv e c as t e s , an d a ll th at conf er bli s s i n

55 p erfor m p ur e act s

th e n e x t w o r ld an d in thi s .

A wi s e m an m u s t s t ud y th e thr ee Ved as , an d m us t b e con

56 tinu ally occup i e d th er ein ; h e m u s t am a s s r i ch es gh t eou s ly ,

ri

m u s t f ear l es s ly d o
a nd s tr enu ou s ly p er for m s acr ifices ; an d h e
57 w h atev er d oes n o t e nt ail cen s ur e on th e s o u l of h i m w h o d o e s i t ,

my s on , an d w h at ev er o u gh t n o t to b e co n ceal e d i n p u b li c T he .

in s s p l end o ur t o hi s h o m e
g ood m an th at s o d oes , m y child , b r g
by acqu ir i n g r i gh teou s n es s w ealth an d lov e .

T h e t ex t a pp ea r s to b e co rr up t . T h is a m e n d ed r ea d i ng i s tak en f rom a.

MS c o ns ult e d b y th e p and it of th e B e ng al A s ia ti c S oci e ty f or m e, but

p r i vate .

'
p r e f e r a ble
’

p r axy nda s a/nay or s e e m s .

’
A -i au c a kam ; n ot in t h e d i c tio n ar y .

1 F or mod d d/nam
‘
r ead w ad dn am
24
1 86 C ANT O xxxvr .

C ANT O X X X V I .

T he S tory f
o M a d d las é ( conclud ed ) .

Ri ta d hvaj a K uva layd éva

- on r ea chi ng o ld age r esi gns his ki ngdo m to
his s on A lar ka , a nd M ad ri las ci gi ves hi m a token-r i ng— B oth d ep ar t to
to p r a ctis e
the f or es t - a us ter i ti es .

Ja d a s p o e k .

’
B ein g th us ins tr ucted b y hi s m o th er , Rit a- d h v aj a s s on at

t ai n ed h i s youth an d d uly m ar r i ed a wif e, an d b eg at s ons ,

an d as a l or d o fier ed s acr ifices , an d alw ays clos ely ob s er v ed

com m and s T h en after a l ong tim e Rita d h v aj a,

’
hi s f ath er s .
-

o n r e a chin g ex tr em e old ag e , an o in te d h i s s on i n th e s ov ere ign

ty, an d wi th r igh teou s s oul d es ir ous to d ep ar t to th e f or es t to

p r acti s e aus ter iti es in c om p any w ith hi s wif e d es cen d ed f rom

his thr one, a m ig hty pr ote ctor , an ill us tr ious king .

An d M ad alas a d eliv er e d thi s h er l as t di s cour s e to h er son ,

in or d er th at h er s on m igh t ab and on attach m ent to s en s u al

p l eas ur es .

M a d alas a s p o ke .

W h en intoler abl e p ain ,

ar i s in
g fr om s ep ar ati on fr om thy
d ear kins m en , or caus e d b y th e op p os iti on of th y en e m i e s , or

s p r in g in g fr om th e d e s tr ucti on of
f rom th y own th y w ealth or

s elf , m ay b ef all th e e a s th o u r ul es t th y i ng d om , ob s er vi ng th e k
l aw s of a h ou s eh old er — for th e h ous ehold er w h o d ep en d s on
s el fis h n es s ma k es unh a p p i n es s hi s ab o d e — th en, m y s o n, d r aw
f or th an d r e ad fr om thi s r in
g th at I h av e giv en th ee th e
wr itin g th at i s i nlaid in d eli cat e l etter s o n th e pl at e .

Jad a s p o e k .

So yi ng , s h e g ave
sa h im a g ol d en
r i n , an d th e b l es si n s
g g
a pp r O p r i at e for a m an w h o li v e s th e famil
y lif e T h en .

'
K uv alayéév a and
hi s qu een M a d al as é , b es towi ng on th eir s on

th e k ingd om , d ep ar ted to th e for e s t to pr actis e aus ter iti es .

 ’
AL ARKA S RE GN AND I D I FF I CUL T I E S . 1 87

C ANT O X X X V I I .

T he conver s a ti on between the F a ther a nd S on ( conti nued ) .

T he d is cr i m i na tion o f the S oul .

Ala r ka r u led ri hteous l

g y a nd p r osp er ous ly, but was gr ea tly add icted

to p leasur e— H is bro ther S u bd hu, wis hing to corr ect hi m , f orm ed an

a lli a nce
wi th the ki ng of K é si — B oth a tta cked Alar ka to wr es t the king
’

d om fr om hi m a nd r ed uced hi m to gr eat s tr ai ts— I n his d i s tress he

looks D a ttd tr eya — H e
’
at M a d a las d s token-r i ng a nd s ee s k r elie f fr om
p lai ns to D a ttd treya wher ei n li es his s uj fer ing, a nd launches i n to a
ex

m etap hysi ca l d isquisi tion on the s oul, the m i nd , the bod y, a nd p lea
s ur e a nd p ai n .

Ja d a s p o e k .

A n d Al ar ka als o , r ig h teo u s in s oul , p r otect ed j u s tly and

li k e ch il d r en his gl a d p eopl e w h o pr actis ed e ach h i s ow n
b u s in es s . I n fli cting p un i s h m ent on th e wi c k ed ,
a nd w or thily
a ff or di n
g pr otection to th e p ea ceab le, h e ex p er i enc ed intens e
d elig h t ; and h e off er ed g r eat s acr ifices .

An d th er e w er e b or n to h im s ons , m igh ty a nd v a li ant ,

ri
g h t eo us in s oul , m agn ani m ous , w h o w er e a d v er s a r i e s t o ev il
co n d u ct An d h e am a s s ed w ealth b y m ea ns of r i g h t eo u s n es s ,
.

an d r i
g h teous n e s s g ain b y m e an s of w ealth an d s in ce th os e
a

tw o t hin g s ar e not ant ag oni s ti c, h e enj oyed ev en th e p l e as ur es

o f s en s e . T hu s m any ye ar s p as s e d away as if b ut a s in g le d ay,

w h ile h e r ul ed th e ear t h , d ev o ted t o r i gh teous nes s , w e alth

an d the gr a tifica ti on of hi s d es ir e s . No feeling s of i n d i fi er en ce

o ccur r e d w hi le h e j
en o yed hi s lov ed ob e ct s
j of s ens e ; nor
ag ai n d i d h e gr ow s ati at e d in am as s ing ri
gh t e ou s n es s and

w ea lth .

H is b r oth er S ub ahu, w h o r o am e d th e f or es ts , h ear d th at h e

w as th u s b e s otted in hi s attach m ent to p l eas ur e , an d un co n

tr olled in hi s T h e p r in c e, b eing d e s ir o u s o f a d m o
s ens es .

ni s h ing h i m , p ond er e d lo ng an d co nclud ed th at an a l li ance o n

h i s p ar t wi th th e -
k
i ng s enem ie s would be b e ne ficia l to th e
’
1 88 C ANT O XXXV I I .

k in g . T h en h e c l e v e r ly m ad e p e ated v i s its to th e
re ing of k
K asi , w h o h a d n um er o u s ar m i e s an d ch ar i o ts , a s hi s p r o tector ,

in or d er g ain hi s in g d om
to re k .

T h at k
ing coll ect ed t og eth er hi s ar m y ag ains t A lar a , an d k
d es p atch ed a m es s eng er to d em a nd tha t th e ing d o m s h oul d b e
, k
g i v ed up t o S ub ah u A lar a r efu s e d ,
. k cogni z ant of hi s o wn

j u s tice, t o giv e up th e i ngd om th en in k o b e d i e n ce t o th at com

m an d , an d r etur n e d an s w er to th e m es s eng er of th e k in g of

K asi L et m y eld er b r oth er com e t o m e w ith aff ecti on a nd

as k f or th e k
i ng d om f or hi m s elf I wi ll n ot yi el d u p th e .

s m all es t b i t o f ter r itor y thr ou gh f ear o n an att a c

”
E v en k .

w is e S u b a
hu m ad e n o re
qu es t t h en S upp li cati on i s
. not th e

d u ty of k s h atr i
yas , f or h e w as m igh ty i n v alou r .

T h en th e k in g of K asi a ccom
p an i e d by a ll hi s
y ar m

m ar ch ed t o attac k th e countr y of k in g A l ar k a . An d for th w ith

f or m i ng a cl o s e uni on w ith th e c ont i g uou s ki ngs h e a tta c k ed

wi th s om e of th eir m an y v as s al s , an d re d u ced him to

j
s u b ecti o n . And w i th ou t h ar as s in g Al ar k a
’
s n eigh b our i n
g
k i ng s b y m oles ti n g th eir r e al m s , h e th u s s ub j u g ate d b o th th e

g ov er n or s o f th e f or tr e s s es and th e for e s t tr i b es . He re

d u ced i nt o s u b m i s s i o n s o m e ki n g s by br i b es , an d s om e by
cr e ati ng d is s en s i o n , an d oth er s wh o w er e w ell -affect ed tow ar d s
A lar k a by con cili ati on .

T h en th e k in g w ith hi s s m all ar m y ,
h ar a s s e d b y th e a d v er
s ar y s h os t , foun d hi s tr e a s ur y d e p l e te d ex tr em el y b y th e fo e
’

k
th at b l oc ad e d hi s city A n d b ein g th u s s tr ai t ene d an d wi th
.

h i s tr e as ur y d i m in i s h in g d aily, h e fe ll in to in t ens e d ej e etion

an d p er pl e x i ty of m i n d Af t er s ufi er in g th e een es t p ain, h e
. k
th en b eth ou gh t hi m of th e r i n g , ab ou t w hi ch h i s m oth er M a
d el as a h a d f or m er ly s p o e n t o hi m k
T h en b athi ng an d p uri .

f yi n g hi m s elf , h e a d d r es s ed th e b r ah m an s , an d d r a wi n g out
the i
r ng s aw th e m otto th er eof in cl e ar ch ar a ct er s . T he king
p r on oun ce d w h at hi s m oth er h a d wr i tten th er eon , w hile th e
h air of h i s b o d y w as v i s ibly s tan d i n g er ect , an d h i s eyes w er e
e x p an d ed wi th j oy A s s o ci ati on m u s t b e s hunn e d b y ev er y
s oul ; i f to s h un it b e i m p os s i ble , it s h o uld be for m ed w ith th e

g ood , for as s o ci ati o n with th e g o od i s a p ana cea . Lov e m ust

 AL ARKA S E E KS A I D or D AT T AT RE YA . 1 89

b e s h unne d b y ev er y s oul ; if to e s ch ew it be i m p os sib le, i t

y p
s h oul d b e di s l a ed tow ar d s th e d es ir e for final em an ci ati o n
p
fr om exi s tence , for th at d es ir e i s a cur e th er efor .
’

N ow h aving ex cl aim e d r ep e at e dl y, H ow can m en r eally

att ai n bli s s and h aving d e cid ed th at it w as thr ough th e d e

s ir e for fin al em an ci p atio n s i n ce th at d es ir e i s app r o pr i ate
"

th er eto, th e king n ex t p on d er in g up on as s oci ation wi th th e

good , and s uff eri ng th e m o s t p oign ant gr i ef , vi s ited illu s

tr i ou s D attatr eya O n m eeting hi m , m agnani m ou s , s tainles s
.

an d d ev oid of attach m ent s ,

h e p r os tr ated h im s elf an d w or

s hi p p e d him and a d d r e s s ed h i m w ith p ropr i ety ; O b r ah

m an ! sh ow m e f av our , th ou w h o ar t th e re fug e of r efug e

s ee k er s Rem ov e affli cti o n f r om m e , wh o am in affli ctio n , an d

”
o v er -ad d i cted to d es ir es .

D a tt atr e
ya s po k e .

At on ce ind eed d o I r e m ov e th y miction

a , 0 king . T e ll
m e tr uly, wh er efor e h as t th ou th a t affli cti on , 0 ing k
Ja da spo ke .

B eing th us d r es s ed b y th at w i s e M uni , th e ing p on d er ed

ad k
o v er th e s e at an d th e n atu r e of h i s th r ee -fold afi i cti o n T he .

kin g , b eing noble in iritell e ct , h eld long an d r e p eated d el ib er a

ti on wi th h is s oul , b eing s t ea dfa s t th e while, and th en laugh in g

sp o k e th us
I t is not m ys elf , nor th e ear th , nor th e s ea , nor th e s t ar s ,

nor th e wi nd , nor th e air ; b ut I wi s h for h appines s i n b o d ily

concerns . P l eas ur e an d p ain p as s to d efici en cy or ex ces s in
th i s b od y com p os ed of fiv e e l em en ts ; wh at w elf ar e s h ou ld

I n ot g et, if s u ch I m i gh t h av e , in anoth er b od y w h er ein I

s h oul d p os s es s a con s ta nt an d p er fect g o od -di s p o s i ti o n a nd

s h oul d be r ai s e d an d d ep r e s s e d th r ou gh in e qu aliti es
M or eov er a m an i s p er cei v ed by hi s d i ffer en ce
of s elf - d eni al

r om o ther s A n d s o d oes b o dil y p le as ur e or p ain g ener a te a

f .

g
p k
o o d di s o s i ti on i n one w h o l oo s up on th e s ub tl e th ir d p or

tion w h i ch exi s ts m er ely a ‘

m o m ent S ince p ain d w ell s i n
th e m ind d
'
and p le as ur e ag a i n is a m ental th ing ; th er ef or e

tats angatd 1 M anas

'
i" F or ta tsa/ngato read .
1 90 CANT O xxxvnx .

n eith er ea s ur e b elo n g to th e E go f or th e M in d is
p ain nor p l
*
n ot th e E g o . I n as m u ch as n ei th e S e c
r lf - ons ci o u s n es s ,
n or

M in d , n or I ntellect? i s th e E g o , wh y th en d oes th e i n -b or n

p ai n in s om eth in e l s e aff ect m e S i n ce th e E g o i s n ot th e

g
B o d y, nor th e M ind , th e E g o i s d i s tin ct fr om the B od y and

th e M i n d . T h er efor e l et p l e a s ur e s and p ains d w ell i n th e

M in d or in th e B od y ; h ow i s t h e E go concer ned h er e at If “

my el d er br oth er cov ets th e s ov er ei g nty ov er th i s b o d y, i t i s

an a
gg r eg at e of fiv e el em ent s H ow th en i s m y S elf c on c er n ed
.

w i th th e a cti on of th e q u a lit i es th er ein H e w h en s eated

th er ei n and I ar e di s tin ct a s r eg ar d s th e B od y . H e w h o alto
k
g et h er la c s h and s and o th er or g an s , fl es h , b on es an d h ead ,
w h at co nn ex ion , ev en a s li gh t on e, h as th at m an h er e w i th
e l e p h a nt s , h or s es , ch ar i ot s an d oth er tr eas ur es ? H en ce my
S elf h a s no foe, i t h as no p ai n, it h as no pl eas ur e , n or city, nor
t r e as ur y, nor ar m y co m p os ed of h or s es , e l e h ant s , & c , n eith er
p .

h as h e , nor a th ir d p er s on, n or an y on e, nor h av e I any o f

these thi ngs . F or as th e air th a t o ccup i es th e or b i o f a s m a ll

w at er -j ar and
pi tch er , th ou g h on e , i s p er cei v ed in m any
a

w a ys , s o S ubé h u an d th e k
in g of K é éi and I m eth in s , ar e k
p er cei v ed am ong b o d i es b y b o di l y d iffer ences .

C ANT O X XX V I I I .

T he conver s ati on between the F a ther a nd S on (continued) .

A s er i es of ques ti ons .

D a ttd tr aya mor a lizes on the cons cio us ness

f S elf
o and i ts r es ults ,

und er the p ar a ble of a tr ee, a nd as s er ts the non-ma teri a li t

y o f the S oul .

A la r ka as ks for i ns truction a bout Y og a or r eli

gious d evoti on .

Ja d a s po k e .

T h en th e king pro stratin g h i m s el f b efor e th e m ag n a ni m ous

A h ank ér a .
1
'
B ud d hi .
I F or m a nd alu r ead m a nd a la .
 A D I SQ U I SI ’I ‘I O N O N T HE SO UL . 1 91

br ah m an D attatr eya , r enew e d hi s s p eech , b end ing r es

p ect
fully b efor e hi m .

No w hit of affli cti o n h a v e I , O br ah m an , wh en I loo k on

thi ngs i n a p r op er f r am e of m in d : th o s e w h o loo on thi n g s k

am i s s ar e alw ays s un k
i n a s ea of unh app in es s I n w h at ev er .

’
thin g a m an s intellect b ecom es s e lf~ en
gr o s s e d , h e r e ce i v e s

w oes th er efr om and

p ays th em b a c k . T h er e i s n ot so m u ch
cat e at s an un s el fis h s ar r ow
p ai n w h en a p or m ou s e , as w h en
i t eat s a d om es tic fow l . I th en feel n ei th er p ain n or p lea s ur e ,
s i n ce I am b eyon d th e m at er i al w or ld fi“ W h oev er is s ub j ect
to cr eat e d thi n g s b y m ean s of cr e at ed th i n g s , i s i nd eed s en s i
”
ti v e to p l eas ur e a n d p ain .

D attétr eya s p o ke .

It is 0 ti g er h er o ! a s th ou h as t j u s t d eclar ed
ev en s o, -
.

T h e th ou gh t ‘i t i s m i n e i s th e r oo t of p a i n ; an d th e th ou g h t
‘
it i s naugh t of m i n e i s th e r oot of calm nes s
’
F r om y . m
q u es ti on ind eed h as th i s s ub li m e now le d g e s pr ung up in k
h h
t ee , w h o as t cas t off th e co v i c o i I t i s m in e , a s if it
’
n t n

w er e th e cotton of th e s ee m u l
“
W ith th e th ough t
‘
it i s I th e g er m h as s p r ung up ; wi th
‘ ’
th e th ou gh t i t i s m in e , th e g er m h a s g r ow n s h o ul d er -hi
gh :
an d h om e and l an d s ar e i ts t op m o s t b ou gh s ; chi l dr en an d

r el a ti o n s ar e i t s
wif e an d oth er youn g s h oots ; w ea lth an d

cor n ar e i ts g r eat l eav es ; i t h a s d ev elop ed n ot on ce on l ;

y an d

m er it an d d em er it a r e it s ou tm o s t fl ow er s p l eas ur e an d
p ai n
ar e i ts f ul l -g r ow n fr ui t . T h er e i t fills th e p ath of fina l
e m an cip ati on ; it oo z e s out at th e c om m i ng ling of fo ols ; i t i s
r i ch wi th fes toons of b ees whi ch ar e th e d es ir e to b e d oi n g ;
kn o wl e d g e of w h at ou gh t to b e d one i s th e fu ll -gr own tr e e .

T h o s e w h o , w ear i ed wi th th e r oad of w or ld ly e xi s t en ce , b eta k e

th em s elv e s to i ts s h ad e ar e d om in ate d b y e rr or , kn o wle d

ge
an d h ap pin es s w h er e i s th eir s up eri ori ty B ut th os e, wh o

P r akri ti .

th e s ilky cotto n ins i d e i s

1 T hecap s ul es wh en r ip e b ur s t , and s catter e d
.

o v er th e g r ound f or m any yar d s around .

1 92 C ANT O xxxv m .

h ew d own th e tr ee of s e l fis h n es s wi th th e a x e of learni ng ,
w h i ch i s s h ar p en ed o n th e w h et-s ton e of as s oci ati on wi th th e

g oo d , tr av el a long th at p ath R ea chi n g th e cool , d u s tles s , .

th or nl es s gr ov e of r eli g i ou s k
n o w l e d g e, th e w i s e , c e a sin g fr o m

a cti on , a ttain s u r e m e e m an ci ati o n fr o m e x i s t en ce

p p .

“
N eith er ar t th ou , 0 king ,
no r am I g r os s o b j ect con s is t
a

i ng of th e el em ents an d of or
g an s e n ei th e r m u s t I d e cl ar e we

ar e an e l em entar r u d i m ent , n or th at w e b oth h av e a s oul a s

y
a n et er n al or an
g . O r , w h om 0 king d o I s ee th e chi ef of u s two,
s in ce th e con s ci ous s oul
*
is s ub li m e , a nd th e p er s ona l a
g gr e
co n s i s t s of
g at e qu aliti es . Ju s t as m os qu i toes , th e d u m b ur
r eed s , m un j a
t r ees ,1' g r a s s , i fis h an d w at er h av e s ep ar at e
e x i s t en ce s th ou g h th ey d w ell tog eth er , s o i s i t wi th th e b od y
an d th e s oul , 0 king .
”

Al ar k a spo k e .

A d or able S ir ! th r ough th y fav our h as Su bli m e n owl ed g e k

of thi s k
i n d b een r ev eal ed to m e , w hi ch cau s es o n e to d i s cer n
th e p ow er of
th e S u pr em e I n t ellect b u t n o s tabil i ty r em ains
h er e i n m y m i n d w h i ch i s a s s ail ed b y ob j e cts of s ens e n or
m or eov er d o I s ee h ow I m ay b e d eli v er ed fr om th e b on d s of
Natur e , or h ow I m ay ceas e to ex i s t a g ain , or h ow I m ay
att ain in p er p etuity t o thi s s tat e o f b ein g d ev oi d of qu ali ti es and

to on e -n es s w ith B r ah m a T h er efor e, O br ah m an, m i h t i n

g y
.

kn ow l e d g e ex p o un d r eli i ou s d ev o ti o n
g § p r op er ly t o m e , wh o
t h u s b es eech th ee, p r os tr at e b efor e th ee, for a s s o ci ati on wi th
th e g ood i s b en efici al to m en .

K s h etr aj na .

1 U d um b ar a , F i cus glom er ata , Roxb, th e m od er n d u/m bu/r

, (p . 6 4 6 ) not in
H o ok er .

1 S a cchar um m wnj a , Rox b .

(p .

Y oga .
 Y O GA O R RE L I GI O U S D EVO T I O N . 1 93

C ANT O X X X I X .

Yoga , or Reli gi ous D evoti on .

D a tta tr eya conti nues hi s ea hor ta ti on F i na l em a ncip a ti on

fl

fr om
exis tence is a tta i ned thr ough yoga or r eli gi ous d evoti on,— an d the
m ea ns a r e r es tr a i nt o
f the br ea th, m enta l bs tr a ction, r es tr a i nt
a o f
the s ens es , a n d d eep m ed i ta ti on . T hese m ea ns ar e a n a lyz ed an d
er
p lai ned a t length What cir cum s tances ar e i nim i ca l to yoga
. .

T he i mp r op er p erfor m a nce of yoga entai ls bod i ly a i lm en ts H ow .

s uch bod i ly a ilm ents T he si gns the p r op er p er

m a y be cwr ed . o f
for mace of yoga .

D attatr eya s p o e k .

A yo g I s r em oval of i nor an ce b
g y th e attai n m ent of know
led g e i s m u ti k this i s uni on wi th B r ah m a, an d se
p ar ati on
fr om th e thr ee qu ali ti es of N a tur e .
‘
M u k ti ,
’
or fin al e m an ci
pa
ti O n fr om ex i s t en ce , com es fr om r e li gi o u s d ev o ti on ; an d r e li

g i ou s d ev oti on com es ri k
gh tly fr om n ow led g e , 0 kin g ; n ow k
le d g e co m es thr ou gh s uff er i ng ; s uff er in g i s the lot of th os e

w h os e m in d s ar e e n g r os s e d wi th s elf . H en ce th e m an wh o
d es ir es fin al e m an ci
p ati on s h ou ld s tr enu ou s ly d i s car d ever
y
‘
as s oci ation ; w h en a s s oci ati on s d r op , th e d e s i g n ati on it i s
m ine di s ap p ear s . F r ee d om fr o m s elfis h n es s t end s in d eed t o
h ap p i n es s th e p er ce p ti on of f aults com es fr om p a s s i on les s n es s
an d
p as s ionle s s n e s s com es i n d eed fr o m k n ow l ed g e n ow l e d e
g k
T h at i s
’
is p r ece d e d b y p as s i onl e s s n es s . on e s h ou s e , wh er e
o ne r es i d e s th at i s f oo d , b y w hi ch on e li v es th at w h ich t end s
t o fin al em an ci p ati on i s d es cr ib ed as kn o w l ed ge or i gnor an ce .

By con s um in g m er it s a nd d e m e r it s , 0 k in g ,
an d t hr ou gh n ot

d oin g v ol unt ar ily cons t an t a ct s th at ou g h t to b e d o n e , th r o u g h

not am as s ing s ub s equ e nt acts , an d t hr ou gh d i m i ni s hi n g a cts

th at h av e b een p r ev i ou s ly a m as s e d th e b o d y n ev er a g ai n f alls
,

i nto th e b o n d s o f a cti o n .

T his I h av e d ecl ar ed to th ee, 0 ki n g ! L i s t en a ls o to this

r el i g i ous d ev oti on fr o m m e , b y a d o p t in g w hi ch th e r eli

g ious
d ev ote e ma y attai n to an e t e r nal i d enti ty w ith B r ah m a .

25
1 94 C ANT O XXXI X .

F i r s t i nd e ed th e s o ul m ust be conquer e d by s oul it i s

i nd ee d a h ar d v i ct or y f or r eli g i ou s d ev otees . He s h oul d put
for th eff or t in th at v i ctor y . H e ar fr om m e th e m eans th er eto .

H e s h ould b ur n hi s f au lts b y r es tr aini n g hi s b r eath } and

up

h i s s t ains by s tea d y m en ta l ab s tr acti on fi hi s s ens u al enj oy

m ents b y r es tr aini n g hi s s e n s es , 1 an d hi s unbr i dl e d qualiti es by
im p ur i ti e s b ur nt out of m etals
d eep m ed itation .
§ Jus t as ar e

w h en th ey ar e m elted , so th e f au lts wr oug h t by th e or gans of

s en s e ar e bur nt out by r e s tr ai ni n g th e br eath . T he r eli gi ous

d ev otee s h ould fir s t p li s h th e r e g ul ation of his br eath

accom .

N ow s top pin g th e inh al ati on "i s d es ig n ated p r anayém a,

r es tr aini n g t h e b r eath P r anayam a i s of thr ee ind s , w hi ch
.
’
k
’ ‘
and th e int ense 1[
’
ar e na m e d th e s l i g h t, th e m e d ium .

I w ill d es cr ib e i ts m eas u r e ; h ear i t of m e, O A l ar ka ! T he

d ur ing tw elv e m atr as pr os od i al i ns tants ,
’
s li gh t e x t en d s or
‘
and th e m ed ium i s d oubl e th at, an d th e int ens e i s well
known as con tai nin g th r i ce th at nu m b er of in s tants . T he
tim e of a m étr a i s th at of th e wi n ing k and O p en ing th e eye

li d s once . T h e m eas ur e of tw elv e m atr as i s fix ed f or th e

r ec konin g of th e p nayam a W i th th e fir s t h e s h ould ov er com e
ra .

p er s pir ation, and wi th th e s e co n d a g it ati o n , an d wi th th e thi r d

d ej ecti on ; h e s h ould gr a d u all y ov er com e hi s f aul ts N ow as .

li ons , tig er s and eleph an ts , wh en in d ly tr eated b ecom e m ild , k

so th e br eath f alls w i thin th e co ntr ol of
giou s d ev ot ee th e r el i .

A s an eleph ant -dr i v er b r in g s a r utting eleph ant und er contr ol

accor d i ng t o h is wi s h , e v e n s o a r eli g i o u s d ev otee wh o h as th e

wi s h bri ng s hi s br eath to p er f e ct co n tr ol F or as th e pr oud .

li on wh en tam ed d o es n ot atta ck d eer , s o th e ob s tr ucted wi nd

’
d es tr oys m en s g uilt b u t n ot t h eir b o d y T h er efore th e reli .

gious d ev otee while en g ag e d i n d ev ot i o n s h oul d p ay g ood h eed

to th e r es tr ainin g of h is b r eath .

H e ar its four con d iti on s th a t b e s tow th e r es ult of final

“
e m an ci p ati on T hey a r e ces s ati o n f the
. , o cons e uences o
q f acti on ,

A -p zxn a ,
’

[I a m ean in
g not in th e d ictionar y .

1[ U ttar iya , a m e aning n ot in th e d i cti onar .

y
4“ t a s ti .
 M ET HOD O E P E RF O RM I NG Y O GA . 1 95

a nd th e o w er of o b t aini n
“
h ar m ony? and
p g ev er
ythi n gfi
s er e ni t
y, I 0 ki n g ! H e ar a l s o th eir n atu r e as I d e s cr ib e it i n
or d er . W h er e th e fr ui ts of
g ood an d b a d a cti on s d ie aw ay

an d th e m i nd a ttain s p ellu cid i ty, § th at i s called d h v a s ti .

W h en th e r elig ious d ev ot ee him s elf alw a

ys cont i nuo u s ly r e s i s ts

th e d es i r es of thi s w or l d an d of th e n e x t w or ld , s u ch a s cov e t

o us n e s s an d inf at u ati on , th at i s p r ap ti ev e r l a s ti n g
’
Wh en .

th e giou s d ev ot ee p os s e s s ed
r eli o f e qu al p o w er
p er cei v e s , b y
k
th e a d v anta g e of h i s n ow l ed g e , th e p a s t a n d futur e r em otely
con c e al e d m eani n g s of th e m oo n, s un , s t ar s an d p l an e ts , a n d

g ai n s s u cce s s , th en occur s th e con d i ti on of

p r anay am a call ed
T he s ta te b y w hi ch h i s m in d , an d h i s fiv e vi t al a i r s ,
’
sa mv i d .

hi s or g an s o f s en s e an d th e o b j e ct s of t h os e or
g an s b eco m e
’
s er en e , is cal l e d p r a s ad a .

H ear al s o , 0 ki n g , th e ch ar acter i s ti cs of p r anayam a , an d

what kin d of s eat is e n o in ed
j fo r o ne who alw ays p r acti s es
yog a .

A d op tin g th e p a d m a h alf s e at , a n d th e s v a s tik a s i tting

p os tur e , h e s h ou l d u tter th e s ylla ble O m ! i n hi s h ear t a n d

p r act i s e hi s r eli g i ou s d ev oti on . S it ti ng ev en l
y on an ev en

s e at, d r awi n g i n b oth hi s f e et , an d fir m ly fix i ng h i s th i g h s

ri
g h tly in fr o nt , h e s h oul d c ov er h i s m o ut h ; h e s h o u l d s i t

w i th ou t t ou ch i ng hi s p r i v ate par ts w i th h is h eels , wi th

hi s s e n s es un d e r co n tr ol ; h e s h o uld r ai s e h i s h ea d s li
g h tly ;
he s h oul d n o t clos e hi s te e th t og eth er Ga z ing at th e . ti p o f

hi s ow n n os e and k
n ot lo o i n g ar o un d , th e r eli g i o u s d e v ot ee

s h o ul d c o nce a l th e a cti v i ty of d ar kn w i th
es s p as s i o n , an d th a t

of p a s s i o n w ith g oo d ne s s , a n d a t kin g h i s s ta n d in un s ul li e d

g oo d nes s s h oul d pr a ctis e d ev oti on . He s h o uld h old in his

or g an s of s en s e fr o m th eir j
O b ects of s e n s e , an d hi s b r ea th a nd

o th er f aculti e s and hi s m i n d , h e s h o uld a d v an ce to ab s tr a c

tion wi th a s t e a d f as t coh e s i o n . B ut h e wh o s h o u ld d r aw in
his d e s ir es , as a t or t oi s e d r aw s i n a ll i ts li m b s , a lwa
ys
d eli gh ti n g i n s ou l an d s elf - coll ect e d ,
s ee s s o u l in s o ul . T he
h i m s elf e x t er n a l ly a nd i nt er n ally ,
w i s e m an after p u r ifying

I P r a s ad a .

A p a -k as h dya -tv a ; no t in th e d ic tionar y .

1 96 C ANT O xxx i x .

an d filli ng o ut hi s b o d y f r o m th e n a v e l to th e n ec k ,
s h o uld

d h ar a na, s t ead
’
a d v an ce to a b s tr acti on . A or y m ent al

ab s tr acti o n , is call e d t w elv e pr anayam a s T wo i nd s

. k of

d h ar a na ar e kn ow n in r eli
gi ou s d ev oti on b y d ev o tees w h o ar e

th e M or eov er w h en r eli
con v er s ant wi th tr uth . a gi ou s
d ev ot e e i s s t eep e d i n d e v o ti o n an d con tr ol s his s o ul , a ll h is

fau lts p er i s h , a n d h e b eco m es w h ole ; an d h e s ees s up r em e

'
B r ah m a an d th e qu a li ti es o f N atur e s ep ar ate ly, th e s ky an d
th e p r i m or d i al at om s an d th e un s ulli e d s o ul .

T hu s a r eli gi o us d e v otee, w h o r e s tr i cts hi s foo d an d w h o is

i ntent o n r es tr ai ni n
g hi s b r eath , s h oul d oc cup y g r oun d , w hi ch
h a s b een th or ou gh ly an d gr a d u ally re cl aim e d , a s i t w er e his
h ou s e . U nr ecl ai m ed gr oun d w h en i t i s ta en p o s s es s i on of k
incr ea s es f aults , d i s ea s es an d fooli s h n es s , th er ef or e h e s h oul d
n o t o ccupy unr ecl aim e d
gro un d .

P r anayam a or r es tr ain i n
g th e b r e ath i s s o c all e d fr o m th e
*
r es tr i cti on
p la ce d th e b r eath an d th i s i s d h ar ana
’
on call e d

or m ent al ab s tr a cti o n , by w h ich th e m i n d i s ab s tr a cte d s in ce

th e or g an s , w hi ch ar e occu p i e d wi th w or d s an d o th er a cti ons ,

ar e r es tr ai ne d by r eli
gi ou s d e v otees b y m ea n s of d ev otion, th at
is ca ll e d
pr atyah ar a, or r es tr ain i n g th e s ens es
’
.

An d th e m ea ns fo r thi s
i s d e clar e d b y p ar am ar s h i s w h o
w er e r el i gi ous d ev ote e s , s o th at d i s eas es and o th er f au lt s m a
y
n ot S pr in g u p in a r eli io us d ev o tee Ju s t as th e th ir s ty m ay
g .

d r in k w at er g r a d u all y b y v es s el s , p i p es an d oth er m ea ns s o a
,

re li
g iou s d ev otee w h o h as ov er co m e hi s d i s tr e s s m a y d r ink air .

F i rs t i n th e nav el , and n e x t i n th e h e ar t and thi r d l

, y i n th e
b r eas t , th en in th e n ec k , th e m o uth , th e ti of th e n os e in th e
p ,

eye , e ye -b r o ws and th e m id d l e of th e h ead ,

, an d in wh at i s
th er e-b eyon d , i s kn own th e h i g h e s t m en ta l abs tr a cti on . By
atta inin g to th es e t en m enta l ab s tr a cti o ns he r ea ch es e u alit
q y
wi th th e i m p er i s h a b l e N ot p u fie d up , n or h un r
g y, nor
.

w ear i e d , a n d un d i s tur b ed in m ind , th e

yog i s h ould p r a cti ce
h i s yog a r es p ectfully i n ord er to att ain final oc cu ation
p ,
0 .

k ing !

U p a-s am -rod h a ; no t in th e d i cti onar y .

 M E T HO D O F PE RF O RM I NG Y O GA . 1 97

W h en it i s n ei th er
y v er c old n or w ar m , w h en th er e i s n o
s tr if e , w h en i t i s n o t w i nd ,
y at th es e ti m es the asceti c wh o i s
d eep in m ed i t atio n s h o ul d
p n ot * p l r act ce
ace i yog a . In a

w h er e th er e i s a n o i s e , o r fir e , or w at er , or w h er e s tu d y is g oin g
on , in a d eca e d co w -s h e d , a t a
y p l ace w h er e four r o a d s m eet ,
a m id a coll ecti o n of d r y l e av e s , in a r i v er , in a b ur ning -g r ound ,
in a k
p lace inf es te d b y s n a es , i n a p l ace of f ear , or on th e e d g e
of a w ell , am i d a num b er of fun er al p il es or ant -hil ls in th es e —

p l aces a l ear ne d m an s h ould av oid pr actis ing yo g a A nd if .

th er e i s no a pp ear an ce of g oo d ne s s , h e s h ould av oid th e p l a ce

an d tim e T her e s hou ld be n o s i gh t of e v il d ur in g th e p r acti ce
.

of yog a h en ce h e S h o ul d av oi d th at . W h o ev e r d i s r e g ar d s
th es e p l a ces in hi s infatu ati on p r a cti s es yo g a , v er i ly h i s
an d

f aults tend to h i s hin d r a n ce ear e n t o m e i n t hi s H

D eafn e s s ,
. k .

s tup id i ty, f ailur e of m em or y, d u m b n e s s , blin d ne s s an d f ev er

th o s e s ev er al evi ls s tr ai h tw a
g y b efall hi m w h o p r a cti s es yog a i n
i gnor an ce .

If a yo g i s h o uld h av e th e s e f au lts th r ou gh i n ad v er t en ce ,

yog i s s h oul d a tt en d t o th ei r cur e in o r d er to d es tr oy th em .

H ear k en to m e i n th i s . H e s h ould e ng a g e i n m en t a l a b s tr a e
t i on , aft er eatin g r i ce -g r uel , m i n g led w ith o il an d v er y w ar m .

I n th e di s eas es of r h eu m a ti s m ,
fl a tul en ce , an d en l ar g e m ent of

th e abd o m en , cir cul ati o n of t h e i ntern al or ob s tr u cte d wi n d of

th e b o d y s h ould be r e g ul at e d b y a di et of r i ce -g r uel f I n
tr e m or i a yog i s h ou ld fix h i s m in d on a m ount a i n as i t i s

s tea d y, i n d um b n es s on th e f a culty of
p eech , an d i n d eafn es s
s

on th e e ar j us t a s o ne w h os e t o ng ue i s p a r ch e d w i th thi r s t
s h ou l d m e d i t at e on a m an g o fr uit . I n w h at ev er r es
p ect th e
b o d y i s d is or d er ed p ect h e In th at v er
y r es s h ou ld t hin k
s te ad ily of wh ate v er th ou g h t m ay r em ed y th e d i s or d er , s uch

as , a cooli ng th o ug h t a m id s t h eat , and a h e a ti n g th o u g h t

am id s t co l d . H e s ho u ld p la ce a s ta k e on hi s h ea d an d b eat
w ood wi th w oo d .

F or na yoga/m . r ea d 8 a yoga/m , h e s h o ul d p r a c t i ce y o g a P

1 T hi s is th e tr a n s lation of th e P a nd it of th e B e ng al A s i a ti c S oci e ty th e

te x t s ee m s ob s c ur e .

I F or ka lp e r ea d ka m p e ; so a M S i n t h e S an s k r i t C o ll eg e
. .
1 98 C ANT O XL .

I n th at w a y m em or y i m m ed i at ely r ecur s to a yog i wh o h as

l os t h i s m em or y H e s h ou l d thin s t e a d ily of th e wi n d an d
. k
fir e w h i ch in d ee d p er v a d e th e h eav en an d th e ear th . T h es e
i nj ur i e s ar e cur e d th r ou h w h at i s n on -h um an o r w h a t
g s p r in
gs
fr om g ood n es s I f g o od n es s th at i s n on h u m
.
-
an s h o uld en ter

w ithin a yog i , h e s h o uld u tt er ly b ur n ou t th e s in th a t d w ell s

i n hi s b od y b y s t ea d y th ou g h t of t h e w i n d a n d fir e .

T h u s m u s t ev er y s ou l th at i s w i s e in yo g a com p a s s i ts

p r e s er v ati o n , 0 k i ng , s i n ce t h e b o d y i s th e m ean s of attain

i ng r igh t eou s n e s s , w ealth , l ov e an d fin a l e m an ci p ati on fr o m
T h e y og i s k no w l e d g e p er i s h e s th r o ug h p er p lex ity
’
e x i s ten c e .

at th e n ar r ati o n o f th e m ar k s o f t h e a c ti v i ti es , t h er ef or e th e

a ctivi ti es m ust be hid d en . T r a n qu illi t y fi“ p er f ect h ea lth ,

s canty ex cr et i o n s , a fin e com
g en tl en es s , a p l ea s an t o d o ur ,

p le x i on , b eni gn i ty, a nd s o ftn es s of v o i ce , ar e i n d eed th e fir s t

i n d i cati o n s of th e a c tiv it of
y og a A l ov ing p er s on p r ocl ai m s
y .

’
o n e s v ir tu es in a b s en c e T h a t cr eatur es d o n ot f e ar h i m
’
on e s .

i s th e chi ef es t s i g n of co m p l e t e p er fect i on H e w h o i s not

.

i nj ur e d b y e x ce s s iv e cold , h e at, or o th er na tur a l a gents , an d d oes

n ot f e ar o th er p er s on s , h as a tta i n e d co m p l ete p er fe cti on .

C ANT O X L .

T he Yogi s bli s s .

D a ttatr eya exp la i n s to A lar ka the a i lm en ts tha t bes et a

yogi
’
s

s ou l a n d m enti ons thei r five H e d es cr i bes the yogi s d u ti es ,

var i eti es .
’

the s ta
ges by w hi ch fina l em a ncip a ti on i s a tta i ned , the ei ght p r e
m o ni tor y m ar ks f fin a l
o em a n ci
p a ti on, a nd the r es u lts o
f uni on

wi th the S up r em e Sp i r i t .

D att atr eya s

po k e .

I w ill s uccin ctly d ecl ar e to th ee th e ail m en t s d th at pr ev ail

i n th e s o ul of a yogi w h en i t i s vi ew e d h ear k en to m e .

H e l o n g s fo r r it e s p er f or m e d w ith a v i ew t o futur e f r uiti on ,

an d th e ob e c ts
j of h u m an d es i r e , for w om en , th e fr ui ts of

A —loly a ; n ot in th e d ic ti onar y .
1
"
U p a -s ar g a .
 AI L M E NT S CO NNE CT E D W I T H Y OGA .
1 99

alm S-gi v i ng , for s ci en ce , for s u p er n at ur al p ow er , for th e b as er

3 m et al s an d r i ch es , h eav en, g od -h ea d , and
f or s up r em e gOd
“
h ea d , f or a cti on s th at yi eld copi o us s u pp li es of el i x i r v i tee fi

f or fl yi ng on th e s tor m -
Wi nd s , for s a cr i fice , an d th e p ow er of

inh ab iti ng w at er an d fir e , for th e fr u its of sr ad d h as th at con

t ai n ev er y g ift, an d r eli
g i ou s m or tific ati on s . T h us h e lon g s
5 w h en m ent ally a ilin g by r ea s on of f as ti n g , m er i tor i ous act s ,

an d w or s hi p of th e g od s , and by r e as o n of th o s e s ev er al

a cti o ns .

A yog i s h ou l d s tr enu ous l

y r es tr ai n h is m ind w h en b e s et

w ith s uch th o u gh ts . Byma k in g hi s m in d clin g to B r ah m a h e

i s lib er a te d fr o m ail m ent s . W h en th es e ailm en t s ar e o v er co m e

o th er ail m e nt s s ti l l b es et a
yog i , ar i s i n g o u t O f g ood n es s , p as
s i on an d i g nor a n ce .

Ai lm en ts ar i s in
g fr om i llu s i v e v i s i on fi fr om h ear i n g , an d .

fr om th e d ei ty, 1 an d m ent al ab er r ati on , § an d en t hu s i as m ||

th es e fiv e ar e r oot s of b i tter n es s w hi ch t en d t o em b ar a s s th e

r eli i o u s
g m e d it ati on s of
yo gi s . T he ai lm en t ar is i n g fr om
i llus iv e v i s io n is s u ch to a yog i b ecau s e i n i t pp ear V ed i c
a

m atter s , p oet i c m at ter s , s ci en ce an d th e m ech ani c al ar ts wi th

o ut en d . T he ai l m ent co nn e ct ed w i th h ear ing i s s o -call e d

b ecau s e h e p er cei v es th e m e ani n g s of s o un d s in all th ei r co m

p l e ten es s , a n d h e r eceiv e s s oun d fr om th ou s an d s of

yoj an as .

T h e wi s e call th at ailm ent on e fr om th e d ei ty, as in th e cas e of

a m a d m an , w h en l i k e a god h e s ees all ar oun d an d
i n th e e i g h t
d i r ecti on s . W h en th e yogi
’
s m in d w an d er s w ith o ut s up p or t
th r oug h hi s o wn f au l t b y r eas on of hi s f all fr om a ll th e r ul es of

g oo d cu s tom fiT —
k
th at i s w ell n ow n a s m ent al ab er r ati on W h en .

th e s e ethi ng w h ir l-p ool “ of k n o w l ed g e li k e a w h ir l -p ool of

' ’
y é h f or
’
Read ras d y an a -c a r a s a ya n a - c a y a b

1
'
P r atib h a . P r of M . on ier - W illi am s giv e s th e m eaning r el ati n g t o d iv ina

nati on,
”
b ut in th i s pl a ce it s eem s to r el at e to v i s ion , a s th e c ont e xt s h o ws .

I D aiv a .

B h ra m a .

P r of M oni er -Wil liam s ;

'
Av ar ta . D elib er ati on , r ev o l v ing (i n the m ind ) , so .

b ut i t s ee m s a m uch s tr ong er w or d .

’ '
1T Ac ar a .

Kvar ta .
2 00 CANT O XL .

w ater en g ul p h s th e m i n d — th a t a i l m en t is call e d e nth us i a s m .

A ll b ei n g s of d i v in e or i g in , w h e n t h ei r r elig i o u s m e d itati on
i s d e s tr oyed b y t h es e gr eat an d t err ib l e ai lm ent s , r ev olv e

ag ai n a n d a a in
g .

T h er efor e th e yog i, h av in g cla d h im s elf w i th a m ental w hi te

bla nk et, s h ould ca s t h i s m i n d pr on e on s u p r e m e B r a h m a , an d
m ed i tat e on A yog i s h ou ld alw ay s b e i n tent on
hi m .

r eli i o us m edi ta ti on , h e s h oul d ea t s ar in l , h e s h ou l d s u bd u e

g p g y
hi s s en s es T h e yo g i s h ould con t em p l at e i n h i s h ea d th e
.

s u b tl e con d i ti o n s of th e s ev en j
ob e ct s , i
v z ., ear th &c .
; he
s h ould co nt e m p l at e th e s ub tl e e ar th , until he com p r eh en d s its
s ub tle t fi‘ H e d e em s th e ear th to b e h i s s ou l , an d h e quits
y
i ts b on d s . M or eo v er h e qui ts th e s ub tl e t as te in w at er ,* an d
al s o th e fo r m i n th e k
fir e ; an d h e li ewi s e qui t s t ou ch in th e
wi n d , as h e b ear s th e s ub tl e f or m in m i n d ; an d
h e qui t s th e
s ub tl e activ i ty of th e s ky , a n d li k e wi s e i ts s oun d W h en h e
.

e nt er s w i th hi s m in d i n to th e m i n d o f all cr eate d thin g s , h i s

m in d b ear i ng a m e n ta l su b tl e co n d i ti on of th em b e com es
s u b tl e a ls o . Li k e wi s e th e m a n , co n v er s an t w ith r e li
g i o us
d ev oti on , o n at tai ni n g t o th e i nt ell e ct of a ll cr eatur e s ,
g ai n s
an d r e lin qui s h es t h e m os t p er f ect s u b tl e t
y of i n t e lle ct F or .

th e m an conv er s an t w ith r eli g i o u s d ev o ti o n , wh o r eli n qui s h es

th es e s ev en s ub tl e thin g s af t er h av in g th or ou gh ly com pr e
h en d e d th em , th er e i s g r es s i on , O A lar a ! T h e s oul
n o r et r o k
co g ni s a n t m an , after fu lly s eei n
g th e s u b tl ety of th e s e s ubtle
con d it i o n s o f th e s e v en o b j ects , th en u tt er l
y ab an d o n ing it
m ay p r o ceed to s u p r em e b li s s An d tow ar d s w h a tev er cr e ated
.

th i ng h e evi n ce s f e eli n g , 0 k
in g ! t o th at v er y thin h e b e
g
co m e s attach e d , an d h e p er i s h es T h er ef or e th e cor p or e a l b ein ,
g
.

w h o after p er ceivin g th e m utu ally -a s s o ci at e d s ub tl e thin s

g
ab an d on s th em , m a y g ain s upr em e bli s s . H av i n
g con j oi n ed
th e s e v er y s ev en s ub tl e thin g s , 0 in g ! k p as s i onl es s nes s
t ow ar d s cr eat e d an d o th er th i n g s t en d s t o th e fin al e m anei

e xi s t en ce of
p a t i on f r o m th e m a n co
g ni s ant of th e e nt iti e s }

F or ta t -s au khy a m r e ad tat-s a uks hm a m so a M S in th e S ans kri t C oll e e

g
.
.

F or a ts u r ea d ap s u.
 I ND I CAT I O NS or U NI O N W IT H B RAH M A . 2 01

W h en h e becom es attach ed to p er fum es an d oth er d eli ghts , h e

p er i s h es ; he a g ain r ev er t s to h um an n atur e a ar t f r om p
B r ahm a . W h atever s ub tle cr eate d th i ng th e yo gi d e s ir es ,

af t er tr ans cen d in g th e s ub tl e co n d i tions o f th es e s ev en o b j e ct s ,

i n th at v er y th i ng h e m eets hi s e x ti n cti o n , 0 king ! He

m e e ts his e x ti nction in th e b o d i es of g od s or A s ur as , -
or of

Gand ar v as , Naga s , or k
Ra s h as a s ; n ow h er e d oe s h e g ai n an y

att ach m ent .

W h er e m inu tenes s , and li gh tn ess fi" r eatn e s s

g th e p o w er
and

of
g ev er y th ing , fr eed om of w ill ;
obtaini n an d lor d s h i p , an d

m a gical d om in ati on and ag ain s elf-m or tificati on ar e— o ne fin d s

th es e ei gh t s o v er ei g n-li ke qu liti es fully in d i t uni n w i th
a ca e o

th e S upr em e S pir , e it 1 0 k in g T h qu ality f m inutenes s i s f ar

. o

s ub tl er th an th e s ub tle ; li h tn es s m eans s w if tne s s

g gr eatn e s s
cons i s ts in b ein g uni v er s ally r e v er en ced th e p ow er o f o b t ai n

in g ev erythi n g , ina s m uch as n o th i n

g i s i m p o s s ib l e of o b ta i n
m en t b y h i m ; fr eed om of will cons i s ts in h i s p ow er o f er v ad in
g p
a l l thi n s ; an d l or d s h i
g p in a s m uch as h e i s lor d ; m a gi cal
d om in ati on in d ee d , th e yog i s s ev enth qu a li ty cons is ts in h i s
’

s u bj u atin
g g thi ngs ; w h er e th e w is h es a r e s aid to r em ain
s tationa r
”
y, § th er e i s s elf-m or tification B y th es e cau s es of .

s ov er eig nty I h av e d ecl ar ed 0 ing ! in ei gh t p oin ts th e k

in d i cator y m ar k s flf of th e yog i s fin al em anci ati on fr om
’
p
e x i s ten ce , an d of hi s s ubli m e uni on w ith th e S u r em e S ir it
p p .

T h encefo r th f or hi m th e r e i s no bir th , n or gr owt h , nor

d eath ; h e n ei th er d ecays n or d o es he a l t er ; n eith er fr o m

B hur an d th e o th er w or ld s , nor f rom th e f am i ly of cr eate d

b eing s , d oes h e ex p er ience s ev er ance , or m oi s tur e , or burni ng

or d r yn es s ; n or is h e cap ti v at e d by s oun d s or oth er s ens u a l
i mp res sions ; n or do s ound s a nd oth er i mp r ess ions e x is t for

L ag him é .

1 Pr ékamya
"
.

I Nir -v éna .

5 B ut b etter , f or ap yu ktam r ead s a nty a ktam ? W h e r e th e j

ob e cts o f th e
”
wis h es are r enounced .

HF or yatr a r ead ta tr a
’
1T S a ms fic aka a w or d not in t h e d ic ti o na r y .

26
2 02 CANT O XL I .

hi m ; on e who e x p er i en ce s t h em is not uni t e d wi th th em .

F or a s anim p ur e lum p of g old , w h en i t s im p uri ti e s ar e p ur g

ed aw a
y b y fir e, uni tes wi th a noth er lum p int o on e , and
u n d er g o es n o di ff er en ce ev en s o t h e as ceti c , w h en hi s f aul ts

ar e bur nt o ut b y th e fir e o f r el i g ious d ev o t i o n , uni t es w ith

B r ah m a As fir e w h en thr o w n in to fir e m a y a t t ain s am en es s
.

a n d , b ear in
g th e s am e n am e a n d h avi n g th e s am e s ub s tance
m ay no t b e p er cei v e d b y any d i s ti n cti on ; ev e n s o th e yogi ,
w h en h is s t ain s ar e b ur nt aw a , att a in s t o u ni o n w i th s up r e m e
y
B r ah m a , an d n ev er
quir es a s ep ar a t e exi s ten ce , 0 k ing
ac

As w h en thr o wn in to w at er un i t es , s o th e yog i s s oul

’
w at er
attains to s am en es s in th e S up r em e S ou l .

C ANT O X L I .

T he Y ogi s r eli
g io us co u rs e .

D a ttatr eya p ound s to A la r ka ho w i h ld li

ea
g s o u
a
yo v e —
fr om
who m he s ho uld ga ther his a lm s — w ha t his a lm s s hould be —
ho w
he s ho uld ea t af ter wo r s h i
pp ing the v e vi ta l
fi a ir s —
w ha t his
li gious obliga tions a r e a nd how he att a i ns
re to fina l em a nci a
—

p
t io n f r om exis ten ce .

A lar k a s o
p k e .

A d or ab le S ir I d es ir e t o h ear th or ou h l a b out
g y a yog i 8

r eli
g i ou s cour s e, s in c e th e yo g i w hil e p ur s ui n g th e w ay to
k
B r ahm a d o e s n ot s in into d es p on d enc
y .

D a tt étr eya s po k e .

R es p ect an d
di s r es p e ct , w hi ch tw o th in s caus e m en lea
g p
s ur e an d di s tr e s s , t h es e ar e o i t d effe ct t h e
yog i s fin al
’
pp o s e s an

b lis s R es p ect an d
di s r es p ect , th es e t w o thi n s m en in d eed
g
.

d e s cr ib e a s p oi s on an d am b r o s i a ; of th em d i sr es ect i s am
p
b r o s i a , b ut r es p ect i s a d ir e p oi s on .

He s h oul d
p lan t h is foot aft er i t is p ur ified b hi s e e he
y y
s h o ul d d r in k water th at h as b een p ur ifie d thr ou h cloth
g he
 A Y oei s RU L E S O F L I FE
’
. 2 03

s h ould us e s p eeth at i s pur ifie d with tr uth ;

ch and h e sh ould
m ed itate on wh at i s p ur ifie d b y th e i ntellect .

T h e yogi s h ou ld n o w h er e b ecom e a g ues t, nor a ttend

sr ad d h as , or s acr i fices , p ilg r im ag es to th e g o d s , or fes tivals ,

nor vi s it th e b an k er for th e s a e of anyk a d v ant ag e . T h e yogi
s h ould r oam abo ut for alm s am ong wh at i s fl ung away, a m ong

wh at i s sm o keles s ,
w h er e th e g ch ar coal is e x ti ng ui s h ed ,
a m on

all p eop le wh o h av e eate n , b u t n ot c ons tantly am ong al l th e

thr ee T h e yogi s h oul d n ot m ov e ab out occupi ed in r elig ious

.

m ed i tation an d s
p oili ng th e p ath of th e g oo d , s o as th at fol k
sh ould d es pi s e hi m or tr eat hi m w ith di s res p ect . He s h ould

s ee k his alm s am on g h ous e -h old er s , and at th e h ous es of

v a r ant
g m en di can ts h is li v e lih oo d i s d ecl ar e d to be th e b es t
and fir s t o ne . Al s o th e a s ce ti c s h oul d ever r es ort t o m od es t,
f aithf ul , tr anquil a nd hi gh -s oul ed b r ah m an h ous eh old er s wh o
ar e l ear ned in th e V ed as ab ov e a n d after th em , to un corr upt
and n on -outcas te d m en . T h e p r a ctice of s ee ing alm s am ong k
m en of no cas te i s th e l a s t liv e lih o o d h e s h ou ld wi s h for .

A lm s cons i s ts of r i ce -g r u el , + or d i lu te b utter -m il ki , m il ko r

b ar ley-gr uel, § fr ui t , r oo ts , or p an i c s ee d , “ gr ain , oi l- ca ke , an d

m eal A nd th es e fin e a r ti cl e s of foo d , an d
. ar e
yog i caus e a

ob tain f eli city A m u ni s h o ul e m p lo

to . d y th em wi th f aith
an d wi th th e m os t p er fect m e d i t ati o n .

H
avin k
g fir s t t a en on e s i p of w at er , let hi m r em ain s ilent
w ith m ind co m p os e d ; an d th en i s pr es cr i be d the fir s t oblatio n
to th e v i ta l a ir ca lle d P r ana fif a nd th e s e cond s h o uld b e to th e
v ital air A p ana an d th e n ex t to th a t called S am -éna ; f f

1 F or
‘
y a v d gtim r ea d yavd gus T h e d icti on ar y g ives this wor d as f em .
, and
’
yavd gznn s ee m s an im p os s ib l e neuter .

I T akr am .

Y év aka .

P riyangu, P a ni cum i tal i cum , ( Roxb .

p .

1[ Pr ena ; thi s h as i ts s eat i n th e lu ng s , a nd e xp r e s s es

pr e-em inently lif e
and vi tali ty .

1” A pana ; the v ital air th at g oes d ow nwar d s , a nd o ut at the anus .

H S am -ana th e vi tal air th a t cir c ul a tes ab o ut th e navel, and is es s ential to

d ig estion .
2 04 C ANT O X L I .

th e four th to th at call e d U d -an a an d th e fifth to th at call e d

V y- ana 1r . H av in g p er for m ed thes e o bla ti ons

p ar ately, w hile
se

r e s tr ai ni n g hi s br eath , h e s h o uld a t l en th eat accor d i n

g g to
h i s i nclin ati o n . H e s h ou ld d r i n k w at er o n ce a g ain , an d after
r in s in o ut hi s m ou th , h e s h oul d t ou ch h i s h ea r t
g .

H on es ty an d s an ctity, s elf - s acr ifice , and u n cov et o u s ne s s ,

a nd h ar m l es s n es s ar e th e fiv e p r in ci
p al r eli
gi ou s o b li g ati on s

of m en d i can ts . F r ee d o m fr om an g er , r ev er en ce t o w ar d s g ur u s ,

p ur ity, ab s t em i o u s n e s s i n fo o d , a n d con s t ant s tu d y of th e

V e d as — th es e ar e th e fiv e w ell - n ow n k b n O s er v a ces . H e s h ould
d e v ote h i m s e lf t o es s ent i al kn w l d g w hi h
o e e, c ca n e ff ect his
j
o b e ct s f or th e m ultip li ci ty o f kn w l d g th t
o e e a e x i s ts h er e i s
a hi n d r an ce t o r eli
g io us m e di tati o n . H e wh o a ct s wi th th e
thi r s t, th at h e ou g h t to kn ow thi s an d he ou k
gh t to n ow th at ,
m a y p er h a p s n ev er g ai n th at kno w l ed g e i n th ou s an d s of a g es .

D i s car d i ng as s oci ati on s , s u b d ui ng an g er , e atin

g s p ar ing ly ,
and co ntr olling hi s he s h o uld
g ul ate th e g at e s of
or g an s , re

hi s bod y b y th e i nt ell ect , a n d a p p ly th e un d er s t an d in g to

p r of oun d con tem p la ti o n T h e yo gi w h o i s c on s tan tly o con

.

p i e d wi th r e li g i o u s m e di t ati on s h o uld a lw a
ys h av e d ue re

co u r s e to p r of oun d con t em p la ti on , i n em
p ty p l ace s a n d in
cav e s a n d in f or es ts . C o nt r o l o v er th e s p eech , con tr o l o v er

th e a cti o n s , an d co ntr ol o v er t h e m in d , ar e t h e th r e e contr ols

h e w h o in v ar i ab ly p os s e s s es th e s e co n tr o l s is a
g r eat thr ee
con tr ol
’
a s ce ti c . W ho 0 , king ,
is
g r eeabl e,
a an d w h o i s d i s

a
g r eea ble t o hi m to w h om a ll thi s un i v er s e b o th
, r ea l a n d
unr eal , an d co m p os e d of
g o o d qu ali ti es an d b a d q ualiti es , i s
co m p o s e d of th e S u r em e S o u l
p
W h en h e w h os e i n t ell ect i s p ur ifie d , t o w h om cl o d s and

g old ar e al ik e , an d w h o s e m in d i s th u s com p os e d t ow ar d s a ll
cr eat e d th i n s , c o m r eh en d s th e s u p r em e eter n a l a n d i m
g p
m u tab l e to b e th ep r em e cond i ti on h e ceas es to b e b or n
su

ag ai n . T h e V ed a s a n d al l s a cr i fices a n d cer em o n i es a r e v er
y
g o od p r a yer i s b ett er th an s acr ifice an d th e p ath o f n o w k
U d -ana ; th e v i tal air th at r i s e s up t h e t h r o at an d
p a s s e s i nt o th e h ea d
1 V y 4111 9 ; th e vi tal air th at circulates or is d iff us e d th r o u h t h e
'
4

g bod y
 E XP O S I T I O N OE T HE W O RD O M . 20 5

le d ge th an p r a yer ; an d p r ofound contem plati on cut off fr om

as s oci ati on s an d f eel i ng s i s better th an no w l ed g e k w h en th at

is att ai n e d ,
th e e ter n al i s g ained H e wh o i s com p os ed i n
.

m i n d , w h o i s i nt e nt on B r ah m a , w h o i s a ttentiv e , an d p ur e , ,

w h o s e d el i gh t i s concen tr at e d o n o n e o b e ct , an d j who co ntr o l s

hi s o r g an s — th at h i gh - s ou le d m an m ay co m p as s thi s yo g a or

r e li g i ou s m ed i t ati on ; th er eup on h e g ai n s fin a l e m an cip ati on

from ex i s ten ce thr ough h i s o w n r eli g iou s m ed itation .

C ANT O X LI I .

E xp os i ti on o f the w or d Om wi th r egar d to the

L aw o f Re li gi ous D evoti on .

D a ttd tr eya exp ound s the comp os i ti on, m ea ni ng a nd e lfica cy of the

s a cr e d wor d
“
0m —
I t d es i gn a tes the S up r em e S oul B r a hm a ;

a nd thor ough comp r ehens io n f

o it and m ed i ta ti on on i t br i ng

fina l a bs orp ti on i n to B r a hm a .

D a t tatr e ya s po k e .

T h e yog i w h o li v e s th u s , r i g h tly b u s i ed i n r el i gi ou s d e v o
ti on , ca nn ot b e tu r n ed a w ay ev en b y h un d r e d s o f oth er li v es .

A nd h e h as b eh eld th e S u p r e m e S oul , v i s ible , ex i s ti ng

w h en

in all fo r m s , w h o s e f e et a nd h ea d an d neck th e uni v er s e

co m p os e s , th e lor d an d cr e a to r of th e un i v e r s e , le t h i m i n
o r d e r t o a tt ai n t h er et o u tter th e one m i gh ty and h o ly s yll ab l e
OM L et it b e hi s s tu d y as h e li s ten s t o i t s tr u e f or m .

A an d U an d M ar e i ts thr e e letter s th es e ar e it s th r ee

i n s tants ; th ey ar e ch ar act er i z e d b y g oo d n e s s , p as s i o n an d

i g n or ance . A nd an o th er , a h alf wh i ch h as its s ea t

on th e t op of the s
ylla ble, i s w ith o ut qu ality an d c an b e
un d er s t o o d b y yo g i s only I t i s called g an d h ar i fi a s i t i s to
.

be utter e d i n th e g an d h ar a n o te i B eing p r onoun ced it

A nus v ar a , in to w h ich th e M m ay b e co nv er te d P

t A m ean ing n ot i n th e d ict ion a r y .

1 S ee no te p a g e 1 30 .
2 06 C ANT O XL I I .

r each es th e h ead , an d it c on v e ys th e f eel ing o f ants m ov ing

over the bod y .

A s th e s yll ab le O M b eing pr onoun ced r e ach e s th e h e a d , t h e

yo gi wh o i s los t i n m ed itati on of O M s h o ul d b ecom e uni ted

wi th B r ah m a , th e S u pr em e S oul . Lif e i s h i s b o w , th e s oul is

h i s ar r ow , B r ah m a i s th e t ar g et s ubl i m e I t i s t o b e p i er ced
.

b y th e h ee d ful m an ; h e s h o ul d b e un i t ed w ith B r ah m a , a s

th e ar r o w becom es em bed d ed i n the ta r get .

T he s yll ab le OM, con s i s tin

g of th r e e an d a h alf i n s tants ,
s h oul d be kn ow n i n i t s tr u e s en s e as th e thr ee V ed a s —
th e
'
Ric , Sim a a nd Y a j u s — th e th r ee w or ld s th e th r ee fir es , and

the thr ee d ei ti es V i s h nu , B r ah m a an d S iv a . A n d th e yogi ,

r eli
who is ab s or b e d in g i ou s m e d i tati on th er e on , m ay ob tai n

ex ti n cti on th er ein .

M or e o v er th e l etter A i s d es i gnated th e bh ur -l o k a , or t err e s

tr i al w or ld and th e l etter U th e b h uv ar -l o ka , o r at m os p h er i c

w or ld an d th e l etter M wi th i t s n as a l m ar ki s d eci d e d to b e
th e s v ar -l o k a, or cel es ti al w or l d . N ow t h e fir s t i ns tant i s
c alle d th e d i s cr et e , * an d th e s e co n d th e in d i s cr et e , an d th e
th ir d i n s t ant i s th e i n tell ectu a l f a cu l ty ; f th e h alf i n s tant i s
th e hi gh es t ab od e 1 I n th i s v er y or d er m u s t th es e s ta g es of
‘

r e li
giou s m e d it ation b e nown k . By u tt er in g th e w or d OM,
e v er t hin
y g b oth ex i s t ent an d n on - e x i s t e n t m ay b e g r a s p e d .

N ow th e fir s t i n s ta nt i s s h or t , th e s econ d i s l on g , an d th e
thir d is p r o lated , a nd th e h alf in s t ant i s not co g ni s ant to

s p e e ch .

S u ch i s th i s w or d . B r ah m a i s d es i gnat ed th e S upr em e
”
Om . T h e m an w h o t r uly u n d er s t an d s i t an d f ur th er
m ed itates on it , p in g th e
es ca cir cl e of m un d an e e x i s t en ce

cas ts O ff th e th r ee -fold b on d s , g a in s sub lim e ex ti n cti on

a nd

i n B r ah m a , th e S u p r em e S oul A n d h e wh o i s b oun d wi th
th e un con s um e d r esults of h i s a cti on s , af t er e x
p er i en ci n g d eath
th r o u gh ill o m en s an d r eco ll ect in
g i t at th e ti m e of his

V y ak ta .

’ '
f C h a kti
’
i c -
c .

1 F in al e m a nci p atio n f rom e xi s te nce .

A r i s h ta tas .
 ILL OM E Ns P RE SAGI NG D E AT H . 2 07

de p ar tur e ,
attains to a yogi s cond ition again .
Hence by
m eans of im p er f ect r el i g io us d ev oti on , or ag ain by p erfected
r eli gi o us d ev otion, ar e al w a
ys to b e known th e ill om en s ,

so th at h e d oes not s in k i nto d es pond en c

y at th e tim e of hi s

de p ar tur e .

C ANT O X I I I L .

An a cco unt o f I ll O m ens .

D attd treya m en tions the s i gns o f pp r oachi ng a nd i mp end ivi g

a

d ea th, whi ch ar e p ar tly na tur a l p henom ena a nd p ar tly

d ream s— also the app r op r i a te s eas ons f or re li gi ous d evoti on— a nd

by vai i ous s i m i les a nd ap op hthegm s i ndi ca tes how fina l em a n

cip ati on f r om exi s tence i s to be a tta i ned
—
Alar ka thanks D a ttd
i r ega for a ll the i ns tr ucti on goi ng to the king
a nd ,
f Kd éi
o and

S ubd hu, reli nqui s hes hi s ki ngd om i n thei r f avour .

i tr eya
D att z spo k e .

Lis ten M ah a aj r
'

a. I w ill d ecl ar e th o s e i ll om ens to thee,

by cons i d er in g w hi ch th e yog i kn ow s his o wn d eath .

T h e m an wh o d oes n ot s e e th e p ath th e g od s ) “ th e ole

of p
V enus , th e m oon
’
s tar , th e planet s s h a d o w and th e m or nin
g
s t ar , 1 m ay
'
not li v e m or e th an a
year . T h e m an, wh o s ee s th e
or b d ev oid of an d fir e e n cir cled wi th
’
s un s ra
ys ys , d oes
ra

n ot liv e m or e th an el ev e n m onth s . H e, wh o i n h is d r eam s

cl ear ly p er ceiv es gold and s ilv er i n h is v omi t and in his ur ine
and faeces , m ay li v e t en m o nth s H e wh o s ees d ep ar ted .

per s ons , Pis a

’ '
c as an d o th er d em ons and th e cities of th e

Gand h ar vas and g o ld en - co l o ur e d b ull s , liv es nine m onth s .

H e wh o w h en s t o ut b ecom es th in , an d w h en th in b ecom es
s tout qui te un a ccoun t ably, a nd l os es hi s n atur al functions ,
o

liv es f or eigh t m onth s H e , w h os e foot b ecom es cr ac ed at

. k
th e h eel or at th e toe in d u s t an d i n m u d , lives sev en m onths .

D eva -m ér g a s ai d to m ean th e p eni s or anus .

1 Am nd hati
‘
.
2 08 C ANT O XL I I I .

If a v ultur e , a p i g eon , a r a v en , or a cr ow , or a h aw k , or a

lif e
’
b lu e bir d al igh t s on on e s h ea d , th at i n d i ca t es a of s ix

m o n th s . W h en a m an i s as s aile d by fl o c k s of cr o w s or a

s h ow er of d us t , or w h en h e s ees hi s s h a d o w unn a tur al, he

l iv es fo ur or fiv e m onth s . W h en he s ees li g h tn i n g fl as hin g
i n th e s o uth in a clo ud le s s sk
y, o r s e e s a r ain b ow at ni
g h t,
hi s lif e w i ll las t tw o or thr e e m o n th s . He who cann o t s ee hi s

o wn b o d y in cl ar ifie d b u tter , i n o il, in a m i r r or , or in w at er ,

or w ho s e es i t h ea d -l es s , d o es n ot li v e m or e t h an a m o nth .

W h en th e s m e ll fr o m a yo g i 5 b od y r es em b l es th a t of a
g oat
or th e s m ell fr om a co r p s e , kn
0 ki n g th a t hi s l if e
ow wil l b e
h alf a m on th . W h en ’
o n e s b r e as t a n d fo o t d r y u p i m m e
d i a t e ly a ft er h e h as b a th e d , a n d w h en w at er d oes n ot

qu ench hi s thir s t as h e d r ink s , h e li v es t en d a ys .

W h en th e win d a s i t s tr i es on e cut s o ne s ’
k vi tal s , an d

w h en on e f e el s no d eli g h t fr o m t h e t ou ch of d r op s of w ater ,
hi s d e ath h as ar r i v e d . W h oe v er s its on a b ear , a m on k e
y or
a car r i a g e , an dg o es s ing in g t o w ar d s th e s o u th in h i s s lee ,
p
for hi m d e ath b r oo k s no d el ay . H e w ho m a w om an cl a d in
r ed or b l ac k r aim en t , an d s in gi n
g an d l au ghin g , car r i es off to
th e s o u th i n hi s s l ee
p , h e wi ll li v e n o l ong er H e wh o s ees .

a s i ng l e p o w er f u l n a k e d m en di can t l au h i n
g g an d l eap i ng in
hi s s l e e p m ay fin d d eat h i m p en d i ng . T he m an , who s ee s h im
s elf s un k to th e cr o wn of h is h ea d i n a s ea of m u d in his
s l ee
p , d i es at on ce . An d h e, w h o s ees c h ar co a l am id s t th e
h ai r o f th e h ea d , or a s h e s or a w ater l e s s r iv er i s s ui n g fr om a

s er p ent , in h i s s l ee p , w i ll a ft er t en d a ys d i e on th e e l ev e nth

d ay . He ,
who in his s l eep i s b ea ten wi th s to nes b y f or m i
d abl e an d hid eou s b l ac km en who r ai s e th ei r w e ap on s a l oft,

m ay d i e at o n ce . H e , in fr on t of w h om a s h e- ac j k al r un s

h ow ling at s un —r i s e , w h eth er m eeting h i m

p as s i n g hi m ,
or

d i es at o nce . H e, W h os e h ear t i s p o s s es s ed wi th h u ng er
i m m edi ately af ter h e h as e at en , an d w h o s e t eeth ch a tter , h as
wi th out d oub t* r e a ch e d th e end of h i s lif e . H e w h o d oes n ot

s m ell of a la m p ,
p er cei v e th e a nd w h o i s t er r ifie d i n th e d a
y

’
F or s a m aa ya m r ea d s a m f a ya h
 ILL O M E NS P RE SAGI NG D E AT H . 209

as w ell as at ni gh t , an d w h o d oes not s ee h im s elf re flected i n

H e , wh o h as b oth a r ai n
’
a noth er s e es , li v es no lo ng er s een
y .

b o w at m id ni gh t an d all th e pl anets i n t h e d ay-ti m e , s h oul d

as a s en s i b l e m an d eem h i s life con s u m e d aw ay . H e , w h os e
nos e b ecom es cr oo k ed ,
an d w h os e e ar s b en d d ow n o r s ti c k up ,

and w h os e l eft ye w at er s , h a s los t h is lif e

e W h en hi s face .

b ecom es r ed d i s h , or hi s tong ue bl ac , a w is e m an s h o u ld k
know th at h i s d eath i s im p en d in g . A nd o n e s h o uld know
th at h e, wh o i n hi s s l eep j our neys t o th e s outh on a cam el , o r

an as s , or a car r i ag e , w ill di e o utr i gh t . H e, wh o cann o t

h ear hi s own m ur m ur i ng w h e n h e s h u ts h is ear s , and who

ca nn ot s ee th e li gh t w ith his ye s , l iv e s in d ee d n o l on g er
e .

He ov er w h om a d oor is cl os e d aft er h e h a s f al l en i nto a p i t ,

an d who canno t r is e up f r o m th e h ol e , i n h i s s l ee p , hi s lif e

“
en d s th er eat . S i gh t d ir e cted u p w ar d s and un s t ea d y fi and
bloo d -s h ot and r o lling ar o un d ,
an d w ar m th in th e m ou th , an d

d r yn es s at th e p r ogn os ti cate a n ew b o d y for m en

n av el He .

wh o in h is s leep m a y enter th e fir e, an d n ot com e o ut th er e

fr o m , or if h e s i m i lar ly e nter s w at er , hi s l if e en d s th er eat .

T h e m an w h o is a ttac k ed by ev il s p ir its at ni
gh t by d ay,
or

w ith o ut d oub t m eets d eath at th e en d of th e s ev e nth ni g h t .

O ne s h oul d p r on oun ce th a t d e ath i s i m p en d i ng o v er th e

m an w h o s ee s hi s o w n cl e an w hi t e clo thi ng r e d or b l a c k .

’
“
A r ev olu ti on i n m en s n atur al d i s p o s i ti on an d a r ev er s al

in th eir n atur e p r ocl aim alw ays th at Y am a an d D eath ar e at

h an d as w h e n a m an d e s p i s e s an d r ev iles th os e v er y p er s on s

t o w h o m h e h as alw a
ys b een w ell-b eh av ed , an d W h om h e h a s

co n s id e r e d m o s t d es erv ing of hi s r ev er en ce ; w h en h e d oes

no t w or s h i p th e g od s ; w h en he ab u s es th e a g ed , th e g ur u s
a n d br ah m an s a n d w h en h e s h o w s n o i n d tr eatm ent to hi s k
m oth er , f a th er , o r s o n s -in -l aw , or to yog i s s kill ed i n lea r ni n g
or to o t h er h ig h -s oul ed m en . B ut wh en th e tim e ar r i v es ,

wi s e m ent m u s t un d er s tand th at .

An d yogi s m u s t a lw a
ys d ilig en tly un d er s tan d at th e clo s e

S a m pr ati s h th a ; not i n th e d i ctiona ry .

r ea d 7
1 F or p wru s has p a r a s ha i s
' '
.
210 C ANT O XL I I I .

of th e ye ar t h at ill om e n s p r o d u ce th eir r e s ults d ay an d night ,

0 ki n g . A nd th e ob v i ou s v er y for m id ab l e s er i es o f r e s ult s

th er ef r om m u s t be co n s i d e r e d an d h av in g as cer tai n e d th e m ,

he s h oul d fix th at ti m e i n h is m i nd , 0 king . An d h av ing

a s cer tai n e d t h a t ti m e a ccur at ely, th e yo g i s h o ul d r e s or t to a

s af ep l a ce an d a
pp ly hi m s e lf t o r eli g i o us d ev oti on , s o th at
th at ti m e m ay n o t b e fr ui tl es s to hi m A n d th e yogi h av i n g
.

b eh eld th e ill o m en an d ab an d o n i ng th e f ear of d eath , an d

i t h as co m e aft er a l ong
h av i n g re
g ar d e d th en i ts n atur e , as

ti m e , s h o ul d app ly h i m s elf t o r e li
giou s d ev oti on as an
a d ep t th er ein i n j ust th at p ar t of th e d ay, b oth in th e for e
n oon , a n d in th e af ter -n o on an d at m id - d ay on th at d ay . Or
w h er e h e h a s s een th a t i l l om en d ur ing a p ar t o f th e ni gh t,
t h er e h e s h o uld gi ou s
en g a g e in r eli d ev ot i on until th at
d a y ar r i v es T h en a b and on ing all f ear , a n d m as ter i ng that
.

t im e s elf - con tr ol l e d , h e s h oul d s tay i n th at h ab it ati on or

w h er ev er h e f e el s hi s s ou l fir m , an d e n g a g e in r eli
gi ou s m ed i t a
ti o n on t h e S u p r e m e S o ul after o v e r c om in g th e th r ee qu aliti es

a nd w h en hi s s oul gr ow s com p os e d of th e S u p r em e S oul , h e

s h oul d ceas e ev en fr om th e u s e o f h i s m in d T h er eup on h e .

atta in s t o th at s ubli m e ab s o r p ti on in t o t h e S up r em e S oul,

w hi ch i s b eyon d th e s en s es , w hi ch tr an s cen d s th e intellect
an d w h i ch i s un s p e a k ab l e .

A ll th i s I h av e d e clar ed to th ee, Al ar k a , in its r eal me aning .

H e ar k en t o m e b r iefl y h ow th o u m ayes t a tta in to th at

B r ah m a .

T h e m o on -s ton e d oes n ot e m it w at er , if untou ch e d by th e

“

ra
ys of th e m oon ; th a t i s a w ell kn own s i m ile for a yo g i .

T h at th e s un - s t on e as l on g as it r e m ain s u ntou ch ed by th e
r ays of th e d o es n ot em i t fir e , i s al s o a s i m i le for
s un
yog i a .

A nt s , r at s , i ch n eum on s , h ou s e -li z ar d s , an d s ar r ow s in h ab it a
p
h o u s e li k e th e o wn er o f i t, and w h en it i s b r o k en d own th ey

g o el s e w h er e b ut s in ce th ey fe el n o s uch
p ain at th e d es tr u o
t i on of th at h ou s e as th e o w ner feels , k
0 i ng ; th at s i mi le
t o th e yog i p er f ect b li s s A n a nt, th ou gh i t i s com os
’

p oi nt s s .

p
e d of ear th an d h as b ut a s m all b od y, con s tr u cts a h eavy h eap

of e ar th wi t h th e s till m inuter p oint of i ts m outh th at i s a

 AL ARKA T HANKS DAT ’I ‘AT RE YA . 21 1

l es s on for yogi
a W h en yog is s ee a tr ee, clothed wi th leav e s
.

fl ow er s an d fr uit, b ein
g d es tr oy ed b y cattle, bir d s , m en and
o th er cr eatur es
,
th ey b eco m e p er f ected W h en a yogi s ees th e .

t en d er h orns of th e
youn g r ur u d eer , w hi ch loo m er ely l i e k k
th e for eh ead -m ar k
g rowi ng tog e th er w ith him , h e m ay attai n
,

fin al b ea ti tu d e Wh en a yogi ta es a v es s el full of li quid

. k
f r om a m oun d on th e ear th , an d w h en h e s ees th e h u m an
b od y to weri ng up high , w h at h a s h e n ot l ear nt W h en a

yogi h a s tr uly und er s too d th e effor t th at a m an m a es , w h en k

al l hi s w ealth sufii ci ent for hi s li v in
g h as b een d ug up , h e
h as attain ed s u cces s T h a t i s one s h ous e w h er e on e d w ell s
’
.

th at i s f ood on w hi ch on e liv es a nd th at i s w ealth by

w hi ch p ro s p er s ; th at i s h ap p i nes s when one thinks w h at
on e

s elf -int er es t h av e I in thi s m atter ’

Jus t as a m an, alth oug h
.

h e is im p or tun ed by hi s or g an s , accom plish es hi s j

ob e ct by
th eir m eans , so a yog i m a y accom p li s h hi s high es t ai m by
m eans of th e intellect an d oth er faculti es of oth er p ers on s .

Ja da s po k e .

T h en ki ng A la k a p r r os tr at e d him s elf befor e A tr i

’
s s on, an d

b ow ing cour teou sly and filled wi th intens e j oy, s p o ke th u s

po e Al ar k a s k .

0 j oy ! th at thi s m os t s or e d r ead , w hich h as s pr un g fr om

m y d efeat b y m y foes , an d w hich h as r end er ed m e anx i ous
ab ou t m y lif e, h as b e en cau s ed b y th e g od s , O br ahm an
0 j oy, th at th e v i ctori ou s att ac kf r om th e im m ens e h os ts of

th e king of Kaéi (r o uted by w hi ch I h ave co m e h er e) h as

br oug ht ab out for m e th i s m ee ting wi th th ee ! 0 j oy ,
th at
my k
y w as wea ! 0 j oy, t h at m y d e end ants w er e s l ai n
ar m p
0 j oy, th at m y tr eas ur y b ecam e exh aus ted ! 0 j oy th a t I
r ew t err ified ! 0 j o y, th at t hy f eet cam e to m y r ecoll e c
g
ti on ! 0 j oy, th at all th y w or d s h av e f ound an ab o d e in m y
m in d ! 0 th at I h av e b oth g ai ne d know l e d g e fr o m
64s j oy,

m eeting with th ee, S ir ! 0 j oy ,

th at th ou h as t al s o s h o wn

co m p a s s i on to m e , 0 b r ah m an !
“
A lth ough d es titut e a m an attain s s u cces s at th e au s pi

ci ous r i s e of th e S oul , j us t as th i s cal am ity tend s to m y b enefit

21 2 C ANT O XL I I I .

th r o u g h m y m eetin g S ubah u i s m y b enefactor ,

w ith th ee .

an d s o al s o i s K asi s l or d , t h r ou gh b oth of w h om I h av e com e

’

t o th y p r e s ence, 0 n ob l e l or d of th e yo g i s N ow I h av e h ad .

th e s t ai ns of i g nor ance bur nt o ut by th e fir e of t h y f av our .

I w i ll th at I m ay not b eco m e s u ch a v e s s el
s o s tr i v e of m i s er y .

I wi ll qu it m y p os i ti on as a h ou s eh ol d er , w hi ch i s a for es t of

tr ee s of p ain , on r e cei v in
g p er m i s s io n fr om th ee , m y hi gh
s ou l e d i n s tr u ct er in w i s d om .

D attatr eya s p o e k .

D ep ar t 0 k
ing f ar e th ee w ell A s I h av e d ecl ar ed unto
t h ee , s o d o th o u p r a cti s e , fr ee fr om eg oti s m , fr e e fr om p r id e,
”
in or d e r t o att ai n t o fi n a l e m an i i
c p at o n fr o m e x i s t enc e .

Ja d a spo k e .

T h us d r es s ed h e p r os tr at ed h i m s elf b efor e th at M uni ,

ad

an d h a s t en e d to w h er e t h e k
i n g of Kasi an d hi s eld er b r oth er
S ub ah u wer e . A l ar ka h a s t eni n g n ear sm ili n g ly ad d r es s ed
th e k in g of K an, th at v ali an t h er o , i n
p r es en ce o f th e
S ub ah u k
0 i n g of K as i , w h o d e s ir e s t m y k i ng d o m , en j oy
'

th ou th e m i g h ty k i n g d o m e v en a s i t p le as es th e e, or i v e i t
g
”
t o S ub ah u I

T he kin g of K asi s p o ke .

W hy, 0 A lar k a ! h as t th o u
qui s h ed th e ki ng d om r e lin

w itho u t a c ontes t T h i s i s n o t r i g h t f or a s h atr iya ; a n d k

th ou , S ir , k
n o w es t th e l aw of th e s h atr iyas W h en hi s k .

co un s ello r s ar e v an qu i s h e d ,
a king s h ould a b an d on t h e fear
of d e ath , and fix hi s a r r o w ai m i n at his e n em his tar g et
g y as .

H av in g c o n q u er e d him , a k in g s h ou l d c er ta inl
y e nj oy th e
ch o i ce d e li g h ts of hi s d es ir e , a nd s ho ul d s acr ifice wi th lar g e
”
s a cr ifices in o r d er to ga i n fin al b li s s .

A l ar k a S o
p k e .

E v en of thi s v er n atu r e w as m y m i n d b efor e 0 her o

y ,

Now m y ob j ect i s ch a n
g ed , an d d o th o u h e ar th e ca u s e . As
th i s bod y i s an a gg r e g at e f or m ed of th e e l e m e nt s , s o i s th e
h e ar t of m en , an d s o ar e all th e qu ali ti es li k ew i s e e v en a m on
g
a ll ani m al s S i n ce th i s i ntelle ctual facult i s s i n le in d eed
y g
.

an d th er e is no oth er , h o w th en d o es now le d e cr eat e th e

g
k
 S UB AHU S JO Y AT 213
’ ’
AL ARKA S AW AKE NI NG
‘

con d ition o f fr ie nd an d e nem ,

y of lor d an d s erv ant I fe l l
i nto t h at d i r e m i s er y w hi ch w a s p r o d u ced by fear of th ee,
a d
n I h av e
g ai n e d k
n ow l e d g e fr o m D a ttatr eya s fav o ur , 0
’

king . W h en o ne s ub d u e s all the s en s e s , an d ab an d o ns utt er ly

ever y as s oci ati on , an d fix es B r ah m a, in th at

’
o ne s m i nd on

vi ct or y i s th e s ub lfl es t v i ctor y . A nd s i n ce th er e i s nothi n g
els e to b e a ccom pl i s h ed in or d er to atta i n th at final b eati tu d e ,
th er efor e r e s tr ai ni ng hi s s en s e s h e att ai n s fin al b ea ti tud e . I
th en am n ot th y f o e n or ar t th ou m y enem y S ub ah u h er e
th i s wn s oul s ee k
is not m y inj ur er I h ave
. s een all as my o

th en an oth er a d v er s ar y , 0 king 1 ”

T h us h e ad d r es s ed th e king . T h en up ro s e S ub ah u d eli gh t
ed ,
an d s alutin g h i s b r oth er wi th th e wor d 0 j oy !
’
spo ke
th us to th e ki ng of K asi .

C ANT O X LI V .

Ja d a p osi ti on i n his conver s a ti on wi th hi s fa ther ( conclud ed )

’
s ex .

S a bd ha exp la i ns to the king f K elsi that i t was to r eclaim his

o

br other A la r ka to a
p r op er fr a m e of m i nd tha t he ha d i ndu ced ,

the ki ng to conqu er A lar ka — S a bd ha exp oun d s to the ki ng the

con d i ti ons f a ttai n i ng em a nci
o
fina l p a ti on fr om exi s tence, a nd
both d ep ar t— A la r ka r esi gns his ki ngd om to hi s s on, and beta king
hi m s elf to the fores t a tta i ns fi/na l blis s .

'
H er e en d s Jada s exp os i tio n to hi s father .

T he B ird s then conclud e by sayi ng tha t Ja da and his fa ther

a ttai ned final bliss .

S ubah u s p o k e .

I n th at I h av e r es or t e d t o th e e f or r ef u g e , O ti g er in g , -
k
”
I h a v e s ecur e d ev e r y o b ect j . I w ill d e p a r t . R es t th ou h app y 1

T he k in g of K asi s p o ke .

W h at j
ob e ct h as t th ou s ecur e d ,
S ir ? A nd w h at ai m

h as t th o u a tta i n e d ? D ecl ar e th at t o m e, O S ub éh u , for I

feel a k e en cur i o s ity . T h o u d i d s t s tir m e u

p, s a y i ng C on quer
2 14 C ANT O XL I V .

an d k
gi v e m e th e gr eat in g d om , th at b elong ed t o m y great
g r an d f ath er an d i s d om in at ed b y Al ar a
’
T h er eu p on I k .

a ttac k ed th e kin g d om of th i s th yyoun g er b r oth er , an d

b r oug h t thi s ar m
y for th ee . T h ere for e enj oy i t a s b efits th y

S ubah u s p o e k .

k k
0 in g of K asi , h ear en, w h y I m a d e th i s end eav our , a nd
s tir r e d th ee u p , S ir , t o an un w ont e d en d eav our T hi s m y .

br o th er , w h o un d er s tan d s tr uth is ad d i ct ed i t o unr efin ed

p l e as ur es M y tw o el d er b r oth er s ar e w i s e a n d
. un b e g ui l e d ,

b ecaus e o ur m oth er d r op p ed a d m oni ti o n in to th e ears of b oth

of th e m an d in t o m i n e , jus t as sh e d r opp ed m il k i n th eir

m outh s an d m ine d ur in g o ur inf an cy , 0 kin g . O ur m oth er

t au gh t th os e j
s ub ects , th at m en co n s id er s h ould be kn o w n,

to b oth of th em an d to m e, b ut n ot to hi m , A lar ka ,
w h o w i s h ed to b e il lu s tr i ous , 0 ki ng . A s m er ch an ts , w h o ar e

tr av ellin g for g ai n , f eel a comm on g r i ef , if on e of th em

p er i s h es , s o i s i t wi th u s , 0 in g k
S in ce h e , A lar ka , h as
.

cau gh t t h e in f atu ati on of d o m es ti c lif e,

i s p eri s hi ng , 0 an d

ki n g ; s in ce h e i s r el a t e d t o thi s m y b o d y, an d b e ar s th e id ea
o f a b r o th er ; h en ce I , co n cl u din g th at h e w o ul d o b ta in th e

p er cep ti on of p a s s i onl es s n es s th r ou g h s ufferi n g , r es or te d t o th ee ,

S ir , t o car r y o ut th e un d er ta ing k . T h er ef or e h e h as b een
br ou gh t thr ou g h d i s tr es s t o p as s i onl es s n e s s thr ou gh i n s tr uc
ti on , 0 k k
ing ; th e w or h a s b e e n a ccom p li s h e d m ayes t th ou
f ar e w ell I d e p ar t
. av i n g d w el t in M a d a
. H
l a s a s w om b , an d
h avi ng d r ank of h er b r eas t , m ay h e n ot foll o w th e p ath th at
i s tr av ell ed b y th e s on s of oth er w om en , 0 in g !
’
So I k
d eli ber at ed an d I d i d it all by r es or t in
g to th ee an d i t h a s
b een ac com pli s h ed . I wi ll a g ain k
d ep ar t t o s e e final b eati
t ud e
I do n ot ap p r ov e o f th o s e , 0 kin g ! wh o n egl ect th eir
ow n f am ily, a k in s m an , or a fr ien d , w h en th es e ar e in di fficul
ti es for , th ou gh p os s es s ed of or g ans , th ey ar e m aim ed in d eed .

'
F or b hunks hv a s va hul oc’i tam r e ad bhunks hv a sva kuloc i ta m
'
1 F or s a hto r ea d kto
‘
sa
 s us i nu s E XH O RT AT I O N
’
. 21 5

He wh o falls in to d ifficu lties W h en h e h as an abl e fr i end , or

m em b e r of hi s o wn fa m i ly , or kin s m an , th ey s h o ul d be d en i ed
ri
g h teou s n es s , w ea lth , lov e a n d fin al em an ci p ation , but h e
s hou ld n ot be d eni ed th em T h r ou g h a s s oci ati on w i th th ee,
.

0 kin g , I h av e
p li s h ed thi s g e at u n d er ta ing
a cco m W ell r k .

m ayes t th ou f ar e ! I w ill d e ar t M ay es t th ou p ar ti ci p ate

p .

k
in n o w le d g e , m o s t n ob l e hi ng

T he k i ng of K asi s p ok e .

T h ou h a s t d one a
gr eat b en efit to g oo d A l ar a ; h ow i s it k
th ou d o s t not tur n th y m in d t o b en e fit m e S i n ce a s s oci a
ti on of
g ood m en w i th goo d m en yi eld s fr u i t an d i s n ot b ar
r en , th er ef o r e I h av e a t t ai n e d th e p r os p er i ty th at i s b oun d
”
u
p wi th th y p a tr on ag e .

S u bah u s p o k e .

T h e four -fo l d aim s of m en ar e kn own as r i h t eou s n e s s ,

g
w ealth , p l eas ur e , an d fin al e m an ci p ati o n fr om ex i s t e n ce .

T h er e th o u h a s t ri
g h t eou s n e s s , w ealth an d p leas ur e, a ll o f

th em ,
—
th e l a s t i s w an tin g I wi ll s u ccin ctly ex p ou n d
. i t to
th ee ; l i s ten no w wi th s i ng l en es s of m i n d th er eto ; and h av
i ng h ear d an d r i g h tl
y d elib er ate d s tr i v e after b li s s , 0 ing k
T h ou m u s t h a v e no k
d e a li ng s , 0 i ng , wi th th e n oti on M i n e,
“ ”

”
nor th e notio n I f or wh en o n e co n s i d er s r i gh tly, r i gh t eo u s

h as corr el at i o n in t h e ab s en c e of ri
n es s no gh t eou s n es s .

W h en th ou h a s t t h ou gh t in th y s o ul , I m u s t com pr eh en d of
w h at I am w h en th ou h a s t th oug ht i n af ter ni g h ts I m us t
’
con s id er th e ex ter n al an d th e i nter n al ; th o u m u s t d i s cer n

h i m w h o s e b eg inni n g , attr i b u tes an d en d in g ar e i m p er cep

ti b l e , w h o i s ch a ng el e s s , d ev oid of i n telli g en ce , b oth p er cep

tib le an d im p er cep tib le an d th ou s h alt d i s cer n
‘
W h o am I
W h en th i s i n d eed i s d i s cern ed th ou h as t d i s cern e d ev er ything .

’
T o d i s c er n th e s ou l i n w h at i s no t s oul , an d on e s o wn pr o
thi s i s f olly I s u ch h av e
’
s o wn —
er t
y i n w h at i s n ot o ne
as
p
.

p a s s e d ev er y w h er e, 0
k in g ,
a ccor d i n g to th e i nter cou r s e of

th e w or l d . I h a v e d ecl ar e d all th i s t h a t th ou h a s t as ked

no w I d e p ar t .

H av i ng s po k en th u s to th e king of Kasi , th e wis e S ubah u

21 6 C ANT O XL I V .

d ep ar ted . A n d th e king of K aéi h aving d one ob ei s ance to

Al ar k a d ep ar t ed to his o wn ci t
y .

Al ar k a, al s o , enth r on e d hi s eld es t s o n as king , and ab and on

ing ev er y ti e r e s or t e d to th e f or es t, f or hi s o wnp er fection .

Af ter long t im e b eco m in g p ur g e d of th e

a contr ar
y qualities
an d fr ee fr o m a ll w or ldl y p os s es s i ons , h e attai n e d an un p ar al

leled p itch of r elig ious d ev oti on a n d g a in e d s up r em e and fin al

bli s s .P er cei vi n g all this uni v er s e wi th i ts g od s , d em ons and
h um an b ein g s p er p e tuall y b oun d a n d being boun d in th e
m es h es w ov en of th e qu ali ties ; b eing
d r awn by th e caus es
br oug ht in to ex i s t en ce by s ons an d o th er child r en, b
y ne h ew s p
and o th er r ela ti ons , an d by on e s
’
o wn and oth er p eople s ’

p ro
and s o for th p r es s ed wi th wo e , w e ar i ng d i v ers e
p er ty, ; op

app ear a nce s , w h olly en cl o s e d wi th in th e m u d o f ig norance,

p os s ess in g no d eli v er er ; a n d p er cei v ing hi m s elf wh olly p as s ed

b eyond , th e l ar g e -m in d ed ki ng s ang thi s s ong Alas , woe is
i t th at I o ccup i e d th e kin g d o m f or m er ly S o h av e I s in ce

l ear nt . T h er e is no h app in es s s u p er i or to r eli

gi ous d ev otion .
”

Ja d a s p o e k .

D ear f ath er , d o thou p r a cti s e t h is s ub lim e r eli gious d evo

ti on to att ain fin al e m an ci
p ation fr om exi s t ence ; wh er eby
th ou sh alt att ain t o th at S u p r em e S oul , in r each in
g whi ch
th ou s h alt n ot gr i ev e . T h en I a ls o w ill g o . W hat need h av e
I of s ac r i fices w h at n ee d o f p r ay ers A cti on in one w h o
h as att ain e d s u c ces s w or ks tow ard s r e -abs or ti on i nto the p
S up r em e S oul . O b taini n g p er m i s s i o n f r om th ee, I al so ,

fr ee fr om th e co n tr ar y qua liti es , fr e e f ro m w or ld l y p os s es si ons ,

wi ll s tr iv e af ter fin al e m an ci p ati o n th at I m a
so
y attain to

T h e bir d s s po k e .

Having th us a d d r es s e d his f ath er , an d h avin g ob tained

p er m i s s i on fr om hi m , th e w i s e Ja d a , ab an d oni n
g all w or ldl y
p
p os s es s i ons , d e ar te d , O b r éh m an H i s fath er .
al s o , wh o w as

m os t l ar g e-m i nd e d , in lik e co ur s e af ter b eco mi n a v i ne

g .

pr as th a enter ed on th e f our th s ta g e o f lif e T h er e h av i ng .

m et with his s on, and h av i ng for s a e n th e bo nd s form ed of k

 JAI M I NI AGAI N AD D RE S S ES T HE B I RD S . 217

th e q ua liti e s the , h e a tta i ned s u r em e er fectio n bein wis e

p p , g
and h av i n k
g acq ui r e d s elf - n o wle d g e a t th e s am e tim e .

A ll this h as b een d ecla r e d t o th e e , 0 b r ah m an, whi ch th ou

,

S i r , d i d as k of us —at full l en gt h and with tr uth W hat .

el s e d os t th ou d e s ir e to h ear

C ANT O X L V .

T he B i r th of B r a hm d .

Ja i m ini thanks the B i r d s f or a ll the i nf orm a tion they have gi ven

him , a nd as ks a bou t cr ea ti on, the w or ld , m a nki nd ly they & c .
,
—
In rep

r elate wha t M d r ka nd ey a had ta ug ht K r aus htu ki r egar d i ng a ll those

m a tter s , as
follows .

M oir ka ndeya ex tols thi s P ur a na as havi ng em anated from B r ahm d

and having been ha nd ed d own by em i n en t ris his— Ad or a ti on i s p aid
to B r ahmd .

T he i d enti ty f
o P r a d han a a nd P r a kr i ti i s a s s er ted — t
B r a hm c a lone

exis ted a t F r om hi m P r a d hd na , whi ch is

fi rs t— em a n a ted called the
I mp er cep ti ble— O ut of i t i s s u ed M a ha t ( the I ntellectual p r i ciple)
'

And out o f M a hat i ss u ed A ha nkd r a

p r i ncip le of I nd i vid ua li ty)
( the
wi th i ts three chara cter s , the E vo lvi ng, the M od ifyi ng, a nd the E ner
i i g T he E volvi ng A ha n kd r a cr ea ted s oun d , touch, for m , tas te a nd
n —
g e

sm ell, and thei r corr esp on d i ng elem ents , ether , a i r , li ght, wa ter and

ear th —T he M odi fyi ng A ha nkar a p r od uced the eleven hum an or

ga ns
T he cha r acter s of the elem ents ar e e xp ound ed .

M a hat a nd the other p ri n cip les p rod uced an egg, the comp osi ti on of
whi ch is d es cri bed — I t was a ni m ated by B r a hm i as the S oul, a nd i t
contai ned the uni ver s e, the god s , d em ons a nd m a n ki nd .

J ai m i n i s p o k e .

Y e h a ve w ell r el a t e d th i s t o m e , O n o b le b r ah m ans , b o th
‘

activ i t y and i na cti v i ty, th e t w o -f o ld d ee d s e n oi n e dj b y th e

fa v our ye h av e s uch
’

2 V ed a . A h , thr ou gh
y o ur f a th er s ,

kno w led g e as th i s , b y w h i ch ye h av e o v e r co m e fo lly althou gh

3 ye h av e d es cen d e d to thi s a n i m al s ta te
a pp
y . H ar e ye i n
28
218 C AN T O X LV .

t h a t yo ur m in d , yo ur p r is ti n e s t a te to w ar d s the
s te a d f as t in
a ttai nm ent of fin al e m an cip a ti o n , i s no t s w a ye d b y th e b e
w ild er m en ts th at s p r i ng f r o m ob j ect s of s en s e 0 j oy th at .

th e wi s e lor d M ar ka nd eya m a d e you kn ow n to m e as th e d i s

s i p ator s o f e v e r y d o ub t F or m en w h o w an d e r in thi s cl os el
y
t hr o n g e d m un d a n e e x i s t en ce th er e is av a il ab l e a s s oci ati on

w i th yo u r h onour s ; n ot f or as ceti cs
s u ch a s I f I aft er g ain .

i n g as s oci a ti o n w i t h you w h o h a v e p er s p i cacity in k n ow led g e

n o t s u ccee d i n m y o b j e c t , th en as s u r e d l y
*
s h o u ld th er e can

be no s u c c es s f or m e el s e w h e r e . B o th in a ctiv i t
y and in
i n a cti v i ty , i n kn o w le d g e an d d e ed , n o o n e el s e h as , I thi n k ,

a m ind s o un s ulli e d yo u r h on ou r s h a v e
as .

I f t h en yo ur m in d , 0 nob l e br ah m an s , i s f av o ur abl e to

w ar d s m e, th en d e i g n to e x p o un d th i s co m
p l e t e ly
—
H ow d id
thi s u ni v er s e , b oth m o v eab l e an d i m m o v eable , co m e into
e xi s t en ce A nd . h ow wi ll i t fall i n to d i s s olu ti o n at th e pr o

p er e x ce ll en t br ahm ans ? And h ow cam e th e

f a m i li es ? th at s p r an g f r om t h e g o d s , th e r i s hi s , th e p itri s ,
cr eate d th in g s &c ? . A nd h ow d i d th e M a n v an t ar a s occur ?
An d w h at w as th e hi s tor y of th e f a m i l i es of old and w h atev er
cr e at i o n s and w h at ev er d i s s olu ti on s of the uni ver se have cc
cur r ed ; an d h o w the g es h a v e b e en d iv id e d ; an d w h at th e
a

d ur ati on of th e M a n v an tar as has been ; a n d h o w th e ear th

r e m a i n s s tab l e ; an d w h at i s t h e s i z e of th e w or l d ; and wha t
th e ocean s , m ountain s a n d r i v er s an d f or es t s a ccor d in
ar e
g to
.

t h eir s itu ati o n ; wh a t i s t h e nu m ber of th e w or l d s , th e bhur

lo k a , s v ar -l o k a &c .
,
in clu d in g th e lo w er re
g i on s an d wha t i s
th e co ur s e o f th e s un , m oon , a n d o th er
p l an ets , of th e s tar s an d
h e av en ly b o d i es al s o . I wi s h to h ear of a ll thi s w hi ch i s
d es t in ed to s ub v er s i o n ; I an d w h a t w i ll b e th e en d w h en this
u n i v er s e i s d i s s o lv e d .

T he Bi rd s s
po k e .

U n p ar a ll el e d is thi s loa d of
qu e s ti on s w h i ch th ou h as t

' '
F or ny zl nam r ea d n i lna m .
I Ahll ba -s am pl a v u .

ms a
’

um ai
’
’
i F or s d r ead va .
 T H E ANT l Q U IT Y or T H I S P UE ANA . 2 19

as k ed , 0 br ahm an : w e w i ll d eclar e i t to thee ; lis ten to i t

h er e , 0 Jaim ini , as M ar k and eya e x p ound ed it for m er ly to th e '

c alm and wi s e Kr aus h tuki ,

young b r ah m an, w h o h a d com
a

pl e ted h i s ter m of s tu d en ts hi p Kr aus h tuki as ed th e h i g h

. k
s oul e d M a r k and eya, w h om th e b r ah m ans w er e w aiting u p o n ,
k
wh at yo u h av e as e d , m y l or d ; a nd w e w ill t ell th ee w h at
th e M uni , B h rig u s s on , t old h im wi th aff ection ; l i s ten , O
’

b r ah m an, after h av in g p a i d a d or a tion to th e F or efath er B r ah

m a, th e lor d of th e un i v er s e , th e or ig i n of th e uni v er s e , w h o

p r e s i d ed o v er cr eati on , w h o i n th e for m of
V i s h nu p r es i d es
o v er i ts m aintenan ce , and w h o in th e for m of th e te r r i b l e
’
S i v a d es tr oys i t at th e d i s s o lu ti o n .

M ér ka nd eya s po k e .

F or m er ly a s s o on as B r ah m a, w h o s e or ig in i s in s cr utable ,
ca m e i nto b eing , th i s P ur i na a nd th e V e d a s i s s ued ““ fr o m hi s
m ou th s ; and m any p ar a m ar s h i s com p os ed the coll ecti o n s of

th e P ur é nas ; and th e V ed a s w er e d i v id e d b y th em i n a

t h ou s and w ays . Righ t eou s n e s s an d kn owled ge , p as s i on les s

n es s , a nd s ov er ei gnt y— th es e fou r in d ee d w er e n o t p er f ected

wi th o ut ins tr ucti on fr o m h i m , th e h igh -s oule d H i s s ev en .

k
m in d -b or n? ris his t oo th e V e d as fr o m h i m , a nd h i s m i n d b or n ~

a n ci e nt m uni s too k th e P ur i na . C yav ana too

'
i t fr o m k '

B h ri g u, a nd h e d eclar e d i t t o th e b r ah m an s an d thi s p ur d na

w a s r ep e ated b y th e hi g h - s oul ed r i s hi s to D a k ha ;
s an d th en
D ak s h a re
p eated it to m e . I w ill now tell it to th ee it d e
s tr oys s tr ife a nd s i n e ar . H all t hi s fr o m m e w ith co m p o s u r e,
i llu s tr i ous M uni , as I for m er ly h e ar d it w h en D a ks h a r e l at e d

H av ing p aid a d or a ti on to th e or i g in of th e uni v er s e , un

b or n , ch an e le s s , th e as lu m , t h e
g y uph ol d er of th e m ov e able
28 an d i m m ov eab le uni v er s e , th e s up r em e bbj ect , B ra h m a, th e
fir s t m al e, — th e caus e w hich , i ts e lf unb eg otten, I wor ks i n p r o

4" A nuvini s i ta no t in th e di cti onary

hr , .

1' M i nas a .

1: Anaur as ya ; no t in th e d ictio nary .

220 C ANT O xnv .

d u ction , m ai ntenan ce an d d i s s oluti on , w h er ei n ev er y th i ng is

29 es tab l i s h e d —h avi n g p ai d a d or ati on t o him , H ir a nya -ga r bha ,
th e k
f r am ew or of th e wor ld , th e wi s e, I wi ll d ul y tell of th e
30 m ul tit ud e o f cr e a t e d thing s , m at chl es s , g r e a t, p r i m ev a l , f or m e d
f or s p eci al end s , v ar i ous i n s h a p e , p os s es s i ng ch ar act er i s ti c s , as
c er tai n abl e b
y th e fiv e s t an d ar d s of m e a s ur e, p os s e s s in g th e
31 fiv e s tr eam s oflif e , g o v er ne d b y th e s oul , ex i s t ent “
as i f p er

p e tual a n d t e m p or ar — l i s te n th er e to w i th s ub li m e
y co m p os ur e ,

illu s tr i ou s S ir !
’
P r a d h zm a i s th e caus e , whi ch i s d e s i gn ate d th e I m p er cep tibl e ,
'

an d w h i ch th e g r eat ri s h i s c al l th e s ub tl e , p er m an en t P r akr iti ,

33 co m p o s e d o f g oo d an d evi l B r ah m a a t fir s t e x i s te d cer t ai n,
.

im p er is h abl e , un d ecayin g , im m eas ur ab l e , s e lf -d e en d en t ,

p d es
34 ti tute of o d o ur , for m , an d t as te , d ev oid of s oun d an d t ou ch ,

wi th out b egi nning or en d , th e or i g in of th e uni v er s e, un

ch a n e d
"
g by th e p o w er of t h e thr ee qu a lit i es , n ot m o d er n j '

35 k
un n o w a b l e . S ub s e qu en t to th e d i s s olu ti on , all this uni ver se
w as p er v a d e d b y hi m com pl et ely .

T h en fr o m h i m , in w h o m t h e thr ee qu ali ti es e x is ted in

e qui p oi s e , an d i n wh om t h e S oul i b e c a m e p r e v al e nt , O M uni ;
36 a nd n ex t fr o m th e co m i n
g i n to e x i s ten ce of th e qu alities
w hi ch w er e b eing cr ea t ed , a t th e tim e of cr e atio n th e fir s t
37 p r inci p le P r a dh an a cam e in to exi s t en ce I t e n v el o p e d .

M ah at as th e s eed is en v el o
p ed b y i ts r in d , ev en s o M ah at
wa s en v el o p e d b y th e I m p e r cep tib le I t i s thr ee-fold , th at .

ch ar a ct er i z e d by g ood n es s , th a t b y p as s i on , a n d th at by
38 i g nor ance . T h en f r o m i t w as ev o lv ed A h ank ér a ,
”w hi ch is
th r ee -fold , th e M o d if
i -
y g fir t h e
n an d th e E v ol
39 v in g Hw hi ch is ch ar a cteri z e d b
y d ar kn e ss , And i t w as en

v el o p e d by M ah a t, jus t as M a ha t w a s b y th e I m er ce t i bl e
p p .

N o w th e E v o l ving A hankd m ,
m o d ifyi n g i t s elf , cr ea t ed th e
40 s ub tle el em e nt ii of s o un d
§§ n ex t . F r o m th e s u b t le e l e m ent

F or p m bha vcipyaya m p r a bha va my a ya m

’
- r e ad -

1 A -s ém pr ata I Ks h etra j n a
'
. -
.

T h e g r eat I n te llectual p r i n cip le H

"

. T h e p r i n ci p l e of I nd i v id uali ty .

fl} V aiké rik a fl T a ij as a H
‘
. .
‘ ‘
B h fité d i .
II T a n -m i t r a .

’
F or sa b d a s ta nm é tr a ka m r e ad éa bd a -ta nm d tr a ka m
 T HE P RO CE S S or C RE AT I O N DE SC RI B E D . 22 1

of s o un d ca m e th e E th er , w hi ch h as th e pr op er ty of s ound ;
n o w e th er i s th e s ou nd -e l e m en t , and th e ev o l v ing Ahankar a
41 e nv el o
ped i t th en . T he s u b tl e el em e nt of touch i s ind eed
b or n n ex t w ith o ut d oub t ; th e m i gh ty A i r i s b or n, i ts p r o
42 p er ty of t ou ch i s w ell kn ow n . A nd th e ai r , m o d ifyi n g i t s elf ,

cr e at ed th e s u btle e l e m e nt of p r od u ced fr om fo r m ; L ig h t w as

43 th e a ir ; i t i s s aid to h av e th e p r op er ty of for m th e a ir w h i ch
i s th e ele m ent of to uch env elop ed th e elem ent of f or m A nd .

li gh t , m o d i fyin g i ts el f cr ea te d th e s u btle e l e m ent of t a s te ;

44 th er efr om i n d ee d w at er als o w a s p r o d u ce d
i t h a s th e p r o
el em e nt o f fo r m en v el o e d th e
p er ty of t as t e ; n ow th e p
45 w h i ch i s th e el em en t of tas t e . And th e w ater , m od ifyin g
i ts el f , cr e at e d th e s u btle el e m en t of s m el l th er efr om S olid
46 M a tter -r i s p r o d u ced s m ell i s w ell k n o w n t o b e i ts p r o p er ty .

N ow i n e ach elem en t r es id e s i ts p ecu li a r s ub tle elem ent ; th er e

by i ts p o s s es s i on of th at s ub tl e e l e m e nt is a w el l-es tab l i s h e d
f act An d h en c e th os e elem ents
. ar e un ifor m ,
in as m u ch as n o

47 d iffer en ce can b e pr e d i cate d T h e y ar e all n ei th er calm , nor

.

t er r ib l e , n or : T hi s i s th e cr e ati o n of th e e l em en ts an d
cr a s s }

th e s u b tle e l e m en t s fr om A h an k ar a w h en i t i s ch ar a cter i z e d

b y d ar kn es s .

k
F r o m A h a n ar a i n i t s M o d if yi ng ch ar act er , w hi ch i s d i s tin

g ui s h e d b y g oo d n es s a n d p os s es s es g oo d n e s s i n e x ces s , th e
m o d ifica to r y cr e at i o n b eg an at on ce .

T h e fiv e or g an s of th e i nt elle ct, § an d th e fiv e or g an s of
a ct i o n , m en ca ll thes e th e e n er g e ti c ”g or ans ; t h ey ar e th e ten

50 V a i kar ik a d ei ti e s . T h e m ind fi
f i s th e e lev enth or a n am o n
g g
th em . S uch ar e t h e V aik ar ika d ei ti es kn ow n to b e . T he
51 ear , th e s ki n ,
th e p air of eyes , th e ton g ue , a nd fifthly th e
“ these the or ga ns conn e cte d w i t h th e i n
m en
’
n os e ; s ay ar e

t ellect f or th e p u r p os e of p er c eiv i ng s oun d an d th e o th er

i m pr es s i ons T h e p a i r o f f eet , th e a nus , th e or g a n of g en er a
.

t i o n , th e p air o f h and s , a n d th e v o i c e m a y r an k a s fifth wi th

F or cip o r ead ap o ; f o r t h e w a te r w a s e nv el o p e d by t h e lig ht wh ich

it b ut th e cha ng e s p oil s t h e m etr e

p rece d e d
.

S ang h at a I M d d ha B ud d hi
1
' . .
.

H"
”
F or ks hya te r ead
’
c a ks ha te
T ai j a s a .
M ana s .
va
22 2 C ANT O XL V .

52 them ; w a lkin g , e v a cu a ti o n , s exu a l d e li g h t, m anu al w or k and

s p eech — t h a t i s th e w or k ea ch o f thes e or ga ns r esp ecti v ely

for .

E t h er h a s t h e e l e m en t
*
o f s o un d o nl
y . W h en th e l
e e m ent

53 of to u ch accr ue d ,
Air co m es i nt o e x i s te n ce w ith t wo p r op er
ti es f ; to u ch i s kn o w n to be i ts p eculiar p r o p er t y . M or eo v er ,

w h e n to f or m b oth th e p r op er ti es , s o un d an d t ou ch ,
a c cr u e d

54 th en F ir e al s o ca m e i nto ex i s tence wi th i t s t h r e e i p r o p er ti es ;
i t h as s oun d a n d t ou ch a n d f or m S o un d , an d t ouch an d .

55 f or m , —
w h en th e e l em en t o f ta s t e a c c ru e d to them , t h e n W a t er
w i th i t s f our p r op er t i e s ca m e i nto exi s ten ce ; it i s t o b e kn o wn

as be in g ch ar a ct er i z e d b y t as te . S oun d an d t ou ch and f or m
56 a nd t a s t e, when s m ell a ccr u e d ,
t h ey co n s oli d a t e d w i th th e

e l e m e nt of s m ell e n cl os e d th i s E ar th ; h e n c e e a r th h as fiv e

p r o p er ti es ; i t i s s ee n to b e th e gr o s s one am o n g cr ea te d

thin g s .

C a lm an d ter r ibl e an d Gr a s s § ar e t h eir d i s ti n g ui s h i ng

m ar k s ; th er eb y th ey ar e kn ow n : th ey co nt ai n on e an o t h er

58 thr ou g h th e i r m u tu al i nt er p enetr a ti on . W i thin th e ear th

is conta i ned all thi s ” i ib l

v s e an d i n vi s i b l e w or ld fir m ly eu

clo s e d . A n d t h os e d i s tin gui s hi ng m p er cep ti b l e by ar ks ar e

59 th e or g an s of s en s e , an d ar e r eco lle c te d b y r e a s o n of th e ir

p er m an ency . k
T h ey ta e e a ch s u cc e s s i v e o n e t he p r op er t y of
i t s p r e ce d in g o n e T h es e s e v en p r i ncip les w h en n u - com b in
.

60 e d ar e
gi e s th ey cou ld n o
d i s t in c t a n d h a v e v ar i o u s e n er
t h av e
k
cr eat e d m a n in d , u n l e s s th ey h a d un i t e d A n d m e et i n g i n .

61 m utu a l co m b i n ati on , th ey b e co m e m utu al ly d ep en d ent ; an d

w h e n t h ey a ll uni t e i nt o o ne , t h ey h a v e th e m a r k s of a s i ngl e

com p le x b od y .

By r e as o n ofth ei r b ein g g ov ern ed by th e S o ul flT an d als o

62 th r ou gh th e f av ou r of th e I m p er c e p t ibl e , M a h at a n d th e oth er

p r i ncip les , w hi ch h av e d iff er ent li m i ts , cau s e a n e gg to co m e

i n to e x i s t e n ce . k
T h er e li e a b u b b l e o n w a ter , th e e gg gr a
63 d ua lly i n cr e as e d by m ean s of th e t hi ng s t h a t ex i s t e d , O S a ge
m o s t i nt el lig e nt ! I n i ts e nl ar g e d s ta t e it lay on t h e w ater .

3“ M atr a . M fid h a .

1 Guna
.
.
HF or im a m r e ad id am

I F o r d v i -guna s r ea d tr i -guna s ? 1T P ur us h a .
 T HE P RO D U CT I O N O F T HE M U ND AN E E GG . 2 23

T h e S o ul, * h av in g incr e as e d i n s id e th e e g g s p r un g fr om P r a
k riti , too k th e n am e B r ah m a; i t i n d ee d w as th e fir s t co r

p or eal b ei n g , i t i n d eed i s call e d P ur u s h a . An d B r ah m a

ex i s te d fir s t , th e or i g in a l m a k er of cr e a te d b ei n g s . T h at e gg

en cl os e d al l t h es e th r e e w or ld s w i th a ll th at th e y c o n t a in

m ov e a ble a nd i m m o v ea b l e . M er u w a s b o r n f r om it , a nd as

th e after -b i r th wer e bor n th e m o un t ain s ; th e ocea n s w er e th e

fl uid co n tain e d w i thi n th at e gg w h i ch h el d th e gr e at S ou ] .

W ithin th a t eg g w as a llthi s w or l d , w ith th e g o d s an d d e

m on s and k
m an in d , an d th e conti n e n ts an d o th er l a nd s , th e
m o u nt ain s an d o cean s , a n d th e t h r o n g of l u m i n ou s w o r ld s .

T h en th e e gg w as e n v el o p e d b y w ater , air , fir e an d e th er

an d b y th e e v o l v in g Ah an ar a k e x ter n all
y, t en tim e s o v er b y
e ach of t h em . I t w as th en s u r r o un d e d f b y M ah at w hi ch I

h av e m e n ti o n e d , w hi ch h a d th e s am e m a gnitu d e . M a h at

t o g eth er w i th th em all w as en v el o p e d b y th e I m p er cept ib le .

W ith th es e s e v en c ov er ing s f or m e d fr o m Pr a k r i ti w a s th e

e gg e n v e lo p e d . E n v e l o p i ng on e a n ot h er th e ei
g h t P r ak ri ti s
e x i s ted . T hi s v er y P r ak ri ti i s p er m a n e n t ; an d th at P u r u s h a
i s li m i ted b yit .

H e ar th o u , m or eov er , b ri efl y of hi m w h o i s s
po k en of by
th e n am e B r ah m a . Ju s t a s o n e s un k i n w at er , on e m er g i n
g
fr o m it , s ee m s t o b e b o r n fr o m w at er i and d i ng s th e w at er
aw ay , s o B r a h m a i s both P r a kr i ti an d th e S o u l .
§ T he Im
er ce p ti b l e is d ec lar ed to b e hi s s p h er e of hence
p
B r a hm a i s ca ll e d K s h etr a j na , th e S ou l
-
. A m an s h ou ld

kn ow a ll th es e ch ar a ct er i s t i cs of t h e S o u l a nd i ts s p h er e of

a cti o n .

S u c h w a s th i s cr eati o n fr o m Pra k iti

r and i t i s g ov er n e d
b y th e S o u l th e fir s t s ta ge o f cr ea ti on w as p r e ce d e d b y n o n -in

t elli g en c e , i t b e ca m e m a nife s t li k e th e l i g h tni ng .

u Ks h e tr a - 1 F or ves hti ta h r ead ves h ti tam

j
“
==
g a.
a la -s a m bhava m r ead j a la m bha v a h
I F or j
-s a

V ibh u .
K s h otr a .
 224 C A NT O XL V L

C ANT O X LV I .

B r a h/m as life
’
T he comp u ta ti on o f .

M d r kanqleya m or a li zes on B i an
ra hm c d P r a kri ti — and d escr i bes
Vis hnu a nd S i va a s sp ec a l i f or m s o f B ra hm a— H e exp lai ns how
hum an and d i vi ne year s a r e r eckoned , the ( bu/ra ti on of the four
ages , the E r i ta , the T r etai, the D va p a ra and the K a li , a nd of a
as d a y life
’
M anvantar a , an d the length f
o B r a hm and .

K r au s h tu ki s p o k e .

A d or able S ir ! th o u h a s t r e l ate d to m e co rr ectl

y the g enes is
of th e egg , an d th ou h a s t t ol d m e o f th e bir th of th e m ig h ty
S oul B r ah m awi thin th e e gg o f B r ah m a . I wi s h t o h ear thi s
’
fr om th ee, O s ci on of B h r ig u s r a ce , wh en thing s ar e not

cr eat ed , and n o thi n g e x i s t s , e v er yth i ng h av in g b een d es tr oyed

by T i m e at th e en d o f t h e d i s s olu ti on f
o the Uni verse .

M ar k a n d eya s
po k e .

W h en all th i s univ e r s e b e co m es d i s s olv ed i n Natur efi" thi s

d is s oluti on i s d es i g n at e d n atu r a l "l' b y th e wi s e . W h en th e
I m p er ceptible s ub s i s t s w i thin i ts elf , an d wh en all m od i fica
t ion i s s u s p en d ed , N atur e an d th e S ou l i s ub s i s t w ith s am e

n es s o f ch ara cter . T h en b oth d a r kn es s and

g o o d nes s s u bs is t
in e qu ip o i s e , n ei th er b ei ng i n ex ces s or i n d eficiency, and
pe r m eat e d by each o t h er . Ju s t as oil e x i s ts in s es a m um

s ee d s , or as gh e e i n m i l , s o p as s i o n k al s o e x i s ts
p er m eant
w i th in d ar k n e s s an d g oo d n es s .

T h e d ay of th e S up r e m e L or d § las t s from the bir th of

B r ah m a, as long the
h a lf p ar a s w h ich co m os e h is
as
p
two

l if e ; Hand h i s ni g h t d ur i n g th e d i s s olu tio n i s o f th e s am e

'

d ur ation 1| N ow a t th e d aw n o f d ay h e awak es , h e w ho i s
.

1'
P r akrit a .
I P ur us h a .
P ar eéa .

T h e t e xt s eem s i ncorr ect ; a. b e tte r r ea d i n

g o b ta i ned fr o m a M S b eIO ng
.

ing t o B abu Nag end r a C h an d r a B a s u of C alcu tt a i s u tp a tter f or ut a tti r a nd

p ,
'
ayur vai f or axyus ho S ee v er s e 4 2
. .

1T T he s am e MS r ea d s ta t-s a m a h s a m ag o j i ns te ad of ta t~s am d
.
sa myam e
with p r actically th e s am e m eani ng .
 225
’
T HE CO M PUT AT I O N or B RAH M A S L IFE .

th e or i
gi n of t h e univ er s e, wh o i s w ith out b egi nni ng , wh o i s
th e c aus e of all thi ng s , wh o s e s o ul tr an s ce nd s th ough t ; ev er y

o ne el s e w or ks i n an infer i or w ay .

k
T h e S u pr em e Go d , q ui c l enter s i nto N a tur e and th e S oul ,
y
as th e l or d of th e uni v er se , a nd a it a tes th em wi th hi s i n ten s e
g
10 s u p er n atur a l Jus t lo v e , br eez e of S pr i ng ,
p ow er . as or a

ent er i n
g into yo un g w om en ten d s to p r o d u ce a g i tati o n , s o
d oes h e, w h o i s th e e m b o d i m en t of s u p er n a tur al p o w er .

ll W h en P r a d han a i s g it at e d , th e g o d B r ah m a i s b or n a nd i s
a

co nt ai n e d w i t hi n th e cav ity of th e eg g, a s I h a ve a lr ea d y
12 to l d th e e . A t fir s t h e i s th e a g i tat o r ; as th e h u s b a n d of

N atur e , h e i s the thi ng t o b e a g i ta te d ; and he e x i s ts wi th

13 c o n t r a cti o n an d ex an s i o n ev en
p i n th e s tate o f P r a d h an a . He
i s b or n , though h e i s th e bi r th -p l a c e of th e uni v er s e ; t h o ug h
d ev o i d of
qu aliti es , h e p os s es s es th e qua li ty o f p as s i o n ; w h e
he a s s u m es th e ch ar a ct er o f B r ah m a h e e n a es i n cr eati o n
, g g .

I n th e c h ar a ct er of B ra hm a h e cr eat e s m an kin d ; t h en

p os s es s i n g an
g o o d n es s , h e b e co m e s V i sh nu a n d
e x ce s s of

15 p r o tects t h e m r i h t eou s l
g y ; t h e n , w i th d ar n e s s r e o n d er a~
p p k
tin g i n h i m , h e a s Ru d r a d i s s olv es th e w h ole u ni v er s e w i th
it s th r ee w o r ld s , a n d s l ee p s H e p os s es s es th e th r ee qu ali ti es ,
.

16 a nd
yet h e i s d es ti t ute of qu a li ti es Ju s t a s h e i s a t fir s t th e .

p e r v a d i n g S o ul , then th e p r es er v er , a nd las tly th e d es t r oye r

so h e ta ke s ap
p ella ti o n s w h i ch d es i g n a t e hi m a s B r ah m a ,
17
’
V i s h nu or S iv a A s B r ah m a h e cr eat es th e w o r ld ; a nd a s
.

R u d r a h e d es tr oys th e m ; an d as V i s h nu h e h o ld s a n e utr al

p os i ti on . T h es e ar e th e th r ee co n d i ti o ns o f th e S elf- e x i s t en t .

18 P as s i o n a nd B r a h m a; d a r kn es s a nd R ud r a ; g o od n es s a nd
V i s h nu th e lor d of th e w or ld : th es e i n d eed a r e th e th r e e
19 d eiti es ; th e s e in d eed ar e th e t hr ee q u a liti es . T h es e v er ily

ar e m u tu a lly p ai r e d , an d ar e m u t u a lly d ep en d an t : th ey ar e

no t s ep ar a t ed f or a m om ent ; th ey d o not for s a k e o n e an oth er .

h m a, th e f ou r -f ace d g o d of g o d s , i s a nt er ior t o
T hu s B ra

th e univ er s e a s s um ing th e qu ality of p a s s i on , h e e n g ag es i n

cr ea ti o n .

'
L a va ka (fr om la) , o ne wh o cuts to p i ec e s , o ne wh o d es tr oys . Would not

lag/a ha (f r o m li ) b e be tter , o ne wh o b r ing s on th e d is s oluti on

2 26 C ANT O XL VI .

B ra h m awh o i s a d or ed as H i r a nya -g ar b h a , t h e fir s t of th e

g od s , and w i thout b egi nni n g , w h o s its i n th e m id d le o f th e

l otu s -li k e e ar th , w as b o r n i n t h e b egi nning O ne h un d r e d .

y e ar s i s th e f ull l en g th of l if e f or hi m , th e hi gh -s oul e d , accord

i n g to th e tr ue B r ah m ya co m put at i o n . H e ar fr om m e h o w i t
is r ec k on ed .

A k as h th a i s s ai d to be comp osed of fifteen wi n k s of th e

e ye lid s ; an d thir ty k as h t has m a ke a k al a; an d th ir ty s u ch

k al as m a ke a m uh li r ta
'
. A d ay and ni g h t am ong m en con tain,

i t h as b een s ettl e d ,
th i r ty m u h fir ta s ; an d w i th thir ty d ay s
ar e r ec kon ed th e t w o l un a r f o r tn i g h t s a nd th e m o n th ; of

h al f -y ear ly th e t wo
’
s ix m onth s con s i s ts th e s un s cour s e ;
h alf -year ly cour s es on th e s ou th a n d n or th o f the equa tor com

S u ch year i s d ay an d ni gh t o f th e g o d s
p os e t h e year . a a

th e d ay th er eof i s th e s un s n or t h er n h alf -y ear ly cour s e

’
.

N ow of t welv e th ou s an d d i v in e ye ar s con s i s t th e f o ur
“

ag es

n am e d th e K rita, th e T r e t a, (t o . He ar fr om m e h o w th ey
ar e d i v id ed .

N ow th e K rita ag e is s ai d to ha ve conta i ned f our th ou s and

ear s it s co m m enci ng t w il i g h t w as fo ur h u n d r ed ye ar s , a nd
y
th e cl os i n g t w ili gh t w a s of th e s am e d ur a ti on . T h e T r eta
ag e w as th r ee t h o us a n d d i v i n e year s ; a nd thr ee h un d r ed
co m m en c in g t wi li g h t , w h i ch w a s i nd ee d o f th at
year s w as i ts
d ur ati o n a nd i ts clo s i ng t w i li g h t w as of th e s am e d ur a tion .

T he D v ap ar a a g e w a s t wo th o u s a nd ye ar s ; an d i ts oo m m en
c in g t wi lig h t i s d eclar e d t o h a v e b e en t wo hund r ed year s , an d
its cl os ing t wili gh t w a s t w o h un d r ed year s T h e K al i ag e .

is a th ou s an d d iv i n e y e ar s , 0 b r ah m an ; tw o h und r e d s of
ar e call ed i ts com m e nc in a nd cl o s in
ye ar s g twi li g h ts . g
T hi s p eri o d of tw elv e th o u s an d d i vi ne year s i s c al l e d a yug a ;
i t h a s b een l ai d d o w n b y t h e p o et s ; a th ous and ti m es t hi s
a
’
er i o d ar e call e d o n e o f s d ays B r ah m
p .

I n one of B r ah m as d ays , 0 b r ah m a n, th er e m a y b e fo ur
’

t een M anus T h ey li v e a ccor d i ng to th eir p or tion s ; th a t

.

th o u s and i s d i v id ed a m o n g t h e m T h e g od s , th e s ev en .

T h us o ne d i vine y e ar 360 h um an year s .

 22 7
’
T HE CO M PUT AT I O N or B RAHM A S L I F E .

ris h i s , a nd I nd r a , M ann, an d th e kings his s on s , ar e cr eate d

w i th M ann p as s to d i s s ol utio n with him i n r eg ular or d er
an d .

S ev en ty-one r ep etition s of th e four ages , with a fr action i n ex

c es s , cons ti tute a m anv a n t ar a ; h ear fr o m m e i t s co m ut atio n i n
p
h u m an year s T hir ty full cr or es r e c o ned d uly, O br ah m an,
. k
an d s ix t -s ev en la h s m or e b
y k
y r ec oning , and twenty th ou k
s and s — thi s i s th e r io d event -one ti m es the four a ges
p e o
f s y
w i th out th e fr acti on ; t hi s i s called a m anv ant ar a
e x ces s .

H e ar i t fr om m e in d iv in e
year s ; ei gh t h un d r ed th ou sa n d s
of ye ar s b -t wo t h o u s a nd s of
“
y d i v i n e r eck oni ng fi and fif ty
ye ar s m or e i n ad d iti o n A d a y of B r ah m ai s d ecl ar ed to b e
.

t h i s p er io d m ultipli ed fo u r teen ti m es ? A t i ts te r m inati on

th e d i s s ol utio n i s d ecla r ed b y th e wi s e to b e th e n ece s s ar y

r es ult, 0 br ah m an .

T h e B h i i r -lo
’
k a, th e B h u v ar - lo k a and th e S v ar l o k a
-
ar e

p er i s h a bl e a nd
p as s }: to d i s s oluti on ; a nd th e M a h ar -l o k a

yet t he d w ell er s th er ein by r e as on of th e h eat g o to

s t an d s ,

th e Jan a -l o a k
A n d B r ah m a s l eep s i nd eed d ur i ng th e ni gh t
.

i n th e th r ee wor ld s wh i ch h av e b een d i s s olv e d into o n e o ce an .

T h at ni gh t is of ex actl y th e s am e d ur ation . A t i t s t er m i n a

T hi s line as it s tand s i n th e t e x t s ee m s incorr ect . T h e f o ur ag es c on

tai n d i vi n e years or h um a n y e a r s , and 7 1 ti m es thi s p eri o d

c o nt ai n d ivi ne y ear s , o r h um an year s . T h is latter

p er i o d ag r ees w ith t h e e num er a ti on in v er s e 36 (vi z , .

y e ar s ) , b ut

i ns tead of th e f or m er th e t e xt g i v es i . e d iv ine y e ar s ,

v a r s ha -s a ha s r d ni Yuta m , h ow e ver , s eem s

unl e s s w e r ea d i a ta-s a has r d ni f or .

w ro ng a s r eg a rd s b oth gr am m ar and m e a ni ng .

T his d oes not with 3 1 , if we tak e th e wor d s

“
th i s p er iod
1 ag r ee v er s e

35, 36 and 37 In 3 1 one of B r a h m as d a y s i s

’
s aid to
to r e fe r to v er s e s . v e rs e

be d iv ine year s o r hu m an year s , b ut 1 4 t im es t h e

m e ntio n ed i n th e l atter co n t ain d i v i ne y ear s , o r
p eri o d v er s es

We m us t b r ing i n h er e th e e xces s f r ac tion t e

hum an y ear s .
34 , which by cal c ul ati o n i s f o un d t o b e } ti m e s
th u s 7 1 3
f err ed to in v er s e

th e y ug a of d i vine year s d i vine year s of th e m anv an tara

d i vine year s o f B r ah m i s
’

and 1 4 ti m es t hi s las t p e r iod e xac tly

d ay . S im il arly with r eg ar d t o h um an ye ar s .

I F or ag ati read d yd/nti ?

2 28 C ANT O X L V I I .

b egi ns a g ai n An d p a sses one of B r ah m as

’
ti on cr eati o n . so

year s , an d a h und r ed year s i s th e w h ol e F or a h und r ed of

.

h i s year s i s d en om i nat ed a P ar a ; and a P ar ar d ha or h alf a

k
P ar a i s w ell- no w n to b e c om p os e d of fifty y ear s S o th en . a

P ar ar d h a of h i s life h as el a p s e d , O br ah m an ; at th e cl os e of

w hi ch occur r e d th e M ah a- k al p a , which i s f am ed as th e P ad m a .

O f th e s econ d P ar ar d h a w hi ch i s p as s i n g , 0 br ah m an ,
now

th e fir s t kalp a
( or cycl e ) or d aine d i s th i s o n e called th e
V ar ab a .

C ANT O X LVI I .

T he C r ea ti on from P r a kr i ti a nd the Vi kd r as fi

M d r ka nd eya conti nueP After the P ad m a M . a hd - ka hva B r a hm a

'
a woke, an d as N d r aya zza r a is ed the ea r th ou t of the s ea

of di ssoluti on an d f as hi onedi t i n i ts p r es ent s hap e— T hen he

cr ea ted , fir s t the vegeta ble wor ld — s econd l , the a ni m a l wor ld
, y
thir d ly, the god s f our thly, m ankind — fif thly, A nugra ha —
—
an d

si nthly, the bhuta s— M ar ka ndeya s um m arizes the ni ne crea tions ,

vi z .
, thes e s ix, a nd the thr ee d es cr i bed i n Ca nto X L V .

Kr aus h tuk i s p ok e .

T ell m e fu ll y h ow B r ah m a, th e ad or abl e , th e cr eator , th e

l or d o f all cr ea tur es , th e m as ter , th e d iv in e, cr e ated a ll cre a

t ur es .

M ar k and ey a s p o ke .

H er e I tell th ee, O br ah m an, h ow th e a d or able eter n al

fr am er of th e w or ld s cr eat e d al l th e uni v er s e m ov eable an d

i m m oveab l e .

A t th e d i s s olution whi ch f ollow ed th e P ad m a? M a hd -ka i a

h ,
k
th e l or d B r a h m a a wo e af ter h avi ng s l ep t thr o u h th e ni ht
g g .

T h e p r od ucts e v ol v e d fr om P r akri ti .

1 F or p ad md vas dn e r ead p d d m d va s a n e
‘ ’
 T HE CRE AT I O N F RO M P RA KRI I I
'‘
AND T HE V I HARAS . 2 29

T h en w ith good nes s pr ed om ina ting i n him h e g a zed on th e

e m p t y w or l d A nd h er e m en utter thi s v er s e to N ar ayana,
.

wh o h a s B r ah m as f or m , g o d of th e uni v er s e , ch an g el es s
’
o wn

in m igh t . N ar a m ea ns w at er a n d b o d i e s —
w e h av e thu s
h ear d i t i s a n am e f or w at er ; an d i n i t h e lie s , h en ce h e i s
ca ll e d Nar éyana .

On aw a kin g h kn e ew th at th e ear th h ad d i s app e ar ed wi th

in th at w a ter , an d t h e n beca m e d es ir ou s th r ou gh r efl ecti o n to
d eli v er ’r th e ea r th th er efr o m . He a s s um ed a s of old i n th e
k alp a s an d o th e r ti m es , o th e r bod i es s uch as th os e of a fis h , a

tor toi s e an d o th er a ni m a ls , an d li k ewi s e h e took th e b o d y of

a b o ar . T h e l or d w h o i s com p o s e d of th e V e d as an d s acr i

fices as s u m e d a h eav enl y f or m co m p os ed of th e V e d as an d

s acr i fices , a n d ent er e d th e w at er ; h e r each e d ev er ywh e r e a n d

ex i s te d e v e r yw h er e . A n d th e l or d of th e w or ld r ai s e d th e
e ar t h ou t of th e lo w er re
g i on s , an d s et i t fr ee in th e w at er ,
w hil e th e S id d h as w h o k
ab o d e i n J an a -l o a b ent th eir th ou gh ts

on hi m . T he e ar th fl o a te d li ke an i m m en s e boat on th at
o cea n , b u t d oe s n o t s in k by r eas on of th e
p li t ud e of i ts s i z e
am .

T h en h e m a d e th e ear th l ev el an d cr eat e d th e m ou ntain s o n

th e ear th . F o r m e r l y wh e n cr eati on w as b ur nt up by th e
th en w or l d -d e s tr oyi n g fir e , th os e m oun t a in s on th e ear t h w er e
t ot a lly co n s u m e d b y th a t fir e . T he r oc k s w er e e n g ulp h e d in
th at on e oce an , w as d ri v en t o g eth er by th e
and t h e w at er

w ind ; w h er ev er th ey a d h er e d a n d r em ai n e d , th er e th e m o un
t ai n s g r e w i nto b eing T h en h e d iv i d ed th e ear th , a d or n ed
.

w i th s ev en d v ip a s ; an d h e f as hi on e d t h e four w or ld s , th e

B h ur -lo k a an d th e o t h er s , a s b ef or e .

W h il e h e p on d er ed on cr eati on , as of old i n th e k alp as a nd

o th er ti m es , h e nex t b ecam e m a n if es t ed as d ev o id of in telli

g en c e , a s e nv el o p e d i n d ar knes s . D ar kn es s , foll y, i nf atu ati on ,

and b li n d co n s c i o us n e s s i g n or a n c e , i co m
p os ed of
g l oom ines s ,
—

th es e fiv e , b eca m e m anif es t e d ou t of th e S up r em e S o ul .

C r eati o n irr ati on al b ecam e es tab l i s h e d i n fiv e w ays w h ile h e

w as m e d i tatin g E x t er n ally a n d i nter nally i t w as d e s titute of
.

T anav a h . 1'
S am -ud -d har a ; not in th e d ict ion ar y .
1 A-v i d ya .
230 C ANT O XL V I I .

li g h t , * i t s s ou l w as co n c e a l e d ,
it co n s i s t e d of v e g et at o n i ;1
”
an d s i n ce v e g et a ti o n is d e cl ar e d to b e p r i m ar y, 1 h en ce
t h i s i s in d e e d th e M u h ya k cr eat i on .

He con s id er e d th at c r e a ti o n i n cap ab l e of ca us at io n , § and

th ou g h t of cr ea ti ng an oth er yet W h i l e h e w a s m edi tatin g

.

on i ts cr e a ti o n , th e a ni m a l w or l d , i n w hi ch th e s tr eam o f lif e ”
i s h or i z on t al ” cam e n ex t i nt o e x i s t ence . S in ce i ts activ i ti e s

ar e d i sp la yed h or i z o nta lly , h en c e i t * * i s k n o wn '

as th e t ir ya k
s r o t as . C a ttl e a n d o th er q ua d r u
p ed s ar e w el l - kn o wn as b ei n g
th at ki n d ; th ey i n d e ed ch ar a ct er i z e d ch i efl
of ar e y b y i g no
r an ce a n d a r e u n i n t e lli g en t ; a n d th ey s tr a y i n w r on g co ur s es ,

and in th eir i g nor a n ce ar e s ub s er v i e n t to kn o wl e d

g e ; th ey
ar e s e lf-s w aye d an d d ev ot e d t o s el f ; t h ey
, p r i s e t w enty
co m

ei g h t cl a s s es . T h ey all p o s s es s lig ht * i nter n al ly, b ut th ey

ar e m utu ally cir cu m s cr i b e d fl f

H e t h o ug h t ev en t h at cr ea ti on w as i n cap ab l e of cau s atio n,

an d w hi l e h e m e d it a t e d , a n o th er c am e in t o e x i s ten ce ; no w
thi s , th e thi r d , w a s th e g r o up of b ei n g s i n w hi ch th e s tr eam

of l if e p a s s ed u p w ar d s ; I I i t w as ch ar a ct e r i z e d ch i efl y b y g ood
ne ss T h o s e b e i ng s ab o un d i n p l ea s ur e a n d aff ecti on ; t h ey
.

ar e un ci r cu m s cr ib e d o u t w ar d ly an d i n w ar d l ;
y an d p os s es s
lig h t * e x t er n ally an d i nter n ally ; th ey gin ate d fr o m a n up or i

w ar d s tr e a m of lif e . N o w th at th ir d cr ea ti on o f th e S up r em e
B ei ng who wa s s ati s fied in s oul ther ea t i s k n o w n a s th e cr e a
ti on o f th e g o d s W h en th at cr eati on cam e i nto b ein g ,
.

B r ah m a w a s p l e a s e d .

P r ak as a T hi s i s d e fine d b y S r i -d h ar a S v am i t o m e an
.
cl e ar k no w l ed g e

( p r ak ri s h tam j g anam ) I t h ad no cle ar ex t er nal p er cep ti on of s oun d &c ,

.
.

cle ar i nt er nal f eeling of h app i n es s , & c .

1 N ag a
'
.
I M u kh y a .

F or d r i s htv d sd d hakam r ead d r i s h tv d s é d ha ka m ; s ee th e s econ d li ne of

v er s e 21 .

l! S r o ta s ; or t h e c urr e nt of n utr i m e nt .
1T T ir yak .

H F or s é r ea d s a h
‘

'
-
H A -v r ita S 'r i -d h ar a e xpl ain s t hi s as , m utually ig nor ant of th eir b ir th ,
na t u r e , &c .

111 U r d h v a -
s r ot as .
 T HE C RE AT I O N F RO M P RAKRI T I AND T HE VI KARAS . 2 31

T h en h e m ed itate d fur th e r o n ano th er cr eati on whi ch s hould

25 be c ap ab l e of cau s ati o n and b e th e hi gh es t . W h ile h e m e d i ta
t ed s o, an d m ed i tat ed on tr uth , th e g r ou p of b e ing s i n w h i ch
th e s tr eamli fe p a s s es d o w n w a r d s , *
of an d w hi ch i s c a p ab l e

o f c a u s a ti on d n e x t b eca m e m an i fe s t o ut o f th e I m p er ce p ti
'

26 b le . S i n ce the s tr ea m s f
o lif e i n them m ov e d d ow n w ar d s ,
h e n c e th e y i ar v ak - s r ot as
ar e
p o s s e s s l i gh t § and th ey

co pi o u s l y ; th ey ar e ch ar a cter i z e d chi e fl y b y i g no r an ce an d p a s

27 s i on H
e nce th ey h av e ab un d an c e o f s nfi er i n , a n d ar e con
.
g
t i nu ou s l y g a g e d i n a cti o n a n d th ey p os s es s li gh t ex t er n ally
en

an d i n t er n a ll
y T h ey ar e m a n i nd a n d a r e cap a bl e of ca u s at i o n
. k .

A nu g r ah a ll w a s th e fif th cr e at i o n ; it i s d i s p os ed i n f o ur
w ay s , b y fii co ntr ar i ety an d by b ytr an q ui ll ity d j ‘ ‘

29 an d b y s a t i s f a ct i o n i i l i k e w i s e . T he j
o b ect s o f th i s cr eat i o n

m or eov er h a v e kno w l e d g e Of th e p as t an d of th e p r es en t .

T he cr eat i o n of th e or i g i n s o f th e g r os s ele m en ts §§ and th e

”
g r o s s e l e m en ts I i s c all e d th e s i x th ; th ey a ll p os s e s s co m
p r eh en s i v en es s fiHl a n d ar e p r on e to m utu al d i v i s i o n
'

an d

t h e o r i g in s o f t h e g r os s el e m en t s ar e t o b e k n o w n a s b oth

i m p u ls i v e an d d e v o id of
p r o p e n s i ti e s .

N o w th e cr e a ti o n of m ah a t is to b e kn o wn as th e fir s t
”
by B r ah m a; an d th e s eco n d of th e
“
t an m atr as -
is call e d

th e cr eat i o n o f th e bh ut as an d th e th ir d cr ea ti o n i s th at
of th e an d i t i s p er ce p tib l e b y th e s e n s e s S O w as .

p r o d u ce d th e cr eat i on fr o m P r a kr iti w h er ei n I nt elli g en ce p r e

A r v ak -s r ot a s . t F or sé d ha ka h r ead s ad ha kam

I F o r ta r ea d to P r ak asa , s e e no te is p 2 30
. .

T hi s i s t h e P r a ty ay a -s ar g a or i nt ell ectual cr ea ti o n o f t h e s ank h y a p hi lo

s op h y . B ut S r i - d h ar a
’
e x p lai n s it as a n i nf e r i o r c rea t io n o f god s ( d e v a -
s ar g a ) ,

w ho ar e c h ar ac te r i z e d b y b o th g oo d n e s s an d i g n o r a n ce . I t is c h ar a c t e r i z e d

b y i g n or a n ce b ecau s e i t i s n o ur i s h e d b y t h e i g no r an ce a m o ng i m m o v ea bl e
j
o b ec ts a nd th e a n i m a l c r ea ti o n ; i t i s c h ar ac t e r i z e d b y g oo d n e s s , b e ca us e it

h ar m oni z e s w i th and th r i v e s up on th e p er f e c t i o n and s a ti s f a c ti on a m o ng

m a nkind and th e g o d s ; and it is c all e d A nu g r a h a , b eca u s e i t f a v o urs ( anu

g r a h ak a ) th e s ev er al n a t u r a l d i s p os iti o n s of t h os e j
o b e c ts .

'
H S id d hi S an ti II T a sh ti
'

fll V ip ar yaya
“
. . .
.

B h fita flT1T P a r i g r ah a S a m-v i -b h ag a

’

B h ii tad ik a . .
-
. .

H1
‘ '
T h e p r od ucts e vo l v ed fr o m P r a kriti .
2 32 CANT O XL V I I I .

ced ed . T he k
m u h ya c r e ation was th e four th , th e m u hya k
t h ing s ar e k no wn as imm o v e ab l e T h e fifth w as that called .

ti r ya ks -
r ot as and tair yag yonya - Nex t w as th e s i xth
.
”

cr ea tio n, th a t of th e -
”
ur d h v a s r otas ; 1 i t i s n own a s th e '
k
cr eati on O f th e g o d s . T h en th e cr eati on of th e ar v ak-s rotas
i s th e s ev e nth it i s th at of m an in d k . T he ei gh th cr eation

is anug r ah a it i s ch ar act er i z ed by g ood n e s s an d i g nor an ce .

T h es e las t fiv e cr eati o ns a r e k no wn as th os e w hi ch w er e

e v olv e d fr o m th e V ik ar a s J and th e fir st th r e e th ose

‘

,
as

evolv ed fro m P r akriti .

§ T he n i nth cr e ati o n w as P r akrita
an d als o V a ikrita ; it i s known as T hus th es e
nine cr eati o n s of th e P r aj a-p ati h av e b een d ecl ar ed .

C ANT O X LV I I I .

T he Cour s e f Cr ea tion
o .

'
M ar ka nd eya r elates how B i
r a hm c cr ea te d the As ur as , the god s ,
the p i tr i s a nd m anki nd , a nd the ni ght and d ay a nd the two
twi li ghts — H e m enti ons the ti m es when those bei ngs ar e p owe
rfu l
— H e r ela tes the cr ea ti on f
o the Raks has as , Y uks has , S erp ents ,
’
P isci c as , a nd Gand harvas —
N ex t of a ll beas ts , bir d s a nd other

a ni m a ls — T hen vari ous s a cr ed

o f hym ns a nd m etr es— T hen f
o the
li ghtni ng, thund er , a nd o ther p henom ena A n d las tly B r a hm a
—

assi gned a ll thi ngs their s hap es , p ur s ui ts and na m es .

Kr au s h tuk i s pok e .

O a d or abl e S ir , r ig h t w e ll h as t th o u r e l at e d th e cr ea ti on

br i efly to m e ; tell m e, O b r ah m an , f ully of th e or i

g in of the
g od s .

F or ti rya k-s r ota s r ead tir ya k-s r otci s

1 d ha -s r ota s é m r ead ta thor d d hv a-s r otas ém

’
'
F or tato rd

I V aikrita . P r ak rita .

MT hi s is t h e cr e a tion o f Nila -lobi t a Rud r a ( s ee C anto L I I ) a nd of S ana t

k um ér a . a nd th e o th er m i nd -b or n s on s o f B r ah m é, th e K u m é ras . T hi s cr ea .

t i on i s calle d p r ak ri ta b ecaus e Rud ra s p r an

g i nto e xi s te nc e b y h im m lf , as

m enti one d i n th a t c an to , v er se 3 . I t is al s o call e d va ik rita, b ecaus e t h e

K um ar as we r e cr eat e d by B r ah m a i n th e f or m he as s um e d of a vikéra
vikriti-bh uta )
 T HE CO U RS E O E C RE AT I O N . 2 33

M é r k an d eya s p o ke .

Cr ea ti on i s im p r eg nat ed wi th th e good and b ad * actions of

p r ev io us e xi s ten ce , O b r ah m an ; and b ecau s e of th i s w ell
kn o wn la w t . cr e at e d b ei ng s , th ou g h th ey ar e d es tr oyed i n th e
d is s olutio n, ar e no t d eli vere d , f r om the cons equences f
o thei r
a ctions .

T h e go d s an d oth er d i vi ne bei ngs , a nd s ta ti on ar y th in g s , an d

k
th e four C las s es o f m an in d , O b r ah m an , w er e pr o d u ce d i n
hi s m i nd w h e n B r ah m a w a s e ng a g e d in cr ea ti o n .

T h en b ei n g d es ir ou s o f cr ea ti ng th e f our cla s s es of b ein g s ,

n am el ,
y t h e g o d s , t h e A s ur as an d t h e p i tr i s , an d k
m an in d , h e
i nfu s ed i h i m s elf i n th e w at er s T h e p ar ti cle o f d ar n es s k
g r ew up in e x ces s as th e F r aj a-p at i w as r ap t i n m e d i ta
ti o n . F i r s t th en out of hi s b u tto c ks , as h e w a s d es ir o u s
o f cr eati ng , w er e p r o d uced th e A s ur a s . A nd th en h e c as t

a s id e t h at b o d y w hi ch w as p os e d of th e p ar ti cl e o f d a r
co m k
n es s th at b o d y cas t a s id e b y h i m f or th w i th b eca m e N i gh t .

B ein g d es i r o u s of cr eati n g , h e a s s um e d an o th er b od y a n d
e x p er i e nce d d eli g h t ; th en w er e p r o d uce d fr o m hi s m o u th th e
God s i n w h o m g oo d n es s p r e d o m i n a t es A n d t h e m ig h ty l or d
.

of cr e a t e d b e ing s ab an d o n e d th at b od y a l s o , an d w h en cas t

as id e i t b ecam e D ay w h er ein g o od n e s s p r e d om in at es .

k
T h en h e t o o a n oth er b o d y w h i ch w as i n d ee d c h ar acter i zed
b y th e p ar ti cle of g o o d n e s s ; th e P i tri s w e r e p r od u c e d f r om
.

h i m w hile h e d e em ed h i m s elf to b e a p i t ri T h e lo r d , a ft er
, .

c r ea ti ng th e p i tr i s , ab an d o n e d th at b o d y al s o , a nd w h en

ab an d o n e d i t b ecam e th e T w i li gh t th at i n ter v en e s b etw e e n

d ay and n ig h t . N e x t th e lor d a s s u m ed ano th er bo d y ch ar a c

t er i z e d b y th e p ar ti cl e of p as s i o n , a n d th en w er e p r o d u ced
M an k in d w h o s pr in g fr o m th e p ar ti cle of p a s s i o n A f te r .

c r e a t ing m an kin d ,
th e l or d a b an d o n e d t h a t b o d y, and i t he

c am e th e T w ili g h t t h at e nd s th e ni g h t an d b e g in s th e d ay .

T h u s th e s e b o d i es of th e w i s e Go d o f g o d s h a v e b eco m e

f a m ed as th e n i g h t and d ay , and th e ev e nin g t wiligh t a nd

kus a l d kui a la i r
’

F or kus a l d kui a la i r re a d
’ .

khy d tya I Or, u ni te d hi m s e lf w i th

’

t F o r khyd td r ead . .

30
2 34 CANT O XL VI I I .

th e m or ning t wi li g h t, O b r éh m a n . T hr ee ar e ch ar act er i z e d

by th e p ar ticle of g oo d n es s , n am ely , th e m or ning twilight , th e

e veni ng twili g h t a n d th e d ay ; th e ni h t i s ch ar acter i ze d b y
g
k
th e p ar ti cle of d ar ne s s , h en ce i t i s ca lled T r i yém iké e nce - fl‘ H
th e g od s ar e p ow e r f ul b y d ay , b u t th e A s ur as b y nigh t, a nd
m an i nd k at th e co m ing o f th e m or n in g t wi li g ht , and th e pi tri s
at th e eveni ng twili g h t . A t thes e ti m es thes e clas s es of bei ngs ar e

un d oub ted ly p ow er f ul a n d un as s ailable b y the ir f oes ; and

w h en th ey li gh t u po n th e a d v er s e ti m es th ey lo s e th e ir p ow er .

T h e m or nin g tw i li g ht , th e ni gh t , th e d ay, an d th e evening

t wilig h t, th es e f o ur ar e i n d ee d th e b o d i es of th e lor d B r ah m a,
a nd t h ey ar e i nv e s te d w i th th e th r ee qu aliti es .

N o w after cr e ati ng th es e fo ur , th e F r aj éf p ati , feel in h un er

g g
a nd thir s t, too k a n ot h er bo d y co m p os ed o f p as s ion a nd d ar k
n es s d ur ing th e ni gh t ; d ur in g i ts d ar k nes s th e ad or abl e

unb or n god cr eat e d b ear d ed m o ns t er s w as ted with hunger ;

and th ey end eav our e d to ea t up th at b od y . S om e of those
m ons ters , w h o s ai d let
“
us p r es er v e? it fr om th em , wer e
ca lled t s h as as in consequence ; an d th os e wh o s aid
“
let us

d ev our }: it wer e ca lled Y ak s h as , f rom yaksh ana ,

O br ah m an .

W h en th e cr e ator B r ah m a s a w th em , th e h air of his h ead

thr ou gh hi s d i s pleas ur e g r e w wi t her e d "and lo s t i ts er ectibi
lityj l T hr o ugh its d o w nw ar d g li d i n g “ it b eca m e th e S er
p ents ,fi
‘
and fr o m i ts los i
‘

o f er ecti bili t
y t hey are known as

th e A hi s or S na k es . T h ereup on i n a n er at h av i n
g g s een the
S er p ents , h e fas hi oned b eing s p os s es s ed with ang er th ey
w er e b or n as the fl es h eating d emons , ta wny-h ued and fier ce-
.

a T hat i s ,
“
havi ng i ts co ur s e wi th th e th re e o th e rs ,
”
f r o m tr i a nd g rim e
ro ot yd ) keep ing th e th ree o th er s in ch eck,
”
( fr o m or , f r om tri a nd ydm a
r oo t y am ) T h e m e ani ng h avi ng thr ee watch es ”
( fro m .
f r om tri a nd yd m a
( from yd ) i s dis car d e d h ere
r o ot .

1'
Rak sh fim a .
I Kh éd am a .

Y ak s h ana s eem s a m i s tak e f or j ak s h ana ,

’ ’’
i r yanta r ea d
‘

HF or st r na s tu
'
s

hina W “ S ar a a
S am ér oh ana
‘
-
ql ’
.
p n .
S ar p a .
x
3: Hinatva .

F or krod hatmd no read kr od hd tm an o

 T HE CO U RSE O F CRE AT I O N . 2 35

N ex t w hil e h e m e d it ated on th e e ar th fi “
th e Gand h ar va s
w er e b o r n as hi s o if s
pr ing . T h ey w er e b or n fr o m hi m a s h e
d r an k sp e e ch in d: h e n c e th ey ar e k
no w n a s th e Gand h ar v as .

W h en th es e e i g h t clas s e s o f d iv i n e b eing s w er e cr eate d , th e

l or d n e x t c r e at ed o th er thi n g s , bi r d s a nd ca ttl e .
1
‘
He cr eate d

g o at s § f r om h is m outh ; a nd he cr e ated s h e ep fr om hi s
br e as t ; and B r ah m a f a s hi one d ki n e || fr o m h i s b elly an d fr o m
h i s loi n s ; a nd f r om hi s f eet s w ift fi
f h or s e s and a s s es , an d h ar es
a nd d eer , c am el s a n d m ules an d o th er a nim a ls of v ar i ou s
ki nd s ; pl ant s
fr ui t-tr ee s w er e p r o d u ced f r om t he h ai r of
and

hi s b o d y W h e n h e h a d thu s cr eated th e cat tl e and pl ants ,

.

th e lor d p er for m ed a s acr ifice .

F r o m h im at t he b eginni ng of th e k alp a , at th e com m en ce

m ent of th e T r eta A
g e i s s ued th e co w , t h e g oat , m an in d , th e k
s h e ep , th e h or s e , th e m ule , an d th e a s s (th es e ani m als m en
call d o m e s ti c cattl e ) ,
a nd oth er s ( whi ch they ca ll w il d an i m al s ,

h ear k en to m e ) , nam ely th e b ea s t of

pr ey, th e clov en -h o of e d
b ea s t, t h e e le p h an t , m on k e ys , fifth ly bir d s , s i x thly a quatic
b eas ts , an d s eventh ly cr eep i ng an i m al s .

A n d for th e s acr ifices h e f as hi on ed fr o m hi s fr on t m outh

th e t ri c a s tr oph e , th e tr i -v rit h ym n of p r ai se , ”
’
the g aya tr i , an d

th e r a th ant ar a s am an s , an d th e a
g ni - h
s tom a v er s e s . A n d he
cr eate d fr om h i s r i gh t m ou th th e yaj ur h ym n s , th e tr i -s h tub h

m etr e , s a cr e d h ym n s ,~H '

a nd th e fif tee n h ym n s of pr ai s e J I an d
th e b ri h at -s am a n an d th e uk th a He f as hi o n e d fr o m
hi s hind m os t m outh th e sam an h ym n s , th e m etr e j ag ati ,
an d

'
D hy éyato g am 1 Piv ato v éc am th e d er iv ation is n ot app ar ent .
'
.

I P af a vo by anci ent us e f or p a w n .

’
Aj d h f or aj d n, by anci ent us e s o al s o us ag e f or a vi n s h eep .

f or gd s , b y anci ent B u t th e MS in th e S ans kr it C olleg e

‘
Ga v a s us e . .

L ibrary , C alcutta , r ead s in s tea d

’
v a yd m s i v ag a s o er i a t.
j
’ ’
T a tah s va c c han d ato

T h en h e cr eated o th er w ing ed an i m al s fr om h i s b o d ily energ y accor d ing

”
t o h is wi sh .

1[ S am atang a ; no t in th e d ictionar y f r om th e r oo t s a m - d -ta/ng

W T he el ev e nth h ym n of th e ninth M a nd a la of th e Big V e d a -
s ung in a

II S tom a
’
s p ec i al way . H C h an d as . .

F or uktary r e ad uktha m .
236 CANT O XL V I I I .

th e fifteen hym ns of p r ai s e fi th e
‘
v ai r upa s ém an, an d th e a ti

r atr a v ers e ? He cr eated fr om h i s left m outh th e tw enty

fir s t A th arv a h ym n, and th e ap tor -
y ém an s acr i fici al v er s e , r
'

th e anu -s h tubh m etr e and th e v ir a j m etr e .

T h e m i gh ty ad or ab le god cr eate d at th e b eginni n g of th e

k al p a th e li h tnin g , th e t hun d er b olts and th e cl ou d s , and
g
th e r ud dy r ainb o ws , an d th e p er io d s of li fe : An d cr ea

t ed thi ng s gr eat and s m all w er e p r o d u ced fro m his li m bs .

H av in
g cr eated th e fir s t four cl as s es of b eing s , th e g o d s ,
th e A s ura s , th e pitri s and k
m an i nd , h e nex t cr ea te d th e

th i ng s th at exi s t b oth i m m ov eab l e an d m oveabl e, th e Y ak sh as ,

th e G and h ar v a s
’
th e P i éé c as , and th e b evi es of A p s ar as es ,
m en an d Ki nnaras and k
R a s h as as , bir d s , ca ttl e, wil d ani m als

a nd s na kes ,
an d wh ate v er is ch angel es s and ch an g eful
,

s t at io n ar y and m ov eabl e .

W h atev er acti on s th e y w e r e s ev er al l
y en d owe d wi th or i

g in ally at th eir cr eati on, th os e v er y acti ons th ey are en d ow e d

w ith w h en th ey ar e cr eated a g ain an d ag ain . Noxiou s n es s

and h ar m l es snes s , g entlenes s an d cr uelty, ri ghteou s nes s and
u nr igh te ou sn es s , tr uth a n d f al s eh oo d ,— anim ated th er eb th e
y y
h av e t h eir b eing ; th er efor e th ey s ev er ally ta e d elig ht in k
th os e char ac teri s tics . T h e l or d , th e cr eator , hi m s elf or d ain ed

d i v er s ity and s p eci ali z ati on § a m on

g cr eated thin g s in th eir
or gans and pur s uits an d b od i es . An d b e as s i
gned th e nam es
and s h ap es of cr e ated thi n gs , and p r op oun d e d th e d uti es of

th e g o d s and oth er bei ngs , e v en by th e w or d s of th e V ed a at th e

b eginni ng . He g ives n a m es t o th e Ris hi s , and to th e s ever a l
cr eat e d Cl as s es “ th e g od s , a nd to th e oth er th in s th at
am ong
g
w er e b r ough t for th at th e cl os e of th e nigh t “ A s th e s igns .

p
o f th e s eas ons a p ear at thei r app r op r i ate s eas on “ a nd v ar i ous ,

f or m s a pp e ar am i d alter a ti o n, s o th o s e v ery si gns a nd

f orm s
ap p ear as a ctual fa cts -
H in th e ag es and oth er
p er i od s ,

S to m a ; but anoth er r ead in g is s eventeen .

1 A p ar t of th e s even s om a-s a ms th a s acr ifice s .

I V ay éms i ; or , bir d s . V i niyoga

llS ri l ti . 1I F or s ar v aryya nte read s ' r v

a ’
ar yante 3
a m F or
y a thd r ttau read yathar tta u fl B héva .
 T HE COURSE or CREAT I O N . 2 37

S uch th en* wer e th e cr eati o ns of B r ah m a wh os e o r igin

is u nd i s cer ni bl e th ey occur fr om k alp a t kalp o a as h e awa ke s

at th e clos e of hi s nig h t d ”

C ANT O X I X L .

T he Cour s e f
o Cr ea ti on .

M ar ha nqleya d es cr i bes the cr ea ti on of the p r im eva l hum an r ace ,

a nd thei r Si mp le con d i ti on a nd happ y lif e When they ulti m a tely

—

d i ed ou t, m od er n m en f ell li ved i n ka lp a tr ees

fr om the s ky, a nd

P a ss i ona te afiecti on sp r ung up am ong them — a nd covetousness newt,

w hi ch d es tr oyed the tr ees , a nd d r ove them to f or m com m uni ti es T heir —

m ea s ur es of leng th ar e ex
p lai n ed —
a nd for tr esses ,
towns , villa es
g a nd

houses d escr i bed — T he T r etd Age bega n— wi th the ex i sting r i ver s a nd

v e eta ti on— a n d th e l li d n t he e eta ti on —
T hey then took
g e
p op e ve o v
g
p r i va te p oss es s i on of p r op er ty a ccor d i ng to m i ght, a nd the vegeta ti on

p er i s he d— T he
n they s upp li ca ted B r a hm d , a nd he cr ea ted ll
a ex is ti ng

cer ea ls a nd
p la nts— T he s even teen cer ea ls a nd the f our teen s acr ifici a l
p lants ar e sp ec
ified — B r a hm d or d ai ned thei r m ea ns of liveli hood ,
‘

w hi ch be ga ined on ly thr ough la bour , a nd their laws , cas tes , &c

cou ld .

T he sp her es as s i gned to va r i ous classes af ter d ea th are m enti oned .

K r au s h tuki s p ok e .

T h ou h as t told m e, S ir , of th e gr oup of b eing s i n whi ch

th e s tr eam of lif e i
p as s es d ow nw ar d s ; tell m e fully, O
2 b r ah m an , h o w B r ah m a cr eated th e h um an cr eation, and h ow
he cr e at ed the cl as s es of m en, h ow th eir quali ti es , 0
a nd

wi s e S ir ; an d tell m e wh at b us ines s h as b een a s s igned to

th e br ah m an s an d th os e oth er cl a s s es s ev er all .
y
M ar k a ndeya s p o k e .

W h il e B r ah m a w a s fir s t cr e ati ng an d w as m e d itating on

tr uth , h e cr eat e d a th ous an d p air s of hum a n bei ngs fr om h i s

4 m o uth , 0 M un i ; w h en b or n , th ey com e i nto b eing , ch ar ac

ter i zed chi e fl y by g ood nes s , an d s elf -gl or ious . He cr e ate d

’
it F o r ta r e ad tu ? f F or s a rvaryya nte read s ar var ya/nte

I O r, cur r e nt of nu tr i m ent .
2 38 CANT O xnrx .

a no th e r p air s fr o m hi s br eas t ; th ey w er e a ll
th ou s and
c h ar acter i z e d ch i efl y by p as s ion , a nd wer e fier
y an d i m p a
t i e nt An d h e cr eated a g ai n a n other th ous and m i s er able
.

p ai r s fro m h is thi gh s th ey w er e no wn as char a cter i zed k

ch i e fl y b p
y as s ion and ig nor ance , a nd as env ious ly d is p o s e d .

An d h e created anoth er th ou s a n d p air s fr o m his f ee t th e y

a ll ch ar acteri z e d by i g nor ance ,
chi efl y and wer e nu

f or tu nate and little of un d er s t an d i n g .

T h en th os e liv ing b ei ng s , p r od uced i n p air s , wer e j

r e oi ci ng

tog eth er ; u rg ed b y t h eir m utua l d i s tr es s th ey h as t ene d to

s e x u al i nter cour s e T h en cef or w ar d p air ing ori gin ated
. in
th i s k al
pa . W om en d i d n ot h av e th eir cour s es m onth b y
m onth h ence th ey d id no t t h en b r i ng f or th o ff s p r i ng , a l th o u h
g
th e y eng ag e d in s exual i nter cour s e . T h ey b r ing f or th j u s t

p ai r s of child ren once a t th e cl os e o f life T h en cefor war d

.

p ai r i ng ori ginated in thi s alp a B y m ed i tationk . an d th ou g ht

th os e h um an b eing s giv e b ir th to ofisp ri ng o nce . S oun d and

th e o th er o b j ects of s ens e w er e p ur e s ev er ally i n th eir fiv e

m ar ks .

T hi s was th is cr eation of th e h um an r ace whi ch th e P r aj a

p ati for m er ly p r od uced S pr ung O f h i s lin eag e th ey wor s hip

.

p e d thi s w or ld , and th ey p ay h o m ag e to r i v er s , l a es , and k

s e as an d th e m ountains al s o . D ur ing th at ag e th o s e hum a n
bei ngs li ved ind eed f eeli ng li ttl e co ld or h eat . T h ey r ece iv e d

d elig h t accor d ing to thei r nat ur al d i s p os itions fr om th e ob j ects

Of s en s e , 0 wis e S i r ; no o p p o s ition, nor enm ity, nor e nv
y
e x i s t ed am ong th em .T h ey p aid h om ag e to th e m ountai n s
an d th e s e as ; th ey liv e d w h olly w ith out h abitati ons ; th ei r
a cti on s w er e uns wayed b y l ov e th eir m i nd s w er e al ways
Raks h as as ,
'
j oyf ul . N eith er P isac as , nor N ag as , nor nor en

vi ons m en, nor cattle, n or b ir d s , n or cr oco d i les , no r fis h , nor

cr ee p in g in s ect s , nor e gg -bor n ani m als hind er e d them , ( for

th os e a nim a ls are th e offs p ri ng of ini qui ty, ) nor r oo t s , nor

fr ui ts , nor fl o wer s , nor th e s eas ons , n or th e year s . T im e w as

al w a
ys h app y th er e wa s n eith er h eat nor col d in e x ces s as

ti m e p as s ed by, th ey a ttaine d wond erf ul p er fection . M or e

F or m ar uta h r ead airu tall .

 T HE CO URSE or CRE AT I ON . 2 39

ov er th ey j
en oye d s ati s f acti o n in th e f or e-noon and at n o on

an d
g ai n s ati s fa cti on c am e w ith out ex er tion to th os e wh o
a

20 wi s h ed f or i t, and e x er ti on a ls o s r an u in th e m ind o f
g p p
th os e w h o wi s hed for i t . T h e w ater was e x quis ite . P er f e c
21 ti on w as m err y w ith m any a d eli g h t for th em an d anoth er

w a s p r od uce d th a t conf er re d ev er y w i sh A nd w i th b o d i e s .

22 un care d for , t h os e h um an bei n g s h a d l as tin

g youth W ith out .

r e s o lv e th e
y p
r od u ce O ff s p r i n g i n p
air s ; al i e i s th eir b ir th k
23 and form , and tog eth er al s o th ey d i e . D ev oi d of d es i r e and

h a tr e d th ey liv ed to eac h o th er . All w er e equal in f or m an d

24 l ength of lif e, w ith out i nf er i or ity or s up er i or i ty . T h ey li v e
th e ir m e a s ur e lif e, f our t h o us and h u m an year s n or h av e
of

25 th ey m i s fo r tunes th roug h a ffl iction E ver ywh er e m or eover .

th e e ar th w as entirely bl es s ed wi th g ood for tune .

p
A s th e p eo le d ied i n th e cour s e of tim e, s o th eir p r o s p er ity

g r ad u ally p er i s h ed ev er y w h er e ; and w h en it h ad altog eth er

27 p er i s h ed , m en f ell d own fr o m th e s ky T hos e . k a lp a tr ees
p
w er e c om m only r od uced w hi ch ar e called h ou s es an d th ey
28 b r ough t f or th ev er y ki nd o f e n oym ent
j to th os e p eop le . A t the
b eg innin g of th e T a ag e th e p eop le g ot th eir s ub s i s ten ce
r et

fr om th os e tr ees . After war d s in th e cour s e O f ti m e p a s s ion ate

29 afiec ti o n f s p ru ng up s ud d e nl y am ong th em . By r e as o n o f
th e oc curr en ce o f
p as s i o na te affe cti on m ens tr uation occurr ed
m onth b y m onth , an d con cep ti on fr equently t oo p lac e k .

30 T hen th o s e tr ees w er e calle d h o us e s I by them B ut b ran ch es .

c er tai nl y f all fr om o th er tr ees , 0 br ah m an ; an d they yi eld

31 cl oth i n g and orn am ents o ut o f th ei r fr ui ts I n th e s ep ar a te .

c av i ti e s of th e s am e fr ui t of th o s e tr ees w as pr od u ce d v er y

s tr ong h oney, which e x cell e d i n s m ell, co lo ur an d ta s te , an d

32 w h i ch no b ee h ad m a d e on th at th ey s ub s is ted at th e b eg in

ning of t he T r eta ag e .

Af ter w ard s in cour s e ti m e th ose p eop le g r ew cov etous

of

33 bes id es ; th eir m ind s b eing filled w ith s elfis h nes s th ey f ence d

T h e t ext si d d hi r nd mn d va yo n a. s ci s ee m s incor r ect ins tead of i t, ano th er

ad opt ed .
’

MS . r ead s s i d d hi r n énd r asolla s a , w h ich I h ave

f Rag a .

D o es th is m ean the trees wer e called h ous es (griha ) fr om th e o ff s

pr ing
1
(yar bha ) b eg o tten there P
2 40 C ANT O XL I X .

th e t r ees * r o un d a nd th os e t r ees p er i s h e d b y r eas o n of th a t

34 wr ong con d uct on th eir p ar t S tr ife . s pr an g up in co u s e

felt cold a nd h eat a nd h un g er T h en

q uence ; th eir f ac es .

k
f or th e s a e of com b i n ati on and r es is tan ce t h ey m ad e to w n s

35 at fir s t an d th ey r es o r t to fo r tr es s es i n i n a cces s ib l e d es er ts
and w a s tes , in m oun ta ins and cav es al s o th ey i n d u s tr i ou s ly
36 co ns tr uct ed w i th th e ir o wn fing er s an ar ti fici al f or t on tr e e s ,

on m ountai ns an d in w a ter , a nd they firs t m a d e m e a s ur e s

intend ed for m eas ur em ent .

A m i nu te ato m , a
p ar a s uk s hm a ,
th e m o te in a s un b e am ,1 '

th e d u s t o f th e e ar t h , an d
th e p oint o f a h a ir , an d a youn g
l on s e, I an d a l ou s e , § a nd t h e b o d of b ar l e -cor n ; Hm e n
y a y
38 s ay e a ch of th os e thi ngs i s eig h t ti m es th e s i z e of th e p r eced
i ng th i ng fil E i g h t b ar ley-cor n s e
qua l an a n g ul a or fin g er
39 br ea d th s ix fing er -b r ea d th s ar e a p ad a , fl
'
an d t w i ce th a t

is kn ow n a s a s pa n ; 11 and tw o p ans m a e a cub it m e as ur ed

s k
wi th th e fing er s clos ed in a t th e r oo t of th e t h um b f o ur
c ubit s m a ke a b ow , a a nd e q u al t w o n é di k é s ; t w o
40 th ou s an d b ow s m a k e a
g avy uti ; 1Hl an d fo ur tim es th at ar e

d eclar ed b y th e wi s e to b e a yo j ana thi s i s th e utm os t

m ea s ur e f or p ur p o s es of cal cul ati on .

Now of th e fo ur ki nd s o f for tr es s es th r ee o ccu r n atur a lly ;

th e f our th kind f
o fort r es s is ar tifici al . N o w th os e m en
42 c ons tr ucte d i t la b or i o us ly ; ffi '
an d they al s o cons tr ucted , 0

F or v ri ks hcis r ea d vr i ks ha m s f F o r tr e s ka -r ena r r e ad tr as a -r en a r .

I F o r n i s hké m r ea d li ks hd F or yuka m r ea d yziké

'
.
II Y av o d ara . .

qr F or ekd d as a guna m tes ham an oth e r M S r ead s kr a/mé d as hta guzwiny a hur
’ ’ ’
- -
.
,

w hi ch i s m uch b e tter .

F or y a va -m a d hy a m ano th e r MS . r ead s yav d n ya s htau .

A f oot s b r e ad th II
’
if F or vi ta s ti -d vi u
g na m r ea d vi ta s ti r d vi guna m
F or -v es h ta n a m r ea d -v es ht_a n a h T hi s r e l ati o n in d i cate s a l o ng ar m or
,

s m all h an d s an d f ee t . An av er ag e c ub it s o m e as ur e d w o ul d b e e qua l to ab o ut

1 5 i nch es . D and a .

1 mA s tr e tch of p as tur e g r ound

- . T a kin g th e cubi t at 1 5 i nch e s , t hi s l eng th
woul d b e 1 0 ,0C0 f ee t, o r ab o ut 1 —196 mil e .

T aking th e c ub i t a t 1 5 i nch e s , th e y o j ana e qual s f eet or ab o ut

m il e s .

' ’ ’

111 T h e te xt tac c a. kur ya t s a tas tu te a p p e ar s co rr u t .

p A b e t ter r e a d in
g is
' ’
ta c c akrur yatna tas tu ts f r o m a M S i n th e S ans kr it C ol leg e L ibr ar
.

y .
 T HE DE VE L O PE M E NT or M ANKI ND . 2 41

b r ah m an,* th e pura,’r and th e khetaka, th e d roni-m u h a i: k

k k
li ewi s e , § and sa h a-n a ar ak as and th e thr ee ind s of k ar
g k
v a ak a s ,
t ”nd
th e gr am as t ogeth er wi th th e arr ang em ent of
a

th e gh os h as fil and th e s ep ar ate h abitati ons th er ein a n d they

bui lt lofty ram p ar ts s u rr o und e d o n all s i d es
'
with fo ss e s . T hey
m a d e the p ur a , quar ter of a yo j ana in
or town , e x t end for a

y d ir ecti on, a nd s 1 0 p e d own t o w ater on th e ea s t ; they

'
e v er

p
m a d e i t aus icious a nd p eop led i t wi th col oni e s fr om noble
f a m ili es ?” A nd wi th a h alf of i t th ey lai d ou t th e kh eta ,H ‘

and w ith
quar ter of i t the k ar v a ta ; I I and th en th e infer ior
a

p or ti on whi ch i s m a d e w ith th e r em aining quar ter i s called th e

d ro ni A tow n d es titute of r am p ar ts and tos s es “[l is

F or d vij a b r ead d vigu T he v ocativ e s eem s pr eferable a s M ai -

kendays .
is re l atingwh at happ e ned in a p re vi ous ag e , and th e w ork d e scri b ed wanld
n o t f all to a b r ah m an’ s d uty . I f d vij h be
a re tained , th e wor d kury d t m us t b e
u n d er s too d .

f T h is i s exp l ained in v er s e 44 .

I T h es e tw o w or d s are exp lai ned in ve r s e 45 .

F or ta d s a re ad tud va d .

T h es e tw o word s ar e not in th e d i ction ary ; th ey are explai ned in ver ses

harv a gaka -traytm

’
45 and 46 . F or kar vataha m tr aya r e ad

1T S angh os h a i s n ot in t he d iction ar y . F or gr a m d -s anghos ha -vi nyd s am r ead

g ni ma m eu gho s ha viwyd s am Gr am a is explained in 47, an d g ho s ha in

- - ver se

v ers e 50 .

'
B ud d h a -va méa-vahir gam am .

H Pr o f . S ir M . M oni u -W fl lM s e xp lai n s kheta, a vi llage , th e r e s id enc e

of an d f ar m er s a s m all tow n, h alf but h er e it ap p ar entl y

pe as a nts a p ur e
m ean s a p ar ticul ar por tion of t he p ur a ; d oes i t m ean the “
i nh ab i ted or

r e s i d e n ti al ar ea.

it T hi s w or d is s aid to m ea n a v i ll ag e , m ar ket -town, the ca p i tal of a

”
d is tr ict, b ut here it d enote s p ar tic ul ar portion of th e p ur a ; d oes i t m e an
a

t h e b azti r or th e ar ea occup i ed wi t h th e m ar ket and s h o ps P

T his w o rd s aid to m e an th e cap it al of a d i st ric t, th e chi ef o f 40 0 vi].

l ag e s ,
”
b ut h ere it e vi d ently ref er s t o the l owe s t p ar t of th e p ur a ; d oe s it

m ean th e ar ea inh ab ited by th e lab our ing p op ulation or th e lo w es t cla s s es P

I) “ F or M i r an; p ari lthd -hi na m re a d p r d kdr a -par i khd -hinam O r , i s th e

v er s e int end e d t o s ay th at a town s ur r o und ed with a r am par t but wi th o ut a

fos s e is a va rm a -vat ? T hi s w ould ag r e e b e tter with th e m eaning of var m a

va t. P r of S ir M M onier -Willi am s
. . explains it as an unfortified ( P) town .

31
2 42 CANT O xmx .

call e d a v ar m a -v at ; and a k
sa h a-n ag ar aka4“ is an o th er k i nd o f
47 town w hi ch p os s es s es m ini s ter s feu d a tor y p r inces M or e an d .

ov er , a d w elli ng p lacet w h ich ab oun d s wi th sud r as an d w ater , i

wh er e th e cul tiv ator s ar e ind ep end ently a nd

w h i ch i s s itua ted on la nd th at can be us e d for field s , i s call e d

48 a g r ém a “ T h e d w ellin g p l ace, w h i ch m en m a e, d iflfer ent

.
- k
fr om ci ti es an d oth er ab o d es , for the s a e of th eir b u s ines s ,
'

k
49 i s to b e kn ow n as a va s ati by m o d er n m en fif T h e g r am s ,

w hi ch s pr ing s u p on th e l an d o f a noth er gr d m a , a nd thr i v es ,

w h i ch h a s no field s of its ow n, w hi ch i s f or th e m os t p a rt
v i ciou s , and w hi ch i s th e r es or t of a k ’
i ng s f a v our i tes , i s
50 c all e d an An d a co ll ecti on o f ca ttl e an d h er d s m en ,
w h o h a v e b r ou g h t th eir u ten s il s ther e o n c ar t s , w h er e th er e
is no
g h os h a ; H i ts s i tuation on th e land
b ar ter , i s cal le d a
‘ ‘

m a y b e w h er ev er th ey p l ea s e .

T h o s e p eop le th u s m a d e towns a n d oth er a bod es for th em

s elv es t o d w ell in th ey m a d e h ou s e s f or th e s ever a l cou
p les
”
T hi s wor d is s aid to m e an, a br a nch -to wn,’ a s ub ur b , b ut h er e is s eem s
’ ”
to m ea n a t ow n w i th b r anch es , a cap i tal t own or m etr op olis .

1 V a s a ti
'
; s ee v e r s e 48 .

I F or M ra-j al a-p r a yd h r ea d i hd r a j a la-p r d y d

F or - r s hi
k,
ba ld h re a d

nT h e v illag e . T h e w or d t h us d enote s a local ar ea, a nd in clud e s both th e

d welling s and th e fiel d s It s eem s to d es ig nate s p eci al l
y t h e larg e and p ro s
.

p er ous vi llag es .

1T T h e wor d i s ex pla in ed in th e di ctionary as a d welling -pl ace, d welling

”
h ous e , ab o d e , r es id e n c e , bu t h er e i t i s exp l aine d to b e a m ar t, ” app ar ently

e ith er p er m a n e nt tem p or ar y It cor r es p on d s t o th e m od er n

or .
( Per s ian)
'
w or d g anj or th e v e r na cul ar wo r d ha l ( S ans k r i t h atta) , i n B e n al T h e wor d
,
g .

fi as at t ap p ear s as ba s ti i n th e m od er n v er n a cul a r s , a nd m e ans i n B e n al

g
”
th e p opul a ted p ar t of a v illag e, and th e p ar t of a t o wn occup i e d b y th e
”
c om m o n b am b oo-b ui lt h o us e s . T he ver s e s ee ms t o in d i cate th at th e
w or d v a s a ti w as ei th er newly -coi ned h ad r e centl ac quir e d
, or
y (or t he auth or

wi s h ed i t t o acqui r e ) a S p eci al m eani ng T he com p le te ch an

g e fr om thi s
.

m ea ni ng t o th a t of t h e m o d e r n bas ti , whi ch r a th er ex clud es an

y notion of
tr a d e , i s note -wor th y .

fi t Or a kr im l T h e s e wo r d s ar e no t in th e d ictionary I f we m ig ht r ead
.
.

d -kre m l i ns te ad , th e wor d woul d b e r a th er a

p pr o p r i ate .

it T hi s w or d is s aid t o m e an a s tati on of h er d s m en ” It
. ap p ear s to d e
n ote a t e m p or a ry d welling o nly, re sor ted to for pur p os es of p as turag e .
 T HE D E VE L O PE M E NT or M ANKI ND . 2 43

to d w ell in . A s tr e es w er e th eir fir s t kind of h ous es , so, w ith

a r e m e m b r ance of all th at, th o s e p eop le built th eir h ous es .

As som e b r an ch es of a tr ee g o i n one d ir ection , an d o th er s go

in anoth er d ir ection, an d s om e r is e up w ar d s and s om e bend
d o wnw ar d s , ev en so th ey fas h i on ed th e br anch es i n their
hous es . T h os e b r an ch es , w h i ch w er e th e b r anch es of th e
k al pa tr e es at fir s t, 0 br ah m an, b ecam e r o om s i n th e h ous es
in cons e qu ence am on g th o s e p eop le .

T h o s e p eop le r uined the tr ees by th eir s tr ife , an d aft er war d s

on th eir m ean s of li v eli h oo d . W h en th e k al

pa
tr ees h ad utter ly p eri s h ed al on g w ith th e h oney, th os e p eo p le
w er e d i s tr es s ed b y th ei r a fii i cti ons , an d s ufier e d fr om th ir s t
a n d h un er T h en b ecam e m anifes t th eir p er f ecti on at th e
g .

b eg inn i ng a ag e
of th e T
F or th eir oth er bus in es s w as
r et .

s p o nt aneo us ly acc om p li s h e d ; 1 th ey h ad r ain accor d ing to '

t h eir d es ir e T h e w ater s o f th ei r r ai n ar e th e r iv er s i w hi ch
.

fl ow h er e . B y th e ob s tr ucti on o f th e r ain § th e r i v er s , w h i ch "

'

ex i s ted th e e ar th s canty o f water b efor e th at, b ecam e 1l

“

on

d eep fl ow ing ch ann el s .

A nd th en by th ei r un ion w ith th e e ar th p l ants cam e i nto

"

e xi s ten ce , of fo ur te en k
in d s , both th o s e wh i ch gr ow o n nu .

cul ti v a te d s oi l , an d th os e w hi ch g r ow uns o w n, b oth culti

v at e d and wi ld . A n d tr ee s an d s h r ub s b ear in g fl ow er s a n d
fru i t i n th eir s ea s o n s w er e p r o d u ce d . T his m an if es tati on of

v e g e tati o n a pp e ar e d fir s t i n th e T r et a ag e . O n th at v e g et a

ti on th e p eop l e s ub s i s t i n th e T r e ta a g e , 0 M un i A n d t h en .

l aps i ng i nto n ov el p a s s i on an d co v etous nes s th o s e p e op le n e x t

k
t oo p o s s es s i on o f r i v er s a n d fiel d s , m o un tains , an d tr ees ,
s h r ub s a n d o w n r ig h t ev e n a ccor d in t o m ig h t
p lan ts in t h eir g .

’
F or a c i/ntaya t r ea d i n tayan
’
it ac

i i d d hi td r e a d v a r ttd s v a -s d d hi té
’

1 F or vc r tt c -s v a -s

N i - a t a n eu t = i m na -g é T hi s m e a ni ng i s no t i n th e d i ctionar y
I m n a g n .

F o r vri s hlyotva m d d ha i r r ead v r i s hly e var od ha ifr

Nim n ag ah ye . I f t h is is cor r e ct , we m u s t t ake n i m ua -g a m es a . as

nim ua-g ah
m e an ing n ot g i v e n i n t h e d i ctionary ; if w e r ea d f em
"
r iv e r , a

us ual , w e m us t r ead ya h for y e

’

a bha van
1T F or abhavat r ead
 2 44 eu ro xu r .

T h r oug h th a t their s in th os e p l a nt s p er i s h ed b efor e the ir V er y

e yes , a n d the e art h th en d ev our ed th o s e p l ants at o nc e , 0
m os t wi s e b r ahm an i
" M or eo ver w h e n th at vegetati on h ad

p eri s h e d , th os e p eop l e fell i nto s till f ur th er co nf us i o n .

S uff erin g f r om h ung er , th ey r es ort ed to B r ah m a, th e m o s t

hig h , a s th eir p r es er ver . A nd h e , th e m i gh ty lor d , n ow i n g k
f ull w ell th en th at th e e ar th h ad sw all o w e d i t u p ,1 m il e d
fl
k
h er tr ea ti ng m o unt M er u a s h er calf }: T hi s ear t h -cow w as
t h en m il k ed by hi m , th e cer eal s cam e i nt o e x i s te n ce on th e
face of th e e ar th , th e s ee d s , t he cul ti v a te d a n d w il d p lants
b e si d e s , E
W hi ch a r e annua l s , § k no wn as comp r i s i ng s e ve nt een

cl a s s e s a ccor d i ng t o tr a d i ti on . T he v ar i o u s k in d s of both
'

r i ce a nd b ar l ey , w h eat ,g r ain ,“ anu s e s am u m , p r i yang u fil

’
k or a d fis h a fi f an d c in ak a , II g r een
and m as ur a fiHf th e fin es t a nd ku l atth ak a fifl a
”
dh a ka
F or d vi j a h r e ad d mga
1 Gr as ta . T he c ont ex t s eem s to r eq uir e t hi s w or d to b e take n i n .
an acti ve

s ens e .

1 T he calf is ti e d n ear th e co w , while s h e i s being m i lk e d , a s o th er wi s e ,

it is s aid , s he w il l not let h er m ilk fl o w .

P h al a -p akénta .

P an i cwm m i li a cewm, th e m od ern c himi , Roxb p 1 04. . . I t is a cul tiv a ted

o n an e l ev at ed , ligh t, r i ch
c ereal, g r ow n s oil , i m m ed i ately af ter th e rains .

1T S e e n o te p 1 65. .

T h e D icti onary s ays thi s i s a kind of gr ai n wi th l ong s ta lk s , bu t I cann ot

t r a ce i t o ut in Ro xb ur g h .

‘
H '
P asp a lum s cr o bi cu l a tm n, th e m od e r n kod o, Roxb p 93 . H e s ay s
. . T he
s ee d is an a r ti cl e of d i et w i th th e H ind o o s , p ar ti c ul ar ly w i th th os e wh o i a
h abit t h e m ountain s a nd m os t b arr en p ar t s of th e country , f or it i s i n s uch

c o un tri e s o nly w h ere i t i s culti v at e d , i t b e i ng an unp r ofita b le cr op , an d no t

s ow n w h er e oth er s m or e b enefici al will thr i ve . I h av e eat en of th e b oi le d

g r ain , and thi nk i t as p alatab le as r i c e .

It T hi s i s s aid to b e P a n i cum m ili a cewm whi ch i s a lr e a d y m e ntion e d th e

w or d m e an s f ennel al s o , b ut th at i s i nap pr op ri ate . I d o n ot find any o th er

g r ai n of thi s n am e .

S ee not e p 8 4 . .

[HI M a d ge ,
S ee no te p 84 . .

1 mS e e n ot e p 1 65
. .

it ” N i s hp év a ; s ee n o te H p 86
. .

1 1? S e e note II p . 84 .
 i
T H E D E VE L O PM E NT or M ANKI ND . 2 45

p ul s e
“
fi and ch i ck- ea
p ? an d b em p i ar e kn o w n as th e s ev en

t e en cla ss es . T h es e ar e th e old en ki nd s of cul ti vated pl ants .

A n d th er e ar e f o ur tee n kind s of pl ants for us e in s acri fice s ,

b o th cul ti v at e d a nd w il d , viz .
, th e v ar i ous ind s of b oth k r i ce

an d b ar ley, w heat, gr ain , s e s am um , and

anu s ev e nth § am ong
th em p ri yang u, y m aka Hgr ain ,
'
a nd e i h t h k ul atth aka , an d
s a
g
W il d r ice , wi ld s es am um firand g av ed h uka * * g r as s , kur uv i nd afl ‘

r as s , m ar k atak a , : d an d th es e i nd eed ar e
g ti a n v e n g r ad h a
u -

tr adi tionally kn o wn a s th e f our teen cultiv ated a nd w ild pl ants

for us e in sam
fices . W h en these pl ants ar e th ey
do n o t s pr i n g for th ag a in .

T h er eu p on th e a d o r ab l e s elf-ex i s tent B r ah m a d ev is ed
m ean s of li v elih ood f or th e a d v ance m e nt o f tho s e p eop le, a nd

th e p er f ection of th e h an d s w hi ch r es u lt s f r om w o r k . T h en ce ~
f or w ar d pl w er e pr o d uce d , whi ch m u s t r i p en
ants after p lough
ing . B u t wh en th eir liv elih o od w a s th orough ly or d ain ed , th e

T h e d ictionary d oes not g iv e fidh aka, m a s c or

it .
f em , as th e nam e of any

p l ant b ut ad h ak i, fem , is s ai d t o m ean a ki n d of p ul s e , C aj anus i nd i cus ,

S p r eng . I d o not find i t in Roxb .
, b ut O liv er call s th e P ig eon P ea C aj anus .

c a nahd é r ea d c a nahd é
’ ’
1 “
F or . S ee no te “ i p . 84 .

'
1 S a na . F or g a zwih r ea d fand lz, as in s ev er al M SS .

T he r eck oning s eem s wrong ; p r iyang u is th e s ixth a nd kulatthaka th e

s eventh .

I] S ee n ote it p 1 65
. .

1T Y attila i s n ot in th e d i ctionary . F or ya tti ld r ead j a atil d

-
h .

C oi r bar ba ta, Roxb .

p 649
. i t is a co ar s e g r as s , a nd ca ttl e do not eat it .

I t is al s o s ai d t o m ean H ed ys a m /m la gop od i oi d es , w h ich is m enti oue e d by Rox

b urg h (p . b ut o f wh ich I find no d es cr ip tio n i n hi s w or k .

H
‘ '
Cyp eru s r otwnd us , Ro xb p 6 6 . . a com m on g r a s s , th e r o o t s of wh ich d r ie d
an d p ow d er e d are u s ed a s a p erf um e .

II T h i s h a s b een m entio ne d in C a nto XXX I I , v er s e 11, and i s d es cr ib e d in

th e d ictionary as a ki nd wild p a nic ; a s p ecies of g r ai n ” I fin d th a t
of .

C arp op ogon p rwri ens i s a s s ig ne d b y Ro xb ur g h to th e S ans kr i t wor d m a r kati

(p . T h at i s a com m on l eg um e , b ut h e s ay s no us e s e em s to b e m ad e of

i t, e xcep t th at th e h air s of th e leg um es ar e us e d as a v er m if ug e an d ar e be .

li eve d t o b e p o i s onous .

T hi s i s no t in t h e d ictionar y , and I d o not know wh at it is .

P r as ris h ta . D oe s thi s m ean th at th es e p lants g r ow o nly in a culti va ted

s tate i’
 246 C ANT O L .

lor d h im s elf next e stabli s h ed b ound s for th em accor d ing to

j us tice and accor d in g t o th eir qual iti es ; also th e laws of
’
th e cas te s and of th e f our p er io d s of a br ahm an s life, and
of th e w or l d s * w ith a ll th e ir cas t e s w hi ch d uly m ai ntain
r i gh t eo us nes s and w ealth , 0 m os t r i g h teou s M a ni .

'
P r gzj ap atyai n
is tr ad i tionall y d ecl ar ed t o b e th e s ph e e r

assi gned a
fter d ea th to br ah m ans w h o p er for m th e cer em oni es .

Ai nd r a t i s th e S ph er e of k
s h atr i yas w h o fl ee not i n b attle .

M aru ta § i s th e s p h er e of v ai syas wh o o b s erv e th e ir o wn

prop er law s Gandh ar v a "i s the sp her e o f th e v ar ious clees es

.

of su d r as wh o p er for m m enia l s er v i ce T h e s ph er e of thos e .

ei gh ty-eig ht wh o li v e in p er etual ch as tity

th ous a nd ri s h i s p
h as b een tr a d itionally d ecl ar e d to b e th a t of th e inh ab itants
of Ju i ter p T h e s ph er e of th e S ev en Ri s h is fll h as b een tr a d i
.
'

tionally d ecl ar e d to b e th at of h er m its Pr a a ” i s the

j p yat a .

s ph er e of h o us eh old er s ; t h e ab o d e o f B r ahm a i s for tho s e .

m en w h o h av e ab an d o n e d a ll w or ld ly concer ns ; th e wor l d
of i m m o r tality i s for yog is — s u ch i s th e or d inance of th e
p
var i ous s h er es as s i n ed af ter d ea th
g .

C ANT O L .

T he m a nd a te to the Y a ks ha D a lts a ha .

B r a hm ci nex t cr ea ted the ni ne S ages , B hr iga , P ulas tya, P ula ha ,

'
Kr a tu, Angiras , M ar i e i , D a ks ha , A tri a nd Vas is htha— a nd als o
Ru d ra, S ankah m and D har m a — All thes e wer e a ll-wi s e and d evoi d of
i — B ra hm a i n a n er cr ea ted a bei n
p as s ons g g ha lf m ale, ha lf f em ale ,
who at his or d er d i vi d ed hi ms elf i nto m a ny m ale a nd
fem ale bei ngs .

L oka .

1 T he h ea ven of the p itris

I T h e 1 8 th lunar m ans io n
T he co ns tellati on s i ti .

Gand har va i s th e nam e o f o ne o f th e ni ne

p or ti ons of B hi r ata-v ar s h a ;
but thi s s ee m s inap pr op r i ate .

1T T he co ns tellatio n U r s a M a j or .

S ee ver s e 77 .
 T HE CRE AT I O N on T HE NI NE SAGE S .
24 7

B r a hm d then fln
'
cr eat ed the M ann s vd ya bhuva and hi s wife S ata
r i lp a
'
— T hey ha d two s ons Pr iya -vr a ta an d Uttd na p ad a , -
a nd a lso two
'
d aughter s R uc i m arr i ed
'
. one d a ughter Ri d d hi and bega t Yagg a a nd

D a ks hi nd .

D a ks ha m ar ri ed the other d a ughter P r as uti and begot 2 4s d aughters ,

whose m enti oned , a nd w ho beca m e D ha r m a
’
na m es a r e s wi ves , a nd a ls o

11 oth er d a ughters w hos e na m es ar e m enti oned , a nd who beca m e the

wi ves f
o the o ther sa ges a nd o f Agni and the P i tr i s — T he child r en o f
thes e d aughter s ar e m enti oned .

A -d ha/rm a a nd his offsp r ing ar e m entioned , Nara ka , B haya , M r i tyu

’

& c .
—
T he a cti ons of M r i tyu s s ons ar e exp lai ned — C hi e
f a m ong them
i s D u hsa ha— to hi m B r a hm d as s igned a d welli ng and r ai m ent, a long
ca ta logue o f ba d d eed s as n our i s hm ent, a n d cer tai n p laces a nd ti m es
for hi s s ucces s , but exclud ed a li s t f
o other p ersons a nd p laces fr om
hi s i nfluence .

M ar kand eya s pok e .

T h en w h i le h e w a s m ed i tating , m an ind k wer e b eg otten

i n hi s m i n d , tog eth er w i th th eir o ccup ati ons ,
'

an d i m p l em ent s

w hi ch w er e p r o d uced fr o m h i s b o d y S pir its in bod ily .

w er e p r od u ce d f r om th e li m b s of h im , th e w i s e god All .

th os e w h om I h av e alr ea d y m enti oned ca m e in to exi s ten c e .

Al l c r e at e d b eing s fr om th e g o d s d own to th os e wh os e
co n d i ti o n is s t a ti o n ar y ar e kn ow n to b e s ub ect j to th e th r ee
s uch w as th e co ns ti tuti on of cr eated thi ng s ,
q uali ti es : 1
i m m ov e ab le an d m ov e able .

W h en a ll th a t o fi s p r ing of hi m , th e w i s e one, d id n ot in
c r ea s e , he cr ea te d o th er m i n d -b or n s on s li k e un to hi m s elf , vi z .
,

B h rig u, P ulas tya , P u lah a , Kr atu, and A ng ir as , M ar i c

’
i, D ak
'

s h a , an d A tr i , and th e m in d -b or n V a s is h th a I —
th es e w er e the

ni n e s ons of B r ah m a, th ey ar e p o s itiv ely m entione d i n the

P ur ana s .

N e xt B r ah m afur th er cr eat e d Rud r a , w h os e bir th w as fr om

h is s oul w h en i t w a s a ng r y, a n d S ank alp a, and D h ar m a wh o
w as b egotten b e
for e all the p r eced ing s ons .

K s h e tr a-j na .

1 G ood nes s p as s ion, and ig norance

‘
.
,

Vasi s htham r e ad Va s i s htham

’

I F or .
 2 48 CANT O L .

A nd th os e wh o with thei r s o n s a nd oth er r ela ti ves w er e fir s t

creat ed by th e S elf-ex i s tent, f elt no attach m ent for th e w or ld s
but s h o w ed d is r eg ar d an d w er e co m p os ed in m i nd . T h ey
a ll kn ew th e futur e, th ey wer e fr ee fr om p as si on, fr ee fr o m
e nv
y .

W h en th ey th us s h o we d d is r eg ar d at th e cr eati on o f th e

w or ld s , th e h i gh - s oule d B r ah m a gr ew v er y wr athf ul ; then

w as p r o d uced t h er e a m ale* li e t o th e k p os s es s e d of an
s un ,

i m m en s e b od y, th e b od y b ei n g h alf m an and h alf w om an s

’ ’
s .

”
D i vi d e th ys elf A nd
“
s ai d th e g od , an d th en d i s a p p ear e d .

h e b eing thu s a ccos t ed s ep ar a te d th e fem al e an d m al e

n at ur es ; and h e d i v i d ed th e m al e n atur e i n to el ev en p ar ts .

T hen th e d ivi ne lor d d i vi d ed th e m ale a nd f em al e n atur es

i nto m any p ar ts w ith m en, g entl e an d cr uel , calm , b lac k and

w hi te .

N ex t th e lor d B r ahm a becam e th e g uar di an of hi s off

s p r in g b y cr e ati n g th e fir s t M a nu S v é yam bh uv a d b eg otten '

k
fr om and li e u nto h im s elf, 0 b r ah m an gt an d th e w om an
' '
S at a -r ii p a,
wh o w as cl eans ed fr om blem is h es thr ough au s ter i

ties . T h e d iv ine and m i gh ty M a nu S v ayam bh uv a too kh er

’ '
for hi s w if e . A nd thr ough him h er h u s b and S ata-r i i p a
br ough t for th tw o s ons , P r iya -v r a ta a nd U ttana -p ad a , f am ed
thr ough th eir own a ction s , an d tw o d augh ter s al s o, Rid d hi
T h en th ei r f ath er g av e P r as uti i n m arri age to
’
and P r as ii ti .

Da ksh a an d Ri d d hi to Ruc i § of yor e

’ '
T h e P raJa p at i R/d c i
- .

t oo k hi wif s e, an d f r om th em b oth a s on Y a jna w as b or n and

a d aughter D ak s h i na, ”O illus tri ou s S ir ; these two th en

becam e h u s b and a nd w ife , and Y aj na b eg at of D aks hi na
twelv e s on s ; th e glor io us s on s of Y a j na a nd D aks h ina w er e

th e g o d s w ell known as th e Y am as i n th e e p och of M ann

S v ayam bhu v a .

P ur us h a .

l vayam -bh i i
’

1
‘
T he s on o f ( th e S elf -exis tent B r a hm a) .

I F or d vij a h r e ad duij a
H e is o n e of th e F raj é -
p ati s .

NT h is
'
ver s e m us t ref er t o Ruc i, as D aks h a’ s p ro en i s m enti oned in
g y
ve rs e 19 .
 ’
nAxs nA s O F F S P RI NG . 249

A nd Da k s ha m o r eov er b e g at tw enty and four d aughter s of

20 P r as uti ; h ear al s o fr om m e th ei r na m es in or d er —
'
S r ad d h a
( F ai th ) L ak sh m i ( Goo d F or t un e ) D h riti ( C ons tancy) T us hti
, , ,

( S ati s faction) P us h ti ( N ou r i s h m en t ) M ed ha( M ental V igour )

, , .
,

21 and E r iya ( A ctio n) B ud d hi ( I nte l li g e nce ) L a a ( M od e s t )

jj , y , ,
’
V apus (B od ily B eauty) S anti ( T ra n qui lli ty) S i d dhi ( P er
. , ,

fection) and K ir ti ( F a m e ) th e thir tee nth

, T h e lor d D h ar m a .

too k th es e d au
gh ter s of D a s h a for hi s wi ves k .

B es id es th em and you ng er w er e th e e lev en lovely-eyed

d a ughter s — K hyati ( C el ebr i ty ) , an d S at i ( T r uth ) , S am bh uti

( F itnes s ) , S m riti ( M em or y) , P r it i ( A fiectio n) , and E eh am a

23 ( P atience) , an d S enh ati an d Anas uya ( S in
'
cer i ty ) , U r Ja ( S tr en gth ) , S v ah a ( th e ob l ation to the g o d s ) ,
a nd S v ad h é .
( th e o bl ati on t o th e p i tri s ) . T he Ri shi s B h rig u,
'
24 B h av af an d M ar ic i, an d th e M au i A ng ir a s a l s o, P ula s tya
and P ul ah a, an d Kr atu , I V as i s h th a , and Atr i , V ah ni an d the
25 P i tri s in or d er — thes e M un i s , th e m os t illu s tr ious am ong M unis ,
too k th d au gh t er s , K h yati a n d th e o th er s , i n m ar r i age §
es e .

'
S r a d d ha g av e b ir th to K am a ( ov e) an d S r i l to D ar pa
’
L
26 ( P r id e) ; D h ri ti to N i ya m a ( R es tr ain t) h er s on ; and T u s h ti
a ls o to S antosh a ( C o nt entm ent ) P us hti to L ohb a ( C oveto us
Kr iya to D and a
’
nes s ) ; ( Rev elati o n)
M ed ha to S r ut a

( P unis h m ent ) N aya ( P r ud en ce ) an d V inaya ( D ecor um ) ;

, ,

27 B ud d hi g av e b ir th to B o d h a ( W i s d o m ) a nd L aj j zi t o V in aya
D m ) V apu s to V ya v as a a ( I n d u s tr ) h er s on ; and
( ecor u ; y y
S anti g av e bir th to K s h em a ( E as e ) ; S id d h i to S ukh a
'
28
( H a pp i nes s ) K ir ti t o Y e ses ( Re no wn ) T h es e w ere th e 0 & .

s pring of D h ar m a .

S he1l b ar e by Kam a g r and s on to D h ar m a, y, Har

'
a nam el

sh a ( Joy) w h o br i m s o ve r wi th j oyou s n es s .

a F or S anta ! “ in th e te xt r ead Sm ati i s ee C anto L I I , v.

1 T hat is , S i va ;
’
and h e m ar r i e d S ati . S h e p ut a n en d to h er s elf i n

s c ur s e , a nd w as r e -h or n a s th e d augh ter of
’
co ns e quence of h er fa th er D aks h a
H i m avat, wh en S iva m arr ie d h er ag ai n . S e e C anto L I I , vv. 1 2 -1 44 .

Kr a ta e
’

1: F or E ri ta i r ea d .

S ee C anto L I I , vv . 1 4 , 850 .

1 . e. L ak sh m i .

1[ T his s eem s obscur e .

32
2 50 CANT O t .

Now H i ms a ( I n j ur y) w as t h e w if e of A d har m a ( U nr ight

‘

-
'

eo us n e s s ) ;( F al s eh oo d ) w as b or n of h er and a
an d A u rita ,

d augh t er Ni r riti ( D e s tr uctio n ) wa s bor n of h er , and two s ons

N ar ak a ( Hell) an d B h aya ( F ear ) an d msys ( I llus ion) and ,

V e d ana ( P ai n )
’

. A n d w i th th es e tw o f em a les the two s ons

.

f orm ed tw o m ar r ied p air s and of th o s e two M ayag av e bir th ,

t o M ri tyu ( D eath ) w h o c arr i es created b eing s aw ay, and

V ed an é g a v e b ir th b y R aur av a * t o h e r s on D uhkh a ( M i s er y ) .

And V yad hi ( S i ckn es s ) Jar a ( O ld A g e ) S o ka (Gr i ef)

'
, , ,

T ris hna ( T hir s t ) a n d K r o d h a ( An g er ) w er e b eg ott en b y

M rityu ; or all t h es e, w h o h av e th e c h ar a cter i s tics of A -d h ar
m a, ar e tr ad i tion a lly d eclar e d to h a v e s p r un g f ro m D uh h a k .

N o wif e h av e th ey, n or s o n t h ey a ll liv e in p er p etual ch as

tity .

Nir ri ti al s o w as th e w ife of M r i t a , an
y d M rityu h ad a noth er
w if e cal l ed A-l a k sh m i ( I ll F o r tu n e ) an d b
y the l a tter M rityu
h ad four teen s o ns . T h es e ar e hi s s on s by A -l a k s hm i ;
M rit yu m an d s ; th ey
’
th ey car r y o ut s co m vi s i t m en at th e
ti m es of d is s oluti on ; h ear ab o ut th em T h ey d w ell i n th e ten .

of s en s e an d i n th e m i n d ; f or th ey i nfl uen ce m an or
or
g an s
w om an e a ch tow ar d s h i s o wn ob j e ct o f s en s e ; an d as s aili n
g
th e of s en s e th ey i n fl u en ce m en b y m eans of
or g ans
p a s s ion ,
ang er an d oth er feelings ,
so tha t m en s uffer in j ur y through
unr i g h teous nes s an d o th er ev i l w a ys , 0 br ah m an .

And one of t h em ta k es
p o s s es s i o n of s elf -co ns cious ness ,
an d anoth er r es id e s in th e i nt e lle ct ; hence b ewi l d er ed b
y
f olly, m en s tr iv e to d e s tr o y w o m e n .

And anoth er f f a m e d b y h i s n am e D u hs a h a I r esid es in m en s

’

h ou s e s ; h e i s w as t e d wi th h un g er , h i s fa ce i s d o wnwar d s

b e nt ; h e i s nak ed , cloth e d in ra
gs, an d his v oi ce is as h oar s e
as a cr ow s
’
. H e w as cr e a t e d b y B r a h m a to e at all bei ngs .

H im , e xceed i ngly t er r ific b y r e as on o f h i s l on te eth o en

g , p
m outh ed , v er y terr i bl e , a nd r av eno u s in m i nd
, h i m t hus ad

B anr e v e is th e nam e of a p ar ti cular h el l, but h er e it s ee m s to be

e q ui v al ent to Narak a .

t F or a ny e r ea d anyo
"
U nend urable ,
“
I T he I nt ol er a b le .
 rnm M AND AT E T O T H E YAKSHA DUHSAHA . 25 1

d r e s s ed B r ah m a, th e s t or e -h ou s e of aust er iti es , * th e for e

f ath er of the wor ld s , h e w h o i s entir ely cons ub s t antia l w i th
B r ah m a , th e p ur e, th e caus e o f th e univ er s e , the cha ng eles s .

B r ahm a s po k e .

T h ou m us t no t d ev o ur thi s uni ver s e ; quit th y an g er ,

k p th ee cal m ; cas t
ee ofi th e a to m of p as s i on and for s a k e th i s
”
c ar e e f
r o i gno a ce
r n .

D uhs ah a s p o k e .

I am w a st ed w ith h un g er, O r ul er of th e w or ld , I am

thi r s ty al s o and my H o w m ay I b e s at i s fie d ,
s tr en g th i s g on e .

0 m a s ter ? H ow m ay I gr ow s tr ong ? A n d tell m e , wh o

wi ll b e m y r ef ug e wh er e I m ay abid e tr anquil ?

B rah m a s p o k e.

f
’
T hy r e ug e s hall be m e n s h ous es , and unr i gh teou s m en
s ha ll be thy s tr eng th T h ou s h al t be s ati s fied , m y ch ild , w ith
.

th eir negl ect to p er for m th e co n s t a nt s ac r ifices A n d s pon .

t an eou s b oil s s ha ll be th y r ai m ent ; an d f or fod d f I gi v e t o

th ee wh atev er i s i n j ur e d , an d w h at i s infe s ted wi th v er m in ,
an d wh at h a s b een g az e d int o b y d o g s , li ewi s e w h at i s con k
k p
tai n ed i n b r o en ot s , w h at h a s b e en m ad e s ti ll by th e b r e at h
m a n s m o uth , th e fr ag m e nt s th at i fr om
’
fr om a r em a n a m eal ,

wh at i s unr ip e , th at on w hi ch p er s pi r ati on h as f all e n, 1 w h a t

h a s b een l i c k ed ,
w h at h a s no t b e en kd
coo e p r op er ly, w h a t
h a s b een e aten of b y p eo p l e s i tti n g o n b ro k en s e at s , a n d
f oo d
th at h as f all en o n th e s ea t , § an d w h a t t ur ns
y f r om th e awa

s ky ”
at th e t wo t w ilig h t s , w h at i s d is ting ui s h ed by th e

s o u n d of d anci ng an d m u s i ca l in s tr um ents , w h a t a wo m a n i n

h er cour s es h as p ollu te d , w h a t s uch a w om an h a s e a t e n o f

an d h as g azed at, an d w h atev er f oo d or d r in h a s b e en k
ll th e s e s ha ll be for th y no ur i s h m e n t , a nd
’

da g fll
d t —
m a e a a

w h atev er els e I g iv e t o th ee ; w h at ev er p er s o ns , w h o h a v e

O r , f or tomaso ni t re ad t ap as o n i d he, v ocativ e

1 F or d har am r e ad d hdr am
'

a -s vi/nnam r ea d d -s viem am
I F or
F or d eanmi gatam anoth er r e ad ing i s d s amd f-gatam which i s -p r ef er able ,

no t i n th e d ic ti on a ry .

q‘r U p a -gh éta -vat not i n th e d ic ti o na ry .

252 C ANT O I. .

o r g iv e n in
no t p er f or m ed th e i r a b l uti o n s , h a v e s a cr ifice d

al m s , w i th o u t f ai t h or i n co nt e m p t ; w h at h a s b ee n ca s t a w a y

w i th ou t t he p r ev i ou s u s e of w a t er , a n d w h a t h a s b een r en d e r
ed v a lu el es s , an d w h at h as b een ex hi bi ted in o r d er to b e d i s
car d e d , an d wh a t h as b een g i v en aw ay th r oug h u tt er a m az e

m ent ; w h at i s c or r up t, an d w h at h a s b een gi v en aw ay by a

O fi th o u s h a lt o b ta i n
in i n p ai n , t h a t “
p er s o n an g er or o blin
g
as th y r e w ar d ; a n d w ha t ev er th e s o n of a r e -m ar r i e d wi d o w
d oes as an un d er ta k i ng f er th e n ex t w or l d , an d w h a t ev er
th e d a ugh t er of a r e -m a r r i e d w i d ow so d oes ; th at , O g ob l i n ,
s h a ll b e f or th y s a t i s f a ct i o n . T h e w ealth -p r ocur in g cer e

m o ni e s i n whi ch a m aid e n e ng a
g es al ong wi th h er l ov er f or
th e sa k e of th e o b l i g a ti o n o f d o w e r , a n d th e cer e m o ni e s a l s o

whi ch p erfor m ed a ccor d i n g to w i c e d b o ok s , S ha ll be for

ar e k
th y n o ur i s h m ent , O g ob li n ; a n d w h a te v er h as b e e n s tu d i ed
k
for th e s a e of e n j o yin g w ealth ): a n d w h at ev er h a s n ot b een
r ea d tr uly— all th at I g i v e t h ee, an d thes e p er io d s al s of or th y

p er f ec ti on . T h ou s h alt ev e r h av e co n
q uer i ng p o w er , 0
D uh s a h a , a m on g m en, if th ey a
p pr oa ch a p r eg na nt w o m an
car na lly , or if th ey t r an s gr es s th e ev e ni ng r i t es an d th e
co ns ta nt cer e m o ni e s , an d am o ng m en w h o h av e b een corr up t e d

b y wi ck e d b o o k s, d eed s o r co n v er s ati o n .

T h y b us in e s s li es i n cr e ati n g s oci al d i s s en s i ons , in r en d er

k
i ng co o er y us el e s s , a n d i n i n ter r u pt in g co o k er y ; a n d th y
d we l li ng s h all p er p e tually b e in h ou s eh o ld w r ang li ng A nd .

m en s h all d r ea d th e e § i n w h at p i n e s a wa
y, ” an d in b ulloc k
c a r ts a nd o th e r conveya n ces w h i ch ar e s h u t u
p , i n r oom s w h i ch
kl
,

ar e not s pr in ed at t wi li g h t , an d at d eath . O n th e occas i on s

of e cl i ps e s of th e s t ar s
'

fil an d p l an ets , a nd at th e a
p p ear ance

Y ak s h a .

1 T a d -bhd gi in t h e t e xt s eem s i n cor r ect . A n o th e r r ea d i n

g i s ta d gé m i
-

b ut tv a d bh d gi t o a d -gém i s ee m p r ef er a ble An o t he r ’
an d r e ad i n
g i s p r ap gya s i ,
- .

a nd th i s I h a v e a d o p te d .

a r th am n i r vri ta m a n o th e r a nd b e tte r r e ad in is ha -n i r v ri ta u
I F or g a rt

w h ich I h av e ad o pte d . A th i r d re a d i ng is d a
ta vikri ta m .

F o r tva tt vo r e ad tva tto 2

A -p os h y am i ne . 1T Naks h atr a .
 T un MANDAT E T O T HE YAKSHA D U HSAHA . 253

of th e th r ee k ind s of
p o r ten ts , th ou s h alt, O goblin, over

com e m en who d i s r eg ar d p r o p i ti at or y cer em oni es . M en wh o

fas t v ai nl y, w h o al ways d eli gh t i n g am bling an d wom en, wh o
conf er b enefit s accor d i ng to th y w or d , an d wh o ar e r elig ious

hyp ocr i tes , s ha ll be thy p r ey .

'
S tud y by on e w h o i s n ot a br ahm a -c ér i, and s acri fice
p erform ed by an un lear ned m an ; a u s ter i ti e s pr actis ed in a
f or es t“ by m e n w ho i n d ulg e in w o r ld ly p leas ur es f and b y
’

m e n Of u ns ub d ued s o ul ; th e act io n w hi ch is d o ne accor d i ng

to th eir r es p e cti v e o ccup at i o ns by b r ahm a ns , ks hat ri

yas ,
sud ras , wh o h av e f all en
'
Vai syas and fr om thei r cas tes , and wh o

d es ir e to g ain th e ob j ects of th e nex t w or ld , and wh at ever

th e r e sult s of th at a cti on— all th at s h all be th ine, O g oblin .

A nd m or e yet I gi v e th ee f or th y nour i s hm ent ; h ear en k

th er eto .M en s h al l giv e th e e a p l en t eou s b ali off er ing at th e
clo s e of th e V ai sv ad e V a ce r em ony , fir s t utter ing thy nam e
”
th i s i s for t h ee
“
and th en s aying .

A b and on th e h o u s e of him , w h o e at s onl

y pr op erly cooked
food accor d i ng to r ul e , w h o i s p u r e wi th in and wi th out, w ho
i s fr ee fr om cov etou s n es s , w h o g ov er ns his wif e .
I A b and on
th at h ous e, 0 g ob lin , wher e th e g o d s a nd th e p itri s ar e w or
sh i pp ed wi th th eir r es p e cti v e ob l ati o n s , an d w h er e th e f em ale

r ela ti v e s an d g ue s ts ar e h on our e d . A nd ab and on th at h ous e

als o, wh ere c on co r d § d w ells at h om e am ong th e chil d r en, t he

ag e d , th e w om en and m en , a nd a m o ng th e v ar ious cl as s es of

kins m en A band . on th a t hous e , 0 g ob lin , w h er e th e w om en

fol k ar e d eli gh t d e , a r e n ot eag er to go outs i d e , and ar e al ways

m o d es t . Ab an d on th at h ou s e , 0 goblin, at m y com m and ,

wh er e th e b ed d i ng an d v i an d s ar e s ui t ed to th e ag es and r ela

ti ons of the i nm a tes Ab a nd on th at h ous e, 0 gobli n, wh ere

.

th e inm ates are alw a ys ki n d , an d b us i e d i n go od d e ed s , and

p os s es s th e com m o n h o u s eh o ld ute n s i ls An d th ou m u st also .

ev er ab and on th at h o us e , 0 g ob li n , w h er e the i nmates d o not

F or tap e-van e r e ad tap e va ne

Gr amy a -bhuj .

I i a -s tr i ke s re a d j i ta -s tr ike s
’
F or j t

F or m ai tri -gri he r ea d m a i tr f gri he

2 54
“

CANT O L .

k ee
p th eir s e ats p r ecep tor s , th e ag ed , a n d
whil e th e r eli gi o u s

d v ij as ar e s tand ing and w h er e th ey d o not s t and T h a t w ill .

n o t b e a n e x cell ent ab o d e f o r t h ee , w h er e th e h o u s e - d oo r i s

p enetr ated by trees , s h r ub s

n ot or o th er vegeta ti on, n or by a
’
m an w h o p ier ces one s v it al s . Ab and on th e h ou s e of th e

m an w h o su pp o r ts th e g o d s , th e pi tris , m an i nd k an d g u es ts
wi th th e r e m na nts of hi s f ood A b and on, O g ob li n, s u ch
.

m en as th es e, th e tr u e i n w or d , th e f or b ear in g in d i s p o s i ti o n ,
th e h ar m l e s s , and th os e fr ee fr o m r em or s e, an d a ls o th e
’
e n vi o u s . A b and on t h e w o m a n, w h o i s d ev ot ed t o h er h u s b a n d s

w h o k eep s alo o f fr o m as s o ci a tin

s e r v i ce , g w i th b a d w o m en , an d

wh o f ee d s on th e f oo d w hi c h h as b e en l eft b y h er f a m ily an d
h u s b an d . A b and on th e br ahm a n d vi j a
ys , w h os e m i n d i s a l wa

e n gro s s e d wi th s acr ifice, s tu d y, d i s ci p li ne and al m s - i v i n , a n d

g g
w h o h a s m ad e hi s li velih o od b y m ean s o f th e p er f or m an ce o f
s ac r ific es , teac h ing , an d r e ce iv i n
g al m s "
Ir
. A nd ab and on , O D uh
s ah a , th e ksh atriy a wh o i s al w ays e ner
geti c in alm s -gi v i n g ,

s tu d y, an d s acr i fice , a nd wh o e ar n s his li v elih oo d fr o m g o o d

t ax e s an d by th e o ccup ati o n of ar m s . A b a nd on th e s t ai nl e s s
v aisya , wh o i s end o w e d wi t h th e thr e e p r evi ou s vi r tue s xr an d
w h o g ains his k
li v elih oo d f r om t h e eep in g of cattle a n d tr a d e
an d c ul ti v at on .i Ab an d o n al s o th e sud r a, wh o i s d il ig e n t i n
alm s g i v in g
-
, s acri fice an d th e s er v i ce o f d vi j as , and wh o su
p
p o r ts h im s elf by m eni al s er vi ce und er b r ah m an s an d o th er

d vij as , O g oblin .

I n wh at ev er h ous e th e m as ter of th e h o us e e ar n s h is
li v elih ood w ith out contr a v eni ng sr u ti an d s m ri ti , a n d w h er e
h i s wif e i s o b e d i ent t o h i m fr o m h er ver y s o ul, a n d w h e r e th e
s on s h o ws re v er ence to h i s s p i r i tual
p r e cep tor an d th e g o d s
a nd h i s fath er , an d wh er e th e w ife s h o w s r e v e r en c e t o h e r

h u s b an d — wh ence s h o uld th er e b e f ear of m i s for tun e i n t h a t

W e W h en a h ous e is s m ear e d ov er in the e v eni n
g s , an d
th or ou gh l y s pr i nkl e d w i t h w a t er , a nd th e b ali o f fl o w er s i s
m a d e in i t, th ou cans t n ot g a z e th ere at , O g o b li n T he .

h ou s es w h er e th e s un s ees n o t th e b ed s and w h er e fir e a n
, d

K d é na
' n

vi z . , al m s -gi ving , s t ud and s acr ifice .

f G una , y
 T H E M AND AT E TO T HE m us s »
. D U H S AHA . 2 55

w ater ar e con s t ant l

y k e p t , an d w h er e th e l a m p s b eh ol d th e
82 s un , ar e
pla ces p atr oni z ed b y a sh m i L k
T h at h ou s e i s no t .

a r e s o r t for t h e e , w
h er e a r e kep t a bull , s an d al -woo d p er f um e ,
a lu t e , a m i r r or , h on ey an d g he e , a n d w h er e cop p er v e s s e l s
a r e u s ed b oth f or p o i s on s an d f or th e cl ar ifie d b utter of h oly
o bl ati on s .

“
T h at hous e i s th y t em p le , 0 g oblin, w h e r e th o r ny tr ee s
gr ow, an d w h er e le g um i nous p l a nts cr eep a b ou t , a nd wher e th e
8 4: w if e i s a r eq m ar r ie d w id o w , an d ant -h i l ls ar e f o un d . T h at
h ou s e i s th y d wlli e ng , w h er ei n li v e fiv e m en , an d th r e e

W o m en , an d as m an y co w s , an d w h er e t h e fir e fr o m th e f ue l
85 i s m er e d ar kn e s s . T h ou s h a lt k
qui c ly, 0 g ob lin , p ar ch u p
th e h o u s e , w hi ch co nt ai n s g oat , t w o
on e as s e s , th r ee cattl e ,

86 fiv e b uif a loes fi“ s i x h or s e s , a nd s ev en e l e p h ant s . W h er ev er a

s p ad e , a d ad a b as k e t , a nd al s o a ca ld r o n an d o th er ut en s il s ar e

87 s catt er e d a b o ut , th e y m ay gi v e th e e s h e lt er . S i t t i ng b y
w om en on th e w oo d e n p es tle an d m or tar , an d al s o u p on

ud um b ar a w oo d , I an d th e u tt er a nce of s acr ed v er s es at th e
88 p r iv y , th is s h all b e a d v an t ag eo us f or th ee , O g o blin R oam , .

O D uhs ah a , t o th y h e ar t s co nt ent, i n th at h o us e w h er e a ll
’

ki nd s of c or n w h eth er coo k ed or u ncoo k e d ,

an d w h er e th e

89 s cr i ptur es al s o ar e d i s d ai n e d . E n dl e s s m i s for tun e s t a k e up

th e i r a b o d e i n t h at h ou s e , w h er e fir e li es u p on th e l i d o f th e
90 cal d r o n o r is o ffer e d w i th th e p o i n t of a s p o on . T h ou, O
k
g ob li n , a n d oth er R a s h a s as al s o s h all h av e a d w elling i n th e
h ou s e , w h er e h um a n b on es li e an d w h er e a cor p s e r e m ai n s a

gh t R es or t
‘

91 w h ol e d ay a nd ni . at o nce t o th os e m en w h o f ee d

on a ki n s m an s
’

p i nd a and w a ter , w ith ou t giv ing a ny to t h e

s a p i n as a nd
d s ah o d a ka s .

A b a n d on th e h o us e w h er e th e lotus a nd th e w hi te lo t us
ar e f oun d , w her e a m aid e n ctwells w h o f e e d s o n s w eetm ea ts ,
§
M ahi s ha (m i n th i s s en s e , n ot i n th e d i c ti onar y .

1 D atr a, lar g e h eav y k nif e wi th a cur v e d in p oint , us e d for all

' -
a
p ur p os e s
of cutti ng , ch o p pi ng a nd s p li tti ng .

i T hi s i s f o r b id d en b e caus e t h e tr e e is h oly .

M od ak asini ; aéin, fr om as, to eat , no t in th e d ictionar y .

2 56 C ANT O L .

an d w h er e a b ull an d a fin e el ep h an t* ar e k ep t }
? A b an d on
t h e h a b i ta ti o n w h er e t h e u nar m ed , th e d e iti es , and th os e w h o
b ear ar m s w ith o ut e ng ag i ng i n b at tle , ar e e s t ee m e d w or th y
of h on o ur b y m en R oam n ot i n th a t h ou s e, w h e r e a r e cel e
.

b r a ted as of yor e th e g r eat u r b an a n d r u r al fes ti v a l s w h i ch

w er e fam ou s of ol d V i s i t th o s e unl u c y m en w h o f a n th e m
. k
s elv e s w ith w i nn o wi ng f a ns , 1 an d w h o b ath e w ith th e w ater
‘

p owred fr om j ar s § or w i th t h e d r op s of w a ter f r o m clo th s ,

a n d wi th w at er sp las hed up b y th e ti p s o f th e i r n ai ls Jo i n n o t .

th ys e lf w ith th e m an w h o e s tab li s h es th e cou n tr y cu s tom s ,

th e co nv e nti o n al o r d in an ces , th e l a w s r e g ar d i n
g kin s m en ,

w h o p er for m s th e v i ct or i ou s h o m a ob l at i o n an d th e a u s p i ci o u s
s a crifice t o th e g o d s , w h o m ai n tai n s p er fe ct p er s o n a l p u r i fi

cati o n a cco r di ng t o t h e p r ecep t s , and w h o f as h i o ns th e p u b

li c ta l k .
”

M ar k and eya s po k e .

H av in g s p o k en t hu s t o D uhs a h a , B r ah m a d i s ap p ear e d f r o m
s i gh t th er e , an d th e o th er fo llo we d t h e co m m an d of t h e l o tu s

b o rn g o d .

F or uri s ha bhai r d va to r ead v r is ha bha i r é va ta u

1 F o r ka lp ya te
'
r e ad ka lp yete or ka lp yan te
i
’

I T hi s s e em s t o b e t h e b e s t m e ani ng ; b u t i f so s z rp a - v é té n w o uld be
m ore int elli g i bl e .

Ye It'wrv anti m us t b e und er s to o d .

 m u o r r s r m s c or D U H S AHA. 2 57

C AN TO LI .

T he Ofisp r i ng of B a ks a hu .

D uhs a ha ha d
"

ei ght s ons a nd eig ht d a ughter s — thei r na m es ar e

m enti on ed — T he ev il functi ons of the se ver a l s ons a n d d a ughter s ar e

d es cri bed , a nd the r em e d i es a

g i a ns t them —
T heir a f sp r i ng are m en
ti oned , a nd th eir e vil a ctions d escr i bed .

T hese bei ngs ar e a lm os t a ll p er sonifica ti ons o

f p hysi ca l i nj ur i es ,
'

m or a l v ic es a nd s oci a l o fiences .

M ar ka nd eya s po k e .

D uh s ah a h a d a w if e n a m ed Ni r m as h ti i"; no w s h e was b e

g otten i n K ali s wi f e w h en s h e s a w a c a nd al a a t th e tim e of

’ ’

h er m en s tr u ati o n T h e y h a d s i x te en c hi ld r en, w ho p er v a d e
.

th e wo r l d , e i g h t s on s a n d
g h t d au gh ter s , ei a ll v er y t er r ib le .

c
e k
D an t ak ris h ti an d U ti , a n d P ar i v ar ta th e n e xt , A ng a -d h ri s h
G a nd a p r anta ati , Gar b h a -h an
’
x
e an d S ah u n i an d - -r
a nd th e l as t
S as ya h an w er e th e i r m a l e
- c h i ld r e n . A n d th e y h ad ei
gh t
5 d au gh t er s b e s i d e s h ear th ei r n a m es fr o m m e . T h e fir s t w as
N i yoj i k a , and th e s e con d V i r od hin i , an d S v a ya m-h ar a ka r i , e

6 B hr am ani, Rit u-h ér ik é , a nd t w o o th er v er y ter r i ble d au g h ter s

S m ri ti -h ar a a n d V i j a -h ar a; an d th e ei g h th d a ug ht er was
n am e d V id v e s h a ni w h o ca u s es t er r o r t o m an i nd k .

I w i ll d e s cr i b e w h at th e sever a l f unc ti on s of th e e i g h t s o ns

a r e, an d wh at ar e th e r em ed i es a
g ai n s t th e e v ils w hi ch they

wor k h e ar k en to m e, O b r ah m a n .

'
k
D an takri s h ti i t a i ng hi s s t a ti on i n th e te eth of n e wly b or n
ch i ld r e n pr o d uce s i nt en s e w i n d , 1 w it h th e d e s i r e o f efi ecti n
‘

P rof S ir M
. . M onie r-Willia m s gi ve s th e na m e a s Nir -m ér s hti ( U ncleaned )
w h i ch se e m s p r efer ab le .

f T e e t h -a ttr ac t er , L ock -j a w P

S a m -h ar s h a bris tling of t h e ha ir of th e bo d y
1 ; or .

33
25 8 C ANT O LI .

an at tac kf r om D uhs a h a . T he r em ed y ag ai n s t hi m i s t o b e
th e b ed
ap
p li ed b y m en b y m e a n s o f w hi t e m us t ar d c a s t u p on

a n d u o n th e te e th o f th e s l e e p i ng chi ld ;
p an d by b ath i n g i t
w i th m e d i cin al g r e a t s p lend ou r , by r ecitin g g ood
h er b s of

“
s cr i p tur e s fi an d by s up p or t i ng ? i t on a cam el , a th o r n , a
s w or d , a b o n e, or a li n e n cl o th .

N ow th e s econd s on a s s i
gn s g o o d an d b a d f o r tune to m e n ,
w h ile h e le t i t b e s o h en ce he is ca lled
ys r e p eat e d ly,
“
sa

U kti , I an d th at i s h i s p r eci s e fun c ti on . H en c e wi s e m en

m ust a l w ays s a
y M ay f ate b e au s p i ci ou s
,
An d w h e n an
y
th i n g b ad i s k
h ear d o r s p o en , l e t p r a i s e b e o ff er ed
'
to S i v a ,
a nd t o B r ah m a, th e s p ir it ual p r ece p t or of a ll th at e x i s ts b oth
m ov eab le an d i m m ov eab l e , p a r ti
’
a nd t o e a ch p er s on s o wn

cul ar f am ily- d eity .

T he s on w h o find s d el igh t i n al w a
ys i nter ch an gin g th e
f cntus b et w een o ne w om b a nd a no th er , an d i n i nt er ch an g ing
th e w or d s i n the m ou th of a s k
p ea er , i s calle d P ar i v ar tak a §
a wi s e m a n s h o uld p r e s er v e hi m s el f a g a in s t h i m b y m ea n s of
w h i te m u s tar d a nd th e p r a ye r s an d s
p ells t h at d es tr oy
k
R a s h as as .

A nd a n oth er s on “ l ik e th e wi nd a nno un ce s
g oo d an d b a d
t h r ob bi ng s in m en
’
f or tune as i n d i cated by s b o d i es ; a n d the
r em ed y a g ai ns t hi m i s t o s tr i k e th e s id e of th e b od y w ith kll sa
'

g r as s .

'
’
A n oth er s on S ak uni fll s tati o ne d on a cr o w or s om e o th er

bi r d , a nn ou n ces w e al or w oe b y m ea n s of f ood or

W ith r eg ar d th e r e to , h o w ev er , th e P r a Ja -p ati h as s ai d ,
In
an ev il m a tter d e la y and t he a b a nd o n m e n t o f th e un d er t a ing k
bes t in g o o d m atte r s h oul d ac t v er
”
ar e a on e s
y p ee d ily .

' ' ’
hcis tr a
’
F or s a c c hva s tr a r ea d
’

s ac c .

1' V id h ér ana ; no t in t h e di cti on ary W or d

.
I T he of F ate .

T h e I nterch ang er . Ang a -d h ris h , th e A s s ailer of th e b od y .

'
S 'akuni , i
( g
B ir d l ) T h w d k
’

fil a l ai
a n e n er a e o r us h i n th e te xt i s no t s up
.

p or te d b y th e M S S and s e em s w r ong T h ey r ead S 'a kwni h w h ich I ha

.

( .

ve
”
a d op t e d ) o r fakum am , a n o m e n.

Kha g thi s s e em s th e b es t m eaning ;

’

a -tas but i t m i g h t
, al s o be re ad

kha -gata a as an ad ecti v e j to S

'
a kuni h .
 r ns O F F SP RI NG or p o s su m. 259

An oth er s on
*
s tati o n ed i n th e bor d er s oi x
the ch ee ks fo r

h alf a m uh ur ta, O br ah m an , co ns um es ev er
y und er ta i ng , k an d

e ulo
giu m , an d s i nce r i ty . By ad d r es s e s t o b r ahm an s , by

p r ai s e to th e g o d s , a nd b y e x tr a cti n g r oots , 0 b r ahm an, b y

ablutio n s wi th co w s
’
ur in e a nd m u s ta r d s eed , s o al s o b y .

w or s h ip p aid t o th e con s tellati ons an d p l a n ets , an d als o b y

th e o b s er v a n c e of ri
g h t eo u s n es s a nd th e U p ani s h ad s , b y
r e eat e d l
p k
y loo i ng at w ea p o ns , an d by conte m p t for b ir th
G and a -p r anta -rati s uccum bs .

A n oth er m os t t er r i ble s on , 1 m or eov er , d e s tr oys th e fr uit

of
p r egna nt w om en Wom en s h oul d al w ay s s e cur e pr otection
.

a g ai n s t hi m b
y con s tant per s on al p ur ification, b y w r iti n g out
f am o u s s p ell s , b y w ear in g a u s p i ci ou s g ar la nd s an d o th er
d ecor a ti ons , by d w elling i n w e ll-clea n ed h ous es , an d by ab s tai n

i ng fr o m o v er -ex er ti o n, O br ah m an .

T he o th er s o n S a s ya -h an i m or eov er i s h e w h o d es tr oys th e

g r o wth of th e g ai n s t h i m i n d eed o n e s h ou l d s ecur e

cr o p s . A

p r ot ecti o n b
y w ear i ng w or n -o u t s h oe s , a n d by w a l i ng o n th e
'
k
l eft s i d e, an d b y c au s i n g a c a nd al a to e nt er the field , a nd b y
’

o ff er in g th e b ali ou t s i d e , a nd by eul og i z i n
g th e s om a j ui ce .

A n d N i yoj i ka§ i s th e d au gh ter w h o incites s om e m en to

’
s e i z e an d o th e r w i s e m o les t o th er m en s wi v e s an d o th er
’
m en s

g ood s . I m m uni ty f r om h er co m es by r e citin

g p ur ifyi ng
p ra
y er s , by r efr a i ni n g fr o m a n g er , co v et ou s n es s an d o th er

p as si ons , an d b y r es i s t an ce wi th the thought S h e i s i n ci ting m e

t o th es e a cts
’
. W h en one is r ail e d ag a i n s t b eaten by
or

an o th er , o n e s h oul d wi s ely th in k she i s i n ci tin g h i m , a n d

’

s h o u ld n o t f all into s ub ecti on j t o h er . I n this m un d ane ex i s

w i v es an d o t h er
’

t enc e , w h er e th er e a r e o th er m en s a llur i n
g
ob ects , th e w i s e m s h oul d c o n s i d er , S h e i s in citi ng m y
j an
’
m in d an d my s o ul her e .

And th e n e xt d au gh ter w h o cau s e s o pp os i ti o n b etw een a

lov i n g m ar r i e d co u p l e , a m o n g r e l at iv e s an d f r i end s , b etw e e n

p ar ent s and chil d r en , and a m on g f ello w -ca s te -p eople u

of th e ch eek s .
G and a -p r én ta -r a ti , th e Rev elle r i n t h e b or d er s
I T h e C r op -d es tr oy er
Gar bh a -h a n , t he F e tus -d e s t r oyer . .

S av ar nika i n this s ens e no t i n th e d ictionary

T h e I ncit er .
26 0
=
C ANT O LI .

s he is V ir o d hi ni .
it
O ne s ho uld se cur e pr ote ctio n fro m h er
31 by o ffer ing th e b ali , b y e n d ur ing o utr a e o us l ang uag e , an d
g
as tr as an d V i r tuo us C us t o m
’
by O b s er v i ng th e s .

A n ot h er d augh ter d es tro ys g r ai n f r o m gr a na r i es a nd h ou s es ,

32 k
th e m i l fr o m c o w s , a nd gh ee , a nd th e p r o d uce fr o m p r o lific
t hi ng s S h e i s c alled S va ya m-h ar ik af ; s h e i s e v er a d d i cted
.

33 to con ce al m en t. S he co n s u m e s th e h alf -coo ked f oo d o ut o f

t h e kit ch en , a nd w h a t ev e r i s k ep t in th e s to re -h ous e ; an d s he

a l w ays co n s u m es w h at ev er f ood i s b eing s er v ed up i ,

al on g

344 w i t h th e p er s o n wh o eat s it . S h e ta k es th e r em a ins of fo o d

fr om m en an d al s o th ei r f ood . S h e i s h ar d to b e r es trai ne d §
.

S he ta k es the s u c ce s s w hi ch m en h av e a ccom p li s h e d fr om
35 th eir b us i n es s o ffi ces a n d fr om t h eir a b o d es , O b r ah m an . S he
is co n s t a nt l y k
ta i ng t h e fl u i d and th e m i lk o ut of c ow s
’
ud

d er s a nd br ea s ts , t h e g h e e ou t o f
w o m en
’
s cur d le d m il k , th e
o i l o u t o f s es am um s e e d , a n d t h e s p ir it uo us li quo r o ut o f th e
36 liq u or -s t or e s , t h e co lour o ut o f s affr o n "an d o th e r co lou r ed

d th e th r ea d of cotton clothes
'

o lyects , an ou t . S he i s r ig htl
y
nam e d S v aya m-h ér ik é , for she is p e r p e tu all y t a i n g thi ngs k
37 aw ay , 0 br ah m an . F or th e sa ke o f p r o t ecti on a ai ns t he r o n e
g
s h o ul d k
pa ir of p ea co c s an d a n a r tifici a l w o m a n
ma e a k
'

and p r o p h ylac t i c m ar k s fi
l s houl d b e d r awn * * on th e h ous e ,
‘

and all o w ing the hou se to b e li tter ed w i th fr a m e n ts of foo d

g ”
38 s h oul d be av o id e d , a n d v e s s el s i n w h i ch m ilk a n d o t h er thi ngs
ha ve been kep t s h o uld c er tain ly b e cle a ne d w i th t h e as h e s o f
th e i n cen s e ofier ed t o th e g o d s i n th e s a cr i fici al fir e
‘

Al l th at .

i s w ell -k n ow n to b e p r e s er va t i v e
a .

N ow t h e ot h er d au g h t er , w h o p r o d u ce s
p er tur b ati on in a

T h e S tri f e -m ak er 1 T h e V ol un tar thi ef

y
.
.

'
I F or p ari -vi s y am d na rp r e ad p ar i o
vi s hyam d na m . T hi s h alf -lin e h a s nin e
s ylla b les b y p o eti c li c e ns e .

”“ ’

9 T he M S S . r e ad du r- d ha r a in s tead of t h e t e x t cza r -har d . I h av e ad o p t e d

t h e f or m er ; th e l a tt er m ig h t m e an a c onfir m e d th i e f .

II F or ku s a m bhuka r ea d kus um bhaka T hi s w oul d be th e s am e as hu s um s

b ha , b ut i s n ot i n t h e d ictionar y .

11 Rak g h é g
“

, F or l a khya re a d lekk d
y .

' ' ' '

fl '
F e u s os hm a td '
an o th e r r ead ing i s c oc c hi s h até
r c
t whi ch I h av e ad o pte d
as p r ef er ab le .
 T HE O F F SPRI NG or unus ual . 26 1

40 m an wh o d wells i n o ne p lace, i s calle d B h r am ani fi“ No w a

m an s h ou ld s ecur e
p r otection a gai ns t her by s catter i ng w h i te
m us ta r d s ee d on hi s s e at , o n h i s b e d , an d on th e g ro und
41 wh er e h e s i ts ; and a m an s h o u ld r efl e ct , T hi s w i c k ed ,

ev i l m i n d e d
go a s tr ay ; h e s h ould
’
- cr ea tur e cau s e s m e to
m utter t h e B h u v as h ym n r ep e ate d l , w i th co m os e d m in d
y p .

A n oth er d augh ter r ob s w o m en of th eir m on thly co ur s e s ,

wh en th ey h av e b e gun an d b ef or e th ey h av e b eg unf ; sh e is
'

43 kno w n as Rit u -h i J th e d au gh ter of D uhs ah a

ér ik z . O ne
’
s h ould c au s e one s wom en-folk to b ath e at
pl aces of
p ilg ri m a ge ,
at te m pl e s , be s i d e s acr e dp ubli c ob j ect s , on m oun ta in t op s ,

at th e con fl u en ce of r i v er s , an d i n e x c av at e d p l a ces i n or d er

44 to s ub d u e h er . An d o ne w ho know s th e s p ell s an d kn ow s

t h e p ri n cip l es of a cti o n s hould ca us e them to ba the at th e f ou r

ch ang es of th e m oon an d at d aW n , fl O b r ah m an ; an d a

p h ys i ci an fil w h o i s
'

s ki ll ed in m ed i cin e sh ould ca us e them to

ba the w ith ch o i c e h er b s co m b i n e d t o g eth er .

An d S m riti -h ar ikaM g i s «
’
an o th er d a ughter w ho d ep r iv es
w o m en of th eir m em or y . A nd she m ay b e o v er com e by
o b s erv i n g pl ace s d i s ti n gui s h ed s ep ar at ely .

An d Vi j ap ah ar i nifi i s a n oth er d a ughter '

v er y ter r i bl e,

w ho b
ro s m an a nd w o m an of thei r s eed . A nd she m ay b e

o v er com e by e atin g clea n foo d and b y b at hin g .

A n d th e ei gh th d a u gh t er n am e d D ve sh ani j i who caus es

t er r or am o n g m an kin d ,
is she who r en d er s a m an , or e v en

48 a w om an , n e w ly h at e d . N ow i n o r d er to v an q ui s h h er ,
one s h o ul d offer an o bl ati on §§ of s e s am u m s e ed m o i s ten e d

w ith h o n ey , m ilk an d g h ee ; a n d on e sh o ul d al s o p er for m

a s a cri fice w h i ch w ill p r ocu r e f ri end s i n or d er t o v a n

qui s h h er .

T he B e w ild er er .

f F or a tha p r avri ttarp a no th er r ead i ng i s ta th azp r a v r ittam whi ch I h ave

' ’

ad o p ted a s p r ef er ab le . A thir d r ead i ng is a thap a vri tti h .

I T h e S t eale r of th e M e ns es .

C ’aitya ; th e p r im a r y m e aning , a f uner al: p il e , s ee m s i nappr opriate

M F or p ar vam us ha s i r e ad p a/r va s ri s h as i .
fili F o r v ed ya h r e a d v ai d ya h .

1" T h e S te ale r of th e M e m or y .
H
‘ ’
T h s S teale r o f s ee d .

in T h e H ater .
; Ho m aye t ; v er b f r o m h om a ? Not in the d ictionary .
 2 62 CANT O LI .

N o w th e s e s o ns a n d d au g h t er s hav e th ir ty-eig h t child r en,

0 b r ah m an ; h e ar f r om m e th eir n a m es .

K ala
’
V ij al p a ( C h att er er ) w as D a nt akr i s hti s d au gh ter , and

hé ( Q u ar r e ll er ) al s o . V i j a l p a i nd u lg es in p t uo u s ,
co n t e m

f al s e a n d cor r up t tal k . In or d e r to v an q ui s h h er , l e t th e w i s e

h ou s e -h old er p on d er on h er and p r e s er v e h is s e lf ‘ co n tr o l .

K al ah a i s ys cr eati ng d i s tur b ances i n m en s h o us e s s h e

’
al w a

i s th e cau s e w h y fam ili es p er i s h ea r e n h o w s h e m a

y be . H k
s ub d u e d O n e s h oul d thr ow bl a d es of d u r ba g r a s s s m ea r e d
.

w ith h o ne y, g h ee , a nd m il k i n th e b ali cer e m on , a nd

y o flfer a
’
s acri fice t o fir e , and e x t ol o n e s fri e n d s , f or p er for m an ce th e
of ap r op i ti ator y r i te t o a v e r t e vi l f r om all l i vi n
g b ei ng s , an d
b oys al on g w i th th ei r m oth er s , an d th e s ci en ce s , an d
pe
n an ces “ r e li g i ous v o w s a n d
fi th e g r ea t m or al d uti es d ' In the
cu l tiv ati o n o f l an d a nd
i n th e p r ofit s of tr a d e let m en alw ays

p a cify m e . A n d le t th e Ku s hm and as an d th e Y atu - d h an as I

a nd w h a t e v er o th e r bei ngs n a m ed a cc or di n
ar e
g to t he ir
cl a s s es , l et thes e, w h en d u ly a d or e d
ys
,
a lw a b ecom e p a cified .

B y th e f av our of M ah a -d ev a , § an d by th e co un s el o f M ah e s
v ar a || let a ll th es e s o on b eco m e s ati s fie d with r eg ar d to m e n .

W hen p leas ed l et th em cas t as i d e

y e v i l d eed an d e v il ev e r

w or k ,
a n d ev er y r e s ul t t h at s p r in g s f r o m t h e g r ea t s i n s , a n d

w h at ev er el s e caus es o b s t acl e s B y th e ir f av o ur ind ee d l et

.

o b s tacl es w h olly p er i s h A n d in al l m ar ri a g es an d i n cer e

.

m oni es p er for m ed f or i n cr e a s e of p r osp eri ty, i n m eri tor i ou s

un d er ta ki n g s a n d i n r e li g iou s d ev o ti on , a n d i n th e w or s hi p o f
S p i r i tu al t ea ch er s an d th e g o d s , in t h e r ites of p r ay er an d
s a cr ifice , and in th e f ou r t ee n p ilg r im a g e s , in t h e pl ea s ur es
j
e n o ya ble i n b od ily h ea l t h , an d i n h a p p i n e s s , li b er ali t a n d
y
w ea lt h , and a m o ng th e ag e d , ch i ld r e n an d th e s i c
, l e t th e m
k
al w a ysp a cif y m e .

U kti ha d s ons S o m a -p é , A m b u p é, -
a nd A m bh o - d hi , an d

S av i tr i , A nila an d A u a la fil; a nd h e had als o a s on K ala

F o r tap as a s r e ad ta p a s d m 1 S a mya m a s ya y a m a s ya

I cl a s s e s of ev il -s p i r i t s .
’
T wo S i va ll i va
’
.
S .

fl T h a t i s , S om a -d r i nk e r , W ater -d r inke r , O ce an, S un , W i nd a nd F ir e . T hi s

li ne , h owe v e r , s ee m s in cong r uous .
 T HE O FF S P RI NG or D U nSAnA . 2 63

Jih v a
*
who r e s i d es in th e p alm s d fl
H e tor m ents th os e b ad
m en i n w h os e m oth er s h e a b i d es .

N o w P ari v ar t a h a d t w o s o ns , V ir upa i and k

V i riti , § O
b r ah m an ; an d th e y b ot h i n h abi t th e top s of tr ees , d i tch es ,
an d th e s ea T h ey b oth int er ch a ng e th e f oetu s
r am
p ar t s .

fr o m on e p r egn a nt w o m an to a n o th e r , if she w al ks abo u

t
tr e e s and th e o th e r
a m on g
p la ces whi ch they fr equent, O
K r au s htuki . I n tr uth , p r eg na nt w o m an s h ou ld n ot
a ap

p r o ach a tr ee , n or a m o unt ain , n or a r a m p ar t , nor th e s ea ,

n or a d i tch .

A hg a d h r is h b eg at
’
-
a s on, by n am e P i e nn a . I f he e nt er s

th e m
’
ar r o w in s id e m en s b on e s , h e co n s u m es th e e n er
gy of

even i nv i nci ble m en .

'
S ak u ni b eg at fiv e s ons , S yen a (
’
H wk) a ,
Ka k a ( C r o w) ,
and

K ap ota ( P ig eon ) G ri d h r a ( V u ltur e )

. an d U l ri k a T he

go d s an d th e d em o n s to o th em k . A n d M rity u ( D e a th ) t oo k
S yen a ; K al a ( D es ti ny ) t oo K a
’
k k a ; a nd N i r ri ti ( D es tr ucti on )
i ka w ho
took U l r c a u s es g r ea t t er r o r ; V y é d h i ( S i c n e s s ) took k
G rid h r a a nd wa s h i s lor d ; an d Y a m a h i m s e lf too kK p o ta
a .

A n d th e ev il b ei n g s w h i ch s pr an g fr o m th e m ar e in d ee d s ai d to

p r o d u ce s i n e n ce h e , . H on w h o s e h ea d a h aw k a nd th e

o t her bi r d s s h ou ld ali g h t , p a ci fic ator y s h o uld ta k e effectual

m e as ur es f o r h i s s a f e ty, 0 b r ah m an If th ey ar e b or n i ns id e .

k
a h o us e or if li e w i s e w a t er s h o u ld s ettl e i n a h o u s e , a m a n

s h ou l d ab an d o n th at h o us e a nd a ls o a hous e on th e t op of

w hi c h p i g eon s a lig h t . When a haw k , a p i g eo n , a nd a v u l

t ur e , a cr o w , an d a n o w l h av e en t er e d a h ou s e , 0 b r ah m an ,
o n e s h o nl d p r op h es y th e e nd of th e r es id en ts i n th at d w elli n g .

A . W is e m an s h o u l d a b a nd o n s u ch a h ou s e a nd s h o uld em pl o y
p aci fica t or y m eas u r e s . E v en i n s lee p i n d eed it i s un lu c ky t o

s ee a p i g eo n .

A n d th e o ffs pr i n g of G a nd a -p r an t a -r ati ar e s ai d to b e six

in nu m ber . T h ey d w ell in w o m e n
’
s m e ns e s . H e ar f r om m e

B lack -to ngue .

1 F or td l a -n i ketwnah r e ad tti lu -n/i keta n a h, wh o r es id e s i n t h e p al ate P

D ef or m ed I ll -h ealth
I .
.

'

F or gri d hrolukai s gr i d hroluka u

’
r ea d
2 64 CANT O LI .

a ls o th ei r p e culiar p er io d s . O f his o ff s p r i ng o ne ta kes p os s es s io n

d a ys m ens tr u a ti on a nd th e t hir t ee nt h
of t h e fir s t fo ur a f ter
d ay a nd a n o t h er i s po wer ful o n th e elev ent h d a y ; an o t her
'
at d aw n a nd tw o o th e r s o n o ccas i o n s o f s r ad d h a s a n d a lm s

g iv ing and a no t he r a t f e s ti v al s h en ce t h es e d a ys s h o u ld b e
s h unn e d b y t h e wi s e i n s ex ua l i n ter cour s e .

Ga r bh a -h a ntri h a d a s o n an d a d au g h te r M o h a ni x t
T h e f o r m er e nt er s w i thi n a nd e a ts th e f oetus ; a n d after he
h as eat en it , t h e l atter b eg uil es I i t T hr ou g h h e r b eg uil in g , .

th e s n ak es , f r o g s , t or to i s es , and r e p t il e s
'

ofisp r i n g ar e b or n as

a ls o , o r yet a g ai n as o r d ur e . T he s on m ay e n ter in to th e s ix

m onth s p r e g na nt w om an w h o in w ay w ar d n es s eat s fies h §

i nto th e w o m a n , w h o s eek s th e s h ad e o f a tr e e b y ni
g h t or
at a p l ac e w h er e th r e e or f o ur r oad s m eet , w h o s t an d s i n a

b ur nin g -g r oun d or a ny p l a ce p er v a d e d b y s t r o ng s m e ll s , w ho
l eav es o ff
g ar m ent , or w h o w eep s a t m id ni g h t
h er u p p er .

A n d S as ya -h antri ha d on e s on n am e d K s h u d r ak a ( P u ny ) .

He is cons t an tly i n j ur i ng th e g r o w th of th e cro p s , w h e n h e

h as g ai n ed a k
w ea p l ace L
i s ten th e r eto
. A nd h e , w h o s o w s .

hig hl y p leas e d at th e b eginni n g of an in a us p i ci o u s d a y, p r o

vi d es an e nt r a nce b eh i nd hi m for this sp r i te i n t o th e field s
w hi ch t ou ch o th er fie ld s a lo n g th e ir b ound a r i es .
" H en c e it
i s th e p r op er p r a ctice th a t a m a n s h oul d w o r s hi p th e m oon ,
an d th e n car r y ou t h i s und er t akin g an d s ow hi s s ee d i n glad
nes s a n d con te nt m e nt , w ith a co m p an i o n .

Ni y o j i ka, w h o w as D uhs ah a
’
s d au gh t er as I h av e s aid ,
'
g av e bir th t o f o u r d au g h t er s w h o b ear th e na m es P r ac o d i ka

( I ns ti g a tor ) , M a tt a ( I n to xi c at ed ) U nm at ta( F r an ti c ) a nd P r a
,

m atta( W a nto n ) . No w t h ey ar e al w a
ys e nt er i n g in to y ou n g
w o m en in or d er t o d es t ro y the m , a nd in ci t e th e m h er e v eh e

m ently t o w a r d s un r ig h t e ou s n e s s w i th th e pp ea r a nce of
a

r i g h teou s ne s s , an d to l o v e w hi ch b ear s n o a
p p ear a n c e of l o v e ,
an d to that w hi ch is n ot wealth w i th th e of
ap
p e ar a n ce

N ig hn a m ean s
. d epe n d ant b ut h e r e it r a th e r s e em s to m e an s l a ye r .

1
.
B eg ui l er .
I M o h aya t e .

'
F or gu r v i nf m d m s a m r e ad gur v in fm m ums a m
-
.

A nto pas ang is h u . U p a-s angin, a wor d no t i n the d i cti on ary .

 r un O FFS PRI NG or p o s s um . 265

w ea lth , and to a final e m a nci p at i on fr om ex i s ten ce which

b ear s no ap p ear an ce o f fin al e m an ci
p ati on . E v illy d is p os ed
w ith o ut p ur i ty th ey lea d young wom en t o g az e at s tr ange m en ;
87 tho s e an gr y s pr i tes " c au s e s t r ang e m en to w a nd er near wom en
for th e sa ke of
philan d er ing T h os e f em ale sp r i tes e nter into
.

a h o us e an d i nto cl oth i ng w h en th e
y a r e r ed d en e d b
y s un s et ,l
h ‘

88 a nd wh er ev er t h e b ali i s not o fi er ed to B h atr i an d V id hatri

at th e pr op er ti m e . T h ey m a k e a s ud d en I at ta c k up n m n o e

89 an d w om en § am on g th o s e p eo p le who eat or dr ink wi th d p ro s

of w ater cli n g ing to th e m .

'
V ir od h ini ha d th r ee s on s , C o d a ka and Gr a
90 ha k a( S ei z er ) an d t he o th er T a m ah p r ac -
’
c
’
h ad aka ( Gloom
e nv el o p e r ) .H ear t h ei r ch ar acte r s fr o m me . W h er e th e
’

p es tle and m or tar , an d w h er e a w o m an s s h oe s an d h er upp er

91 a nd lower g ar m e nt s ar e b efo ul ed b y con tact wi th b ur nin
g o il ,
a nd ar e d i s d ai ned ; a nd w h er e p eop le us e . a s eat , after fir s t
d r a w i n g i t to them wi th a w inn o wi ng b as k et or a h atche t or

92 oth er i mp lem ent or wi th th eir fo ot and wh er e pa stim e is h eld

i n a h ous e wi th out r es p ectin g th e p la ce whi ch h a s b een s m ear e d
a nd cle a ned w h er e fir e i s t a en up a n d k car r i e d e ls e wh er e in
th er e V i r o d hin i
’
93 th e b ow l of a s p oon — s s o n s ar e im p elled a nd

acti v i ty O n e d w ell s i n m en
’
d is p l ay th eir an d
’
. s w om en s
'
94 to ng u e s an d ut t er s fal s eh oo d as tr ut h he is cal le d C od aka
h e w or ks cal um n y i n th e h o u s e . An d an oth er who a cts w it h
95 car e d w ell s in th e ear s a nd is e x cee d ing ly e vi l - m i n d e d ; he
ta ke s h old of p eop le s w or d s ; s o h e i s ca lled Gr ah aka
’
T he .

'
t h ir d is he w h o , wi th ev il m ind , atta ck s m en s m in d s a n d

96 en v el op i n g th em wi t h d ar nes s k ar ou s e s an
g er ; so he is ca lled

T am a h
N o w S v aya m har i g av e b ir th to th r ee s ons by C aur ya
’
-

97 ( T h ef t ), S ar v a -h ar i fil Ar d d h a h ar i ,
M
an d al s o V ir a -h a
y
-
ri fi .
'

’ ’

F o r td bhi r as h td bhi h r e ad td bhi r us h a bhi t h .

vi olat es s and h i a n d s ee m s ob s cur e . I h av e ad opted a d i fie r e n t

1 T he t ext
‘

r ea d ing , s and hyd -r a kte hy -a thd m bar e i ns te ad of s an d hy ar ks hes h/u ud um bar a . .

I F or d s v r ead d s’ u F or n a v a -n ar i s ka
’
r e ad n ar a -n d r ls hu .

gr d hdkas
' '
aha kas r ead c od ako
M F or C o d ak a -gr

W H e wh o s teals h alf
1 H e wh o s t eals th e wh ol e. .

1 ? He wh o s teal s one s v ig o ur .

34
26 6 cas r o m .

I n th e h o us es of th os e wh o d o no t ri ns e th eir m onth s ou t after

m e als , and i n th e h ous e s of th o s e wh o ob s er ve bad cu s t om s ,

98 an d am o ng th os e wh o ent er th e kitchen w ith un wa s h e d feet,

an d i n g r anari es and cattle-p en s and h ous es wh er e p er fid y
r e v ails — i n s uch s r i tes fittin l
99 p p la ces a ll th es e p g y s p or t and
h av e th eir p l eas ur e .

N o w B hr am ani had one s on he is known gh a as Ka k a - anj

1 00 ( C r o w l eg ) -N o one .
p os s e s s ed by h im can g et p leas ur e i n
th e t own H e enter s
. i nto t h e m an , w h o wh il e e ating s i ngs
to a f r i en d , an d wh o sing s a n d l augh s a t the s a m e ti m e, and
1 0 1 wh o i n d u lg es in s ex u al i nter cour s e d ur ing the t wi li g ht, O
br ah m an .

T h e d augh ter Ritu-h ari ni g av e b ir th t o thr ee d a u h t er s

g ;
w as K uc a h ar a
’
1 02 th e fir s t d augh ter - f‘
th e nex t V yanj a n a h ar i .

1 03 k a,f a nd th e th ir d d aug h t er w a s call ed Jata-h ar ini .

1 T he
fir s t r ob s o f b oth br eas ts th e m ai d en , all
wh o s e m ar r i ag e r i tes
ar e n ot p er f or m ed d uly, or ar e
p er f or m ed aft er t he p res cr i bed
1 04: tim e . A n d the s econd r ob s of h er
p u be r ty th e m ar s i gns of

r i e d m aid e n , wh o h as b ee n m ar ri e d wi th o ut d ul
y o ff er i ng th e
sr ad d ha , and wi th o ut p aying d u e r ever ence to h er m o th
er .

1 0 5 W h en th e lying -i n ch a m b er i s d e s titute of fir e and w ater a nd

,
i s d ev oi d of i ncens e, wh en i t h a s no l am p or wea p on or
p es tle,
1 06 w h en i t is d es titute of a s h es
§ and m us tar d - s eee d th e third
,

d a ugh t er enter s in, an d b ri n g in g ab out i m m e d i at e d eli v er

y
s n at ch es a w ay th e new- bor n ch i ld , and cas tes th e chi l d awa
y
1 07 in th a t v er y p l ace, 0 br ah m an ; s h e i s calle d Jat a - h i r ini
v er y t er r ibl e is s h e, s h e f ee d s on fl es h .
H e n c e o ne s ho l ud
s tr enuo u s l y g uar d agains t her in th e lying -i n ch am ber .

1 08 A nd s h e, who d es tr oys th e m e m or y of m en d es tit

ute of s elf .

c o nt r o l t h r oug h i nh ab i tin g em
p ty a b o d es ha d
, a s o n, by nam e
( I m p e tuous )
’
1 09 P r a -c la
an g . F ro m h i s ’
s o n s s on s w er e b or n th e
L i ke s "i n h und r ed s an d th ous an d s and ei
g h t tr i b es of 0 's.
terr ibl e wi t h s tav e s and noo s es
110 v er y

C
’
. T h en th e i a s Lk id
ar
th o s e tr i b es of an d alas w er e p o s s es s ed b hun
y g er , and r an a
t
S h e wh o s teal s th e breas ts .
f S h e who s teals the s ig ns of
new -b or n child r en
p ub erty
t S h e wh o s te als
B h uti .
.

A cl a s s o f evil s p ir i ts .
 r un O F F SPRI NG or unusu al . 26 7
'
11 1 one anoth er , d es ir ous of e ati ng one anoth er . B ut P r a-c d
an a

r es tr ai n e d th e an d es tabli s h e d
’
s e v er a l tr ib es of C an d él as ,
th em wi th s uch an d s u ch or d in an ce s : h ear wh at th os e ar e .

1 1 2 H ear after fr o m to -d a y w h o ev er s h all gi v e a d w elli n g to th e

Li k as , I will as s u r e d ly cau s e an un p ar all el e d p uni s h m ent to
1 1 3 fall on him . T he f em al e i Lk a w h o s h all g i v e b ir th to O K
' *
s p r in g in th e d w elli ng of a C an d , h er
é l a ch i ld s h all d i e fir s t
a nd s h e a l s o s h all
p er i s h at o nce .

1 1 4: N o w V ij a-h ar in i , w h o r ob s m an a nd wo m a n of th ei r s ee d ,

i b ir th t t w d u h t r s , V i t a-r u at and A -r fip a 1 I
g v es o o a g e
p .

1 1 5 wi ll tell th ee of h er m eth o d of a tta c k . T he m an or th e w if e,

t o w h o m v ata -r up aca s ts a s o n at th e en d o f th e i m p r e g nati on ,
s uff er s f r o m th e s em i n al s ecr eti on b ecom in g d r i ed p th r ou g h
u

1 1 6 d i s or d er of th e w in d wi thi n th e b o d y .
§ S i m ilar ly both th e
m an wh o eats w i th out fir s t b athi ng , and the m a n w h o eats

fl esh , ” ar e d epr i v ed of th eir s e ed p a A m an

at on ce by A -r ii
’
.

or a w om an , if he or S h e n eg l ects p er s on al cl eanline s s , l ap s es
'

into s ter ili ty fil

1 17 N o w th e d au gh ter call e d V i -d v es h ani h as a count en anc e

r u gg e d w ith fr own s . S h e h a d two s o ns , A p a -kér a “ and Pra

1 1 8 kasak a xfi '
T h es e t wo s on s com e to a m an , w h o d eli g h ts
in cal u m ny, w h o i s i n cons t a nt , an d wh o us es i m p ur e w ater ,
119 an d w h o h ates m an ki n d ,
an d s t ay wi th hi m p er m anently .

H
by m oth er , b y b r oth er , b y b el o v e d fri end s , by in s m en ,
at e d k
1 2 0 b y s tr ang er s , a m an p er i s h e s fr om r i gh teou s n es s or w ealth .

k ’
N ow one son, w or in g s in, d iv ulg e s I I m en s p eculi ar qu aliti es /

1 2 1 i n th e w o r l d a nd th e s econ d p lu c k s aw a
y§§ o ne s
’

g oo d
quali ti es and th e fr i end s hi p th at e x i s ts a m on
g p eop l e ,

'
wr ong ; read c andcila-yony-a vas ath e i ns tead
'

C anda l yonyo v a s athe s e em

’ ’
a- P

1 S he wh o h as th e f o r m of wi nd .
I F or m -le s s .

v ata -sukra -t v am s uch is s aid to b e th e m e ani n g of thi s wo r d .

Viyogi nah in th e t ext s eem s wr o ng I h av e a d o p t ed a noth er r ead in

I! .

g,
'
ta thd a
pi v i y og ina h
’

y o v ai tathai v a p ii i td f a/na h f or 31 0 s au c .

i s m ad e th e firs t line of M B i n t h e t e x t, and is

'

11 T hi s s entence v er s e

I h ave p laced it af ter 1 1 6 which i s th e

cl ear ly out o f p lace th er e . ver s e no .

tura l cont e xt .

3“ A p a -kar s h a , w hich m us t b e th e r e al n am e of t h e s on (s e e v er s e 1 2 1 ) is

Ap a -ké r a , f or n ei th er s o n h as anyt hi ng t o d o with i nj ur i es ; but

p re f er a bl e t o
a ll the M S S . r ea d ap a kd r a , an d I h av e n o t v e ntu re d to al ter it .

T hat i s , D iv ulg e r II P ra -kaéay a ti A p a-kar s hati

H . .
.
2 68 CANT O L I I .

A ll th es e th e O ffs p r ing D uhs aha , in th e p ed igr ee

of
'

ar e

of tha t th ey ar e n oto ri ous as ob s e r v ers O f wi c ed k

cus tom s ; i t i s they wh o ha v e ov er s pr ead th e wh ole w or l d .

C AN T O L I I .

T he Cr eati on App ella ti ons of the R ud r as

and .

'
M ar kandya n a rr ates the cr eati on of Ru d ra i n his ei ght p ers ona li ti es
— and m enti ons their nam es , s ta ti ons , wi ves a nd s ons — H e m enti ons
'
br i efly the wi ves a nd fisp ri ng of
o i hi s , B hrigu ( fr om w hom he
the r s
’
him s elf wa s d es cend ed ) , M ar i c i , A ngi r as , A tri , P u la stya , P ula ha ,
Vas is htha , a nd Agni , a nd a ls o of the P i tr is .

M ar kand ey a s p o ke .

S u ch w as th e cr e ati on , whi ch B r ah m a of ins cr utabl e ori gin

m ad e , ch ar a cter i z ed by d ar kn ess . I w ill te ll th ee of th e

cr ea ti o n of th e Rud r as . H ear ken to m e whi le I n ar r ate it .

No w th ey wer e eigh t s o ns i nd eed f

o B r a hma, and they had
wi v e s an d chil d r en .

A t th e b e ginning of th e al a , wh il e th e
p k
or d w as m ed i L
t ating ab ou t a s on wh o s h oul d b e h i s equal , th er e a
p ear ed
p
i n h i s l ap a yo uth bl ue and r ed i n colour an d r unni n ab out
g
h e cr i ed wi th a s w eet v oi ce, 0 b r ah m an . W hy cr i es t

th ou ? a ns wer ed B r ah m a to h im as he cri e d . Gi ve m e a

nam e , th en re pli ed he to th e lor d of th e wor l d . T hou ar t

nam e d O d iv ine o ne ; cr y not, a s s um e s om e for ti

”
t ud e, th u s was h e ad d r e s s ed . T h en h e cr i ed s ev en tim es m or e,
and th e Lor d
g av e him s ev en oth er nam es , an d s ta tions for
th es e ei gh t p er s ona liti es , a nd wiv es and s ons , O br ah m an . T he
Lo rd ,
th e f orefather , call ed hi m B h av a , S ar v a, and H ana,
and P as u -p ati , B h im a, U g r a , a nd M ah a-d ev a H e g ave th es e .

nam e s , an d as s ig ned s tati o n s for th e s e - the s un, w ater th e

,

9 ear th , fir e, th e wind , and th e eth er , an ini tiated b r ah m an

,

F or y aks ha na h r ead yaks has ya P

B y a p un on the root r ud , to cry, to weep 3 W ar m would th us m ean
"
cri er , we eper .
 run CRE AT I O N AND APP E L L AT I O N S O F T H E RU D RAS . 2 69

’
an d th e m o on . T h es e w er e th e wiv e s* in o r d er , — Su -v ar c a

t, an d
ne U m a, an d V i- k e si , an d th e n ex t S v a d b a, S v ah a, th e
D iSas T an d Di k s ha, a n d R oh i ni i n d u e o r d er — of th e s un a nd

th e oth er s ta ti ons ,b r ah m an , tog e th er w ith Ru d r a and th e

0
An d th er e w er e b or n to him gr a d ua lly C ar a , ’
o th er n am es .

’
k
a nd S u r a , L oh it ang a , M an o -j a v a, S a n d a , a nd S a r g a , S an k
t ana a nd B ud h a s u cces s iv e ly .

S uch w a s R u d r a hi m s elf . H e found S ati for hi s wi f s t ;

and th r oug h Da k sha s
’
cur s e S ati qui tt ed h er bo d y . S he
w a s th e d aug h ter of H i m a v at b y M en a, O br ah m an h er
b r o th e r w a s M ain aka, th e chi ef es t f r i en d of A m bh O d h i -
( th e
O cean .
) A nd th e lor d B h av a m ar r i ed h er ag ain as hi s o nl y

K h yati the wif e B h ri gu § g a v e b ir th to th e two g od s

of

B h atri and V i d h é tri , and to S r i wh o w a s th e w ife of th e

’
15
s upr em e g o d N ar ayana Aya ti an d Ni yat i w er e th e tw o
.

16 d a u g h ter s o f h i g h - s o ule d M er u ; th ey becam e th e wi v es of

B h atr i a n d V id h atri A s on was b or n fr om each O f th em ,
.

b oth P r ana and M ri k a n d a .

T he la tter w a s m y illus tr i ous fath er . I am his s on by

'
h e w a s b or n of D h lunr av ati
'
M ana s v ini V e d a s ir a s i s m y s on ,
'

-
.

H ea r a l s o fr om m e of the
‘

fisp r i ng
o of P r ana . D yuti m an
w a s th e s on i ri e ,
b eg o tt en b y P r a an d A -j ar as w as hi s s on

al s o fr om th e m b oth i s s ued m an y s on s an d g r an d s on s .

S am bh uti w a s th e w if e a r ic s h e b r ou h t f or th
’
of M i g
P aur na -m as a h e hig h -s oul ed m a n h a d tw o s ons V i -r a j a s and
20 P ar v ata ; b ut I w ill d efer m enti on/ing th eir s ons till I d etail
th e g en ealog i es , O b r ah m a n .

A nd S m riti w as th e wife Of Angir as fil and d aug h ter s w er e

Kuhn , R ak aan d B h an um at i
'
21 b or n o f her , S inib ali , and .

M or eov er , An -as uya g av e bi r th by Atr i ” to s on s wi th out

22 blem i s h , S o m a , and D ur v é s a s an d th e yog i D att atr eya .

D a ttoli w as b or n th e s on of P ul as tya H b y hi s w if e P r iti

' '

T anav ah . 1 T h e e ig h t r egions of the s ky .

2 2 -2 5 S ee C anto L , 22 -2 5
3: S ee C ant o L , v er se s . v er s a s .

S e e C an t o L , v er s e s 2 2 -2 5 . 1T S ee C anto L , ver s es 2 2 -2 5 .

H ‘
‘
F or anu s ay a r ea d
’

a n a s z/yc f i
'
s ee canto L , v er s es 2 3 -2 5 .

fl S ee C anto L , v e r s es 2 2 -2 5 .
2 70 CANT O L I I .

h e was kn o wn as A g a s tya i n a pr evi ous life d ur i ng the

S v aya m bh u v a M a nv - antar a .

*
N ow K s h am a, th e w ife Of th e P r aJ p at
a-i P ul ah a br ou g ht
for th thr ee s on s , who wer e K ar d am a , and Ar v a-v ir a and

S ahi s hnu .

N ow S annati w as th e w if e of Kr atu l g av e bir th to

s he
''

th e B ali kh ilyas , th e s i x ty th o us and s , whi ch th ey ar e, of ri s h i s

w h o li v e i n p er p etu al ch as tity :t .

N o w s ev en s on s w er e b or n of U r j a b y V as i s h th a , § Raj as ,
’
G atr a and U r d h v a -b ah u, and S a -b al a , a nd A n -a g h a , S u -t ap a s ,
'
S u ta k al l th es e ar e w ell - kn o w n a s s ev en Ri s hi s .

A g ni , w h o i s g a nt , w as th e el d es t s o n O f B r ah m a; b y
ar r o

hi m S v ah all b eg at thr e e s on s o f ex alte d v i g our , O b r ah m an ,

’ '
P av ak a , an d P av am ana , an d S u c i w h o p er v ad e s fll w at er ;
’

b ut in d e s cent fr o m th em w er e f or ty an d fiv e o th er s . T h es e
an d th e f ath er and h i s th r ee s o ns ar e O ft en s po ken of as th e
i nv in ci b le an d i llu s tr i ous f or ty a nd n i n e .

B hm a cr eate d th e P i tri s H w h om I h av e m en ti on ed to
’ ‘
ra

th ee , w h o ar e th e A gn i - s h v attas d 'f th e B ar h i -s h a d s , II th o s e
w h o d i d no t m ai nt ai n t h e s a cr e d fir e on ear th an d t h os e who
’

d id m a i nt ai n th e B y th em S v a d h zi g av e b i r th t o
t w o d a u gh t er s , M e n a and D h ar i ni th ey b oth w er e t e a ch er s
of th e V e d a , an d th e y b o t h w e r e f e m a l e yog i s .

S ee c ant o L ,
v er s es 22 -2 5 .
1 S ee
‘
can to L , v er s es 22 -2 5 .

I F or iurd
’
d ha - r ata s cim r e a d i ir d d hva -r eta s d m .

S ee can t o L , v er s e s 2 3 -2 5 .

F or khd h ci r ea d s ud ha. s ee c ant o L, v er s es 2 3-2 5 .

Jalaéi nam .

4“ T hi s a cco un t d iff e r s fr om wh at M a nn s ays (I I I , 1 93

i f T h e M anes e s p e ci ally of t h os e w h o o n e ar th
, ne
g le ct e d th e s a cr i fic i a l

II Ap ar t icul a r cl a s s o f th e P i tri s .

An - a gn ay a s a nd s é gn aya s ; th e s e a p p ea r to b e th e s am e as M a nn
’
s

Agni -d a gd ha s a nd An -a gni -d a gd has , (I I I .

”
ll S e e canto L , 2 3 -2 5 .
 r ns v rAms H UVA M ANVANI ARA ''
. 27 1

C ANT O LI I I .

T he S tor y of the S vd ya m bhuva M anv-antara .

'
M a r ka ndeya sta tes the d urati on of the M a nv-a ntar as , a n d m e ntions
the na m es of the M amas p as t, p r esent a nd
f utur e— H e m entions the
d es cend a nts o
f M a nn S vd/ga m bhuva a nd his s on P r i ya -vr a ta , an d
exp lai ns how the whole wor ld wi th i ts s even conti ne nts was p eop led
by them a n d d i vi d ed a m ong them — Jam bu-d vip a wa s a ssi gned to
P r i ya -vr a tc e s on Agni d hr a, a n d w as p or tioned out am ong A gni d hr a ’ s
’

s ons — H i s eld es t son Nd bhi begot B i s ha bha, and Ris ha bha bego t
B ha r a ta , to whom I nd i a wa s as s i gned .

Kr au s h tuki s p ok e .

A d or abl e S ir ! I wi s h to h ea r ful ly of this S v ayam bhuv a

M anv -a ntar a als o wh i ch th ou h as t m enti oned . T e ll m e of it ,
2 an d al s o of th e d ur ati on Of thi s M anv -antar a , and
i ts g o d s and

ris h is , an d th e k ing s wh o r u led d ur i ng i t, and als o w ho w as

th e l or d Of th e g od s d ur i ng i t, a d or able S ir !
M ar k a nd eya s p o e k .

T he d ura ti on of th e M a nv -an tar as h as b een d e clar ed to b e

the f our yugas m ultip li ed by s ev enty-one a nd a f r action * .

H e ar th e d ur ation of a M an v -a nt ar a
“

fr om m e i n h u m an
4 r ec k oni n g . T hir ty tim es t en m illi o ns ar e a nn o unce d , an d
'

t wenty th ous and s , an d s i x ty-s even l akh s t m ore b y co m p ut e .

5 ti on— th i s i s th e l eng th of th e M a nv -antar a i n hum a n year s ,

om itting th e fr actio n : it i s kn own to b e ei
gh t h und r ed s of
6 th ou s and s and fifty t wo th ou s a nd s m or e b es i d es of year s by
th e d i v ine r ec koning .

A t fir s t w as th e M an n S v ayam bh uv a, then th e M a nn
S v ar o c i s h a, A uttam a, 1 an d T am as a, Rai v ata, and C aks h u s h a ;
’ ‘ ’

7
th e s e s i x M anus h av e p a s s e d , a n d V aiv as vata is the M a nn no w .

8 T h es e ar e to co m e , t h e fiv e S évar nas and R an e ’ys , a nd

B h a utya .
§ O f th es e 1 wi ll tell th ee f ul ly after w ar d s in con .

S ee Canto X L V I , v er s es 34, — 38 .

V er s es 4 , 5 and 6 ag ree with C anto XL VI , ver s es 35— 3 7

1 Niya t a . .

a utta m as read autta m/is

I F or .

F or d
’
nih p as c
’ '
y d gc
’

T h e te xt ap p e ar s to b e w r o ng . ar a r auc a bha utyd é

'
bhautya i T he five S avar na or S é v ar p i M enus
’ ’
’
r e ad S d uar nd h p ano a r a uc ya ac a
.
2 72 CANT O L I I I .

n ex i on w ith their . resp ecti ve M an V -an tar as , a nd o f th ei r g o d s

a nd r is h i s , an d th e l or d s of th e Y aks h as a nd th e P it r i s w h o
li ved d ur i ng e ach , of th ei r co m m e n cem en t a nd en d , 0 br ah m an .

H ear w h o w er e hi s o fis p r i ng , a nd wh o w er e th e wiv e s of

th os e th eir hi g h -s oul ed s ons .

No w M anu S v aya m bhuv a h ad t en s on s e qu al to hi m s elf ,

b y wh om all th i s tr ib u tar y e ar th'w i th i ts s e v e n c ont in en ts ,
with its m o untai n s , an d w i th its w a s p eo pl e d a ccor d
o ce an s

ing to its co untr i es . I t w as fir s t p eop led i n t h e S v ay am

b h uv a p er i od i n th e E r i ta an d T r eta a g es b y th e s on s of
P r iya -v r ata and t he gr an d s o n s o f S v aya m bhu v a .

A d a ug h ter w as b eg otten of P r aJa v ati b y th e h er o P r iya -

v rat a . No w th at i llu s tr iou s d augh ter gave bi r th t h r ou gh t he

P r a j a-p ati K ar d a m a t o tw o d au gh ter s an d s on s t h os e
t wo d a ughter s w er e S a mr afi' and Ku k s hi th eir t en b r oth er s
w er e w ar r ior s e qu al to th e P r a j a-p ati their fa ther . A g n id h r a ,
and M e d h a-t ithi , an d V a p us h -m at i th e n ex t , Jyo ti s h -m at ,
D yuti -m at B h av ya , S av an a , th ey w er e
. s ev en o f them i n d ee d .

P r iya -v r at a a no in t ed th os e s ev en as kin g s o v er th e s ev e n

co nti ne nt s . A ccor d i ng t o th at h i s s t atut e , h ear their conti

n ents al s o fr o m m e .

T h eir f ath er m ad e A g ni d hr a th us ing ov er Ja m bu -d v ip a k

an d h e m a d e M e d h a-t ithi lor d ov er P l a k s h a-d v ip a ; and h e
’
m a d e V ap u s h m at lor d -
S al m ali , Jy oti s h -m a t l or d o v e r
. of

K u sa d v i p a ,
- D yuti m a t lo r d ov er K r au nc a -d v ip a , B h av ya
-
’

S ak
’
l or d o v er a d vip a, a n d
-
h i s s on S av a na r uler o v er P us h
k ar a - d v i p a .

M ah a-v it a an d D h ataki w er e th e t w o s on s o f S ava na , t h e

P us h kar a -d v ip a ; h e d i v i d e d th e
'

r ul e r ov er P u s h k ar a § land
i nto two p ar ts , an d as s i g n e d to th em ea ch
one p ar t .

° ° ° °
ar e n . 8 S i v ar ni , n 9 B ak h s h a-s é Var ni, n . 1 0 B r ah m a-s av ar ni, n . 1 1 D h ar
°
m a -s av ar ni a nd n . 1 2 Rud r a -s av ar ni .

O n ly s ev e n ar e m en tio ne d i n v er s e l5 .

1 T h i s nam e f e m ini ne i s n ot i n th e D i ctionar y

“
as a .

I Vapus hyat i n th e te x t s eem s i ncor r ect . V ap ush -m at i s g iv en cor rectly

in verse s 18 a nd 26 .

F o r p us hka/r a h r ead p us hkar a m

 T HE S VAYAM B H UVA M A NVANT ARA . 273

B h avya h ad s e v en s on s , h ear th em b y nam e fr om m e ;

both J al a -d a , and K um ar a, k
S u- u m ar a , M aniv ak a , and K u sot
t ar a , M ed h av i n , a nd M ah a-d r um a th e s e venth . H e p or tione d
’
o ut f or them countr i es i n S ék a -d v ip a, w h i c h w er e nam ed aft er

th em .

M or eov er D yut i-m at h ad s ev e n s o n s h ear t h e m al s o fr o m

me K u sal a, an d M anu -g a , U s h na , an d P r ak ar a , A r th a - ar a k a , k
and M uni , and D un d ubhi who w a s f am e d as th e s e v en th .

i n Kr a u nc a-d v ip a ,
’
A n d th ey h a d coun tr i es w h i ch w er e n am e d

a f te r th e m .

I n Ku sa -d v ip a i ts e lf al s o th er e w er e s e v e n co unt r i e s call e d

b y th e n am e s o f th e Jyoti s h -m a t h e ar th ei r n a m es
s on s o f

f r o m m e — U d -b h i d a , an d V ain av a , S u -r ath a , a n d am b an a , L
D h ri tim at, an d P r aka r a , and K ap il a th e s ev e n t h .

An d V ap u s h m at th e lor d of S al m a l i h a d s ev en s on s , b ot h
’
-

'
S v e ta , a nd B ar i t a , J im ii t a , and R o h i t a, V aid y uta , a n d M an a
’

s a , an d K etu -m at th e s ev enth . A nd th ey h ad s e v e n co untr i es

i n S alm ali , w h i ch b or e th e
’
s a m e na m e s .

M ed h a-t i th i , th e lor d of P l ak s h a -d v ip a h ad s ev en s on s , an d

P l aks h a - d v ip a w a s d i vi d ed i nto s ev e n p ar ts b y th e cou ntr i e s

’
w h i ch w ere n am e d aft er th e m , fir s t th e S ak a -b h a v a countr y ,
Ana nd a , Kshe
’
th en S i si r a, S u kh o d aya , an d an d S i va, an d
’

m a k a, and D h r uv a .

I n th e fiv e conti n en ts , w h ich b eg in w ith P l ak s h a -d v ip a an d

en d wi th Sa
’
k a - d v ip a , r i g h t eou s n e s s a sol m u s t b e kn ow n as

f r om th e d i v i s io n s of th e c as t es an d th e l s ta
ar is in g
s ever a
g es
“
lif e T he r i gh teous nes s w h i ch i s s et tl ed fi a nd
’
of a br ah m an s .

n atur al d i s p os i ti o n , an d is p t fr o m
’
f r om e x em
s p r i ng s o ne s

th e r ules of h ar m les s n es s i s k
w ell - n o w n to b e un i v er s al in

t h e se fiv e con ti n ent s .

P i -vr a ta J a m b u-d v i p a to A g ni d h r a at
H i s f ath er r ya g av e

0 b ah m H e h a d ni ne s o n s i n d ee d , w h o w er e
th e fi r s t ,
r a n .

h P j a t i P i -vr a ta T h e el d e s t w as nam ed
e qu al t o t a r
y a
p
-
e r a .

N abh i ; h i s yo g u n e r b r o t h e r w a s K i m -
p ur us h a t h e th ir d s on
av ir -v ar s h a t h e fo ur th w a s I l av ri t a and th e fif th
w as H ;

s on w a s V a sya ; th e s ixth w as cal l e d H ir a nya 5 the s e v en th

Ni tya .
2 74 '
CANI O L III .

of th em w as Kur u ; th e e i gh th w as k no wn as B had r ésva ; and

th e ni nth w as Ketu m ala - . D esi gna ted by th eir n am es w as

th e arrang em en t o f thei r co un tri e s .

P erf ecti on exi s ts n atur ally i n Ki m -p ur us h a, and t he oth er

conti nents } with th e e x cep ti o n of th at nam ed fr om th e

m o untain Hi m af an d the p erf ecti on i s al m os t co m p lete h ap

pines s which com es wi thou t e x er tio n T h ere is no ad vers i ty .

th ere, nor o ld a g e , d ea th or f e ar ; n eith er r i gh teous n es s nor

'
unr ig h t eo us nes s e xis te d th er e , n o r had the p eop le d iflerences of

p osition, su ch a s hi gh , l o w o r m id d l in g ; nor h av e th e f our

ag es exi s ted ther e, n or p er i o di c t im es , nor th e s eas ons of th e

year .

No w Ag ni d hra N abhi h a d
’
s s on a s on Ris h abh a, O br ah m an .

Ris habh a b eg o t B h arat a a h ero th e b es t am ong , , hi s h und red

s ons Bi s habh a h avi n g anoi nt e d h is s on i n his
. d b etoo
s tea k
'

him s elf to th e s tr i ct e s t lif e of a w an d er ing r eli

gi ous m endi
cant , and d ev ote d hi m s elf to a us ter i ti e s , an illus tr i ous herm i t,
d w ell ing in P nl ah a H i s fath er ga v e B h ar ata
’
s h er m i t ag e .

th e s outh er n coun tr
y n am e d af ter th e m o un tain Him a i ;
h ence th e coun t ry is call e d B har a ta after the na m e of th at
h i g h-s oul ed ki ng B har ata al s o h ad
. a ri
gh t eo us s on called
S u-m ati ; and B h ara ta tr ans ferr e d th e k in g d om to h i m and
d ep ar te d to th e f or es t .

N ow d ur ing th e S v é yam bh uv a p er i o d P r iya -vr ata’ s s ons ,

and th ei r s on s and g r and s ons en j oy e d § th e ear th wi th i ts
s ev en co ntin ents . T hi s w a s th e S v ay a m bhuva cr e ati on I
h av e narr a te d i t to th e e, O b r ahm an . W h at els e s hall I
f ul ly tell th ee of in t h e fir s t M anv -a n tar a

F or kim m s hd khyé ni r ead him p um s hd d ya ni

’

1' Him é hvaya S ee al s o v er s es 40 and 4 1 w h er e this is

.
said to b e a name
f or I ndia T his m e ani ng i s not in t h e d i c tio nary
. .

3: Hi m éhva thi s m eani ng , I nd ia ,” is no t in th e d i ctionary .

5 F or bhuktvd read bhukté .

 r un Ds scm rr ros or n uns -m m u . 27 5

C ANT O L I V .

T he d escr ip tion o f pa
Jam bu-d vr .

M d r hanqleya tells Kr aus htuhi fur ther the s ize of the ear th, and the
or d er and d i m ens i ons He
f
o the seven con ti nents and their oceans—

d escri bes Ja m bu-d vip a , the countri es i n it, and M er u and the other

m ountai ns ; a nd m entions var i ous loca l f a cts .

Kr aus tuki s po ke .

H ow m any ar e th e conti n ents , and how m a ny th e o ceans ,

and ho w m any th e m o un tains , O br éh m an ? And h ow

‘

are

m any ar e th e countr i e s , an d w h at ar e their r i v er s , O M uni

2 A n d th e s i z e of
th e gr eat j
o b ect s of na ture “ fi and th e L ok a
lo k a m o unt ain -r an g e th e c ir cu m fer ence , and th e s i ze and

3 th e co ur s e of th e m oon a nd the s un als o— t ell m e all th i s at

len gth , 0 gr eat M uni .

M ar k a nd eya s p o e k .

T h e ear th is fifty ti m es t en m i lli on yoj a nas? br oad in

ev e r y di r ecti on ,1: O br ah m an I tell th ee of i ts e ntir e cons ti .

5 t uti o n , h ear ken th e r eto . T h e d v ip as whi ch I h av e m entio ned

to th e e , b e g an with Jam bu - d v ip a and end ed with P u s hkar a
-

d v ip a , O illus tr iou s br ah m an lis ten fur th e r to th e ir d i m an

6 s ions . No w each d vi p a i s t wi ce th e s i ze of th e d vi p a whi ch
a nd P l aks h a, S alm al a , Kuéa,
’

p r eced es i t i n thi s or d er , Ja m b u ,
'
7 Kr aunc a
’
a nd S éka, an d the P us h k ar a-d v ip a . T h ey ar e

com pl e t el y s ur r oun d ed by o ce an s of s alt wa ter , su a r -can e

g
j uicew in e , gh ee,
,
cur d l e d m il k , and m il k ,
whi ch incr ease

d oub le a n d d ouble, comp a/red wi th ea ch p r eced i ng one .

I w ill t ell th ee of th e -
co n s titu ti o n of Ja m b u-d v f a ; h ear
p ken
to m e h und r ed th ou s an d yoj anas in br e ad th an d length ,
. I t is a

9 i t b e ing of a cir cular s h ap e § i m av at, and em a- u ta, . H H k

’
an d M er u , Nil a , S v e t a and S ring in ar e th e s ev en
’
Nis h ad h

PM
‘ ah a bh ii ta .
-
’

1 T hi s word
‘
m us t ob v i ously be s upp li e d ; s e e v er s e 8 .

it T aking t h e yoj ana as f eet ( s ee C ant o xlix, t hi s d ia m ete r of the

earth equal s m i les .

Vrittau . T hi s d is tance cannot apply t o t he cir cum fer ence (vritti ) as well,
f or th e cir cum f e ren ce , leng th a nd br ea d th canno t al l be th e s am e .

d i s ag re e s with oth er Put-

fines and
HT h e text r e ad s B is habha, whi ch vers es

22 and 23 .
2 76 CANT O L iv .

g r eat m o un ta i n -s ys te ms * in it . T wo Of th es e g r e at m o un

t ai n -r an g es f ar e a h un d r e d th o us an d yo j a na s i n ex ten t , a n d
a r e s i tua ted in th e m i d d l e of Ja m bu-d vip a ther e a r e t w o m or e

m o un ta i n -r a n g e s w hi c h ar e s ou th o f thos e t wo , and t w o m or e
w h i ch ar e n or t h . T h ey ar e s e v er all y l es s b y t en a nd t en

th ou s an d yoj a na s i n leng th i ; t h ey ar e al l t wo th o us an d yoj a na s

i n h ei g h t, and th ey h a v e t h e s am e b r ea d th . A nd s ix of

th e m o u n t ai n -r an g e s i n it e x ten d i n to t h e s ea . T he ear th

is lo w on th e s o u th a nd n or th , i t i s hi gh ly e l e v a te d i n th e
m id d le .

O n th e s ou th e r n h a lf of th e e l ev a te d
gr ou hd § ar e th r e e

co untr ie s , a n d o n th e n or th th r ee I lav r i ta i s si tu ate d

‘

ar e .

b et w ee n th os e h a l v es , a nd is s h ap e d li k e th e h alf -m oon .

E as t of i t i s B h a d r asv a , an d w es t i s K etu -m al a .
”
N ow i n th e m i d d le of I lav ri ta i s M er u , th e m ount ai n of

g old . T h e h e igh t of t h at i m m en s e m o un tai n i s e ig h ty -f o ur “

th o us an d yoj a nas w
i t p enetr ates d o n w ar d s s i xt een thous a nd

yoj an as , an d i t i s j us t s ix t een thousand yoj a nas b r o ad ; an d

s i n ce i t i s f as hi o n ed li k e a i t is th i r ty -t w o thous a nd

yoj ana s br oa d a t th e s u m m it I t is w hi te , yellow , bl ack a nd .

r ed o n th e ea s t a n d o th er s id es co n s e cu ti v e l
y a n d a b r ah m an ,
a v ai s ya , a sli d r a , an d a k s h a tr i
ya a r e s ta ti on ed there a ccor d i ng
t o th e cas t es . M o r eov er , u p on i t o n th e e as t an d th e s even

oth er d ir ecti ons f

o the s ky co n s ecutiv elyfi ' a the C o ur ts of I nd r a
r
e

V ar s h a -p arv ata .

f Ni s h a d h a on th e s ou th O f M eru, an d Nila t h e nor th , accor d in

on
g to the
V i sh nu -P ur i na , B k I I , . ch . ii .

of th e fir s t l in e of 11
I T h e t e xt .
v er s e s ee m s wr ong : r ea d in s t ead , as i n th e
MS .
’
-D a s a bhi r
’
d as a bhi r ny nd h w s a ha s r a i s te p ar a sp a r am . Hem k ii ta
a-
’

(s outh
'
o f Ni s h ad h a) an d S v e ta (n or th of N ila ) ar e
yoj a nas l o ng . Hi m av at
’

( s outh O f H em h ii ta ) an d
’
S ring in (nor th of S
'
j an a s
a- veta ) are
yo lo ng .

T h e d ecr eas e i s d ue to t h e ir p os i ti on in th e c i r cl e o f th e e ar th . S ee V i s h nu
P ur é na , B k I I . .
, ch . ii .
Ve d i .

ll T h es e ar e th e ni ne countr i es m e ntione d i n canto lii i, v er s e s

c a tur -a si ti r e ad c a tur -a si ti
'
’ ’ ’
11 F or
'
S ar d v a o th e r aut h or iti es c o m ar e i t to th e i nv er te d
p s ee d ve s s el of a
l otu s , w h i ch is s om e wh at like an inv er te d cone .

f t T he M S . r ead s p ur yo d i ks hu f or p d r vd d i shu, with p r acti cal l th e sa m e

y
m e ani ng .
 THE D E S CRI PT I O N o r JAM B U -D VI PA . 2 77

and th e oth er L oka p él - as an d i n th e centr e is B r ah m a 8

C our t, w h i ch i s f our teen th ous and yoj ana s hi gh .

M or eov er b el ow i t ar e th e s ub j acent hills * with a h ei gh t

of ten th ou s and yoj ana s . O n th e eas t and o th er s i d es con

s ecuti v ely ar e the m ountai ns M an d ar a , Gan d h a -m ad an a, and

V ip ul a, an d S u —p ar sv aj "
th ey ar e d ecor at e d w ith tr ees as

s t an d ar d s . T he k a d am tr ee i i s th e s tand ar d on M an d ar a ,

th e j am bu tr e e§ o n Gandh a - m é d a na , an d th e a év atth a tr ee ”no

V i p ul a , an d th e g r e at b an yan fll o n S u-p ar sv a . T h es e m ou ntai ns

ar e e lev e n h un d r e dyo j an a s i n e x tent . Ja th ar a and D ev a
k ut a ar e tw o m o untai n s on t h e e a s t s i d e th ey s tr et ch up to
N il a an d Ni s h ad h a wi th out an
y s p ace i n ter v eni ng b etw een
th em . N i s h ad h aM an d P ar i p é tra ar e on th e w es t s id e of M er u ;
t h es e t wo m ount ain s , l i k e th e tw o for m er , e x t en d t o N il a

an d Ni s h ad h a . K ai l as a an d Hi m av at ar e t w o g re at m ountains
on th e s outh ; th ey s tr et ch ea s t and w es t ; th ey e x t end i n to
S rin g av at a nd Jar ud h i , m or eov er , tw o m oun
’
th e oce an . ar e

t ai n s on th e n or th th ey, li k e the two on th e s o uth , e x t end

i nt o th e fl T hes e e i g h t ar e call e d th e b oun d ar y m oun

'
o cean .

t ain s , O br ah m an . Hi m a -v at , H e m a -kfi a t an d th e oth er

m ount ains comp r i s e, o n e w i th ano th er , n i n e th ou s an d yoj an a s ,

‘

e as t w ar d ,
w es tw ar d , s ou th w ar d an d n o r th w ar d . S i m il ar ly
M er u s tr et ch es t o t h e f our qu ar t er s i n t h e m id d le i n l lav ri t a .

T h e fr ui t s w h i ch th e j am b u i i tr ee p r od uces on t h e m ount ain

V i s hk am bh a -p ar v ata .

1 M a nd ar a is on th e E a s t ; G and h i -m é d an a on th e S outh V ip ula on the

Wes t a nd S u p ar éva
-
on th e N or th . S e e C anto l v i , v er s es 7, 1 3 and 16 ,

1 See n ot e H p ag e 2 5
‘
.
,

E ug eni a Jam b ol ana , H ook er , v ol . I I , p 49 9 ; Roxb p 39 8

. . . . A l ar g e t ree,

c om m on e v er yw h er e , w ith a r ath er crook ed tr unk , s h i n i ng leav es , a n d e d ible

f r ui t . T h e b ar k y i el d s b r o wn d y e s .

C alle d a ls o p ipp a la F i cus r eli gi os a ( O liv er , p 2 7 2 ; Ro xb p

. . . th e

m od er n p eep u l a l ar g e s p r ea d in g tr e e with a g r a tef ul s h a d e , c om m on e very .

w h er e . S ee al s o n ot e p 33 . .

V ata , Fi cus bengh a l ens i s ( O liver , p 2 7 2 ; F i nd i g a , Roxb p th e

'

11 . . . .

l ar g e , co m m o n , w ell -k nown tree . Re ad B i s habha ?

’

F or a n t ar v d ntar r ea d ar nava ntar

r e ad j am bud
’

II F or j am ba .
2 78 CANT O Lv .

Gan d h
’
a- m ad an a , ar e as l ar g e as an el e p h a nt s b od y ; th ey
f a ll on th e t op of th e m o untai n . F r om th e ir j ui ce s p r in g s

th e f am ous J am b li r i v er , in w hi ch i s fo un d th e g ol d c a ll e d

Jam b il -na d a p as s e s ar o un d M er u an d
’

. T h at r i v er th en
ent er s J am b li -m fila , O br ah m a n ;
’
and th o s e p eopl e d r in k of it .

I n B h ad r asv a V i s h nu i s h e a d ; in
’

figur ed w i th a h or s e s

t i r ata *
h e h a s th e s h ap e of tor toi s e ; a nd h e i s li ke
’

a a

b o ar i n K etu m al a ; -
an d h e h as a fis h
’
s f or m in th e n or t h .

In all th os e fou r countr i es , w or ld ly a fiai r s ar e g ov er n e d

by th e ar r a n
g em e nt O f th e co ns te ll a ti on s , O br ah m an ; the
p eop le ther e s tu d
y th e i nflu e nce of t h e p l an ets .

C ANT O L V .

T he Geogr ap hy f
o Ja m bu-d vip a .

M d r ka nd eya m en ti ons the for es ts a nd la kes a nd m ounta i ns ar oun d

M er u— All the hea ven ly bei ngs d well i n tha t gi on wher e ther e is
re

the m os t char m i ng s cener y— B hd r a ta a lone i s th e la nd of acti on, whi ch

entails m er i t a nd s i n .

M ér k and eya s p o k e .

H e ar f r om m e of t h e f o ur f o r es ts an d la k es w hi ch ex i s t o n

M a n d ar a an d t h e th r ee o th er m o un t ai n s d
’
O br ah m an . On
'
th e ea s t is the f or es t n am e d C ai tr a -r ath a , on th e s o u th er n

m ounta in th e for es t N a n d an a , on th e w es t er n m ount ai n the

for es t V ai bh r éj a , a nd on t h e n or th er n m o un t a i n the fores t

S év itr a . O n th e eas t i s th e l a k e A r uno d a , I an d o n th e s outh
’
M an as a , on th e w es t of M er u i s S ito d a , a nd M ah a-b h a d r a on

th e n or th .

O n th e eas t O f M an d ar a ar e th e m o un t ai n s S it ar tta , and

’

§
C ’
a k r a- m unj a , an d K u l ir a , S u- k an k a- v at , and M a ni -s ai l a ,
’

'
V r is h a- v at , M ah i -
ni l a , B h a v ac al a , S a -b i n d u , M an d a r a , V e nn,
T am a s a , an d N i s h ad h a , an d D ev a -sai la .

F o r bha mite r ead bhd r a te

’ ‘

1 '
F o r f ai l as hu r ea d fa i les hu . it O r V ar unod a, s ee C anto l v i , v er s e 6 ,

S i td
’
S ’ttdm ta i 1 7 , an d C anto lvi ,
’
r tta s r e ad S ee ve r s e v er s e 6 .
 T HE GE O GRAP H Y or JAM B U - D Vl PA . 2 79

k
T h e m o untai n S i h ar a w i th it s th r ee p ea s ,* and Kalinga ,
’
k
'
P a tang a ka , Ru c a k a, an d th e m oun ta i n S énu -m at , an d T am
ra ka , V i sakh a -v
at ,
’
S v etod ar a , and S a m ula ,
- an d V a s u- d h ar a,
R atn a -v at , E ka - éri n g a , M ah a-sail a , R aj a -saila , P ip ath a ka , and
8 P anc a -saila , K ailas a , an d
’
H
i m a -v at th e lof ti e s t of m ount ains
th es e m o un t ai n s ar e s aid t o li e on th e s o ut h s i d e O f M er u .

S K apila j
’
u-r a ks h a d '
an d S iéir ak s h a , V aid ur ya , a nd a nd

P inj ar a , M a h a-b had r a , S u -r a s a , K ap ila ,

M ad h u , A nj an a ,
K u kk u ta , Kr i s h na , an d P and ur a th e loft i es t of m o un t ai n s ,
and th e m oun t ain S ah as r a- k
si h ar a , P ar ip atr a , an d
’
S rin g a
v at ; t h es e m o unt ai n s ar e w e l l - kn o w n as lyi n g on th e w es t of

M er u b eyon d th e s u b acent j hills § w hi ch ar e o n th e w e s t s id e .

H year et th e o th e r m oun tai ns on th e n or th .

'
k
S an h a -k uta ,
V r is h abh a , a nd th e m o untai n H a ms a -nab h a ,
an d th e m oun
t ai n K ap ile nd r a , S ei n u m at , a nd N il a , S v ar n sri ng in S at a
’
-
a-

ér in g in , P us h p ak a , M eg h a -p a r v at a , V ir aj aks h a , V ar ah ad r i ,
M a yfir a , an d Jar u d h i th es e ar e s ai d t o b e th e m oun tain s on

th e n or t h of M er u , O b r ah m an .

T he v all eys am on g th es e m o unt ai ns ar e e x cee d i n

g ly ch ar m
i ng ; th ey ar e d ecor ated wi th f or e s ts a nd la ke s of th e cl ear e s t

w at er . I n th e m m e n ar e b o r n w h o p r acti s e m er i tor i ou s d e ed s ,
O br ah m an . T h es e ar e t er r es tr i a l S v ar g as , O br ah m an th ey

su r p a s s S v ar g a w i th t h e ir e x c ell en ce s . I n th em no fr es h
m er it or s i n a ccr u e s E v en th e g o d s a r e s aid t o enj oy m er i t
.

s , S it a
’
in th em . And on th es e m o un t ain n ta “ and t h e r e s t , 0

b r éh m an , ar e th e g r eat an d r e s p l e n d ent ab o d es o f th e V i d ya

d h ar a s , th e Y a k s h as , th e Ki n - n ar a s , t h e N ag as , a nd th e
k
R a s h as as , a nd th e g o d s , th e G an d h ar v a s , w hi ch p os s es s
an d

s t ud d e d w i th ch ar m i ng g r o v es w hi ch th e
g r eat m e r it and ar e
g o d s fr equ ent A nd . th e la k es ar e ch ar m i ng th e br eez e i s

'
S e e C an t o lv i , v e rs e 9 . S ikh ara m us t b e fir s t m ount ain on th e s outh ,
and tr i -kuta m us t b e an ad ecti v ej q ualifyi ng i t .

1 S ee
'
C anto lvi , v er s e 14 .

I T h e t e xt Kap ila s ee m s err one o us , as i t m enti ons Kap ila a g ain in the
next line . A n oth e r r e ad in g i s Ping al a .

F or vi s ka m bhd t r ea d v i s hkam bhd t s ee C anto liv , v er s e 19 .

S ee v er s e 4 .
2 80 CANT O L v .

p leas ant a t ev er y s ea s on . N or a n y w h er e o n th e s e m o untain s

d o m e n h a v e any k i nd of m enta l g itation
a .

T h us h av e I to l d th ee of th a t f o u r -le av e d l o tu s -d ow er
w h i ch i s th e ear th ; its leav es ar e B h a d r é sv a , B h ar ata an d

th e o th er co untr i es on th e f our s i d es . T he co unt r y n a m e d

B h ar ata , w hi ch I h av e t o l d th ee of on th e s ou th , i s th e lan d
o f a cti on ; n o w h er e el s e i s m eri t an d s i n a cquir e d ; thi s m u s t
be kn own to b e th e ch i ef
y, w h er ein e v er ythi n g i s
coun tr

fix ed ly es ta b li s h e d fi“ A nd fr om i t a m an g ai n s S v ar g a a n d
fin al e m an ci
p ati on fr o m ex i s ten ce, or th e h u m an w or ld and

h ell , or
yet a g ai n th e br ut e con d i ti on , O b r ah m a n
- .

C ANT O L V I .

f the Ganges
T he D es cent o .

M é r ka nd eya d es cr i bes the cour s e of the Ri ver Ga nges f r om the m oon

o n to m ount M er u then i n fo ur str ea m s flowi n g ea s t
,
s ou th w es t a nd , ,

'
n or th, w hi ch the s outher n a llowed by S i va to fl ow
of s tr ea m wa s
through I nd i a at the entr ea ti es o
f K i ng B hagi r a tha .

H e d es cri bes br i efly the hap py cond i ti on f

o a ll the o ther coun tr i es

( ex cep t I nd i a ) i n Ja m bu- d vip a .

M ar ka nd e ya s po k e .

T h e fo ot of N ar aya na , m or e o v er , wh o i s t h e o r ig in of th e
uni v e r s e , 1' s upp or t s th e ear th . T h e d i v in e r i v er Ga n g es
2 w hi ch i s s u ed th e n c e fl ow s i n th r ee c ou r s e s . S he e nt e r s th e
m oon , w hi ch i s th e w om b of th e n ect ar a n d th e r e ce
pt acl e of

th e w at er s , and th e n ce , h av i n g p u r ifie d w i th h er co nt a ct th e
ra
y s o f th e s un }: w h i ch i s i n d i s s o l ub ly c on n ecte d w i th the m oon,
3 s h e f e ll o n t h e s u m m i t o f M e r u , a n d th en d i v id e d i n t o f o ur
s tr ea m s . As sh e f ell fr o m t h e s um m it an d th e s id es an d the
o ut er b ound s of M er u , sh e t ur n e d a r o un d and fin d i ng no
,

4 s up p or t f el l s catt er in g h er w a ter s w id e ly . D iv id in g h er
w ater s e qu al ly a t th e f oot of M an d ar a a nd th e th r e e ot h e r

5 m ounta i ns , sh e fell, pili ng h ig h th e r oc k s br o k en o fi fr o m th eir

b as es b y h er w ate r s .

P r ati -s h th ita .

f Jaga d -g oui m i n th e te xt s eem s im p os s ib le Re ad

.
j a g a d -y oneh
It O r , b eing p ur ified b y c ont ac t with t he r ay s of th e s un.
 om e ns m om 28 1
'

T HE D E SC E NT ot r ns M E RU .

T he ea s t er n s tr eam , wh i ch is celebr ate d b y i ts n am e S it t ) ’

fl o w ed to th e for est C ’
a itr a -r a th a , + and o v er fl o w ing i t, pa s s ed
on t o th e la k e V ar unod a , 1: an d th en ce to th e m ou ntain
'
S itanta, § an d th en ce to th e o th er m ountai ns on the eas t in
o r d er . D es cen d i ng t o th e e ar th i n h er co ur s e , s he fl o w ed
f r om B h a d r ésv a i nto th e o cea n .

M o r eov er th e s econd st r eam ca ll e d A la k a -n and a fl o we d

s o uth tow ar d s Ga nd h a -m ad an a i nto th e for es t Nand ana t h at
d eli gh ts th e g od s an d th at li es a t th e foot of M er u , a nd ov er
k
fl o w ed th e la e M an a s a w i th g r e at for ce , an d r each e d th e d ie
li g h tful k i ng l y m o unt ain Sfikh ar a, ”nd a th ence o v er fl ow e d a ll

th e m ountai n s w h i ch I h a v e m entio n e d i n or d er o n th e s ou th ,

an d r ea ch e d the lof ty m ou nt ai n Him a -v a t. T h er e th e b ul l

d w oul d l et h er g o
’
b a nn er e d S i v a h eld h er an no t T he .

lor d w as pr op iti ated b y ki ng B h a gir a th a wi th tas ti ng s an d

'

'
h ym n s , an d S i v a r el e as ed h er th er e S he . ent er ed th e s o uth

in s ev en s tr eam s , and i n th r e e s tr ea m -s on th e ea s t
’

er n o c e an
'

;
i nun d atin g gr eat r i v er th e s 0 uth w i th th e
as a o v er fl o w fr o m .

s tr eam , b ehi n d B h ag fr ath a s ch ar i ot

’
h er .

M or eov er th e g r e at r i ver fam ed a s S v a-r aks h u f ell on

'

M ount V i pul a on t h e w es t s id e , an d w ent t ow ar d s th e for es t fil

V ai b hr aj a ; a nd th enc e t h e g r e at r i v er o v er fl o w i n
g th e l a e k
S it od a m ount ai n S v a an d t he n ce s he
’
r each e d th e
m ountai n T r i si k h a ; H and th e n ce f a lling
’

w ent to th e th e
‘ ’
-
on

ti vi khyd td pur va? s i teti

’
F or p d r c d éete r ead
’
T h e text ap p ear s i ncor r ect .

vi khyd té

1 S ee canto l v 2
'
, v er s e .

i Or A r uno d a
t , s ee canto Iv , v er s e 3 .

S ee canto lv , v er s e 4 .

HS e e cant o Iv , v er s e 6 .

ic al am read s o? vana m S ee canto -1v , v er s e 2

’
’
11 F or sa .

T h er e s ee m s to be a co nf us i on i n t h e te x t b e twe en t h e n am e s of th e

ri ve r and th e m ount ain, w hi ch lat ter i s cal led S u -r a ks ha in cant o l v, v er se 9

f or S va -r a ks huh t hen r e ad S u-r a ks h am

'

9 , wh er e S iéir ék s h a i s
’

H
‘ ’
T hi s n am e s e em s er r o n e o us . See cant o lv , v er s e

m entio n ed as t h e s e cond m ountai n No m ountai n of th e nam e T r i -éi'k h a i s

.

m e nti one d i n th a t a nd th e f oll o w i ng v er s e s am o ng th e we s te r n m oun tain s .

T h e t wo s h o uld agr ee co m p ar e V ris ha b h a i n v er s e 1 8, and c an to Iv , ver s e 12

28 2 C’ANT O L VI .

s um m i ts of th e o th er m o untai n s on the wes t i n or d er , s he

r e a ch e d K etum éla an d ent er ed th e s alt o cean .

N ow sh e fl o w ed on to m ount S u-p ar sva al s o, w hi ch i s at

th e f oot of M er u ; t h er e sh e i s f am ed as S om a . S he fl owed
to th e w oo d of S av itri fi“ O v er fl o wing f i t, s h e r each e d l ake
M ah a-b h a d r a ; I a nd th en ce she pas s ed r i v er to
as a gr ea t
m ou nt S a n h a - uta
’
k k an d t h en ce r e a chi n
g in s u cces s i o n

V r i s h abh a an d th e o th er m o unt ai n s on the nor th, an d o v er

fl o wi ng th e N or th er n K u r u s s h e e n t er e d th e g r eat oce an .

T h us I h av e pro pr i at el y d es cr ib e d to th ee , O b r ah m an ,
ap

th i s r i ver , th e G au g es , an d th e co untri es a cc o r d in g to t h ei r
ar r ang em e nt in Ja m b u -d vi p a . In K i m -p u r u s h a an d all th e

oth er countr i es d w ell p eo p le , w h o h av e alm os t u nall oye d

h app i nes s , w h o ar e fr ee f r o m s i ck n es s , an d w h o a r e e x e m p t

fr o m l o w an d h i gh d i v er s i ti es of co n d i ti on . In eac h of th e
nin e co untr i es in it ar e s ev e n m ou n t a i n r an
g es . A n d th e n
in ea ch c ou n tr y th e r e ar e r i v er s fl o w i ng d o w n fr o m th e

m ount ai n s . I n K i m -p u r u s h a an d th e s e v en o th er cou ntr i es ,

0 b r ah m an , w ater s b u bb l e up fr om the gr oun d h er e in B h a

r at a we have r a in . A nd i n th es e ei
gh t co u ntr i es ”m e n en oy j
a p er fecti on w hi ch co m es fr o m th e t r ees , fr o m th eir o wn
n atur al d i s p os i ti on s , fr o m th e l oca li ti e s , fr o m th e w a t er , fr o m

th ei r m enta l con d i t i on an d f r o m th eir acti o n s fil T h e tr ee

b e s tow e d p er f e cti o n i s obt ai n e d f r om t h e tr e es t h at gran t
th em ev er y w i s h ; t h e n at ur a l i s w ell - n o w n as t h at w hi ch k
S p r i ng s f r o m th e n atur a l
d i s p o s iti on ; an d th e lo ca l d el i h t
g
i s th a t w hi ch i s conn ecte d w i th th e l an d it s e lf ; a nd th e
w a ter -g iv en * * p erf ecti on com es fr om th e d eli ca cy o f th e w a ter ;
an d th e m enta l i s d er iv e d fr o m m e d i t a ti o n an d th e p eqf ec
ti on whi ch com es fr o m r e v e r e nt i a l s e r v i c e a n d th e p er for m an ce
of o th er d uti e s i s d en om in at ed ri
g h te ou s n es s -pr o d u ced tf

S év itr a se e c ant o lv , ver s e 2 1 F or p d v a y a ntz

’

r e ad
’ '
p lar aya ntz
.
.

I S ee c ant o l v, v er s e 3 . S ee c a nto I v, v er s e 12 .

F or v a s her s hv r e a d v a r s hes h v.

11 Ka rm a -j d , thi s seem s p r eferable to d har m a -j d in v er s e 25 .

F or toyd ttha r e ad toy otthé .

fl D h ar m a -iii v ers e 23 r e ad s kar ma -j ot i ns tead , which s e em s p r efe r ab le

.
.
 NI NE D I V I S I O NS or B HAB AI A.
‘
2 83

26 A nd in th es e countr ies the a g es do not exi s t, nor b od ily n or

m e nta l s ic k nes s es ; n or i s th er e an
y und er ta king inv olv ing
m er i t or d e m er it th er e, 0 b r ah m a n .

C AN T O LV I I .

M ar ka nd eya m enti ons the ni n e d i vis i ons of B hd r ata , one f

o whi ch
i s I n d i a — H e m enti ons the seven m oun ta i n r a n es
g i n I nd i a ( exclus i ve
of the H i m alaya M o untai ns ) a nd na m es twenty-two sep ar a te hi lls
H e m enti ons the chi e f r i ver s in
I n d i a , gr oup i ng them a ccor d i ng to
the m ounta i n r anges out o f w hi ch they r i s e— H e m enti ons the chi ef

p eop les i n I nd i a a nd on i ts bo r d ers , gi ng them accor d i ng to

a rr a n

t he m a i n na tur a l d i vis ions of the co untry— a n d he conclud es wi th

g ener a l d es cr ip tive r em ar ks a nd an encom i um on I ndi a as t he sa el

la nd of ac ti on .

Kr aus h tuk i s p o k e .

A d or able S ir ! th ou h as t f ully d e s cr ib ed thi s Jam bu-d v ip a .

Ju s t as th ou h as t d e clar e d i t , m er it-p r o d ucing acti o n ex i s ts

no w h er e e lse , n or acti on tha t ten d s to s i n, e x cept i n B h ér a ta,

O ill u s tr ious S ir ! A nd fr o m thi s land b o th S v ar g a i s at

ta i n e d , an d final e m an cip at i on fr o m e x i s ten ce , an d th e m e

3 diam e nd als o . V er ily n o w h ere el s e on earth is a cti o n

o r d a in ed for m or t al s . T h er efo r e tell m e, O b r ah m a n, ab ou t

4 thi s B h ar at a i n d et ail , an d w h at ar e i ts d iv i s ions , and h ow

ar e, a nd wh a t is i ts co n s ti tu ti on a ccur at el it is
m an
y th ey y;
th e countr y ) and w h at ar e th e pr o v inces an d th e m ount ai ns
i n it, 0 b r ah m an ?

M ér kan d eya s p o ke .

H ear fr om m e th e n in e d i v i s i on s of thi s country B h ar at a ;

th ey m us t b e kn ow n a s e x te nd i n g to th e ocean , b u t a s b ei n g
m u tually i na cc es s ib le . T hey? are I nd r a -d v ip a, Ka éer fim a t J

V ar s h a .

1 T hi s and th e three following v er se s ag r ee cl o s ely wi th th e K ar m a P ur i na

c a nt o xl v u , v er s es 22— 2 5 .

I T he d i ctionary gi v es th e wo r d as kafaru-m a t th e Kfir m a Puri na as

kas em k-m a t (canto xlvii , v er s e i n p r ef erence . Anot h er for m is s aid to b e

28 4 C ANT O L VI I .

T amr a-v ar na,* G abb a s ti -m at , an d N ag a-d v i p a, S au m ya ,

G and h ar v ad V ér una ; an d t hi s i s th e ni n th d v ip a
‘
an d

am ong th em , and i t i s s ur r o un d e d b y th e s e a I T hi s d v ip a .

i s a th ous and yo j an as fr o m s outh t o n or th § A t its e as t end .

W i th in
'

ar e th e Ki r étas , “ an d at th e w e s t th e Y av anas fil
i t d well br ah m an s , k
ya s , v aisya s and sud r as ,
s h atri O br ah
m an T h ey accom p li s h th eir p urificatio n wi th th e o ccu a
.
p
ti ons of s acri fice, m e d i ta tion, tr ad e , the a nd t h ey s eek their

mut ual bus ines s th r o ug h thes e o ccu p ations , and th ey gai n

S var g a or final em ancip at i o n fr o m e x i s ten ce , m er it an d sin

th en .

T he s ev en m o unt ain r a n g es “ in it ar e M ah end ra ,f t

T he Kfirm a P ur i na g i v e s t h e w ord as td m r a -p ar na in p r ef er ence ( canto

z lv u, v ers e I t is C eyl on .

1" O r , gand h ar v a , Kur m a P ur i na , c anto xl v ii , v er s e 23 .

I T hi s i s und er s tood t o m ea n I nd i a, as t h e follow ing v er s e s s h ow ; s ee

Wilson s V i s h nu P a r ana
’
,
E d u F it z E d w ar d H al l, B o ok I I ,
. ch ap . iii , not e on

the s i milar
p as sag e . B ut thi s P ur i n a s ta te s c le ar ly eno ug h ( s ee v er s e 59

below ) th at I nd ia i s n o t s urr oun d e d by th e s e a, b ut b ound e d by it o nly on

the eas t, s outh , and wes t , a nd o n ly p ar ti ally s o o n the eas t and wes t, f or
v er s e 8 place s th e Kir é ta s and Y a v anas th er e r e s p e c tiv ely .

T h e yoj ana i s d efine d i n c a nto xlix , v er s e 40, t o b e ab out f ee t ;

th is l eng th th eref or e i s m ile s .

T he Kir i bas ar e t h e un ci v ili z ed tr ib es of t h e f ore st s and m ountai ns ;

h ere th e word app ear s to d e n o te all th e r ace s wi th t h e B ur m e s e type of

featur es along the eas tern li m i ts of I nd ia .

orig i nally, a n d af ter war d s oh am

'

11 T he Gr eek s th e M m e d ans .

i "? F or th e n otes i n t hi s C anto I h av e co ns ul te d , Wils on s V i s hnu P ur i na

’

(E d n F itzE d w ar d
. Hall ) , Ge ner al C un ning h am ’ s A ncie nt Geograph y bf
I nd i a h is Ar ch a mIO g ic al S urvey of I n d i a Re p ort s , besid e s oth er wor ks
and m ap s .

fl
. “
M ahend m i s th e ch ai n of h ill s th at e xte nd s f rom O ri s s a and th e
nor th ern C ir car s to Gond w a na, p ar t of whi ch n e ar G a nj am i s s till called

M ahind ra M alei or h ill s of M ah in d r a . W il s on’ s Vis h nu P urgi ng , B ook 1 1 ,

ch ap . iii, note . T h e riv er s whi ch fl o w f r om t h es e h i l ls ar e nam e d in v er s e s

28 and 2 9 , b ut only a f ew of t h e m h av e b een i d entifie d . T hi s rang e then

to b e the p or tion o f th e E a s t er n Gh ats b etwe e n th e God av er i an
app ear s
d
M ah anad i r iver s , and th e hill s i n th e s out h of B er ar S ee however no e on .
, t
,
’
th e S ukti -m at rang e on th e next pag e .
 M O U NT A I N RANGE S OF I ND I A . 285

1} M alay a, *
S a h ya d "
’
k
S u ti- m a t , 1 th e Ri ks h a m o un

T hi s i s th e s outh er n p o r tio n of th e W e s ter n Gh ats . O nly f our r i ver s

are m enti o ne d in v e r s es 27 a nd 28 a s r i s in g i n th e s e h ill s , an d no ne o f t h em

ap p ear to hav e b een i d e nt i fie d b ut as th e Ri v er Kav eri i s s ai d in v ers es 26

an d 2 7 to in th e S a h ya m oun tai ns , t h e M a l aya m ountai ns can b e
ris e o nly

th e p or tio n o f th e W e s t er n Gh ats f r om t h e N il g ir i s t o C a p e C o m ori n

- .

1 T h e S ah y a m ount ain s ar e th e N or t h er n p or ti on of the W es ter n Gh ats ,

and , as ap p e ar s f r om th e i
r v ers w h i ch r is e i n th e m ( s ee v er s es 26 a nd

e xte nd f ro m t h e Riv e r T a p ti d ow n t o t h e Nil -g ir i s .

I T his rang e is n ot d e finitely id entified , nor th e r iv e r s w hi ch ar e s aid

in ve r s es 29 an d 30 t o ris e in it .

G en er al C unni ng h am s ay s th e R S uk ti m ati d er i ve d i t s nam e f r o m th e

S uk tim él ( s ic) m o unt a i n s , i n w hi ch i t h ad it s s o u r ce a s s ert s t h a t th e r iv e r
'
m us t b e th e s am e a s th e M ah anad i an d i nf e r s t h at t h e S ukti -m at m o un tains
m us t c orr e s p on d w i th th e h i g h r a n g e of m oun tai ns to th e s outh of S eb ca

a nd K ank e r , whi c h g ives r is e t o th e M a h ana d i , th e P ai r i and th e S eo nath

r i v er s , a nd w hich f or m s t h e b o und ar y b etw e e n C h atti-s g arh a nd th e f e ud at or y

”
( Ar c h S ur v ey Rep ort s , X V I I , pp 2 4 an d 69 an d m ap
’

s t ate o f B as t ar . . v ol . .

at e nd .
) Hi s p r e m i s e s s e em to m e un s af e an d hi s c on cl us ion c onf oun d s
’
t h e S ukti -m a t r ang e w i th t h e M ah e nd r a r an
ge, an d m us t b e i n corr e ct, f or t h e
l att er r ang e app ear s t o b e id e ntifi e d b ey on d d oub t .

'
M r. B e g l ar p r op os e s t o id ent ify t he R S uk ti - m at i w i th th e S a k r i .
(w hi ch is

a trib ut ary of th e G a ug es , an d flow s nor th war d s a b ou t 35 m iles e as t of G aya ) ,

'
to c onn ec t th e r iv e r w i t h th e S ukti -m a t r a ng e , an d a
p p ar e n tl y t o id en ti fy th e
r ang e w i th t h e h ills i n t h e H e p r op os e s t o
n or t h o f th e H az ar ib ag h d i s tr i c t .

s tr e ng th en thi s p o s i ti on b y i d en tif y in g t h e r i v er s K iy ul ( a n o th er t r ib ut ar y o f

t h e G a ng es , e a s t of t h e S ak ri ) a n d K a or h a r i ( w hi ch I d o n o t find , b u t w hi c h
t r ib uta ry ) w i th th e s h i -k ul yé Kum ari , wh ich
s eem s to b e an o t h e r s m all B i an d

r is e
’
i n th e S ukti -m at m o un tai n s s ee v e r s e s 29 an d 30 .
(A r ch . S ur v e y Rep or t s ,
’
S ukti m a ti
’
v ol . V I I I , pp 1 2 4 . and B ut t h e S uk ti m at - r an g e an d -
r i v er

do n ot s e e m n ece s s ar i ly c on ne ct e d ; n e it h e r th i s no r t h e V ay u P ur an a m ak e s

(s e e 2 3) S ak r i d oe s
’
th e r iv er ris e i n th e S ukti -m at r a ng e , v er s e n o t ap p e ar

f or S uk ti -m a ti, S a k r i,
’
th e na tur a l e qui v al e nt (th e r e i s b es id es a no th e r r i ve r a

t r ib utar y of th e S eonath , ) no r K iy ul a nd K aor h ar i of B i s h i kuly é -

a nd K um ar i
'
S akr i c or r e s p on d s b e t te r w i th S a k uli (s e e v e rs e 2 3) a nd th e h i ll s i n th e

nor t h of th e H a z ar ib ag h d is tr ict a r e n o t r e m ar k ab le , a nd are r a th er t h e ter

m i na ti ou of th e V in d h ya r a ng e th an a s e p ar ate m o u nta i n s y s te m .

T he o nl y m o u ntains , wh i ch h a v e not b e en a p p r o p r i at e d to th e S an s kr it

n am e s , are th e A r av a lli m o un ta in s an d th e s outh e r n p o r tio n of th e E a s t er n

G h at s , so t h at t h i s r an g e m ig h t be o ne of th e s e tw o ; a nd i f th e f o r m e r

ar e r i g h tly incl ud e d i n t h e P ar i p atr a Range , (s ee n o te 1 , n e xt p ag e ) th e

’
S uk ti -m at r a nge m ig h t b e th e s o uth e r n p o r ti on of th e E a s ter n Ghats a nd
286 C ANT O L VI I .

t ai ns fl
‘
and V i n d h ya fi a nd P é r i p ét r a i An d th er e ar e

o th er hi lls b es id e s th em i n th ous an d s , w hi ch ar e s i tu ate d

12 nea r th em . T h eir s um mits ar e br o a d and l of ty , and ar e

d elig h tful an d s p aci o u s —

K ol é h a la , § a nd V aibh r aJa , "

m us t b e pl ace d i n
’
th e h ills of M y s or e . I f , h ow ev er , th e S uk ti -m a t r a ng e
’

B er ar , th e M ah e nd r a r ang e wi ll b e r e s tr i cte d t o th e E as t e r n G h ats .

T h es e ar e s aid to b e t h e m o un t ai n s of G o n d w an a , s ee Wils on ’ s V i s h nu
P ur é na, B ook I I , ch ap . ii i , note . Jud g i ng f r o m th e r i v er s w h i ch ar e s a id in

ve r s es 21 to 2 5 t o rise i n t h e V i nd h y a a nd Rik s h a Rang e s , i t a p p ear s thi s

r a ng e co n s i s t s o f th e h ills wh i ch f or m th e w a te r -s h e d b e tw e e n t h e N a r
b ud d a , S o ne and M a h a nad i on on e s id e , and th e T a p t i a n d n or t he r n tr i bu

t ar i e s of t h e G o d av a r i on th e o th e r s id e ; tha t i s , i t c om pr i s e s t h e S a t p ur a
'

H ills , an d th e hill s e x t e nd i ng th r o ug h t h e m id d le of B e ra r and th e s outh o f

C h utia N agpur n ear ly i n t o W e s t B e ng al .

1 F or vin d h a f r ead v i n d hy a t T hi s d oes not d e n o te th e w h o l e . of th e

m od er n V in d h y a Ra ng e , b ut o nly th e p or ti on of it eas t of B h o p al , an d al s o

t h e w a ter -s h e d h ills which e xt e n d fr om it i nto B e h ar , as w ill a p p e ar fr o m

of th e r i v er s wh i ch r is e in it
a c om p ar i s on a ccor d i n g to v er s e s 21— 23 .

I C alled als o Par iy étr a

T hi s i s t h e w es ter n p o r ti o n o f th e m o d er n V i n
.

d h y a Ra ng e, w e s t of B h op al , as a p p ear s f r om th e r iv er s w hich r i s e i n it
accor d in g t o v er se s 1 9 a n d 20 P r of Wil s on s ay s ( V i s h nu P a r ana , B o ok. .

II, ch ap . i i i, n ote ) th e nam e , i nd e e d , is s till g iv en t o a r ang e of m o un

Guzer a t ( C ol one l T od s
’
t ain s in see M ap of an d th a t m ay b e

c o n s id er ed a n offs h o ot of th e m ai n rang e . If th e V ayu P ur é na is r ig h t in

r ea d i ng Var nas é i n s te ad o f V e n v a i n v er s e 1 9 , th i s r a n g e w o uld
’

al s o p r ob ab ly
i n cl u d e th e A r avalli m ount ai n s in R aj p uta na I f th i s b e s o , t h e . co nfig ur a t io n

of t hi s r an g e , a cu r ve ar o und th e w es t an d s o uth of M al wa , w o ul d s ug g e s t a

d e r i v a ti o n f or b o th th e n am e s , vi z .
,
P ar i p é t r a , f r o m p ar t p d tm , th e m oun

t ai n s s h ap e d lik e a n e n cl os i n g r ec e p tacl e or
“
t h e m o untai n s w h ich f orm a

p r ot ecti o n ar o un d or P ar iyatr a , f r o m p ar t yd ,
“
t h e m ou nt ain s w hi ch
”
c u r v e ar oun d . T he n am e m ay th u s s till s u r v i v e i n th e P a th a r r an g e , wh i c h
li es b e tw ee n th e r iv er s C h a m b al and B a n as .

( A r ch . S ur v e y Re p or ts , v ol . VI,
p . 1 an d m ap an d v ol . XI V , p .

M r B e g l ar pr op o s e s to id e nt ify thi s h ill w i th th e K aw a K ol

.
r an g e , w hi ch
is e as t of th e R . S a kr i (a tr ibu ta r y of th e G a ng e s a b out 35 m i l e s e a s t of

G ay a ) b ut t h er e d oe s no t a pp ear to b e a n yt hi n ab o u t th e
g g e a g r e e i ng
r an

wi th th e d es cr ip ti o n i n th e te x t .
( A r ch . S ur v ey Rep or ts , v ol V I I I
.
, pp 1 23 ,

to 1 2 5, an d m ap at e n d ) .

NT h i s as a m oun t ai n is no t m enti on ed in th e d ictio nar ,

y an d I do n ot find
a ny s uc h m ounta in T h e Vé yu P ur i n a r ea d s Va i ha r a i ns t ea d ( xlv
’
.
.
wh i c h
is a S y no nym f or a f am o us hill ca ll ed Va i bha m
'
or B a i bha na , ne ar Ra
’
'
ja -
g r ih a ,
28 8 C ANT O L vn.

S v a r as a fi “
T ung a-p r as th a , 1 i g a -g ir i J
Ne Roc'ana § ,
th e

” th
'

14 h i ll P and ar a, e h ill P us hp a fil D ur

b e e n s i tua te d ne ar th e e as ter n so ur c e s of t h e Ganges ; h enc e th i s M ain aka

prob a bly d en ote d th e g roup of hill s in th e n o r th o f th e Alm or a d i s tr i ct ; b ut

th e s e p a s s ag e s ar e no t q ui te con s i s ten t . T h e Ram aya na i n Ki s hk . K . xli v .

35 —37 p la ces l ak e M éna s a M t Kr a uii

’
( w h i ch i s called M a i na
’
on . c a, ka s s on, in
Har i V x viii . 941 and M aimaka beyond Kre uno a ; b ut th os e g eo gr a
’
'
- .
.
,

p hi cal cantos , x l to xliv , s eem to b e a la te i nt er p ol ation .

A n o th er M a inaka i s th e f ab ulou s m oun tain s i tuated in th e s ea , m id way

b etw e en th e s o uth er n p oi nt of th e I n d i an P e ni ns ula and C eylon ; s ee Ram a

yana , S un d K . . vi i ; and i n th is conn e x i on s ee canto 11 1 v er s e 13 .

A n d th e th i r d M ai néka i s in W e s t er n I nd i a , app ar ent ly i n Kh and es h as

'
i t s eem s t o b e c onne cte d wi th C y avana ; s ee M .
-Eh .
, V ana -P . l xxx i x 8 36 4 -5 . .

’
I n Gen . C unning h am s A r ch . S ur v . Rep or t s (v ol V I I I , p
. . 1 2 4 ) th e R S o ne .

is s ai d to b e c al le d M a inéka-p r abh a , fr om th e m ountain in which i t r i ses ,

but M ainéka i s pr obably a m i s take f or M e kal a .

T his as a m ountain i s not m enti oned in th e d i ctionary ; and I d o not

fin d i t T h e V ayu P ur i na rea d s S a sura s a , or S u-s ara s a ins tead (xlv 9 0 )
. I .

do not fin d any such hill S ar a s a i s one of th e m oun tains m en ti one d i n canto

.

lv . v er s e 9 .

1 »
I do no t find thi s .T he V ayu P ur i na r ea d s Gantu-pr as tha ins tead (x lv .

9 1 ) wh i ch s ee m s a m i s take .

:t I do n ot fin d th is . In a li s t of m ou
n tai ns i n Har i cl xvii i

9 4 9 9—9 50 5 ar e m entioned Nag a and N ag a-r é t . P erh ap s th es e m oun tai ns

m ay b e p laced in th e Naga coun tr y, near N agp u
r i n th e C entr al P r o vince s .

I do not find thi s .

HT h e V ayu P ur i na read s P and ur a (xlv . 9 0) neith er i s m enti o ne d in th e

d i ctionar y as a m ountain S h ould w e re ad . P and av a instea d ? T h er e are two
hills now whi ch ar e cal led P an dua H ill or th e P and us H ill,
’
one f oun d by M r .

C ar lleyl e, n or th -wes t of B air at ( or i ta ) in Alwar

V a ir z ( Ar ch S ur v ey. Rep or ts ,
v ol . V I , pp 9 5 . and th e oth er by M r . B eglar , nor th of H atta and near

th e R Ken in B and elkh and , wh er e p il gr im ag es

. ar e s ti ll m ad e ( i d . v ol . VI I .
,

p .

if I d o no t find thi s . P ush p ak a i s on e o f th e m oun tains m entione d i n c anto

lv 13 A r i ver called P ush p a -j ai s s aid to r i se in th e M alaya M ts

. v e r se .
.
(see
ver s e 2 7 bel ow) .

I do T h e V é yu Pur i na re a d s U i -j ayanta ins tea d (xlv

n ot find thi s . .
. .

whi ch G en C unningh am id enti fie s with Gir nar hill , whi ch i s s i tu at ed on the

.

e a s t s id e of Juna g adh i n th e p e nin s ula of G u j ar at ( A not Geo g , v o l I

-
p
.
. . .

-r é s h ra V P l xxxv iii 8 347

It w a s i n S u t an a -
T h er e ar e al s o . .

th e A j anta Hi ll s , nor th eas t of A ur ang ab a d ( A r ch S ur vey Repor t s , v ol I X

-
.
. .
,
 m ucus HIL L S IN m on . 28 9

Raiv a ta, “ and Ar bud ap t Ris h yam fika, 1

‘
a nd G om ante , §

p 1 2 1 ) whi ch
. s eem to b e th e s am e a s th e Aj a yanti Hi ll ( Anc Geog . . of I nd ia .

v ol . I p . .

Rai va ta, or Raiv atak a , wa s ne ar D va i

i r ak a . or Knfia -s th al i, w h i ch was near
'
th e e x tr em e w e s tern p rom ontor y , and w a s th e cap i tal o f th e c oun tr y An ar ta ,
i n th e p eni n s ula of Gu j ar at ; f o r i n th e M -B h , a f e s tiv al on th i s m oun ta i n i s .

d es c r ib e d , i n w hi ch the citi z en s o f s i r a ka we nt out there w i th th ei r f am i ~

’
li es , i n th ous an d s , on f oot or in c ar r i age s (Adi -P . ccxix . 79 06 an d it i s
call e d th e or n a m ent of t h e ga t e of t h at ci ty in th e Har i -V .
(c x i i i . 6 36 1 - 7 0
and c xi v . 6410 T he Gi r n ar h ill m enti one d i n th e l a s t p r e cedi ng
note i s s om et i m e s id entifie d wi th thi s hi ll , b ut M t Gir nar i s ab ou t 1 10 m iles
fr om D v ér a ka, an d thi s d i s tance i s i n co m p a ti bl e wi th e ith e r of th e p as s ag es

q uote d . T h er e d oes not ap p ea r to b e a ny m ountai n clo s e to th at c i ty , b ut

th e B ar a d zi gr oup . of hills i s no t f a r f r om it, an d th ey ar e th e o n ly h il ls
th a t com p ly wi th th e c ond i ti on s (s ee Ar ch . S ur v . of W I n d i a , by J
. . B ur

ges s K athi aw ad , pp 1 2 , 1 5 , 8 4 an d
, . Ra iv a ta i s no t nec es s ar ily a s ingl e

m oun tai n f o r th e H i m a-v at, V i n d h y a

. an d o th er r ang es are o f te n s p o ken of

in th e s in g ul ar . I would th e r ef o r e p r o p o s e to id entify Rai v a ta w ith th e

B ar a d a H ills i n H élér , th e w es ter n
. c o r n er o f th e p enins ula .

1 T he m o d er n M ount Ab u, at th e s o u th e n d of th e Ar a v all i r ang e V a s ieh

“
.

tha i s s ai d t o h a v e h a d hi s h er m it a g e t h ere ( 31 .
-
Eh .
, Van a - P . l x x xi i . 40 9 7

T he coun tr y ar o un d A r b ud a wa s n o te d f or i t s b reed of h or s es (i d . S abh a-P .

l .

uka is in Ram a m e eting wi t-

’
th e D ekh an I t w a s th e s cen e of h
I Ri s h y am . s

S ugr i v a an d H a mi m an .I ha v e p r op os e d to i d entify i t wi th th e r an g e of

hill s w h ich s tr e t ch e s f r om A hm ad na ga r t o b eyond Nald r ug an d Kaly an i , d i v i d

ing th e M a nj ir a a nd B h im a r i v er s ( Jowrna l R A ,
. . Ap r il, 1 8 9 4 , p .

tw o hills of th i s nam e O ne i s m ent ione d i n th e H a r i -Vaméa

5 T h ere ar e .

a s situa t e d in a g ap o r op ening (vic ti m ) of th e S ah ya M t s .

(x cv i . 5 33 1

I t was thr ee or f our d a ys

’
j our ney by s w if t cha ri ot fr o m K ar av i ra -p ur a

(xcv i . 53 2 5 - 4 0 ; a nd c. 5 65 0 11 a , p r o b a bly 1 0 0 or 1 2 0 m ile s in a b illy

ca p i tal o f th e P ad m zw a ta ,
‘

country : an d tha t ci ty , w hi ch w a s th e count r y

wa s on th e S ah ya M t s . on an d
( t h er ef or e n ear th e s o ur ce of ) th e R V e nv é ,
.

5 2 1 2 , 5 2 2 8 - 31 ; a n d x cv i 5 2 83
pr e s um a bly ne ar S ti r p éra ka (
’
and xcv .
.

T hi s R V e nv a w oul d t h e r efo r e
. a p p ea r t o b e th e r i v er P um a ( or o ne of t he

ot h er s m all r i v er s s outh of S ur a t ) , flo w i ng i nto th e Gul f of C a m b ay , s o u th

of th e R . T a p ti ; Kar av ir a -p ur a w o ul d h av e b een near i t s s ou r c e o n th e

W es ter n Gh at s , an d Go m anta w o u ld p r o b ab ly b e t h e hills S o r S -
E o f Na s ik'
. . . .

T he ot h er Go m anta i s th e hill of G w a li or . Gen . C unnin gh am s a ys i t was

'
and Gop a -gi r i , Gop d hvaua, an d l a t er , Go-m a nta
ori g inal ly Gop aic a la
37
290 CANT O mm .

a nd
’
15 Kfit saila, a-
* Kri ta s m ar a , i -
“

an d S r i-p ar v a ta, 1
Ko r a, § a nd o th e r m ou n ta i ns i n h und r ed s . B y them the

p eopl e, both M le cé h as an d Ar ya s , ar e m i ng led to g e th er

accor d in g to t h ei r d i v i s i o n s .

T he chi e f r iv er s of w h i ch th os e p eop le d rin k ,

h ear th e m fr o m m e d uly . Gang s, S ar as -v ati , " S in

( Ar ch S urv ey Re por ts ,
. v ol . II .
pp . 37 2 , T h e V éy u P ur ana m entions
Go -d han a i ns tead (xlv . b ut I ha v e m et wi th no hi ll of thi s nam e el s e

w her e ; i t s ug g es t s Go-var d ha'na , b ut Gom ar d h ana d o e s n ot s ui t th e m etr e .

I do n ot fin d t hi s .

1 I d o not find thi s . I s thi s to b e c o nne c t e d wi th th e Ki m m ér hill,

Gand h éra ?
'

( Ar ch . S ur vey B e p o r ts , v ol . II .
pp 92 . a nd 1 06 , and m ap at p .

87 ; v ol . XI X p . .

'
S r i p ar vata, or S r i -sail a , i s th e na m e
’
I - of a l of ty ro ck whi ch ov er -h ang s

th e R Kri s h né i n th e K ur n ool D i s tr i c t ;
. i t i s th e s i te o f a f am o us tem ple
call ed M allik ar j una, o ne o f th e t wel v e g r ea t L ing a s h r i nes ( Ar ch . S urv . of

8 I nd i a, b y R S ew ell , V o l I 9 0 ; A r ch S ur v of W I nd ia , b y J B ur g es s,
. . . . . . .
.

’
p . T h e A g ni P ur i na p l ac e s S r i -
p ar v ata on th e R Kaver i, a nd s ays it wa s .

d e d i cate d to th e go d d e ss S r i b y V i s h nu , b ecau s e s h e h a d once per f or m ed s om e

’

aus ter ities (cxiii 3, B ut M r B eg lar , i n a li s t of tir th as wh ere p or tions of

. .

P ar v ati
’
s bo d y ar e f able d to h a v e f a llen w h e n sh e w a s d e s tr oy ed at D aks h a
’
s
”
s acri fice, m entions S r i P ar v at , n ear th e K a r atoy a Ri v er T hi s m ay p erh ap s
.

b e th e r iv er m e nti one d i n v er s e 2 5 , for I do n o t th ink th er e i s an

y s uch
hill near th e oth er Kar at oya i n N or th E a s t B e ng al ~
.

T h e V fiyu P ur éu K awu , Ketu

’

a r ea d s or (x l v . 92) an d a m ountain Kom is

m entione d in th e B h égav a t a -P ( V . . xi x . n one ar e m entione d as m oun
t ai n s in th e d i ctiona ry T h er e i s a hi ll call e d R olls in M ew at (Arch S ur v e
y
. .
.

Re p or ts , v ol . XX p . .

H T h e m od er n S ur s oo ty, b etw ee n th e Jum na and S ut le j . F or a clear

d es cr ip t i on, se e Ar ch S ur v ey Rep or ts , v ol II 2 1 4 , 850 ; and X I V

pp 8 7 9 0
. . .
.
- .

a nd P la te XXV I . T h er e ca n b e li ttl e d o ub t th at in an ci e nt ti m e s i t was a

v ery m uch lar g er ri ver th an i t i s now ; s ee an i nte r es ting

p ap er i n the
Jam al , B eng . A s iat . S ocy . 1 88 6 , P ar t I I .
p . 3 40 ; b ut in la ter t im es i t
p er i s h e d as i t d oe s n ow , in th e s an d s of th e d es er t, and Vi n a aan a
'
, was
th e nam e of th e p la ce w h ere it d is ap p ear e d ( M -E h V an a-P
. .
, . lxxxi i .

’
6 052— 5 ; an d S aly a -P . xxx vi i i . 21 1 9 S o uth a nd E as t of i t w as the
D ri s h ud vatt, an d b et w e en th em l ay th e s acr e d r eg i o n c all e d B r a hm d var ta
( M ann I I 1 7 , 1 8 ) . and T r i -p i s h ta p a (M E h .
-
. V a n a -P l xxx iii .
. 5 07 4 an d 7 07 5 )
a nd al s o app ar ently B r a hm a -ks he tm
T h e n am e S am s -va ti ( ibid
, how
,
.

'
ev er , was g iv en t o th e s e v en r i v er s S u P f a bh é , Kd fic a n d h hf Vi sd la
- ’ ’

, , M anor a m o
i,
' ’

O gha -v a tt, S it -ream and Vim a lod uka ( i d , S a ly a -P xx xix . .

 F AM O US RI V E RS IN I ND I A . 29 1

17 d hu , a nd C ’
a n d r a -b h é
g a1 a ls o , I a nd
"

Y a m un a, and
'
S ata d r u, V i tas ta, I r av at i ,
fl
’

-
ll
G o m a ti g fi -
a nd D h uta- p ap é , I I B é hu d é ,

T h e I nd us . A s to it s an ci ent c o ur s e t h r oug h S i nd h , s ee Jour na l, B eng .

A s i at S ocy . .
, 1 8 8 6 , P ar t I I .
p 32 3
. .

1 T h e R C h ena b i n th e P un j ab .
, . I t was a ls o ca lle d th e As ikni , th e Gr eek
A ke s i n e s .

'
it O r , a nd a n oth er C a n d r a -bh d ga . T h er e w er e t w o r i v er s of thi s na m e

(M . Eh
- .
, B h is h m a -P i x 32 2 . . an d b u t I h ave f ound no d a ta to i d entify
th e s ec on d .

5 T h e R S u t le . j th e Gr ee k Hyp h a s is . In a nc i e n t ti m e s thi s r i v er pr ob a b ly
d id no t j oi n th e B e a s , as it d oe s n ow , b ut p ur s u e d an i nd e p e n d en t c o urs e to
th e co nfi n es o f S in d h . It flow e d S o uth W e s t f r om w h er e i t i s s ues f r om
-
th e

H i m alay a s , i n to t h e ch a n n e l calle d th e N a i w a l an d the n a l on g th e d r y b ed

c a ll e d th e H a k r a or Gha g g ar , at a d i s tan ce of 30 to 5 0 m il es s outh o f, a nd

m or e l e s s p ara ll e l t o, i ts p r es en t cour s e S ee J our n a l, B e ng A s ia t S ocy

-

or . . . .
,

1 8 8 6 , P ar t I I .
p . 332 .

HT h e m o d er n R Jh ela m , i n th e P an . j ab ; th e Gr ee k H y d a s p e s .

if T h e m o d er n R Ravi , i n th e P an j a b
.
; t h e G r ee k H y d r a o t e s .

T hi s d oes not ap p e ar to b e kn ow n , th o ug h i t i s al s o m ent ione d by th e

V ayu (x l v . 9 5) an d Kfir m a P ur ana s (xl vi i . b o th of whi ch r ea d Ku hn . As

i t is m en ti o n e d in c on un ct i on j w i th r i v er s in th e P an j ab , i s i t to b e id en tifie d

w i th t h e Ku bhd 75 6 th e G r e e k Kop hé n , th e m o d er n K a b ul r iv er
'

( Ri g V - . x .
, . .

A nc G eog of I nd i a , I
( C un n in g h a m , . . .

if T he m o d er n G oom t i , w h i ch j oin s th e G a n g es on th e l e f t b ank b el ow

B e nar e s . T h er e w a s , h o w ev er , a n o th er a n d o l d er G o -m a t i ( g V
B i -
. x . 75 .

w hi ch i s p r ob ab ly th e m o d er n R . G om al, a w e s t er n tr ib utary of th e I n d u s

( M uir , S an s k T e x ts , I I . .

II Ge n . S ir A . C unni ng h am s ays th i s is a nam e of th e Go -m a ti

’ ’ ’
’
T h e text i s Go m ati D hut p ap a c a ; an d th e V ay u
( A r ch S ur v Rep ts , I
-
. . .
a-

( xl v Kur m a (xlv i i . V a r ab a ( l xxx v .

) an d V i s h nu P ur anas a ll r ea d th e

s am e . T h e tw o w or d s l i n k e d t o g e th er i n th e M a h a-B h ar a t a ( B h is h i
ar e al s o

m a -P i x . .
I i
b u t n o t, b e l e v ,
e i n t h e R a m ay n ,
a a w h er e th e G o -
m ati is g on e

D hfita p ap d
’

r ally call e d cr o w d e d w i th c a ttl e .

-
t h en e i th er m ea n s th e G o
G o-m a ti f
’
th e tra ns l a ti o n w ould b e , a nd t he s in -
clean s i ng or it
m a ti , an d

d en ot es s om e tr ib ut ar y of th a t r i v er .

T h er e w er e t w o r i v er s of th i s nam e , this one (s e e M -E h .

, B h is h m a

P ix. . an d a no th er in th e D ekh an ( i bi d .
, 3 2 2 ; A nu se s -P . . c lxv . 76 53 a nd

R am ay ana , Ki s hk . K . xli . T his r i v er i s m e nti one d i n v a r i ou s p a s sa g es

'

V an a P l x xx i v 8 0 4 5 6 ; l x xx v ii
- 8 32 3 ; xc v 851 3 ; S finti -P x xiii
(M Eh - - . . . .
.
,
.

'
’
1 40 8- 1 1 ; and H ar i V arné a xii an d fr o m t h e s e
6 6 8 , &c ; A nu sé s -P xix
-
.
.
. .
292 C ANT O L vl I .

D risa d -v a t i , V i Pé S é , I D ev i ké , 1
' - R a nk s hu ,

, Hand G and a k i , ll an d Kau éik é a r e th e r i v e r s 1 1

it a pp ear s t o h a v e b een a con s id e r a ble r i v e r b e t w ee n t h e G c -m a ti an d G a ng e s ,

in or n e a r th e te r r i to r y of A y o d h y a, and h a v i ng i ts s o ur c e w e ll up i n th e

H i m al ay a s . T he o nly r i v er w h i ch s a ti s fie s the s e c on d i ti o n s i s t h e m od er n

Ra m g a n g a, w h i ch j oin s th e G ang e s on t he le f t n ear K an a u j an d th is r i ver

th er ef or e i s p r o b a b ly th e B ah u d é .

r i v er b e tw e en th e S ar a s v a ti an d
-
O r , b etter , D r i s ha d - va tt t h e f am o u s
’

Jum na . I t w as t h e s ou th e r n an d e a s ter n b ou n d a r y of B r a h m av ar ta M an u ii .

F or a f ull d e s cr i p ti o n, s ee C unn in g h a m ,
A r ch . S ur v Re p t a , I I
. . 2 1 4 , &c ; .

an d X I V 8 7 -9 0 , an d S ee al s o n o t e un d e r S a r a s -v a tt in 16
p l a te x x vi
. .
v er s e .

1
‘
Rea d Vi -p afis’af, f or Vi -p d s d . I t is th e m o d er n R B i a s , i n t h e P an . j ab , th e

G r eek H yp h a s i s . I t is no w a tr i b ut ar y of th e S u tl e j , b ut w a s p r o b ab ly
a l to g e th er s e p ar a te in o ld e n ti m es , f or th e S utl e j th e n h a d an i nd ep end ent

c o ur s e c o n s id er a bly t o th e s o u t h -e a s t .

I T h er e ar e t w o D ev i k é s , o ne i n th e D ekh an ( Ram ay . Ki s h k K . . xl i .

and t hi s r i ver ( M -E h .
,
B h i s h m a -P . i x 3 2 4 ; A n u s a s -P
. . xx v . 1 69 6 -7 an d V ana
P . ccxx i .
F r om th e s ec o nd of th e s e p as s a g e s it ap p e ar s th a t th e

nor th er n D e v ika w a s n ear Ka s h m ir , an d i t m ay p r ob a b ly b e i d entifie d w i th

the m o d er n r i ver D eeg , a tr i butar y of th e Ravi on i ts r ig h t b ank . T he

D evikai, w hi c h i s m e n t io ne d i n V a na -P l xxx i i . . 5 04 4— 9 , s eem s to be a l a ke , and

’

D evi ka S un d a r zkd hm d a i n Anu§é s 1 7 07— 8

'

m ay b e t h e s am e as . .
—
P . xx v . .

I d o no t fin d any r i v er o f t hi s n a m e m e n t i o n ed e l s ew h e r e . T h e V éyu
P ur i n a r ea d s I ks ha ( xl v . a nd th i s o c cur s in th e M -E h .
( B h is h m a -
P i x 32 4 )
. .

b ut I h a v e f o un d no d a ta t o id e ntif y i t . P r ob a b ly , h o w e v er , w e s h o ul d r ead

Vo ks ha or Va n ks h u, w hi c h i s t h e O xus .

MT h i s is no t in t h e d i c ti o nary T h e V ayu P ur an a g i ves th e s a m e n am e (xlv

.
.

’ ’

and t h e V ar ah a r ea d s N i s vzr a (l x x xv ) w hi l e o th e r r ea d i n g s ar e Ni s’c’ i td ,

T h e Ni s‘
'
c i td
' '
N M i c i tci a nd
'
an d tw o o t h er r i v er s , t h e N i c i td
'
i r vi r afi, .
an d Ni c a r a ,
m en t io n e d i n th e B h is h m a -P a r va li s t (i x 32 6 , '
ar e . and t he ‘
N i r r zr a. in
M -B h V an a P -
lx xx i v 8 1 1 6 — 9 , b u t th e r e a pp ea r s to b e n o th ing t o id e ntif
y
. . .
,

th em b e y on d th a t t h e N i r v ir a i s c o nne ct e d wi th th e Kausi ki (s ee note

b el ow ) i n th e l as t pa s s a g e an d i ts co n t e xt .

1T T h e R G and ak , . w h i ch flo w s i nto th e G ang e s on i ts nor th b ank n ear

P a tn a . I t has s h if te d i ts cour s e c on s id er ab ly ; a nd f or m er ly i t flow e d ea s t of

i ts p r e s e nt co u r s e , th r o u g h th e m id d le of the d i s tr i c t s of C h a m p ar an,
M uz a ffar p ur a nd D ar b h ang a .

O r , g en er ally , Ka us iM th e m o d er n R K os i , wh i ch o w s i nt o t h e G an
’

. fl
g es
on i t s n or th b an k , t h r o ug h th e d i s tr ic t o f P ur n ea I t h a s s h i f te d i t .
s c our s e
v e r y r em ar k a bly. F or m er ly i t flo w e d ea s t of it s p re s ent p os i ti o n .

O r, as t h e t e xt m a y b e r e ad an d th e A p a g a fl ow," &0
, T h er e i s .
a ri v er
 F AM O U S RI VE RS IN I ND I A . 29 3

w h i c h fl o w fr o m t h e s l o p e s of Hi m a -
v at , O br ah m an ,

T he V e d a - s m ri ti , V ed a -
v ati , 1
V r itr a -g hn i , I and S i nd h u ,

c a ll e d th e Ap a yd i n Kur u-k s h e t r a (M - Bh . V an a -P . l xxxiii , 6 0 38 - 40 ; C unn in g

T h e Ki i r m a P ur i na
’

A r ch S ur v Re p t s XI V 8 8 , an d p lat e xx v i ) r e ad s
’
h am s . .
,
. .

L ohi mf
'
c e ti in s t ea d ( x lvn . an d th e V ay u ( xl v . 96) an d V a r ab a P ur ana s
lx xx v ) m en t i o n t h e L o hi ta . T h e L o ki l a i s th e B r a h m a -p u t r a , w hi c h t i ll la s t
c e ntur y flo w ed r o un d th e s ou t h s id e of th e Ga r o H i l l s , an d th e n s o uth

w a r d th r oug h t h e d i s tr i c ts of M a i m an s ing h a nd D a cca . L o h i n l , th o u g h f e m . .

' '
no d o ub t m e an s th e s am e . T h e V ay u P a r an a r ea d s Ka u fi kl c a tr i tl y a tu
’

in s tea d ( x lv . w h i ch m a y m ea n th e th ir d K a u fikl , '

f or t h er e s e em to
b e t h r ee r i v er s of th i s nam e ( s ee M -E h .
, V ana -P . c c x xi . or m ay
T r i tzy ci w h i ch i s m e n ti on e d i n t h e M -E h
’

r e f er to a r iv er .
( S a b h é -
P . ix . 37 3 )

Ka u s i kl Ka r a toya tu ,
’ ’
b ut I w ou ld p r e f er ab l e , K a u szkl
’
s u gg e s t as f
or c a

Ka r a toy a i s t h e m o d e r n K ur a tee i n t h e B o gr a D i s tr i ct
’

tr i -
s r o td s tu . T he .

in N o r th B e n g al ; an d T r i - s r ota s or T r i k-s r otas t '

( s ee M -E h .
, S a b b zi — P .
,

ix . 37 5 ) is , I b el i e v e , th e an c i e n t n am e of th e m o d er n T e s at a , w hi ch is

ea s t of th a t ; b o th now fl o w i nto th e B r a h m a p utr a ; b u t th e fir s t f o r m e r ly

flo w e d i nt o t h e d el ta , b e f or e th e G a ng e s and B r ah m a p u tr a . s hi f te d t h ei r

c o ur s e s .
( C unn i n g h a m ,
A r ch . S ur v . R e p ta , XV . 1 27 a nd 1 31 , an d p l a te s
’
i . an d x xx i i i . T he V a r ab a P ur é n a ad d s th e C a ks lm s h -m o t'
l (l x x x v ) , an

unk n ow n n am e .

’
O r Ve d a -
s m r l ta . B o th n am e s ar e m ent i o ne d in th e M -E h .
, th e f o r m er

in A nu éé s -P . c l xv . 7 65 1 , and th e la tt e r i n B h is h m a - P . ix . 32 4 ; and th e

Ved a -s m r i ti i s al s o m e n ti o n e d in t h e B h ag a va t a -P .
(V . xi x . 1 7) b u t I h av e
f o u nd no thi ng t o i d e n t i fy i t .

1 Or
'
Ved a s i'
nl , or Veta s i n't . I h av e no t m e t w i th th e s e tw o n am es el s e

is m e nt i o n e d in th e M -B h ( B h is h m a P i x 32 4
’

w h er e ; th e Ved a- v a tt .
,
-
. .
;

A n us a s -P . . cl x v . b u t th er e ap p e a r s to b e n o th i n g to id e n t i fy it .

1: O r Vr a ta -g hn l ,
'
as th e Kur m a P ur i na r ea ds (xlv ii . I h av e no t m et

w it h e i t h er n a m e e ls e w h e r e , and t he r iv e r is no t kn o wn a p p ar e n tly .
‘

T hi s i s m os t p r ob a b ly th e m o d er n Ka li S i n d h, a t r i b u tar y o f t h e R
5 .

C h am b a l , th oug h i t m ay al s o b e th e S i n d h , w h i c h i s a tr ib u tary o f t h e J u m na ,
b et w ee n th e C h am b a l an d B e tw a . T h e f or m er i s th e m o r e p r ob ab l e , b eca u s e
it i s a lar g e r i v er a nd r i s e s w e ll up in th e P ar i p atr a r an g e , a nd s u it s t h e f ol

lo w i ng i ncid e nt b e tt er . T hi s S in d h u w a s a r i v er of m uch n o t e , and on it w as

a g r ea t t ir th a , w h er e A g a s ty a m e t L o p a-m ud r é , d aug h ter of the K i ng of

Vi d a r bh a , an d s h e c h os e h i m f or h er h us b a n d M
( Eh
- .
, V a na -P . x c vi x cv ii ; a nd

c xx x . T he na m e of thi s t ir th a m ay h a v e b e e n S i n d huttam a , ( 12d .

l xxx u , 4 08 2 - 4 0 9 5 ; an d A nusas -P . cl x v . bu t if so, it m u s t b e d i s tin

fr om th e g r e a t tir th a S i n d hatta m a , w h i ch w a s t h e I n d us ( V P
g ui s h e d
on ana -
.

l xxxii .
29 4 C ANT O L VI I .

V en va fi“ a nd A nand in i f a ls o , S a d a-n ir é , I a nd M a h i, §

T h i s nam e i s n ot i n th e d i cti ona ry , b ut i t o ccur s s ev er al ti m e s , a nd is a

v ar ia ti o n o f Vend . T h er e i s a r i v er o f t hi s n am e i n th e D e kh an ( s e e v er s e

2 4 , no te to Venyafi), a n d o ne in We s ter n I n d ia ( s ee v er s e 2 6, n o te to Vezty d ) , b ut

I h av e no t m e t wi th a ny r i ve r o f th i s na m e i n N o r th I nd ia . B o th th e V ayu
'
th e Kfir m a (xl vi i Var mi aa. i n s tea d
'

( x lv . an d . 2 9 ) P ur ana s r e ad t h e V ar ah a .
—

Kfir m a P a r nd s a i n
’

( l x xx v ) an d th e o ff er s a nd
’ ’

P a r na. in s te a d P a r na
’

r ea d s . .

a no te , ( l oc . ci t .
) T h e V ar nas a or P ar nasa i s th e m o d er n B an d s , an d th er e

ar e tw o r i v e r s of thi s nam e o ne a tr ib utar y of t h e C h am b al , r is in

g n ear
U d ayp ur (C un ni ng h a m ,
A r c h S ur v . . R e p ts , VI .
, p l a te an d th e o th er ,

a s tr eam r i s i ng n e ar M t Ab u .
'
an d flo w in g i n t o th e Rann of K ac hh ; th e

f or m er i s th e l ar g er , an d is p r ob ab ly th e r i v er m ean t in th e te xt . C un
P a r nd s é (i d 1 57 ) d sd ( id
’ ’

n i n g h am w r it e s the nam e . VI . an d P a r na -n
. XV .

b u t th e l a t ter f or m s e em s d o ub tf ul . D e v av r id h a i s s ai d to h a v e m ar ri e d

one of th e s e r i v er s (H ar i V . x xx v i i i . 1 9 99 , an d 2 0 04 p r o b a b ly t h e s ec o nd .

T h e V ay u ( xl v K Ii r m a
’

1 Or“
, S d n an d l n l . . 97) an d (x lvi i . 2 9 ) P ur an a s

d i n s te a d , a nd
’

C
’
a/n d a n th e l a t ter B a n d han a an d S d ba n d ha n a
’

r e ad p r o p os es . .

’
T h e V a r ah a C ( l xx xv )
’

in a. n o t e . r ea d s a n d and bha . . f or thi s and

th e n e xt r i v er , but n ot v er y i nte lli g i bly . None of th e s e n a m e s a p p ear to b e

i d ent ifie d .

it T h e r i v er th at i s alw ay s fille d w i th w a ter . T h e i n clu s ion of th i s

n am e a m ong th e r i v er s th a t r is e in th e P ar ip atr a M o unt a i n s is s t r a ng e

y e t th e Kfir m a P ur i na p laces i t i n th e s m e g r o up ( xl vi i 29 , n ote ) I h av e

a . .

m e t w i th n o r i v er S a d a-uir d e xcep t th a t in N or th I n d i a . A r i v er S a d a-nir é

m aya i s m e n ti on e d i n B h is h m a -P i x 3 4 0 , b u t t h er e
. is n o thi n g to i d e nti f y
' ’
it . T h e V ay u P ur i na r ead s S a tfr a . an d S a d d tzr d i n s tea d ( xlv . 97 b ut I h a v e
n ot f o un d th e s e na m es el s e w h er e .

A f ew r e m ar ks m ay b e o ffer e d a b o u t th e S a d d wlr a i n N or th
’
-
. I nd i a . sé
it is th e K ara toy é , th e m o d e r n K u r a ttee (s e e
y an a s ay s v er s e 1 8, n ot e ' H) ,
’
b ut i t i s s t at e d i n t h e S a t a p at h a B r ahm a na (I iv t h at t h e S a d a-mir e
-
. .

w as th e b oun d ar y b e tw ee n Ko s al a an d V i d eh a . I t i s t h er e f or e i d e nt i fie d
wi th t h e R Gan d ak b y D r E g g el ing (loo ci t n ot e ) a nd M u ir
. . .
,
( S a ns k . T ex t s ,

I I 4 19 B u t th e ol d s tr eam of t h e Ga nd a k fl o w e d t h r o u h th e d i s tr i cts
.
g
of C h am p ar a n , M u z affar p ur an d D a r b h a ng a , i . e .

, t h r oug h t h e m i d d le of th e
V i d eh a c oun t r y ; an d th e Ga n d ak i an d S a d é -n ir é ar e m e nti o ne d as d i s t i nc t
r i v er s in M —
Eh .
, S ab h a-P xi x .
, 794 . T h e S a d a-n ir a ca n h ar d ly , t h er e for e , b e
th e s am e as th e Ga n d a k , i s m or e p r ob ably th e m o d e r n t
a nd i , a tr i b utar y
m i d w ay p os i ti on of th e Ra ti e m i nen tl
’

of t h e S ar ay Ii a nd th e
, p y s ati s fies t h e
p o s it i on of a b ou n d ar y .

5 T h e R M a h i, w hi ch r i s es i n M al w a an d
f alls into th e B a
y o f C a m b ay
.
.

T h e V ay u P ur ana h a s a v ar i a nt , M a ha tz ( xlv
’

and th e V ar ab a r e ad s Ro hi
.
 F AM O U S RI V E RS I N I ND I A . 2 95

20 Par a, *
C
’
ar m an v at i p -
l N II p i , I V i d iéé §
'
’

,
and V otr a-vati, ”
'
S i p r a, H
T an d A v ar ni
I
H a l s o ar e kn o wn H as th os e conn ecte d

w i th t h e P ar i p atr a m ount ai n s .

M abé -nad a .
’
T he S c na , 11:

T he M a hl ta. B h i s h m a -P
’

b o th s eem in corr ect . m en ti one d in M -B h .

,
.

i x 32 8 ,
. a pp e ar s t o b e thi s r i v er .

O r P ar a, ac c or d ing to th e V ay u P ur é n a ( x lv . T his i s s aid to b e

th e m o d er n R . P ar b a ti, w hi ch r i s es in B h op al a nd f all s i nto th e C h am b a l

( C unni ng h am ,A r ch . S ur v Rep t s
.
,
II 30 8 a nd B onne ll
’
s A tl a s of
’ ’
C
’

1
'
F or ar m a n -va tl , r ea d C ar m a n- va tt . T he R . C h am b al, th e lar g e s t
tr ib u ta r y of th e Jum na .

KIi r m a P ur i na
’

I T hi s is n ot i n th e d i ctio n ar y . T he m e nti on s th e
8q
1 an d t h e S d 'r y d (xlv ii . b ut I h av e f o und no o th er m enti on Of th em ,
an d th ey d o n o t a p p ear t o b e kn ow n .

T h i s m u s t, no d o ub t , b e conn e c te d w i th th e t own V id isa, whi ch w a s on th e

R V otr a -v a ti
.
(M e g h a D . i . 2 5 ) th e m od er n R B etw a .
(s ee ne xt no t e ) . V i d iéé
a pp e a r s t o b e th e m od e r n t own B h il s a . T he R V id i sa t h e r ef or e w a s
.
pro
b a b ly th e s m a ll tr i b u tar y w h i ch j o in s th e B et w a on i ts lef t b ank at B hils a .

l] T h e m o d er n R B e tw a, w h i ch . r is e s near B h op a l a nd fl ow s i nto t h e
Ju m n a . T he r e wa s ano t h e r r i v er o f t hi s n am e W e s ter n I n d i a ( H ar i -V
in .

c lx v ii i , 9514 T h e V ar ab a P ur ana r ea d s Ved a -tr a m? w r ongly ( l xxxv ) .

1[ T hi s i s th e r i v er o n whi ch Uj j a yi n/t, t h e m o d er n U jj ain , s tan d s ( M eg h a

A n o th er S i p r é i s m
’
D . i 31 ,
. . e n ti o n e d in v er s e 24 .

“ i T his i s not i n t h e d i ct i on ar y , an d I h av e n ot f oun d i t el s e w h er e. T he

V éy u P ur ana '
r ea d s Av a/n “ i ns te a d
.
(x l v . w hi ch i s p r e fer ab l e , an d w oul d
b e t he r i v er o f th e A v a nti c oun tr y (s e e no t e s to v er s es 52 an d 5 5, b elo w ) .

T h e R A v ant i t h e r ef or e i s pr o b ably t h e
. r i v er w h i ch r i s es n ear M h ow an d

flo w s i nto th e C h am b al . T he V a r ab a P ar ana r ea d s Vap a'ntl f

(lx xxv ) .

e r r o n e o us ly .

H s m a td z, r ead
’

‘ ‘
F or l s m m tafi k .

II T he R . S one w hi ch r i s es ne ar th e s our ce o f the N ar b a d a and flo w s

i n to t h e G a n g e s ab ov e P a tna . I t w as al s o c all e d H i r a zay a -bd hu an d H i r a nI/a

mi ha th e G r eek E r a nn ob oa s . F or ch ang es i n i ts co ur s e , see C unn ing .

A r ch . S ur v Rep t s
.
, VI II . 4— 2 4 .

Or, M a hd -n a dl
’
. It flo w s t hr ou g h O r i s s a i nto th e B ay of B e ng al . T he
m ai n s t r ea m i s no w co n s id e r e d t o b e th e r i v er w h i ch r is e s ne ar K ank er , b ut

t h at cann ot b e th e s o ur c e m e an t i n th e te x t, f o r i t w o uld b el ong to q ui te a

d iff er en t w a t er -s h e d . T h e M ah a-na d a h er e m us t d e s i g na t e th e b ra nch now

c a lle d th e H a s d u or He s th c , w h i ch r i s e s near t h e s o ur ce o f th e S one .

( C unni ng .

A r ch . S u rv Rep t e. ,
,
X V I I p l a te i . .
) T h e V ar ah a P ur ana om i ts th e M ah a-nad i

Jy o tl m tha i ns t ea d (lxx xv ) T h is r i v er , w h i ch i s a ls o
’

a lt o g e th er , a n d r e a d s
-
. .
29 6 C A NT O LVII .

N a r m ad a, S u -r a t ha, 1 Ad r i ~
jé I , M a nd ék ini,
' '
a nd D a éér na an d C it ra - k ll ta1) al s o ,

22
’
C i tr o tp ala, T a m as a, H
‘ ’
Karam od a, It

call e d Jyoti -r a thyd ( Eh

M - .
, V a na -P . l xx x v . 8 1 50 ) and Jyoti -r athd ( B ar i-V .

cl xvi i i 9 5 10— 12 ) i s ’
sa i d to b e a tri bu tar y of th e S ona i n th e f or m er p as sag e ,
an d i s placed i n th e D e kh an i n th e la tter I t i s , th eref ore , p r ob ably th e .

m od ern Jo hi la , th e s outh er n o f th e tw o s o ur c e s o f the R S one -

. .

T h e m od er n N ar b ad a or Ne r b ud d a , w hi ch r is e s near th e S ons a nd flo ws
into th e G ulf of C am b ay .

1
"
T h i s i s n ot i n t h e d i c t i o n a r y , . an d I h av e no t m e t th e na m e el s e wh e r e ;
'
i t i s a s yn ony m of Jy otfi r a thd .
( S e e l as t p ag e , n o te T h e Ktu'm a P ur i na
m enti on s th e S w r as d (xl vi i . a n d s o a l s o th e V ar ab a ( l xxxv ) i ns tead
of t hi s and th e ne x t r i v er th e V éy u P ur i na r ead s S m a hd d m ma.
’
u- - o r,
'
S ur a hd d r um a . ( xl v . 9 9) b ut I h av e n ot m et w i th any of th es e nam es

els ewh er e, exce pt S u -r a s ain th e t ig a v a ta -P .

(V . xi x . 17

I T hi s i s not i n th e d i cti o n ary , b u t i s m enti o ne d i n M -E h .

, Anuéas .

P . cl xv . 7 64 8 . I h av e f oun d n o th i n g t o i d e nt if y i t .

T h e R M and akin, w hi ch
. flow s n e ar M t C h itrakut int o th e R
. . P ai suni ,
a tr ibutar y of th e J um na b e t w e e n t h e K en an d th e T e n s C unning , Ar ch S urv . .

’
Rep ts , XX I . M r. B e g lar e p r op o s al t o i d en tify i t w i th th e R . Re ar , a

s o uth er n tr i bu tar y of th e S o ns (I bid X I I I

. . 4 2 — 5 4 ) d e p end s up on h i s i d entifica
’
ti on of M t C i tr a -kfxta wi th Ram g ar h hill i n C hh a tti s g a r h ,
. a nd i s un tenable

( s ee Jour nal , R A 8 . .
, A p r i l , 1 8 9 4 , p ag e T he r i v er Reur , or B ar , i s l
a so

call e d A ra ud , and all th e s e f o r m s a pp ea r to p o i n t t o E r a nd d as th e or i gin al

nam e .

H T h e r iv er of th e c o un t r y D aéér na , th e m o d e r n R . B as i n, b etw een the

B e tws and th e Ken .

1 T hi s i s not in th e d i ct i on ar y . I t i s no d oub t to b e conn ected wi th M t .

' '
C i tra kti ta , th e m od er n C hi tr a k u t
-
( s ee J o u r na l , R . A . 8 . A pr il , 1 8 9 4 ,
p ag e a nd i s p r ob a b ly th e s tr e am w h i c h o w s ro und th e fl s outh and

eas t o f th e m od e r n M t C h i tra kut , p as t K a rw i i n to th e J um na

.
.

C i tr op al d i s m e nti one d i n M -B h
’
T h i s is n o t in th e d i c ti ona r y , b u t a
,

C itr o tp a l a i s th e nam e
’
B h is h m a- P ix . . 34 1 C unni ng h a m
. sa
ys of th e m od ern
m a in-s tream of th e M a h é -na d i b e lo w it s j un c ti on w i th th e P ai r i ( Ar ch S ur v . .

Re p t s V I I 1 55, an d XV I I 7 0) bu t th at r i v er a s m en tione d alr e ad

y ( p age
.
, .

2 9 5, note w ould b el o ng to a d iff er en t w a ter - s h e d .

fl t,
O r T oim as ' a s th e Kfir m a P ur ana r ea d s ( xl v i i .
I t i s the R T ons .

whi ch fl o ws i nt o th e Ga ng e s on th e r ig h t b an k b e low Alla h ab a d .

T hi s i s not i n th e d i cti o na r y , an d I h a v e n o t f o un d th e nam e

II els ew h er e .

T h e V ay u P ur i na l . v . 1 00 ) an d th e V ar é h a ( lx x xv .
) r ead Kar a toy d in s tead .

S h ould we r e ad Kar m a-no d d , as a s y no ny m of Ka wna -nd i a. ’

T he r i v er
 FAM OUS RI V E RS I N I ND I A . 297

'
P iéé c i ka an d P ip p a li -sr oni f
23 th e V a fij u la, S um eruJa , [I
m e ant i s no d oub t th e m od er n Kar am n a s a , whi ch flows i n to th e Gang es on

t he r ig h t b an k j us t ab ov e th e S o n e .

P isxé c
’ ’
I have no t m et w ith t h is r i v er e ls e w he r e . a was a nam e g iv en to
v a r i o us r a ces , ch i e fly b ar b ar o us h i ll tr ib e s ( M ui r , S an s k T . ex ts , II . In
thi s p l a ce i t w o uld , no d oub t , m e an th e t r i b es i n h a b i ti n g R e w ah an d C h u ta
'
N agp or e , an d th e P i éac iké. i s p r o b a b ly o ne o f th e s o ut h er n t r i b utar ies of th e
S o ns , s u ch as th e Re r ( s ee p a g e 2 9 6, n o te or Kanh a r .

1‘ O r P fioya lé fr o m , as th e V ayu P ur i na r ea d s ( xl v . or P ip p a ld , as

t h e V ar ah a r e ad s (l xxx v ) . I h av e n ot f oun d any d a ta t o id e ntify it , b ut h av e

s een th e n a m e a s s i g ne d to th e m o d er n r iv er P a i s wm l Or P a r s aroni , a tr ib ut ary

of th e Jum n a b etw ee n th e K en an d th e T on s ( Ar ch . S ur v . Re pt a , XX I .

r o mfi
’
a nd th e s e w or d s m ay w ell b e corr up t i on s o f P i/p p a li -a

I T hi s ap p ea r s t o b e th e ri ver m ent io ne d in M .
- Eh .
, A nuéas -P . xxv . 1 7 33

an d p er h ap s 1 7 1 0 -1 1 als o . I t i s p r ob a b ly th e m o d e r n B ia s w hi ch flow s p as t
S a u g or an d j o in s t h e R Ke n , . a tr ib u t ar y on th e ri
g h t b ank of th e Ju m na .

( C un n i ng , A rc h S urv R ep t a , X X I 1 57 ,
. . . a nd p la te xx x i v ) T h e K e n o r K iy an , a n
.

i m p or t a nt s tr e a m , d o e s n o t a p p ear to b e m en ti o n e d ; i t i s s a id to b e a cor r up .

tio n of K a ma -v a t! ( I bi d . 1 56 ; an d II . t h oug h L a s s en g i ve s Kd ya/na as

i ts a nc i e n t f or m ( I n d . Al t .
, M ap ) W a s Vi
.
-
p d éd, th e a nc ie n t nam e o f th i s w h o le

r i v er ? T h e V i -p aéa in th e Pan j ab is m e n ti o n e d in v er s e 18 . T h e V a r ah a
’ ’ ’
KII r m a m e nti on s th i s
’

P ur i na r ea d s Vi sa l a ( l x xxv ) , an d th e n am e as a

of
v ar i ant (xl v i i . T h er e are s ev er al r i v er s thi s n am e , a nd th e r i v er
’
Vi s aila Gay a ( M
’

m e ant i s d o ub t th e S ar a s va ti at
’
h er e no -
, .
-
Eh .
, S a ly a

P . xxx i x . 2 1 8 8— 9 , an d 22 0 5 p r ob a b ly th e m od er n L i la j a n w h i c h fl o ws

p as t B o dh Gay a .

I h a v e n o t f o und thi s na m e els ew h e re . T h e V ar ab a P ur ana r e ad s

th e K fir m M a fij u ld
'
Vafij uka, (lxxx v ) , a ( x l vu . an d th e V ay u Ja m bu l é

( x lv . O f th e s e na m e s I ha v e m et o nl y w i th M a nj ula e ls ew h er e

(M E h .
- .
, B h is h m a -P ix . . b ut w i th no d a t a to id e n t if y it . T he r i v er

m ean t i s p r ob a b ly t h a t on w h i ch G a y a s ta n d s ; i ts e a s t er n s o ur ce is calle d th e

M oha n a , i t s m id dl e p or tio n th e P ha lgu , an d t he e as te r n b r anch , in to wh i c h i t

d i v id e s , th e Ju m na .

I] T he i yu P ar an a
Va r e ad s S i ter aga ,
( xl v . and th e V ar ab a Vi r aj ci
I h av e no t m et w i th a ny o f th es e na m e s el s ew h er e , b ut th e M Eh
( lx xxv )
-
. .
.

m e n ti o n s th r e e r i v er s Vi i -d ( B h is h m a -
R , ix . Vi m -va t! ( i bi d .
, 332 ) an d

w h ich a r e al l d i s tinc t T he M a t s ya P u r én a r ea d s
Vi m n ka fr d. ( ibi d .
,
. tw o
L ajj a. ( c xii i p r oba b ly
’ ’ ’

na m e s i n s t ea d , th e S u m a nd . e r r o n e ou s .

fir T hi s r iv er h as b e e n m uch wr i tten a b o ut b u t d o es n o t s e em t o b e i d e a ti .

fie d s af ely S ee p 2 85 , note }: an d a l s o C unning Ar ch S ur v Re p ts

y et . . , . .
,

38
2 98 CANT O L vu .

S ak ul i fi" T r id iv a i n g ula r or d er , 1 V eg a-v ébi ni i als o flow

’ '
re

fr o m t h e s lopes of th e V in d h ya ”M ountains .

1X 55 . . I t i s m enti on ed in th e H ar i -V afiréa (clxviii . 9 5 09 — 1 3) an d is s ai d th er e

t o b e i n th e D ek h an it s e em s to b e m ean t b y t h e nam e M u kti -m a tt in M .
-
Bh .
,

B h is hm a -P i x 342 ; . .
p er hap s i t is r ef err e d to in B ar i -V xxxvii 1 9 8 0 —7
an d . . .

T h es e p as s a g es , h owe v er , m ay allud e to tw o r iv ers of thi s nam e I t w a s th e .

’
S ukti-m ati, th e ’
r i v er on s to od cap ital of ed i
’
w hi ch C ; s e e no t e to C edi in
c anto lvi i i , v er s e 16 .

T h e V i y u Pur i na r ead s M a kr u né or M a ks ha mi (xlv . an d th e

V ar ab a P am ki wi ( lxxxv ) , b ut I h av e
/ no t m e t wi th any of th e s e n am e s els e
'
w h er e . T h e S ak uli, h ow ev er , m ay p r ob ab ly b e i d entified wi th th e R S akri , .

whi ch fl ow s i nto th e Gang es On th e s outh , ab out h alf -way b et w e en P atna

an d M on g h yr ( C unning , Ar ch . S ur v . R ep t a , V I I I .
p late i ; an d XV p lat e
.

iv ) . T h er e i s al s o ano th er S akr i whi ch i s a t r ib utary of th e R . S e o n ath , a

tri b utar y of th e M ah éna d i (i d . XVI I .
p late i ) , b ut tha t r i s e s r a th e r in th e
Riks h a M t s . T h e B hi s h m a -P l i s t m . e n ti o n s a r i v er ca ll e d M akar i (i x . 3 31 )
an d th e M a t s ya P ar ana r ead s M u ku gd in s te a d.
(cxii i .

1
‘
T h e t e x t T r i d i vd -k mm u s e em s w r on g , an d I hav e ad op te d the r ead ing of

th e V éy u P ur an a T r i d i vd kr am at, w hi ch i s pr ef er able . T h e w or d kr a m d t,
if r i g h t, w oul d i n di cate t h at th e r iv er s ar e m enti one d in r egu l a r o r d er f r om
w es t t o ea s t . T h e T r id i v a i s als o m ent i on e d i n th e M .
- Eh .
, ( B 1i is h_m a-P
-
. ix .

82 4 ; an d An us s s .
— P . cl xv . b ut no d at a ar e giv en to id en tif y i t I t m ay
.

be not i ce d th er e is a r i ve r cal le d th e K ru m -
u ( Rig - V , X .
w h i ch i s pro .

b ab ly th e m o d e r n R . Kur am , a tr ib utar y of th e I nd us , s o ut h of t h e K ab ul R .

(M S ans k T e x ts , I I b ut i t
’
ui r s . . ca nn ot b e intend e d h er e . A noth er
T r id i vé is m e nti oned i n
. v ers e 28 .

I T hi s i s n ot i n th e d i cti onar y, b ut i t occur s in M .

-
Eh . S a bh a-P . ix 8 7 1 .
.

T h e v ay u ( x lv 1 00 ) and V ar ab a (l x xxv ) an d Kfir m a Pur ana s ( xl v i ia 31 r ea d

)
'
.

E d la -o afihi m i n s t ea d , an d th e las t g i ve s R a tn a -v d hi/M as a v ar i ant

’
I have .

m e t wi t h e ith er of th es e n am es el s e w h e r e .

T h e V ar ah a Pur i na ad ds an oth er r i v er Rd tr t (lxxx v ) , but I h av e not m et

wi th i t el s ew h er e .

HT h e t e xt r ea d s S kan d ha , wh ich i s cl e ar l
y wr ong T he V ayu (x l v 1 0 1 )
.
.

Kar m a ( xlvi i . 31 ) and V ar éha P ur anas (lxx xv ) r ea d Ri ks ha T h er e i s ce r ta in .

ly s om e c onf us i on in thi s gr oup of r i v er s , f or th e M an d ai kin i, D aéér né

, and

T am a s a r is e in th e V ind h ya wa ters h e d ,
. w h il e th e S’ ona M ah é -na d
, a , and
’

N ar m a d a ri s e r ath er i n th e Riks h a M t s ; b ut th e r i v er s m e nti on e d i n v er s e 24

ri se in t h e Rik s h a M ts , so th at t h e pr o p er r ead ing h er e s h o ul d no d oubt be
Vi n d hy a . T h e A g ni P ur i na s ay s th e N ar m a d a r i s es i n th e V in d h a M ts
y .

( cxvii i 7 so th at p er h ap s thi s r iv er an d al s o t h e B on e a nd th e B as d a
.

b r anc h of t h e M ah anad i, whi ch all r i s e cl o s e tog eth er ne ar A m w a -ka n

ta ka ,
 F AM O U S RIV E RS I N I ND I A. 29 9

’
T he S i pr a, P a yo s h ni , f N ir -b ind h ya, 1 T ap i , §
m a y h av e b ee n co n s i d e r e d to b e long t o th e Vin d hy a w at er s h e d . T he r e s eem s

t o h av e b e e n s o m e v a g ue n es s i n t hi s m at t er , f or t h e U t ka la s an d ( D a ks hi na )
K o s ala s ar e cla s s e d a m on g t he r a ces w h o in h a bi te d t h e V i n d h ya M ts i n v e r s e s .

53 an d 54 .

H ar i -V améa
'
O n e S i p r a h as b e e n m e nti on ed alr e a d y i n v e r s e 2 0 , an d th e
'
s ys
a th e r e i s a S ip r a in t h e s o uth er n r e gi o n ( c lxv iii . T h e V ay u Pur a
i na
th e Ku
’
r ea d s M ad r a in s te a d ( x lv . and rm a ( x lv ii . 32 ) and V ar ab a (lxxxv )
S i ghr od ci
’
. I h av e n o t f oun d e it h er of th e s e na m e s e l s e w h er e , b ut a r iv er

S i vd
'
(M B h is h m a -P 336 )
’
S i ghr ot i s m en ti on e d
f
.
-
Eh .
, . ix . a nd a n o th er call ed

( i bi d T h e M a t s y a P ur ana Ks hzp r d 27
’

,
r ea d s (cx iii .

1 T he P a y o s h n i w a s in th e s outh er n r e i on
g (M .
-
Eh .
, V ana -P . lxxxv ii i .

8 32 9 it w a s th e r i v e r of Vi d ar b h a ( ibid . cxx . 1 02 8 9 an d was s ep a

r at e d fr o m th e Nar m a d a b y th e V a id ur ya M ts ( i bid cxx i 1 0 306

. . . I t w as

th e m o d er n r i ve r P ur n a ( th e t r ib u tary of th e T a p ti ) to g e th er w i th th e l o w er

A car eful cons id er ati on

p ar t of t h e T ap ti i n t o w hi ch t h e P ur n a contin ues .

o f K i n g N ala s r e m ar k s ( i bi d l xi 2 31 7 9 ) wi th a m a p w ll s h ow th a t t h e v i e w
i
’ —
. .

d es cr ib e d c o ul d o nl y h av e b een o b t ai n e d fr o m a p os iti o n on t h e S a tp ur a M t s .

a b ou t l on g itu d e h e n c e t h e P ay o s h ni v i s ib l e f r om th e r e could be onl y th e

l ow er p a r t of th e T a p ti . S uc h w a s c on s id er e d th e m a i n s tr ea m in ol d tim es ,
’

a nd it w a s a fa m o u s an d s a cr e d r iv er . G en . C un ning h a m s p r o p o s a l t o i d en
tify th e P a yos h ni w i th th e P ah o j , a tr i buta r y of t h e Jum n a b e tw e e n t h e

S ind h an d B e tw a , ( A r ch . S ur v . R ep or t s , V I I .
p la te xx i i .
) is untena ble as

r e g ar d s thi s f a m ous r iv e r b u t t h e r e w er e t w o r iv er s of t hi s n am e (M .
-
Eh .
,

B h is h m a -P . ix 32 4 . an d an d th e P ah o j m ay b e t h e o t h er P ay o s h n i .

T h e V a r é h a P ar an a r ea d s P uy o lli (lx xx v ) , w h i ch s eem s a m i s t ak e .

o r ac cor d i n g to th e V éy u P ur ana , N i r -ba n d hy ai ( xlv

’

I Or Ni r -v i n d hy a
f
.
.

O ne r i v er Nir -
vi n d h y é. is m e n ti o n e d i n th e M e g h a -D .
(I . 28 an d 29, c om

lyi n g b e t w ee n th e R V atr a -v a ti ( or B e tw a ) an d U jj a yi n i (U JJa in ) ,

m ent a r y ) as .

i d e nt ifie d w i th th e m o d er n P ar b a ti , s ee n ot e to
an d ( if th e P ar a i s r i g h tly

m o d er n P a r wa n w h i c h i s w es t of th e P ar b at i ; b ut
v er s e 2 0 ) m us t b e th e

t h at r i v er r i s e s in t h e V i n d h y a Ra n g e a cc or d i ng t o th e M e g h a -D uta ,
an d be

a cc or d i ng to 19 an d 20 ab ov e ;
t o th e P ari p atr a w a ter s h e d v er s e s on
l o ng s
T h er e w a s , h o w ev er , an oth er lar g e r i v er
ei t h er vi e w it is out of p l a c e h er e .

f or i t is m en t i o n e d al on g wi th t h e P a y os h ni,
o f th i s n a m e i n t h e D e k h a n ,

Go d av ar i a n d i ts trib u tar i e s i n t h e B h a g av ata -P ur a na (V

th e T ap i an d th e
.

xix . an d
j u d g ed by i t s p o s i ti on t h e r e ,
i t m ay b e t h e P e n -g ang a a t r ib utary

of th e W ar d a .

T hi s i s th e p ar t of th e m o d er n T a p t l
S ee n o te t o P ayos h ni a b ov e .
upp er

b ef or e it j oin s t h e P ur na . T h i s b r a nch w a s h a r d ly kn ow n i n ear ly ti m es ;

t o b e n am ed t -B h ar ata
i n t h e M ah a or Ram ayana , n or
i t d o e s no t ap p ea r
300 CANT O L vn .

N i s h a d ha-v a ti , * V enyé , f a nd V a i tar an i , 1 S i nib ali , § K u m ud

i s i t m en t io ne d i n th e cop i o us li s t in th e B h is h m a -P .
( ix ) . T he r eas o n w as ,
no d o ub t , i t w a s hid d en am i d hil l s an d f or e s ts .

O r N i s ha d hd , as th e V éy u P ur éna r e ad s ( xlv . I h av e n ot m et

w i th thi s na m e el s ew h e r e , b u t i t n a tur a lly s ugg e st s a c o nn exi on w i th N i s h a d h a ,

th e r ea lm of N a la As r e g ar d s Ni s h a d h a, th e no t e to 5 4 b e lo w
‘

. s ee v er s e .

T hi s r i v er th en m ay b e o ne of th e s m a ll tr ib utar i es of th e Nar m a d a
or T a p ti , whi ch r is e i n th e m id d le p ar t of th e S atp ur a Ra ng e . T h e Kurm a

a h an a d i
'

P ur ana r ea d s M a h ax
n a dnf i n s te a d ( x lvi i . w hi ch m ay m ean th e M

in C h h a tti s g a rh an d O ri s s a , b u t i s uns at i s f act o r y , a s it h a s m e nti o ne d th a t

r i v er b ef or e (i bi d .
, T he M a ts ya P ur i na r ea d s E i s h ab hd i n s t e ad ( cxi ii . 27

w h i ch I h a v e no t m e t e l s e w h er e .

1
‘
T h i s f or m i s n o t in t h e d i cti o n ar y . T h e V ay u P ur i na r e ad '
s Ver na? ( xlv 1 0 2 ) .

t h e K ur m a Vi a n d C i ntd
’
r ea d s an d giv e s Veng é an d f
as v ar i an t s ( xlv u .

'
C m ta i s T he o th er n am es m er ely d ifi er ent f or m s
’

. no d oub t an er r or . ar e of

th e s am e w or d . T he r i v er is call e d Vezwd i n th e H ar i -V .
( clxviii . 9 5 09 — 1 0 )
an d al s o i n th e M .
- Eh . ( S ab h a-P . xx .
but in lat t er p oe m i t: is
th e

g e n er a lly c all e d Vend , an d th i s s e em s th e p r op er t er m ( B h is h m a -P ix 335 . .

A nuéé s -P . c lxv . 7 6 48 V an a -P . l xx xvii i . 8 32 8 , cl xxx i x . 1 29 0 9 , a nd l xx xv .

8 1 7 6- 7 wh e th er th e s am e r iv er is al s o m ean t i n li n e 8 1 7 5 is n ot cl e ar
) .

F r o m th e p a s s a g e la s t ci te d i t a p p ear s th e Vend i s th e r iv er w h ic h j oi n s th e Go d a

v ar i a nd V ar a d a (th e m o d er n W ar d a ) , th at i s , t h e m o d er n W ai n-g an g a and

'
th e P r anh ita T h e V ar ab a P ur én a Ves hzzap d s d (l xxx v )
’

i ts c onti nu a ti on . r ea ds
w h i ch s e em s a m i s tak e . T hi s ri v er a pp ear s to b e al s o call ed S u -o ezui (M .

Eh .
, V a na -P . cl xxxi x . 1 29 09 ) in c ontr a -d i s tinctio n to th e Kri s hna -vend
( i bid . an d a l s o 11d . V an a -P lxxxv 8 1 8 0 -1
. . B h i s h m a -P . i x 335 ,
. an d A nuéé s .

P . c l xv . 7 6 48 ; a n d B ar i -V . cl x v iii . 9 5 09 — 1 1 ) w hi ch a pp e ar s f r om th e s econd

p a s s ag e to b e a tr i but ar y of th e V e na, an d w h i ch I h av e p r op os e d t o id entify

wi th t h e w e s t er n tr ib ut ary r i s i n g n ear D e o g h ar a nd S e oni ( Jo ur nal , R A S
. .
.

1 89 4, p . A n o th er r iv er o f t hi s n a m e is m e nti o ne d i n v er s e 2 6, and a

Vem xi i n v er s e 19 .

It T hi s i s no d o ub t th e m od er n B yt ar ni , w hi ch o w s th r o u h th e nor th
g fl
of O ris s a ; an d if it i s r i g h tly cl as s e d h er e , t h e Rik s h a Ra n e m us t i nclud e t he
g
hills w h i ch s t r e t ch al o n g th e s ou t h o f C h uta N a gp or e ,

T h e V ay u P ur é na ( Ku
’
r ea d s S i ti bd hu xl v th e r m a B a ld ha
(xlvn 32 )
’
.
. .

th e V ar ab a Ved ip ai la (l xxxv ) No n e of th e s e r iv er s
’

an d . .
ar e m e n ti one d in th e
’ ’

d i cti on ar y , b ut th e nam e S i n i ba hu i s g iv en . I h av e n ot f oun d any of th es e

n am e s e l s ew h e r e , e x cep t B a ld kd in M .
- Eh .
, A n uéa
i s -P . . x xv . 1 7 0 6 — 7 , w hi ch
m ay b e a r iv er , b ut app e a r s f r om t h e c o n t e xt to b e in N or th er n I nd i a . P er
ing b e S i l d v a ti
’ ’
h a p s th e r ead s h ou ld or S i ld va tfl , w h i c h s e em s t o h av e b e e n th e
a n ci ent n a m e o f th e m o d er n r iv er S el ye thi s af ter un i t in
; g wi th th e Rfip
~
.
 F AM O U S RI V E RS I N I ND I A . 30 1

25 v at i “ fi K a r atoyad M ah a-g au r ij ‘
an d D ur g a, § and A ntah- sir a

nar ai n i s th e r i v er o n w hi ch T am l u k , th e T d m r a -lip ta ka
a nci en t ( s ee v er s e

4 4 b el o w ) , i s s i tuate d ; an d w hi ch m a y w ell fin d m enti on h er e . P er h ap s

th e d /cot m ay b e co nn e cte d wi th th e m o d er n r iv er B ar aka r , a tr i
n am e B al

b uta r y o f th e D am u d é ; th e s e tw o c o m b in ed f or m th e l ar g e s t r i ver i n
Wes ter n B e n g al , a n d flo w clos e to T a m l uk . T a m l uk was a f a m o us p o r t , and

i t w oul d b e s tr a ng e if th e r i v er s ne ar i t w er e o v er l o ok e d . T he M .
- Eh . m en
'
ti on s a r i v er S a ta -ba ld ( B h i s h m a -
P . ix . T he M a ts y a P ur é na r ea d s
'
Vi sva -m d l ot i n s t ea d ( c x iii . 37 I h av e n ot m et e i th e r n am e e l s e w he r e .

I h av e n ot m et w ith thi s nam e el s e w h er e . I t m ay b e th e S u b ar na -r ekh a

or on e of th e s m all r i v er s in th e n or th of O riss a ; or m ay w e j
c o n ectur e

D am u d -va f/t, an d id e ntif y it wi th th e R . D am ud d in W es t B en g al ? S e e th e

‘
l as t n ot e .

1 O n e r iv er of th i s n am e in N or t h B en gal h as b een m en ti one d i n v er s e 18

no tc H' an d th er e w as a n o th e r of th e s a m e n am e i n th e n or t h of I nd i a (M .
- Eh

Anusés -P . . xxv . n eit h e r ca n b e m e ant h er e . I h av e n ot f oun d any

K a r a toyd els e w h er e , w h i ch ris es i n th e Ri ks h a r a ng e . T he V éy u P ur an é .

r ead s T oy d i n s t ea d ( xl v . a nd so al s o th e V ar ah a (l xx xv ) ; b ut I h av e
’
n ot f ou nd thi s n am e el s ew h er e . P er h ap s th e r e a d i n g s h ould b e Ka m bh d c a.
’
of c onfin e s of a nd
’

Ka r a bhd or Kap i aa i s th e . n am e a r i v er on th e U t ka l a

K alin g a ( Rag h u -V iv 38 , c om m en t ary ) , b u t n o d etail s ar e gi v e n t o i d entif y

. .

T h e n a m e Kap i s a s ugg es t s id ent ificati on wi th t h e m od er n C o s eys o r

’ ’

it . .

( th e chi ef riv e r i n th e M i d nap u r d i s tr i ct ) whi ch i s s ai d to b e m od i fied

'

Ka n s at
Kams av a tz, b u t c or r up ti on of Kap i cai -v a tz
’ ’
w ell be
’

f r om m ay a .

T his is als o m e n ti o n e d i n M Eh B h i s h m a -P i x 34 1 I t is no d oub t

I a
. - . . . .
,

nf, all b e ing of D ur g a

’

i t w o ul d
’

s y n onym of B r a h m a ni an d B r a hm a nam es

th e n b e th e m o d ern R B r ah m a ni i n O r i s s a
. .

T h er e ar e two r iv e r s o f t hi s na m e m enti one d in th e B h is h m a P li s t ( i x 3 37 . .

an d 34 1 ) in th e M .
-Eh .
, an d th e s eco n d i s th at i nte n d e d h er e , as i t i s p l a ced

wi th th e M a hd -
g a u rf ; but I h a v e no t m et w i th th e na m e el s e w h e r e . It

m ay be a s yn o nym of t he s m a ll r iv er B r ah m ani w h i ch flo w s thr oug h th e

M oor s h e d ab a d d i s tr i c t int o th e r igh t b an k of t h e B h ag ir a th i b r a nc h of th e

Gang e s .

T h e V ayu ( xl v 1 0 3) an d Kar m a ( xl vii 3 3)

MT hi s i s not i n th e d i cti ona r y . . .

P ur ana s r e ad An ta h T h e V ar ab a r ea d s An ty d gi r d (lxxx v ) ,
w hi ch i s no

d oub t an in ten d e d s yn o nym . I h av e n ot m et wi th an

y of th e s e na m e s el s e

( M -E h B h is h m a -P ix A n tah
w h er e , but An tr a si ld i s m enti o ne d
’
- . . .
.
,

s e em s to b e t h e c orr e ct f or m ; an d if th e n am e i s d escr i pti v e , th e r i v er is

t h e nor th er n t rib utar i e s of th e M ah ana d i ; all of w hi ch ar e

of
p r ob ab ly o n e
S ee h owe v er p e op le calle d An tar -g i r y as i n 24
e n com p a s s e d wi th h ills . a v er s e

b el o w .
 302 CANT O L VI I .

th o s e fl ow fr om th e s lop es of the Rik s h a f M ountains ,

r i ver s *

h a v e h o ly w ate rs a nd ar e br ig h t .

T h e G od av a ri; B h i m a -r at ha, § K ris hna, a nd

’

an o th er fil

T he V ar ab a P ur ana m enti ons al s o M a nij d l é I h av e n ot

f or m er b ut th e S ubh d
’
f oun d th e n am e e l s e w h er e ; is m e nti o n e d in th e
H ar i -V arh éa ( cl xv ii i . 9 50 9 a nd a. r i v er is m e nti o n e d i n th e
B h is h m a -P . l i s t (i x . T h er e a r e no d a ta to id en tif y th e m , e x cep t th a t
'
t h e p as s ag e i n th e H ar i -V axh éa p l a ce s th e S ub h a in th e D e kh an .

1
‘
T he te x t r ea d s B i n d hy a . or Vi n d hya , and
y e t m ak e s th e ne xt gr oup of

r iv er s al s o r is e in th e s am e r an g e . i yu
T he V e (xl v .
1 03 ) an d K ur m a (x lv i i
33 ) and V ar ab a ( lx x x v ) P ur ana s r ea d the s am e ; b ut th e p r op er r e ad i ng

m u s t b e R i ks ha as th e Vi sh n u P ur ana s ay s (B k . II . C h ap . iii ) , f or th e
T ap i, V e nya an d V ai tar a ni cer tainl y d o n o t r i s e i n t h e f o r m er m o un t ai n s
b ut in th e l atter T h e A g ni P ur an a wr ong ly g r oup s th e T ap i a n d P ay o s h ni
.

wi th th e G o d av ar i an d o th e r r i v er s a s r i s in g i n th e S ahy a M t s .

I T h e m o d e r n G o d a v er i . T hi s r iv er w a s f am ou s fr om t h e e ar li e s t t im e s .

J an a -
s th éna , th e s ce n e of R am a
’
s fir s t co n fli c t w it h th e R ak s h a s a s w a s th e

c o un tr y o n b ot h i t s b a nk s b etw e en i t s t r i butar i e s t h e M an j ir a an d P r a nh i ta

( s ee J our n a l , R A . S 1 89 4, p .

i yu ( xl v
’
Or t m a -r a tM as th e V r . 1 04 ) a nd V ar ah a ( lxxx v ) P ur ana s r ead

B him a -r a ks hz w hi ch t h e Kur m a g i ve s (xl v n 34 )

’
. s ee m s i n co r r e ct . T h e for m er
i s th e nam e g i v en i n t h e M Eh (V a n a P lx x x v iii 8 32 8 ; B h is h m a -P
-
as . .
-
. . .

i x 32 7. an d M uses -
P . cl xv . T h i s i s th e m o d ern B hi m a , th e tr ib utar y
of th e Kr i s h na, r i s i ng n ea r P oona . T h e V a r ah a P ur ana ad d s i m m e d i a te ly
M ar a thi (l xxxv ) i s it a m i s tak e n r ep e ti t i o n of th e l a s t th r e e s yllab le s of

th e p r ece d i n g r i v er P I h av e fou n d n o s u ch r i v er .

I] T h e m o d er n K i s tna . T hi s r i v er r e c ei v e d v er y li ttle n o t i ce in a nci e nt

t im es , an d was al m os t unkn o w n co m p ar e d w i th th e Go d av ar i an d K av er i .

B es i d e s it s i nclu s i on i n th e B h is h m a -P li s t .
(i x . i t i s d oub t ful if it i s so

m en ti o ne d i n th e M .
- Eh .
, or R am ay ana . I t is om i t te d fr om th e l en g thy
’
a cco un t of S ah a d ev a s c on q u e s t s i n th e s o uth ( S ab h é P x x x ) and th e d e tail e d
- .
,

p ilg r im ag e i tine r ar i es ( V a n a P , T ir th a y atr a P ) a n d o th er g eo gr a p hi c al

- - .
- .

d i s cour s e s I t d oes n o t o ccur i n th e s tor y

. of Ra g h u ’ s c o nq u e s t s e v en in
th e l ate p oem , th e Ragh u -V amsa . T he r ea s o n s e em s t o b e th at th e country

t h r ough w hi c h i t fl ow s w as n ear ly all f or e s t i n a nci e nt ti m es

if F or tathd p wr d of th e t e xt t h e V éyu P ur an a ’ '

r ead s ng u l a
c a. v a '
( xlv . 1 0 4)
' '
a nd th e K ar m a c a va f'
y a td or c a r a ts ar t
'
( xlvii . I h a v e n o t f ou n d t h e s e
n am e s e l s e wh er e P er h ap s w e s h o uld r ea d s o m e n am e lik e M
.
afi j ir d ,
as th e
l ar g e s ou th er n tr ib utar y of th e G o d av ar i i s n ow c all e d , th o u g h i t s e ar li e s t

n am e w as a pp ar e ntly M an d ai ki nft (Ram ay , Y ud d h a K . ex . 3 8, 39 ; Jour nal ,

R A S
. . .
,
1 89 4 , p .
 F AM O U S RI VE RS I N I ND I A . 303

V enyafi‘
e
T un g a -bh a d r a, S upr ayo g aj V ah ya, § an d th e
27 r i v er K av er i ; th es e n obl e r i ver s fif i s s ue fr o m th e s lo p es

of t h e S a hy a “ M o un ta in s .
’

T he K ri ta m al a, fl - T am r a -p ar ni, II P us h pa

T hi s f or m i s n ot in t h e d i c ti onar y . T he V ar ah a P ur ana r ea d s Vend

'
Ix xx v ) KII r m a Vend Ya m a? ( x lv i i th e V ay u Va i m ( xlv
’
; th e or . an d .

1 0 4) — a ll m er e v ar i at i o n s , th e p r o p er na m e no d o ub t b ei ng Vend . T hi s is
t h e th ir d r i v er of th i s n am e m e n ti o ne d h e re , s ee v e r s es 19 an d 24 . I t is

p r ob ab l y th e s am e a s th e Vi mi i n th e B h is h m a -P . li s t ( ix . an d th e

Vermoi in th e B h ag av a ta P ur i na (V . xi x . 17 I s i t to b e id e n tifie d w i th th e
R . P enner w h i ch i s b etw een th e Ki s tna an d K av er i ; th ou g h th e S an s kr i t
n am e of th e P e nn er is s a id to b e P i nék é (A r ch . S ur v . of S I n d ia, by R
. .

S ew ell , I . a nd 1 29 )

f T he m o d er n T um b h ud r a , th e lar g e s o u th er n tr i b u tar y of th e K i s tna ,

c on s i s tin g of th e c o m b i ne d s tr e a m s o f th e T un g a an d B h ad r a .

I T hi s i s n ot i n t h e d i c ti on ar y , b ut i t i s al s o m en t i o ne d i n th e B h i s h m a -P .

an d kn o wn
li s t (i x 32 8 ) an d i n t h e V a n a -P ( cc xx i an d was l ar g e
‘

. . . a

r i v er . T h oug h n ot a pp a r e ntl y id e nti fie d , i t i s p r ob ab ly on e o f th e lar g e w e s ter n

tr ib ut ar i e s of th e K i s t n a .

T hi s i s n o t i n t h e d i cti o n a r y , b ut th e V a r ab a P ur ana a g r ee s ( lx x x v )
an d th e M at s y a ( c xii i . I h av e no t f oun d th e n a m e el s e w h e r e an d i t d oe s
to b e i d en tifie d T h e A g ni P Vd r a d a ( c i x
’

n ot ap p e ar . . r ead s . . th e l ar g e

s ou th er n t r i b ut ar y of t h e Ki s t n a cal le d V ar a d a or V e d av a t i .

H T h e m o d er n C a v er y or C ol er oon i n s ou t h I nd ia . I t w a s b e t ter kn o w n

th a n t h e Ki s tn a i n an ci e n t ti m e s . I t i s m e n t i o n e d i n th e M .
(V a n a P
-
Eh .
,
-
.

8 1 6 4— 5 cl x x xi x 1 2910 ; a nd B h is h m a -P i x 32 8 ) an d Ram ay ( K i s h k
'

l xx xv .
; . . . . .

K . x li . 21 an d Kin g J ah n u i s s ai d i n t h e H a r i -V amsa t o h av e m ar r i ed thi s

r i v er , and m ad e the G an g e s h is d au g h t er ( x xv n . 1 4 1 6 — 22 ; a nd x xx ii .

1 7 57

qr T h e
-
ah
(cx iii 29 ) (l xxxv ) P ur anas d th e Vai igu ld
'

M a t s ya . a nd V ar a ad

as t o w hi ch s e e v er s e 26 n o te fir .

T he t e xt r ea d s B i n d hy a or Vi n d hya h er e , a f t er h av i n g r ea d it a lr e a d
.
y
in v er s e 25 a n
d off e r s S a h ya a as v ar i a n t in a n o te . T h e l a t ter i s m ani

f es tly th e p r op er r ead i ng , an d a g r ees wi th th e Kurm a ( x l vi i . 34 ) an d V ay u

( xlv 1 04 ) P rana s
.
u .

i n th e d ic t ionar y T h e A g ni P ur flna w i th i t (c xv iii

'
H '
T hi s is not . a g r ee s .

th e Ku B i tu m d la (x l vi i ( lxx xv )
’
th e V ar ab a S m d la.
’

at an d
’

rm a r ea d s a-
-
. .
,

th e B h ag av a ta K a ta m d l a (V x ix . I s i t t o b e i d en ti fie d w i th th e V ed a
’
- . .

m ali w hi ch flo ws o ut n or th o f C o ch i n T h e p e op l e of Kac
’
c
’
ha . or C o ch in ar e

m en ti o n e d i n ca nt o lv i ii . v er s e 28 .

11 T h i s is m en ti on ed as a p lace of p ilg r i m ag e i n th e M .
- Eh .
(V a na - P .
 304 CANT O mm

28 J fi S fi
atp al a-v at i
“
; 1 th e s e ‘
ar e r i ver s xwhich r is e i n t he
M alaya M ountains , and h av e co o l w ater .

A nd t he Pi tri -s om a, a nd Ri s h i - ulya, k II I ks h uka, TI an d

lxxxvii i . and th e Rag h u -V . s ay s ( iv . 49 and that th e vanqui s h e d

P andya. kin g s gav e Ragh u th e ch oi ces t p ear ls fr om the s ea at th e m outh

o f th e R T i m r a -p ar ni, wh er e ( t h e c om m e ntator a d d s , it i s well -kn own) p ear ls
.

wer e p r o d uce d T his . ri v er th en was i n t h e P éndya countr y an d flowed

int o th e G of M anaar . . I t i s th e m o d ern C hi ttar , th e r iv er of T i nn eve lly

( Ar ch . S ur v . of S I ndi a, b y R S ew e ll , I
. . .

th e KII r m a P us h/p um a “
’
T h e V ay u P ur i na r ea d s P us hp a j afi
ti ( x lv -
. .

( xl vi i . an d th e V ar aha P us hqod -v a “ (lx xxv ) . I d o n ot fin d a ny of

th es e n am es e l s e wh er e . A t ir th a P u s hy a -va n? i s m entioned , M . Bh
- .
, V a na -P .

l xxxv . 8 154 b ut i t was si tua te d b e tw e en D eks hi na Kos ala ( C hha ttis ga rh )

( B h a gal p ur )
’
a nd C i.
am p a . A r i v er P as h a -vent i s m entioned (i d , B h is hm a -P .

ix . wh i ch i s j oi ne d wi th a r i v er p a ld -v a
’
tt a nd th e r ef o r e is p r ob ably
th e s am e as th e r i v er in th e t ext . A P us hp a -vti hi nt is m entio ne d f
as s i tua t ed

i n th e s o uth in th e H ar i -V arhéa (clx viii . 95 10

1 '
T h i s i s th e s am e a s th e Utp a l ai -va t't m en ti one d i n th e la s t not e (M .
- Bh .

B h is hm a P i x 342 ) th e Utp a la ( H ar i V clxviii . 951 0

’
- . . and .
-
.
, an d th e V éyu

( xl v . 1 0 5) and Kil rm a ( xlv ii . M a t s ya ( cx ii i . 30 ) and V ar-

ah a (lxxx v ) P ur ana s
r ea d U tp a laC-va t'f .

T h er e ar e onl y s ix note w or th y r i v er s r s i in g in the M ala ya M ts , v i z , th e

I . .

V aig ai , V a ipp ar a nd C hi ttar th e eas t, t h e A m ar ava ti ( a tr i b ut ar

on
y o f th e
K av er i ) on th e north , an d th e P on ani a nd P e ri or V e d a-m a li on t h e w e st.

T h e C h i ttar i s th e T am r a -p er mh , en ce th e th r ee oth ers nam e d in th e text

m us t b e f oun d am on g th e fiv e r e m ai ni ng m o d er n r i v er s .

5 N ot in th e d i cti onar y T h e V ayu P ur i na r e ad s T r i -s dfmd

.
(xlv .
and

th e A g ni P al s o ( cxv iii . w hil e th e V ar ab a r ead s fi i -yd m a (lxxxv )

’
. . . I
ha v e m e t onl y i m a el s ew h er e
with th e T r i -az ( B h agav ata Pur i na , V .

I t i s p r ob ably one o f th e s m all r i v e r s on th e E a s ter n coas t, f or th e int eri or

b eh in d t h es e m ount ains was n ot w e ll k n own . T h e M ats y a P ur i na r ea d s
T r i -bhd gci (cx ii i . 31 ) w hich I h av e not m e t e l s e wh er e .

II T hi s i s th e r i v er on w hi ch Ga nj a m s ta n d s , a n d it b ear s th e s am e na m e
s till . I t is m enti one d in t h e B h is hm a -P . li s t ( ix . T h e v ayu P ur i na
r e ad s B i tu -ku lyé (xlv . b y m i s ta k e . Anoth er Ris hi -kuly d i s m e nti one d
in v er s e 29 .

T h e V ayu (xlv 1 0 6) and V ar-

i s n ot in th e d ictionar y
'

11 T his ah a P ur anas . .
.

(l xxxv ) r e ad I ks im ld and Iks hu d d w hi ch th e M atsya P ur i na r ead s ( cxiii 31 ) .

i s a v ar i ant I h av e not f oun d a n y of th es e nam es el s ewh er e , b ut th e B I ks hu

.
,

i s m en ti one d ( ML -E h .
, B hi s h m a -P . ix . I t is prob ably on e of th e s m all

s tr ea m s on th e E as ter n coas t .
 F AM O U S RIVE RS I N I ND I A . 305

29 T r i d iv é L an g filin i d
, and V amsa - ar ax ar e k known to
S p r i ng f r o m t h e M ah en d r a § M o untai n s .

T h e Ris hi - ulya, an d k
Ku m ar i, 1T M an d a M a nd a

3“ T r i d i vd ,
T hi s i s th e s e con d s ee v er s e 2 3 ; but I h ave no t f ound tw o
’ ’
r i v er s o f thi s n am e m enti on ed any w h e re e l s e . I ns tea d of T ri d ivd c c ya as
’
P ur i na d (cx i ii
’
i n t h e t e xt, th e M a tsy a r ea ds T r i d i va c al .

1' T h i s i s th e m od er n L anguli y a , on w h i ch C hi c acol e s tan d s , b e tw ee n

and C alin g ap atam T he V ar ab a P ur i na M d lzm:
'

V i z i an ag ra m . r ea d s or L am a .

li nt (lxxx v ) an d th e M a ts ya M alt (cxii i . 31 ) I h ave n o t f o un d t h es e n am e s

’
el s ew h e re a nd th ey s eem i n cor r ect . T he L d nga lz m e nti oned i n th e M .
-Eh .

( S ab h a-P ix . i s p r ob ab ly t hi s r i v er .

'

I T h e V ar ah a P ur ana r ea d s Va rh s a -va r d
f
( lxx x v ) , an d th e V ay u Va ni s h

( xl v th e l att er i s th e na m e I t i s th e m o d er n B an s
’

d h ar a '
. . c o rr e c t .

d h a r d , th e r i v er o n w h i ch C al in g ap ata m s tan d s .

T he K ur m a P ur i na o mi ts t hi s g r ou p of r iv er s a lt o ge th er , an d p ut s
Vamaa -d hai r ini
'
s cim
’

th r e e of th e m T ri -
a, B i s hfica. and in to th e n ex t g r oup
'

( x l v ii . T he M a ts y a P ur ana m e ntio ns th r ee m or e r i v er s , th e T ri m m

p a r m, S ar a v a Vi m a ld
'
( c x iii A T am r a
’
b ut all th es e s e em d oub tful
’

, an d . .

’ ’

p ar ni h a s b e en m e nti on e d i n v er s e 2 8 A S a r a va tt i s n a m e d i n th e B h is h m a .

a Vi m /1 1d
’

P l is t (i x
. a nd . o r Vi m a lod a i n v ar i o u s p a s s ag es ( e g . . .

’
S alya P -
. x xx i x . 2 2 1 4 — 5 ; H a ri -V .
, c l x vii i . 9 517 b ut th ey ar e i n N or th

er n an d W e s t er n I nd i a .

I n n ote H on
p a g e 2 84 , t h e M ah en d r a m ount ai ns ar e s ai d t o be th e
"

p or ti on of th e E a s ter n Gh a ts b e t w e en th e G o d av ar i and M a h an a d i

r i v er s a nd t h e hi ll s i n th e s o uth of B er a r , b ut th i s p r op os iti on m us t b e

m o d i fie d on a f ul l c o ns id er at i on of a ll th e f or e g oin g id ent ifica ti on s G on d w a .

na a s us e d by W ils on w as app li e d to a v er y w id e tr a ct i n C e ntr a l I n d i a .

T h e M ah en d r a M t s . can no t e x t en d as f a r w es t as B er ar n or b ey o nd th e

W ain an d m u s t b e lim i te d t o th e h il ls b etw een th e M a h a na d i , Go d a

g an g a ;
-

v ar i an d Wai n -g an g a ,
an d m ay p e r h ap s c om p r is e o nly th e p o r ti o n of th e

E a s te r n Gh at s n or t h of t h e Go d a v ar i . I t i s i n t hi s l a s t tr a ct on ly t hat th e

n am e has s u r vi v e d S e e Ra g h u V arhsa , i v 4 3
.
. .

s eco n d Ris hi kul y a, s e e v er s e 2 8 T h e V ayu P u r i na r e ad s

M T hi s i s th e
- .

Ri s h ikd ( ) Kai s ika

’
a nd th e M
’

an d th e V ar ab a l xx xv a ts y a
( xl v
’

R i s hi ka. . , .

I h av e n ot m e t w i th th e s e n a m es e l s ew h er e
( c x i ii .
.

S u ku m d r i (x lv an d th e V ar ab a
’
P ur i na r ea d s L as a tf
if T h e V ayu
’ - . .

I h av e n ot f oun d th e s e n am es e ls e w h er e , b ut th e Kum ar i i s m e nti on e d i n th e

B h is h m a -P li s t (ix .

T h i s i s m en tio n e d in th e B h is h m a -P . li s t (i x . T h e V ar ah s P ur i na
th e KII r m a
’

a nd f or th i s an d th e n e x t r iv er r ea d s
M a n d a -g d m i m ( l xxx v )
’
r ead s

(xlv ii w h i ch i s p r ob a bly er r o n eous

’

G an d ha m cid a nw g q m i nf
- .
.

39
 306 CANT O L VI I .

30 vah ini fi K r ip ad
“ fl
an d P a l asi n i i ar e kn o wn to s p r in g i n th e
’
S u k ti -m at § M o unta in s .

A ll t he r i v er s Hpos s es s h oly m er it ; a ll ar e r iv er s fl ow i ng
'

31 i nto th e oce a n ; all ar e m oth er s of th e w or l d ; 11 th ey ar e

k
w ell - n ow n to cl ean s e fr o m all s i n .

T his i s m enti one d i n th e B h is h m a -P . li s t (i x . b ut h ar d ly in th e

s am e con ne xi on .

1 T h e V ay u P ur ana d (x lv th e Kfirm Ks hip r a

’

r ea d s d an d
'
. a . or

Rap s: ( xl v ii . I do n ot fi nd an y of th es e n am e s e l s e wh er e . A r iv er

Kr i tyd i s m e nti on e d i n t h e B h is h m a -P li s t .
(ix . b u t th a t a pp ear s fr o m
its con te xt to b e i n n or th I nd i a .

I T h is is m enti o ne d i n th e B h i s h m a -P . li s t ( ix . b ut i n so d iff er
e nt a c o nn exi o n t h a t th e r e f er e n ces a p p ear t o b e to two s ep ar a t e r i v er s . T he
'
M at s ya P ur ana r ea d s P otsi m ’
(cxiii . w hich h ow ever I h a v e not m et els e

wh er e .

T h es e M ts . ar e b ut v er y r ar e ly m en ti on e d , an d i n p ag e 2 8 5 n o te I I h av e
n o ti ce d w h at h as b e e n w r itten ab out th e m . T h e y w er e i n th e E as ter n re

gi o n , f or B h im a i n hi s c on q ue s ts i n th a t qu ar ter m ar ch e d f r om H im a -v at
'
i ta
t ow ar d s B h all z an d c onq ue r e d th e S uk ti -m at M ountai n ( NI Eh
- .
, S ab h a-P .

xx i x . T h o ug h B h allét a d oe s n ot a pp ear t o h av e b een i d en ti fie d , th e

o nl y no te w or th y h ills i n th e e as t wh i ch h av e n ot b een as s ig ne d t o th e o th er

gr eat r an g es ar e th e Gar o , Kh as i an d T i pp er ah H ill s w h i ch b ound B eng al in

’
th at d ir ecti on . C an th es e b e th e S uk ti -m at M ts ? . T h er e s e em s to b e no

i m pr ob ab ility i n this , f or th e r i v er L o h i ta or B r a h m a -p utr a an d th e c o un tr y

Kam a -r up a , w h i ch i s i n th e A s s am V all ey , w er e kno w n . I f thi s i d entifica

’
t i on i s s ati s f actor y , th e R Ku m a r i m ay b e th e m od er n S om eswar t w h ich
’
.

flo w s s o uth w ar d b e tw e en th e Gar o an d K h a s i Hill s (b oth b eing na m es o f

D ur g a) ; and th e Kr ip d m ay p er h a p s b e th e Kap ili whi ch o w s in to th e fl

B r a h m a -p u tr a a littl e ab ov e G a uh a ti , th e ancient K am a -r up a ; th e oth er
s tr e a m s ar e n o t r e c o g n i z ab le .

S ar a s -v atyah . Or s h o uld th i s m ean o nly th e r i v er s c alle d S ar as -va ti

T h er e w er e s ev e n r iv er s s p ec i a lly d i s tin g ui s h e d by th i s n am e
(M . Eh
-
Saly a
’
P
-
,

1 th e S u p r a bha. a m
’

x x xix 2 188 n am ely , t h e P us h k a r as ( ibi d 2 1 9 8

-
. . o ng .

th e K md ks hz i n
’ ’
th a t i s , n ear A j m ir ; 2 . ai ii c b Na i m i s h a f or e s t (i bi d 2 2 0 1 .

'
w hi c h w as on t h e Go m a t i ; 3 -
. th e Vi ezai ld . at Gay a ( i bi d 2 2 0 5
. 4 th e ,

'
M an o r am a ,
- th e s wif t s tr e a m fl o win g f r om H i m a v at i n t h e n o r th p ar t of

R o s al a (i bi d . 2 2 0 7 -1 0 ) 5 . t h e O gh a -c a t't, w h i ch s e em s to b e in K ur u-ks h etr a

(i bi d . 22 1 2 6 . th e Su -
renu, w h i ch s ee m s to b e i n Kur u -ks h etr a or near

G ang i d v ér a ( i bid
- . 22 1 1 an d 7 . t h e Vi m a lod oi or Vi m a lod a kci at H aim an
t a -gi r i ( i bi d 22 1 4

11 V i sv as ya m étar ah ; c om p ar e M -E h .
, B h is hm a -P . ix 844
. .
 CO U NT RI E S AND RACE S I N I ND I A . 307

A nd o th er s , s m all s tr e am s , ar e m en tion e d i n th o us and s ,

32 O b rah m an, th os e w hi ch fl ow o nl
y d ur ing t h e r ain
y s eas o n, an d

th o s e wh ich fl o w a t all s e a s o ns .

T he M a ts ya s , and A svakfita s , 1 ‘
"
a nd Ku lyas , I

it
T h e p eop l e an d th e ir co un try b oth w en t b y th e na m e M a ts y a T hi s .

c ountr y w as p ar t of t he r e gi o n c alle d B rah m a r shi ( M ann ii I t wa s .

s o uth or s outh -w es t o f I n d r a -p r as th a , th e m od er n D e lhi (M -

Eh .
, S ab h é P . .
,

xxx . 1 1 0 5 -6 ; t h e m entio n i n ibi d . xxi x . 1 0 8 3 m ay b e a m i s tak e ; b ut th e

M at s y a s ar e n am e d t wi ce i n th e B h is hm a -P . li s t, ix . 3 47 an d 348 , unles s on e
''
n am e be a m i s ta k e f or V a ts a ) ; an d it w as w es t of S IIr a s ena , w hi ch w as t h e
c o un t ry r o und M ath ur a, th e m od er n M uttr a ( V i r a ta -
P .
, v. 1 4 1 -5 s ee n ote

in ca nto lv iii . v er s e 7) h e n c e M a ts y a com pr i s e d th e m o d er n Al w ar S tat e and

t h e la nd a r o un d th at . It a p p e ar s to h ave ex t e nd e d up to Kur u k s h etr a , -

b eca us e no oth er countr y w hi ch c o uld i nt er v en e i s m e n ti on e d i n M an n ii 1 9 . .

'
I ts cap i tal w as U p a pl a v ya or U p a pl a v a ( S alya -P .
,
x x x vi . 1 9 7 3-6 ) w h ich w a s

I; or 2 d ays
’
j o ur ney by ch ar i o t f r om H as tin a p ur a ( U d y o g a -P .
,
l x x xiii 30 1 0 .

17 lxx xv . 30 40 ; and l xx x v iii . C unni n g h a m s ay s M a ts y a w as th e

'

c o untr y we s t Of Agra a n d n or th of t he R C h a m b a l,
. z . e .
, th e w h ol e of A l w ar
w i th p or ti ons of Jay pur an d B h a r a tp ur ; an d i ts ca p i t al w as V ai réta , the
m o d er n B a i ra t (Ar ch S ur v R ep te . .
, II . 2 42 ; an d XX 2 , . an d p l ate i ) .

'
T h e V ayu P ur i na r ea d s Va ts a s i n s te a d ( xlv . Va ts a . or Va ts ya wa s
i n th e re
g i on e as t o f D elh i ( S abh a-P .
, xxi x . and king V a t s a w h o i s s a id

t o h av e g iv en hi s n am e to th e c o un try w a s g r an d s on of D i vod ti s a , ki ng o f
' '
Ka u s a m bz wa s th e
’

B en a r es ( H afi -
V .
, x xi x . 1 5 87 , 1 5 9 7 ; an d xx x i i .

c ap ita l , a n d i t h as b ee n i d en ti fie d b y C unni ng h am w ith th e m o d er n K os a m

w hi ch is on th e no r th b ank of th e Jum n a ab o ut 31 m i l es a b ov e A lla ha b ad .

H en ce th e countr y w as al s o call e d Ka mfd m ba (A r ch S ur v Re p t a , I 30 1 31 0 ) . . .

-

V a ts a or K ans am b a th e r ef ore com p r i s e d th e l ow er p a r t o f th e Gaug e s a nd

J um na D oab '

a nd al s o p r ob ab ly th e tr a ct s o uth of th a t , on th e oth er s i d e o f

th e Jum n a .

1
‘
T h e V ayu P ur ana r ea d s Ki s as h zza s , Ki s a s hta s or Ki s a d ya s i ns te a d ( xl v .

b ut no n e of th e s e n am es ar e in t h e d i cti ona r y . T h e M a t s ya r ea d s
'
d tas 3 5 ) b ut th e y ar e o u t o f p l a ce h e r e T h e te x t r ea d s M a ts y d s r a ktc
( cx i ii
’

v r .

’ ’ ’ ’

gait ku ly a s c a, b ut I w o uld s ugg e s t in s t ea d M a ts yas c a. I I a -ny d ku bj d s c a,

’
th us
' '

r e a d ing Kan yic kubj a s - or K a n ya Icubj a s i n s tea d

- of A s v a kata s an d Ka lya s .

Ka nya-k a b j a or i nya -k ub j a i s t h e m o d e r n K a n a uj ,
Ka on th e G an g e s a b o ut

5 0 m il es ab ov e C a wnp or e ; it w as a f a m o us ci ty all th r o ug h I nd i a n h i s tor y .

P e opl e c alle d S u ku ty a s f
ar e m e ntio ne d ( B h is h m a -
P ix . . A fva kas ( ibid .

an d Afv d ta ka s ( i bi d li . .

i n th e d i c ti o n ar y p eo p le ; th e w or d occ ur s in Va na -P
I T hi s i s no t as a .
,

c xx v . b ut d oe s n o t a p p ear to m e an a p e o p l e th e r e . S e e th e las t no t e .
308 CANT O L V II .

33 th e Kuntalas fi“ th e p e op le of Kasi , 1 and th e K oéal as , I

an d th e A th ar v as , an d A r k a -li n
g as , § and th e M alakas , ll
'
T hi s coun try is s ai d b y M uir t o b e o ne of th e Piéac a countr ies ( S ans k .

T exts , I I . but th er e wer e th r ee p e op l e of th is na m e, on e in th e D ekhan

( B h ish m a-R ix , . wh o ar e m en t i on e d in v er s e 4 8 bel ow ; and two o th er s

e ls ew h er e ( i bi d 347 . and T h o se m e nti o nqd in v er s e 347 are the p eople

m eant h er e, f or th ey ar e gr oup e d w i th th e p eopl e of K aéi and Kos ala ; and

th ey p rob ably occup i e d th e coun tr y n e ar ir

C h un a ( s outh of B enar e s ) , whi ch

C unni ngham call s Kuntila (Arc h . S ur v . Rep ts , X1 . T h e thir d people

w ere p ro b ab ly in th e W es t .

' ’

1 B enar es , th e anci e n t Vd r a z
zas z . I t w a s th e cap ital of an anci ent and

f am ous ki ngd om A ccor d in g to th e Ram ayana Ka

. iéi was . a kingd om ( Ad i -K
,

x n 2 0 ) while P r ayaga an d th e c oun tr y a ll ar oun d it wa s

. st ill f ores t ( Jour nal ,
R A S
. . 1 8 9 4 , pp 2 37
.
, . I ts s acr e d ch ar a cter d a tes from com par atively

late tim es , f or it was one of th e e xp l o it s f or w h ich Kri s h na was extoll e d th at

h e b ur nt i t f or a s ucce s s i on of y e ar s an d d ev as tated it ( U d yoga-P .
, xlvii .

1 88 3 ; and H ar i -V .
, ol xi . 9 1 42 F or som e vi cis s i tud e s in its early hi s tory ,
s ee Har i -V x xi x . and xxxii .

:l: Ko§ala, Kosala or U t tar a R o s al a , wi th i ts c ap ital A yo d hyé, i s th e m od ern

O ud h . Gen C unn ingh am
. s ay s i t m ean t m or e p ar ticular ly th e countr y nor t h
and eas t of t h e R Rap ti .
(Ar ch
X VI I 68 ) b ut i t . S ur v Rep t s
.
, I . 32 7 and .

s eem s r ath er to h av e d enot e d th e c ount ry s tr e tch ing fr om th e Rap ti on th e

'
eas t (se p g
e a e 2 9 4 no te I) t o t h e c o nfin e s o f t h e K ur u a d
n P enc éla king d om s
on th e we s tNor th war d i t w a s b oun d e d b y t h e tr ib e s th at inh abited th e
.

s l o p es of th e Him alaya s , an d s outh w ar d b y th e king d o m of B enar es I t was .

d i st ingui sh e d from an oth er Ko s ala, w hich was called D ekshi na or M ah é ,

Kos ala and which i s m enti on e d in v er s e 54 .

5 T hese two nam es are no t i n t h e d ictionar y , an d I hav e not f ound th em

el s ewh er e ; th ey s eem t o b e m is tak e s . T h e V éy u P ur i na r ead s ins tead of
‘
p d/rfve ti lamg d s
’

th em atha. c a ( xlv . b ut thi s i s d oubtf ul and uns atis

f ac tory , for t he . T il angas ar e m en ti o ne d a s a s o uth ern

p eop le in canto lviii .

Ver s e 2 8 ’
T he M ats ya r ead s an d A r an ta s an d Ka li ngas
.
(cxiii . b ut th es e
ar e h ar d ly s ati s fac tory ; th e f or m e r ar e m e nti o n ed in ver ses 52 and 5 5, and

th e latter in v er s es 37 and
P er h ap s Ar ka-lingas m ay b e m eant 46 b elow .

as a s ynony m of S II rya vamsas , th e S ol ar

'
-
Rac e , y e t thi s again i s har dl y
s ati s f ac tory, for that r ace r e i g ne d in K o s al a , w hi ch h a s j us t b e en m enti oned

s ep ar ate ly T here i s a l ow gr o up o f B r ahm ans i n B eh ar called Ath ar vas

. .

( Ri s ley and C as tes of

’
s T r i bes B e ng al , I .

M T his is n ot in th e d ic ti on ar y an d s e em s er r oneo us . T he V ayu P ur ana

r ea d s M aga d has ins tead ( xl v . th e p e o ple of M ag a d h a. or S outh B eh ar
I s unsati s f actory f or th e M agad h as
I

b ut thi s are m entioned i n ver s e 44 . T he

 CO U NT RI E S AND RAC E S m i NDI A. 309

an d V rikas *
; th es e ? ar e w el l kno wn gener ally as th e

p eop l es wh o i nh abi t th e C en tr al Reg ion .

I

M ats ya re ad s H eikos (cx i i i . whi ch I h av e not m et elsewh er e . T he r ead

in g
'
s h ould b e M al agas p robably . T h ey ar e m e ntione d i n the M - E h .
( E b is h
'
m a -P i x . . a nd Ra m ayana ( A d i -K . x x vi i . 16 and fr o m th e c our s e

d es cr i b ed in th e la tter p oem as ta ken b y V iév a-m itr a and B ern a i t a

pp e ar s
t h ey w e r e neig h b our s of th e Kar fis h as , ( s ee n ot e to verse an d occu p i e d

th e d i s tr i ct of S h th éb éd , w es t of th e S one , f o r V i sva-m itra and Ram a cr o s s

'
i ng fr o m t h e S ar ayli to th e south of th e Gan g e s enter ed that d i s tr i ct, whi ch
h ad b e en inh abi te d b y th e M alaj as ( i bi d .
, 8

T h e V rik a s ar e nam e d i n B h is h m a -R ,
li 2 1 06 ,
. and a kin g V r i ka i s a llud

ed to i n t h e Ha ri -V amsa (xiii 7 6 0 .
-
61 ) b ut th er e i s n oth ing to i d en t ify th e m .

T h e M a tsy a P a r ana r e ad s An d ha kas ( cxiii . T h e An d h a ka s w er e a

s ub or d i nat e f am il y of t h e Y ad a va ra ce , a nd ar e of ten m ent i one d in th e

M . Bh
- .
( e -g . U d yog a-P . l x xxv . an d H ar i -V afixéa ( xxxv . 1 9 0 7 -8 ; an d

xx xix . 2 04 1 an d x civ . b ut th e y d w elt in S u-r é s h tr a in th e

We s t an d a pp e ar to b e out o f pla ce h er e . T h e m os t pr ob able r ea d i n g s e em s

Vr ag as , th e p eop le of Vr aj a ( or
’

t o b e th e , Vrij i , as it wa s als o c al le d ),
th e m o d er n B ra j , th e c ountr y nor th -w es t of M athur aor M uttr a .

1 '
T hi s i s B es id es th e s e th e V ti yu Pur ana has tw o l ine s a t th e
a s h or t li s t .

b eg i f h i i th K Pé ficélas , and th e S alv a s , a nd th e

’
in n n g o t s gr o p ,
u v z , e u r u s ,
t h e .

Ja g n alas ,
'
t h e S ii r as ena s , th e B h ad r a kara s , th e B o d h as an d th e l or d s of
’
S ata

p atha ( xl v . 1 09 and m uch like a p as s ag e i n th e M . Eh

- .
(B h is h m a R -
,

ix . 34 6 T h e M a ts y a h as th e s am e li nes , b ut gi ves t h e las t tw o n am e s as

F or th e Kur us ,
’
(c xi ii 35 ,
’
B d hy as and P aga c c af as . see canto lvii i . v er s e 9
'
f or th e P aficéla s , canto lvi ii . v er s e 8 ; f or th e S él v as , canto lviii . v er s e 6 ; th e

Jéngal as ar e no d oub t th e p eo p le of Kur u j éngal a, s ee note t o K ur u, canto

-

th e S fir a s e nas ,
’
l v i ii . v er s e 9 ; f or s ee can to lv ii i v er s e 7 T h e B ha d r ak ér as
. .

are m enti on e d in th e M . Eh
- .
(S ab h zi -
P .
,
x i ii . 590 ) an d m ay p er h a p s b e t h e
s a m e as th e B h ad r as m enti one d i n V a na - P . ccli ii . 1 5 256 th ey a p pe ar f r om

t h e s e p as s ag e s
‘

t o h av e b een si t ua te d on th e w es t b ank of th e J um na , s om e

w h er e b etween D elhi and M uttr a . T h e B o d h as ar e m en ti on e d in th e M .

-E h .

( S ab ha-P .
, xiii. 59 0 ; B hi s hm a R , i x -
. 34 7 ) an d ar e p r ob ably t h e s am e as

t h e B o d hi s (Ram ay , A yod h K .
- . l xx wh o a pp ear to h av e b e en s i t ua te d

on th e eas t er n co nfi nes o f t h e P an j ab . I h av e not m et B éhya s e l s e wh er e ;

' ’ ’
it s ee m s er r o ne ou s . S ata p ath a - s ee m s to b e err oneous , and Pa ta c c ar a i s m u ch
' '
b etter . T h e Patac c ara s ar e m en ti one d i n th e M -B h .
( S abha P - . x iii . 5 90 — 1

xxx . 1 1 08 ; V ir ata -P i 1 1 -1 2 ; and ap p ear f r om th e s e con d o f th e s e p a s s

.
,

ag e s to h av e o ccup i e d th e tra c t s outh of t he A p ara -m ats y a s , th at is ,

t h e countr y s outh -w e s t of G wal ior
p r ob ab ly
.

M a d h ya d e éa , t he wh ole of th e Gang e s basin fr om the P anj a b as far

I
-
 3 10 C ANT O L VI I .

No w a lo ng th e nor th er n h a lf of t h e S ahya m o unt ain s th a t

re
g i on, i n w h ich th e r i v er Go d ava r i fl ows , i s a d eli g h t ful
35 on e co m p a r e d e ve n w ith t h e w ho le ea r th ; Go -v a r d ha n a
i s th e ch ar m in g c ity of th e hig h-s ou le d B har g a va r ace .
1
"

e as t a s th e c onfi ne s of B e h ar ; b ut M anu r e s tr ict s it an d d efines i ts li m i ts

‘

t h us (ii . 2 L) — n o r th , th e H i m ala y a s ; s o u th , th e V in d h ya Ran g e ; w e s t,

V ina éan a w hi ch i s w h er e th e R . S ar a s -v a t i p er i s h es in th e d es er t (M - Eh .
,
'
S a ly a -P . x x xv iii . 2 1 1 9 -20 ) an d eas t , P r ayé g a or A lla h ab a d .

’
T h e t ex t S a hya s y a c ottafr e yd s tu. s e em s i ncorr e ct ; th e s e w or d s ca nno t

well g o wi th th e p r e c e d i n g v er s e , f or n o p eop l e n or th of t h e S ah ya M ts .

a n d s out h o f t h e P ar ipz
i tra M ts c ould b e w i t hin M a d h y a -d esa ; a n d t h e y d o .

n ot a gr e e w i th th e f oll o w in g w or d s . T h e V ay u P ur i na . r ead s s a h ya s y a
’
c ottar d r d d he t u, w h i ch I h av e a d o p te d . T h a t P ur an a a g r e e s an d is a li tt le
f ull er N ow al o n g t h e n or th er n h al f of th e S a h ya M ts .
, w h e r e th e r iv er

G od av ar i fl ows , th at r e g ion is a d e li g h t ful on e w i th in th e w h ol e of thi s ear t h .

T hi s p ar a d i s e n am e d G o -v a r d h a na w as b ui lt th e r e by S ur a -r éj a f or t h e s ak e of

R am a
’
s s p ous e ; th e tr e e s a nd h e r b s th er e w er e b r oug h t d o w n f r o m ab ov e by
Ram a s H e m ad e
’
t h e M un i B h ar a d v aj a f or t h e s ak e o f s p o us e . a d e li g h tf ul
”
w oo d e d tr a ct th e pr i v at e p ar t of th e p a l ac e ( a n ta h pur a )
-
( xl v . 1 12
’ ’ '

T h e M ats ya P ur m
z a r ea d s S g hya s yd n a n ta r e c a t te an d is s im i lar , b ut v ar i e s a t

th e s e co n d s en t e n c e , th u s Wh er e f or th e s ak e o f Ram a
’
s s p ou s e the h i l l

n am e d Go -v ar d h ana , M an d ar a , Ga n d ha -m ad ana , tr e e s f r om S v ar g a and

h eav enl y pla nts ( os ha d h'zfli , a cc ) wer e b r oug h t d ow n by th e M uni B h ar a d v aJa .

f or th e s ak e of th e s p ou s e ; h e nce th a t r e g i o n ex cel s i n ow er s , th er ef or e it h as fl
”
b e co m e d el i g h tf ul .
(cxiii . 37 T he Ram a allu d e d to h er e m us t b e

Ram a am a d ag ny a J or P ar a su-Ram a , w h o d w e lt in thi s r egi on ; s ee th e ne x t

n o te .

1
‘
T h e s e p e op l e ar e h er e pl a ce d on th e ea s t s i d e o f t h e S ah y a M t s am ong .

th e s o ur ces of th e G o d av ar i . T h is r eg io n a n d th e count r y w es t of it on th e

o th e r s id e o f th e s e m ounta i n s an d t h e tr ac t no r th w ar d s t o th e N ar m a d a ar e
’
c onn ec te d i n m an y a s t or y wi th B h ri g u , hi s s on C y av an a an d hi s d e s c end ants
R i c ik a , Ja m a d ag ni
’
an d P ar a su-R é m a ( e. g M Eh
.
-
.
, A d i -P . cl xx vi ii . 6 8 02 — 1 0 ;
’
V an a P -
. c xx i and c xxi i wi th S a ta -p a th a B r ah m a n a I V i 5 . .
; V a na -P lx x x ix . .

'
8 36 4 5 ; - cx v . 1 0 1 5 0 -2 S én ti -P . xli x . 1 7 7 8 — 82 ; V a na -P . x ci x . 8 6 8 1 — 2 w i th
S an ti -P ii ) T h e B h ar g av a s w er e h ow e v er n um e r o us
’
. . at. r a ce a nd s pr ea d

i nt o o th e r r e g i ons th ey ar e al s o m en ti on e d o n e of th e eas ter n

p e op les i n
as

v er s e 4 3 b elo w . T h e y h eld a h i g h p os iti on an d a p p ea r to h av e b e en n u m er o us

i ki n g d om at M ahi s h -m ati,
’
i n kin g K ri ta -
v r ya s a nd a f t er h i s d e a th t h e i r
w ea l th , i t i s s ai d , b r o ug ht d o w n on th e m th e h os tility of th e K s h a ttr iya s
G O -v ar d h a n a (m a s c )
’

( Ad i -P . cl x xv iii . 6802 . as a c i ty is not i n th e d i c

ti onar y . I h ave n ot f o und i t all ud e d to el s ewh er e .
 CO U NT RI E S AND RAC E S I N I ND I A . 31 1

*
T he Nor th wes ter n - .
p eop les ar e thes e— T h e V é hl ikas

Vaihltka B é hli ka B a lhi ka i s in th e d i cti onary to b e the m o d er n

’

or . or s a id

B al kh ,
’
an d in L a s s en s m ap to b e th e a n ci e nt B a c tr ian e but th er e w a s
an o th er c ountr y , i f n ot tw o tr ib e s of th i s n a m e , i n th e P an j ab . T he nam e

t
’
i s w r i tt e n t laha or li ka a nd t h er e m ay h av e b e e n a d i s ti n cti on b etwe e n
th e t w o w o r d s, f or b oth ar e m e nti o n e d in th e B his hm a -P . li s t (i x . 35 4 an d

36 l ) . T h e s e w er e n ot un c om m on n a m es , an d th er e w er e t w o p r i nce s called

i hl ik a b etw e en P ar iks hi t
Vz and B h is h m a in th e L un a r D yn as ty , an d th e lat er
'

p r in ce i s s t yl e d a k ing (M -
Eh .
,
A d i -P , x ci v . 37 4 5 , a nd 37 5 0 -5 1 ; an d x cv .

37 9 8 i hl ik as
T h e Va ar e m enti one d twi ce in th e Ram ayana an d ar e

p l ace d i n t h e w es ter n r eg i o n Ki s h k K . . x liii . an d al s o i n th e n or t h er n r eg i on

x li v . A d i s ti nc ti on as b etw ee n t w o p eop le of th i s n am e is al s o

i n d i ca te d b y th e m enti on of t w o in d ep en d ent king s of th e V ah l ika s r ei g nin g

'
c ont e m p o r a n eous ly in t h e M .
- Eh .
( Ad i -P . cl xxx vi . 6 9 92 ; S ab h a-P . x xxi ii . 1 2 66

an d 1 27 2 U d y og a -P . iii . 74 and O ne of t h es e tw o p e op le s w as cl os ely

'
c onn ec te d wit h th e M a d r a s , f or S alya , ki ng of M a d r a, is al s o called l or d of th e
'
V é hl ika s ( A d i -
P . c x iii . 4 4 2 5 -40 ; an d l xvii . and hi s s i s t er M ad r i i s
calle d V si hl ik i als o ( i bi d .
, c xxv . 4 88 6 ) and an a nci ent ep onym ou s ki ng
V é hl ika i s p l a ce d in th e
. s am e Kr od ha -v a fa ga zw w ith th e
. . e p o nym o u s ki n g s

M ad r ak a an d S uv ir a (i bi d .
, l xv i i . 2 69 5 T he o th er p eo p l e of th i s n am e

a pp e ar t o h av e b e n e cl os ely conn ecte d w i th th e D ar a d as w h o w er e a m oun

tain -
tr ib e i n th e n or th of th e P an j ab (s ee n ote to v er s e an d ar e th e
m o d er n D a r d s of D ar d i s tan ; f or an an ci en t ki n g D ar a d a th e V éh l ika is
'
m enti on ed w h o d id n ot b el o ng to th e Kro d h a -
v as a g r oup ( Ad i -
P lxv ii . .

a nd th e V é hl ika s ar e li nk e d w i th th e D ar a d as ( B h is h m a-
P . cxvi i i . 5 48 4 ) an d

are m e nti on e d wi th th e K am b oj a s a nd Y av an as an d oth er ultr a -P an ab j tr ibe s

( D r o na -P . cx x i . 48 1 8 ; s e e al s o S ab h a-P . xxvi . 1 0 31 I f th es e in f er en ces m ay

b e t r us t e d , on e V é hl ika or V éh li ka w a s s i tuat e d in th e p lains of th e P an j ab

a l ong s id e M ad r a -d esa an d v er y p o s s ibly s o u th of it ( s ee Ram é y .

, A y od h -K .

lx x . 1 6 -1 9 , wi th n ote t o M ad r a k a s in v er s e 36 , a n d n o te t o Ka ik ey as i n v er s e

37 ) i . e .
, b e twe en t h e r iv er s C h e nab an d S ut lej and th e o t h e r a m on g t h e l ow er

s l o p es of t h e H im alaya s , v er y p o s s ibly be twe e n th e C h en ab an d B ias . T he

n am e i h lik a
Vz a pp ear s to h av e b een al t e re d in lat er tim e s to B d htka s e em i ngly

r es e m blan ce v a hi s , o ut s i d e , b e c au s e t h e y w er e s h ut out by
by a p un ning to

t h e S ar as -v a t i, Kur u-k s h etr a an d o th e r n atu r al f ea tur e s f r om th e ce n tr al

c o un tr y w hi ch r e m a i ne d tr ue to B r a h m an i s m . T h e p e o pl e of th e P an j ab
'
c olle c t i v ely ca ll e d Ar a ygas B aihfica s , an d th ey an d al l th e tr ib es
w e r e th e n or

b e yo n d w er e s ti gm a ti z e d as i m p ur e an d c o n t e m p ti b l e b y th e ar r o g an t an d

( M ui r S an s k T e xts II 4 82 ,
’

i nt o le r a n t b r a h m a ns of M a d h ya d e sa - s . . . a nd

A rc h S ur v Re pt s
’

lid -E h .
,
K ar na P -
. x li v . 202 6 & c . s ee al s o C unni n g h am s .
. .
, II .

6, 1 9 5, due ) .
31 2 CANT O L V I I .

an d th e V é tad hana s , and th e A bh ir as y l '

the K ala

r
T hi s p eopl ei s m e ntione d in s e v er al p as s ag e s in th e M -E h .
( S ab h a P - . 1 .

18 2 6 ; U d y og a -P ii i 8 6 ; B h is h m a P i x 35 4 ;
. .
- . . an d D r ona -P . xi . an d th ei r
’

n am e app e ar s t o b e d er i v e d fr om an ep o ny m o us ki n g Va ga d hafina , w h o w as of

th e s am e Kr o d ha - va s‘a g r o up as th e ep on ym ou s kin g s of i hlika s , M

th e V a a d r as

an d S a u v ir a s (A d i -
P . l x vi i . 269 5 N o d oubt th er ef or e th e y d w el t al ong

s id e th o s e tr ib e s . T h ei r countr y V éta d h an a was p ar t of th e t err i tor y

’
str e tch ing f r o m P afic a -
na d a t o th e Ga n g es , ov er w hi ch th e h os ts as s em b le d on

t h e K au r av a s
’
s i d e s p r ea d at th e b e ginnin g of th e gr e at w ar ( y g P
U d o a -
. x v iii .

59 6 an d i t w a s i n th e w es ter n r eg i o n ( S abh a P ~
. x x xi . 1 1 90 F r om
t he s e d at a i t m ay b e i nf e r r e d th a t t h e v atad h an as inh ab ite d th e c ount r y o n

th e e as t s id e of th e S utl e j , s outh w ar d f r om F e r o z p ur . M a nn d ecl ar es a

V i tad h én a t o b e th e o fi s p ri n g of an out ca s t e b r ah m an an d a b ra h m an
w om an (x . bu t th at i s no d oub t an e x pr e s s ion of th e s am e arr og a nce

w h i ch i n later tim e s s ti g m a ti ze d a ll the P a nj a b r a ce s as o utc as tes ( as

me n ti o ne d i n th e l as t n ot e ) f or V éta d h én a d vij as
, w er e am o ng th e p e op le
wh o m N akul a con qu er ed (S ab h a P xx xi 1 1 9 0
-
. . T h e V ay u P ur ana. r ead s
V é d h ad h ana s ( xl v . 1 1 5) e r r o n e o us ly .

f T h ey w er e an ab or i g inal tr ib e an d ar e call e d m l ec
’
c
’
h as an d d a s y us .

( M -B h
,V an a -
P
. . clx x x vi ii . 1 2 8 38 -40 ; an d M a n s al a -P . v ii . 2 2 2 , &c .
) T h ey w er e
sc a tt er e d o v er v ar i ous tr a cts an d g ain e d th e ir li v el ih o od in v ar i ou s w ay s .

T h r e e d iv i s i on s of th em ar e m en ti on e d 1n th e M E h .
( S ab h a P . x xxi .

thos e w h o d w el t al on g th e r i v er S ar as v ati, th o s e w h o li v e d b y fis h i ng , and

th os e w h o i n h ab ite d th e m o un t a i n s .T h e fir s t g r oup occup i e d th e n or th

of
p or ti on th e d e s er t as f ar e as t a s V in a éan a o n th a t r i v er , f or i t i s s ai d t h e
riv er p eri s h e d th er e b ecau s e of h e r h a tr e d of
’
t h em (S aly a -P . x x xvi ii 2 1 19
(M a
'
an d a s f ar w e s t as P a fic a -n a d a ns ala - P . vi i . 2 20 — 24 2 ; an d v u1 . 2 70
w h er e P a fic
’
j
a - an a i s p r ob a bl y a m i s tak e f or P a fic ’ a -n a d a
) t h i s g r oup is
'
pr ob ab ly th e t r i b e O f Ab h ir as m enti o ne d in B h i s h m a -P i x 35 4 , a nd Ram ay , . .
.

Ki s hk K xlii i 1 9
. . . . T he s econ d g r ou p m u s t n o d o ub t m ea n th os e w h o liv e d
b y th e s ea a n d n o t s i m ply on r iv er s , h en c e i t w oul d h av e i nh ab i t e d th e co a s t

a l o ng t h e Ra nn of K a ch h an d th e d e l ta of th e I n d us ; an d it i s no d o ub t t h e
Abh ir a s m enti o n e d i n K i s h k K
'
tr ib e of . . xlii i . 5 . T he c o nt ex t i n d i c at e s t h a t
th e t hi r d gr o up w er e th e m ountain eer s o f th e Ar av all i Rang e a n d th e h ill s
o f M alw a ; b ut th er e w a s an o th e r s e cti o n o f th i s g r oup wh i ch ap p ear s t o
h av e o ccup i e d t h e h i lly tr a c ts i n th e n or th or w e s t of th e P an ab f or i t i s
,
j
cla s s e d wi th th e D at a d a s and K fism ir a s ( B h is h m a-P . ix . 37 5 ; an d s ee no t e
to v er s e a nd w ith th e P ar a d e s ( S a b h i
z -
P l 1 8 32 . .
an d s e e n ote to v er s e

w i th th e S ud r as in th es e th r ee r ou i n s
’
T h e Abh ir a s w er e cl o s e ly conn ecte d
g p g
1 192 an d n ot e t o ne x t v er s e )
( S ab h a P -
. xxxi . s ee T h e d e s cen d a nt s of a ll
.

th e m o d e r n A hi r s w h o
’
t h e s e Abh ir as ar e ar e s ca tt er e d w i d e ly ov e r H ind us ta n
 CO UNT RI E S AND m os s I N NO RT H I NDI A. 31 3

36 toyak as , m 1
and th e Ap ar an tas , 1 and th e S fid ras , I
’
th e

p r op er Ano th er b od y of [£s
. w a s found in th e D ekhan ( s ee v er s e
T h e Kbh ir as are s ai d in th e Ha r i -V axii éa to h av e b een d om i na ted b th e
y
D aityas and D énavas in anci ent ti m es , and to hav e b e en th e ch ief inh abitants
of th e country fr om the Jum na to th e p enins ul a of Guj ar at ( xciv 5 1 42 .

So als o in th e M ats ya P uri na ( cxiii T hi s wor d i s wr i tten Kd laj os haka .

i n th e M . Bh
-
.
( B h is h m a-R
, ix . b u t I h av e not f ound ei ther nam e els e
w h er e
’
P os s i ble reading s m i gh t b e d ft
’ ’
. B a l a - ar tik j or B al a- ka thi kd lx . T he
f or mer , h ow ev er , s eem s inap pr op r ia te
‘

t h e J a r tt ka s ar e th e s am e as th e B ah i ka s
( Kar na -P . xli v . 2 0 33 Ar ch S ur v
. . Rep t e ,
, II . 13 and 1 9 5 ) w ho ar e n o ti ced

i n th e n ot e to V i hlikas (p ag e T he B ai las and Kd thi s w oul d b e a

p r ef er ab le r ead ing T h e B i las , acc or d in g to C unni ngh am , occup i ed th e

. n orth er n

p or tion of S in d h and wer e o us te d f r o m th er e ab o ut th e m id d le of th e s even th

c entur y AD . an d m ov e d s outh -east . T h e Kathi e (t he Kathaei of t h e Gr ee k

Writers ), ac cor d in
g t o th e s am e a uth ori ty occ up ie d th e Rechne D oab b etween
th e C h enab and Ravi r iv er s an d p r o bab ly th e north er n p or ti on of
al s o

S i nd h ; th ey h ave r etained th e f or m er t er r i tory, but th os e wh o h e ld th e

l atter wer e d r i v en f rom i t ab out th e m id dl e of th e s e vent h cen tur y AD .

an d s ettl ed i n t he p eni nsula Guj ar at wh er e th ey hav e gi v en th e

of na m e

Kathi aw ér t o a di s tr i ct ( Ar ch S ur v Rep ts , I I 33 . . .

1 Ap ar d n ta m eans li vi ng at th e w e s t er n b or d er . A p eople of thi s n am e

i s m en ti on e d in th e M . Eh
-
.
( B hi s h m a P
-
,
ix . and allus ion i s oft e n m ad e t o

7 8 8 5 -6 S énti -P
’
Ap a r d n ta an d th e Ap a/rctntas
. V an a P -
.
, cc xv ii . an d .
, xli x .

1 7 80 b ut th e w or d , th oug h i t n o d o ub t d es i g na tes a maple livin g i n th e ex

tr em e we s t , ye t seem s to h av e a g en er al m e ani ng in m os t p as sag es ( s ee v er s e

5 2 b el o w) , and th o se p as s ag e s whi ch us e i t in a r e st ri cte d s en s e d o n ot a gr ee
t h us Ap ar d n ta is s tate d to b e a co un tr y in th e m i d d l e of th e s ea ( Rag h u V
- .
,

i v 58 ,
. c om m en tar y yet th e Ap ar aintikas i n can to lviii , ver s e 34 ar e p laced
) ,
.

tail, that i s , nor th of Sin d h u and S auvir a whi ch ar e p la ce d b y

’
i n th e tortoi s e s

v er s e 30 in th e ri gh t hind f oot . C unnin g h am , f r om th e s p o ts w h er e j ud ging

c oin s h av e b e en foun d , was incli n e d to l o cat e th e m in Nor th er n S in d h a n d p ar ts

of W e s t Raj putana (Ar ch S ur v . . R ep ts , X I V 1 36 , 1 37 ) wh ich will

. s ati s fy c anto

lviii .
,
v er s e T h e V éyu P ur i na r e a d s Ap ar ftas in s tead ( xlv 1 1 5 ) w hi c h
84 . .

s eem s err on eous T h e Rém éya n a m e nti on s s im p ly th e Ap am s

. Ki s hk -K , .

xliii . T he M atsya P ur i na r e ad s P u r a n d hr a s ( cxiii . 40 ) err one o us l y .

'
it T h e S ft d r aa are
’
of ten link e d tog eth e r w i th th e A bhfra s (M .
-Eh .
, S ab h a-P .
,

7 98 ;
’
xx xi . 1 192 ; B h is hm a- R , ix . 37 5 D r o na -P , xx. S alya-P .
, xxxv iii .
'
21 19 T h ey a pp e ar to hav e b e en con s i d er ed d a s yus ( S anti -P .
, cl xx i .
’ '
6 37 2 , an d cl xxiii . 6 446) an d m le c c ha s (V ane -R , cl xxxviii . 1 2 838 —4 0
'
w h er e S flm ’
s eem s a m i s take f or S ad ra ) ye t th eir wom en ar e al lud e d to i n

ra th er f av our able term s ( S abh é -P .

, l . T hey were di vi d ed into the s am e

40
31 4 CANT O L VI I .

P all av as fi "
C
’
a rm a khand ik as , f Gand hér as gt and Geh e las , §

th r ee g roup s as th e Abh ir as , vi z .
, m en of the plains , m en of th e s ea -co as t, and
m en of th e hills ( S abh aP - .
, xx xi . inhabi tin g m uch th e s am e r egions

( s e e n o te t o Kb h ir a s i n v er s e 35 ; f or S s/ ms in Ram ay
’
, Ki s hk -K
. .
, x lii i . 19
'
r e ad b ably S Ltd r a s ) , h ence it woul d s e em th e s e two p eop le wer e con s id er ab ly
pr o .

i nter m i xed and w ere p rob ab ly cl os ely conn ecte d a b or iginal r aces O ne .

g r oup of th e S i riu s w a s known to th e Gre ek s as S u d r a kae, and i s p l ace d by

C unnin gham in t h e m id d l e of th e tri an gl e of th e P an j ab ( An c . Ge og , I .

2 1 4- 2 1 8 ; Ar ch S ur v Rep t s , I I
and . . , .

T hi s i s no d oub t a mi s take f or P a hlavas , whi ch t h e V éyu P ur i na r e ad s

(xlv .1 1 5 ) and whi c h o ccur s in cant o l viii , v er s e 30 ; th oug h P al l avas are .

m e ntione d in th e M .
-
Eh .
( V ana-R i
, li . T h e P ahlavas ar e un d e rs to od

to b e th e P ehlcwi or an ci ent P er si ans T w o p eopl e of thi s na m e ar e m entio ne d

.

i n t h e B h ish m a -P . li s t (ix . 35 5 a n d b ut th er e app ear t o b e no d ata to

m ak e a d i s tin cti on as th e allus i ons t o th e P ahl av as ar e g ener al ly v ague,
unl es s it be s upp os e d th er e w as a P a hl av a colony i n th e Panj ab ; a n d this
s upp o si ti on would s u it t hi s v er s e , f or th e P ers ia ns w e re alt og eth er outs id e

I n d ia . T h e Har i -V arhéa s ays King S aga ra d e feate d a g r e at c onf e d er ati on of

P ahl ava s an d o th er p e ople , ab r og a t e d th eir l aws , d eg r a d ed th em an d m ad e

t h em w ear b ear d s (xiii 7 68 —4 . and x iv . 775 b ut t hi s seem s a l a te f ab le ,

on a p ar wi th th e ir b e in g call ed d a s yu s (i d .
, cxv . 6 44 0 T h e Ram ay a na
h as an ab s ur d fabl e ab out th e cr eati on of th e P ahla v as and o th er f or e ig n

races b y V a sis h tha ( Ad i -

K , lv . 1 8— 20 ; an d l vi 2 —3) . w h en conten d in g wi th
'
V is i vz -m i tr a h e m ad e hi s co w cr eate P ahl avas . S akas , Y avanas , &c .
, and

V iéva-m i tr a d es tr oyed th em all in s u c ce s s i on .

i n th e B h i s h m
’
1 Or C
'
z a la s as
arm a -m a z d a -P . li s t ( i x 35 5 ) whi ch thi s P ur i na
.

h a s f oll owe d cl os ely in e num er atin g thi s gr oup of r aces . T h e V éyu, h ow ever ,
r e ad s th e s am e as in th e text (xlv . I h av e n ot f oun d an
y o f th e se
nam e s els ew h er e ; b ut th e nam e s ugg e s ts i d entificat ion with S am ar ka nd .

’
T he M at sy a P ur i n a. r ead s A tta-kha nd ikas or C 'd tta-kha zudika s ( cxiii . 40 ) whi ch
app ear to b e err oneous .
’

I Gd n d har c was th e wh ole of t h e l o wer b as in Of th e K ab ul r iv er , (Ar ch .

S ur v Rep ta , I I 1 5 , an d m ap to p
. . I t was a f am o us countr y in anc ie nt .

tim e s , i t s king s r anke d with th e hi g h es t I n di an S overe i g n s , and it s p r in ces s es

m arri e d into th e n o bl es t r oyal
T he p as s ag e s in wh ich th e Gan f am ili e s . .

’
ah i r as ar e p r on oun ce d b a d and i m p ur e S anti -P , l xv 2 4 2 9 - 31 an d c cvii . .
.

7 5 6 0- 1 an d Ka ma P xli v 2 07 0 ) b e tr ay th e inter p olate d s entim ents o f a later

-
. .

S ans k T exts , I I
’
ag e (M uir s . .

§ T hi s is no t in th e d i cti onary . T h e V fiyu P ur i na r e ad s Ya vana s ins tead

( xlv . and s o al s o th e M ats ya ( c x 11 1 . th is w or d i s s upp o s ed t o h ave
d en oted the Gr eek s or ig inally, b ut th e Y avanas a pp ear to have b een known
 31 5
‘

CO UNT RI E S AND RACE S I N NO RT H I NDI A .

37 th e S i nd hus , * S auv ir as d ‘
a nd M ad r ak as , ¢ an d the

i n I nd ia long b ef or e Alexan d e r T h e B h is h m a-P lis t m enti ons the

’
s tim e . .

Gi f t-ga hvar as in thi s r e gi o n ( ix .

P r im ar ily S i/nd ha m eant t h e countr y al o ng th e I n d us , b ut it h a s g en er ally

d en o t ed th e l ower p or ti on of t h at c oun tr y, th at i s , t h e m od er n S in d h m or e or

les s clo s ely . I t is p laced b y can t o l v iii 30 i n th e T or to is e r ig ht h i nd

’
.
, v er s e s

f oot , an d it s tr et ch e d d own t o th e p enins ula of K ath iaw ér w hi c h i s calle d th e

t er r itor y of S i nd h u -Raj a i n th e H ar i -V arh éa ( c xi v . 6 40 7— 1 2 ) T h e Sin d h us

ar e m en tione d f r e que ntly in th e M .
- Eh .
, a nd ar e n a m e d twi ce i n th e B h i s h m a

P li s t , fir s t i n
. c onne x i o n wi th th e P ulin d as (i x . and a g ai n in c o n unc j
ti on wi th th e S a uv ir as (i x . b ut t h er e d o not ap p ear to b e a ny o th er

p as s ag es w hi ch t en d to sh ew a d ivi s ion . S ind h u h a d a w ell -known b r ee d of

h or s es ( D r ona -
R, xx iii .

T h e S a uv ir as cl ai m e d d e s ce n t f r om an e p onym ous ki ng S u vtm of th e

’
s am e K ro d h a -va sa g r ou p as th e M a d r as and V ah l ikas (M .
- Eh .
,
Ad i -P .
, l x vi i .

2 69 5— 6 ) b ut th e g e neal ogy of S uv ir a i n th e H ar i-V arh éa ( xx x i . 1 6 7 9 ) i s f an ci

f ul . S a uv i r a wa s clos ely co nn ec ted w i th S in d h u , f or th e tw o ar e o f t en

c o upl e d t og e th er , a nd Jay a d -r a th a k ing of S i n d h u w as al s o l or d of S auv ir a

a nd th e S a uvi r as , a nd is s ty led S ai nd h av a an d S uv ir a i nd iff er e ntly ( V a na
P .
, c cl xii i . 1 5 5 7 6— 8 1 c cl x vi . 1 56 1 8 an d 1 56 35- 7 ; an d c cl x vii . 1 5 6 39
C unn i ng h am i d en ti fies S a uv ir a w i th th e coun tr y b e tw ee n th e I nd u s an d

J h e l a m , th a t i s , t h e S i n d h - S ag a! D oab ( A r ch S ur v Rep ts II 4— 6 , 1 4
“
. . .
, .

w ith th e p o s i ti on as s i g ne d
’
an d 2 3) th a t h ar d ly ag r e e s t o i t i n th e T o r to i s e s

r ig h t h i nd f e e t , b u t th e c oll oca ti on o f r a c e s i n th a t r eg ion is r a t h er c on f u s e d .

M ay w e s up p o s e th at S a uv ir a w a s r a t h er th e nam e of th e p eop le w h ile

S i n d h u m or e p r op er l y d e n o te d th e ter r i tor y T he S au v ir a s m i g h t th e n

h av e i nh ab i t e d th e n or th er n p a r t of S i n d h u , an d S a u v ir a w o uld h av e b e e n .

th a t p o r t i o n o nly of th e l ar g er are a . T h i s th eor y s ee m s to s ati s fy th e

g e ner a lly
c o nd i ti O n s .

A l ong wi th th e S a uvir a s an d S ai n d h av a s t h e K ar m a P uri na m ention s

'

) th e H unas ( o r
’
0
“
K tm ) th e M alya s ( S él va s ) , th e i n h a b i
( xlvi i 4 .
as , or

tan ts of B aly a ( or F or th e Hd nas , s ee n o te to c an t o lvi ii .

, v er s e 45

f o r th eS a lc a s , M d lya
’ ’
Kano . s e e m s er r on e o us s e e c ant o lv iii . v er s e 6 s e em s

e r r on eo us B d lyd an d Ka lp a . s e em u ni d e nt ifiab l e .

T h e M a d/ ms M ai d/ ms c lai m e d d e s cen t f r om an ep on ym ou s ki ng
j: or

M a d r ak a of th e s am e Kr od h a -v asa g r o up as th e S auv ir a s an d V éh l ika s

Eh Kd i -P lx vn 2 6 9 5 - 6 a nd s e e no t e o n b ut hi s g en e alogy
(M .
- .
,
.
,
. p ag e
i n th e H ar i -Vash sa (x xx i . 1 67 9 ) s e em s f a nc if ul . C unn i ng h a m p l ace s M ad r a

b e t w e e n th e J h e lam a nd Ra vi r i v er s , th a t i s , i n t h e C h e j a nd Rech na D o ab s

(A r c hS ur v Re p te , I I 4 , 8 , 1 4 an d
. y e t h e a l s o s a ys i t i s th e countr y
. , .

J
b e tween th e h elam and B i as , or b e tw een th e C h e nab and B ias ( i bi d , .
31 6 CANT O L vn .

th e Kaling as ,
’ *
p eop le w ho d w ell along t he S ata d r u, f
’

b ut i t coul d h ar d ly h av e co m p ri s ed m uch of th e C h e j D oab f or th e K aikeya s

o cc up i ed th e g r ea ter p ar t of th at ( s ee n o te to n e x t v er s e ) . T he c ap i tal of
'' '
M a d r a w a s S a ka la .
( S ab h iz -
P .
, x xxi . 1 1 9 7 ) w h ich C unnin g h am h as id entified
w i th t h e m o d er n S ang al a, on th e R A p ag a w hi ch i s th e m o d er n A yak
.
( A r ch
S ur v . Rep ta , I I . 1 9 5— 6 an d Kar ua -P .
, xli v . T he R . I r évat i flowed
th r o ug h M a d r a -d e sa , b ut n ear th e eas ter n b or d er (i bi d .
, 2 038 -4 1 an d M at s ya
P ur f ma cx iv . 7 an d 15 M ad r a th en w a s th e coun tr y ar o un d S ang a la ,
w i th th e tr ac ts on ei th er s i d e w at er e d b y th e C h en ab an d Ra vi . I t w as a

T h e w ei r d s tor y told a b ou t ki ng V yu s hi t é sva

’
f a m o u s ki ng d om . s q u e en
’

( Ad i -R , c xxi 4 6 9 5— 47 1 4 ) n o d oub t m e an s h er s on s b ecam e M ad r a s

. an d d id
no t or i gi na t e th e M a d r as . I n l ater ti m e s th e b r ah m an s of H in d u s tan p r o
a
’
n o un ce d th e M a d r as , l ik e th e Gan d h ar as , b as e a nd i m pur e ( S nti -
P .
, eev n.

7 5 59 6 1 —
and H ar i - V .
,
x iv . 7 84 ) s ee e s p eci ally K ar na -P .
, xli v . 2 0 33 -5 3 , w h er e

th e M a d r a s ar e ab u s ed in g o od s et te r m s . T h e V ay u P ur ana r ea d s B ha d r a kas
e r r on eou s ly (xl v .

it T h a t i s , th e S utl e j , S a ta d r u -j B ut th i s i yu
m i s ta ken , f or t h e Vz
’
a. s ee m s
'
P ur i na Hr a d as
’
r e ad s S a kas and (x l v . 1 1 6) and th e M ats y a S a ka s and D r uh

(
’
f
y as c xiii . T h e S a k a s , th er ef or e, ar e n o d o ub t o ne of th e p eop le m eant

(s e e no te t o can to l v iii .
,
v er s e H ra d a s eem s er r on eou s . T he D r uh ya s
m ay b e co nnec te d wi th é ’
Y ay ti s s on D r uh yu w h o wa s kin g of th e We s t ,
( H ar i V
- . xx . 1 6 04 an d b ut I h av e n ot m e t wi th th em e l s ew h er e .

1 T hi s s e em s er r one ou s . T h e s e p eo p le ar e m enti one d i n v ers e 46 , an d th er e

s e em s to be no g roun d f or thi nki ng K alin g a s liv e d i n N or th I n d ia ; y et
a ny

K alin g a s ar e m en t i o n e d i n s uch a c onn e xi on ( B h i s h m a - R i x 37 6 ; a nd l x xi , . .

3 1 32 an d s ee no t e t o A r k a li ng a s i n v er s e an d a t own Ka li n g a -n aga r a i s m e n f

ti on e d in th e Ram ay . on t h e w e st of th e Go —m ati an d no t f a r f r om i t ( A yod h .

K .
,
l xx iii . 1 4, A t r i be ca ll e d Ku li n ga s i s all u d e d to ( D r o n a -R , cxxi .

T h e v ay u P ar ana r e ad s Ka li n d a s i n s tead ( xl v . w hi ch i s no d oubt

r ig h t . C unn i n g h am s a ys th e K uli n d a s or K uni nd a s ar e th e m o d ern Kun ets

wh o o ccup y K ullu an d t h e S im l a h ill s an d th e s l op es b el o w , a l on g b o th s i d es

of th e S utl e j (Ar ch . S ur v Rep te . .

, XIV 1 1 6 . and 125 T h e Kul ind a s ex

t en d e d f ur th er ea s t al ong th e s outh er n s l op es of th e H im ala yas as f ar as

Nep al , f or th ey w e r e t h e fir s t na ti on w h i ch Ar un a j conq u er e d in h is N orth

w ar d m ar ch fr o m I n d r a -p r as th a ( S abh a P - .
, x xv . an d th ey als o o ccup i e d

th e hi ll s nor th of M an d ar a, th a t i s , t h e A l m or a h ill s (id .

, li 1 8 5 8 - 9 ;
. and

no te i“ p ag e 2 8 7 a b ov e) i nd eed
to th e n a m e app ea r s t o h av e com pr i s e d a

c o n s id e ra b l e b o d y o f h ill t r ib e s , f or all th e countr i es of Kul in d a ar e s p oken

of ( V an a - P cl xxvi i .

T h e M at s ya P ur éna r ea d s P uli nd a s ( cx iii . T h e P nlin d a s w er e a ru d e

tr i b e i nh ab i ting t h e H im al ayas and i nter m i xe d wi th Kir étas and T an g e ne s

 CO U NT RI E S AND RACE S I N NO RT H I NDI A. 31 7

th e Par ad e s , ”
l
t he H é ra -bh fis h ikas , + the M atharas , t
and the B ah u-bh ad r as , § th e K ai keyas , “ th e D ata-m ali

( V an a-P .
, c xl . 1 08 63-5 ; an d D r o na -P c xx i . 4 8 46— 7 and s ee notes to v erses
'
40 and 41 ) th ey we r e con s i d er ed m l e c ’c h as ( V ans R , clxxxviii
- .

and ar e d eclar ed to h av e b ec o m e d eg r a d e d becaus e of th e extinction of

s acr ed r i te s , &c (Anus as -P , l vi i 2 1 0 3,

. . . . T h er e was another b od y
of Pulind as i n C entr al I nd ia ( S abh a-P .
,
x x v iii . 1 06 8 ; and xxx. 1 1 20 and
'
S énti -P .
, eev n.

i" T h e P ér ad a s ar e gener ally m entione d wi th hill trib es ( S abh é-P , l . . 1 832 ; H .

1 8 69 ; and D r ona -R , cxxi . T h ey a pp ear to h ave b een a hill tr ibe

like th e Kali nd as an d T a ng a n as ( s ee n o te to v er s e 4 1 b elow) and to h av e
d w elt in th e wes t er n p or tio n of th e H i m al ay as ( S a bh é-P , li 1 8 5 8 . . th ough
th ey ar e p l ac ed in th e tor toi s e s r i gh t hi nd f oot by canto l viii
’
.
, v ers e 81 ;
th e r ac es pla ce d th er e , how e ver , ar e s tr ang ely co nf us ed M ann . s ays th ey
w er e Ksh attr iyas an d b ecam e d eg r a d ed b ecaus e of th e e xtincti on o f s acr ed

r i tes , &c .
(x . 43 an d t h e H ari -V a msa k ing S agar a d eg rad ed th em
s ay s

and or d er ed th em t o w e ar l ong h air (xi i i 7 6 3— 4 ; and xiv 77 5

. and th e
y .

'
w er e m lec
’
c h as and d as yus (i d .
, c xv . 6 44 0 T h e V éyu Pur sue. r ead s

P ar i tas i ns tead (xlv .

1 T hi s i s not in th e d i cti onar y . T he V z i y u P ur i na r ead s Hd m -p zir tkasr

( xlv H d r a -m ir tt ka s (cxiii
'

i ns tea d . and th e M a ts ya . 41) but I h av e

not foun d any of th e s e n am e s e l s ew h er e . Sh o uld th e r ead ing be Hei r s .

M ana ma T h e H ar e -h unas ar e m e nti one d in th e M . Eh

- .
, as a p eop le out s id e

I nd i a on th e w e s t (S abh a-P .
,
xxx i . 1 1 9 4 ; l 1 8 44 ; . a nd Va na -P .
, li .

xT h e V éyu P ur i na r ea d s Ram a ta s in s te ad ( xlv . and th e M atsya

(cxiii and th e K ur m a m en ti ons p eo p l e calle d

Rd m atha s . a Rem us (xlvii ,

d o ub t , b e Ra m a fas , Ra m a n
’

41) T h e r ead ing s h oul d ,

no or B am ag‘has they
w er e west er n p e ople m en tion e d in th e M -E h ( S abb a
a t h , xxxi 1 1 9 5 ; V an a . . .

P li 1 9 9 1 and S i nai -R , l xv T h e Ra m a ya s ( B h is hm a-R , ix 374 ) m a

y
.
. .
,
,

b e th e s am e p eople . T h er e are , h owever , no s uffici ent d ata to i d entify any

of th em .

T he i yu Pur i na r ead s Ra d d ha -ka ta kas ins te a d ( xlv . th e M . Eh

-
.

m entions th e B d hu-bd d has (B hi s hm a R , i x 36 2 ) and th e B d la bha d r a e ( Kar ma-P

- .
.

a r ea d s Ka w
'

an d th e M atsya P ur i n a kaxr a s ( c xii i but none of

vi .
.

s eem s s a ti s f actory and I hav e n ot m et any o f t h em el s ewh er e

th es e .

T h es e p e ople w er e c all e d Keka ya s , Ka i ka y aa and Ka/ikeya s . An ep ony

m ous an ces tor K ai keya i s a s s i g ne d t o t h em b y t h e H ar L V arh éa (xxxi .

b ut hi s genealogy s eem s f an cif ul T h e y w er e . a p ow erf ul and fam ous n ation,

an d w er e n ot e d b ow m e n ( S a b h é -
P , iv 1 2 6 ; . . an d V ane -R , ccl xvn .

T h ey i nh abit ed th e Panj ab an d ap p e ar to h av e j o i ne d t he M ad ra s , for th e two

are s om etim es couple d togeth er ( S ab h é -P .

, li 1 87 0
. an d D r ona-R , xx . and
 31 8 CANT O L V I I .

38 k as fi“ and th e s ettl em ents 1 Of Ks h attr iyas , an d the fam i

li es S ud r as
’
Of V a i syas an d .
I
T he K am b oj as , § an d th e D ar a d a s , ” an d the

can to lvi i i b oth in t e tor toi s e s lef t s id e (v er s e s 4 2

’
.
p l ac e s t h em h and T h eir
c ap i t al wa s R aij a -g r i ha
( Ram éy .
,
Ad i K , l xxi x 3 5- 44 )
-
. . or Gt'r i -vr aj a (i d .
, Ayod h .

K .
, lxxi 1 ; . an d l xxi iL as s en p l aces th e K aikeya s b e tween th e Ravi an d
.

B i as r i ver s . C un ni n gh am , h ow ev er , d i s s e n t s an d p laces th em on th e line of

th e Jh elam , w es t of t h e B ah ikas , an d p r e p os e s to id e ntif y Gir i -vr aj a wi th
Girj ék , whi ch w as th e an ci ent na m e o f J alalpur on th at r i ver ( Ar ch . S ur v .

Rep ta , I I . 1 4) an d thi s ag r e es wi th th e R am éy .
(A y o d h K . .
, l xx 1 6 .

T h es e p eop l e ar e m e nt i o n e d i n t h e M .
-
Eh .
( B h is h m a -
R , ix . 37 4 ) T he
V ayu P ur ana r ead s D a f a m d m kas ( xlv 1 17) D oe s th e w or d m e a n
’

-
. th e t e n
t rib es of M alikas P T h e M d li kas m ay p er h ap s b e id entifie d wi t h th e M a ui
'
Rep ta , I I 37 T h e M ats ya P ur ana
’

( A r ch . S ur v . . r ea d s D a sa -n ax m a ka s

(cxiii . wh i ch s e em s m i s tak en .

1 Up
‘
a -n i -oes a
, a w cr d n ot i n th e d icti ona ry . It s e em s to be s yn onym ous

w ith fa
n i -c es wh i ch a pp ear s to b e th e w or d m ea nt in th e cor r es p on d ing p a s s ag e
’
i yon i vetd s
’ ’

i n t h e B h is h m P li s t ( i xs 37 4 , ks ha ttm y c
' ’
b ut ks hattr i y op a ni ves a f
’

a- . c a

' ’
c a. w o ul d b e p r ef e r ab l e ) . Ni -v e s a is used e l s e w h ere in th e M .
-Eh . Sa
b h a-P .
, x i ii . 615 an d x i x . an d in th e nann
y .
( Kis hk -K . x li i i . a nd

a p p ear s to d en ote a m ilit ar y c ol ony or s ettl em ent in a f or e i gn co un tr y .

'’
T h at i s , S i i d r a s a s a cas te , an d not a s a r ace ; th ey h av e b een
I as a r ace

m en ti on ed i n v er s e 36 .

T h e Kam b oj a s wer e i n th e e xt r e m e nor th of th e P an j ab b eyond t he

I n d us , an d w er e cla s s e d w i th th e D ar a d as ( S ab h a-P .
, x xvi . wi th Y av an a s
’
a nd
'
S a k a s ( U d yo g a- P .
, x v iii . and w ith C in as ( B h is h m a -R ,
ix .

T h eir c oun tr y w a s f a m ous f or i ts l ar g e an d fleet b r e ed of h or s es wh i ch ar e

o f te n m enti on e d ( S ab h a P - .
, l 1 8 2 4 ; B hi s h m a
. l xxi . 3 1 31 D r ona -R , x x iii .

9 72 ; c x xi . 4 8 3 1 -2 — a ls o Ram ay .
,
Ad i - K .
, vi . 24 ; an d S un d ar -K . .
, x1 1 .

36 -an d Ra g h u V , i v . . L as s e n p la c e s K am b o j a d o ub tf ully s outh of

Kas h g ar an d eas t of th e m o d er n K a fir i s tan ( I nd . Alt .

, m ap ) . T h ey
b y l an g u ( M uir T e x ts , I I
’
S an s k
'
w er e Ar yan s ag e s . . 36 8 M a nn s ay s (x .

43— 44 ) th ey w ere K s h attr iyas an d b ecam e d e g r a d e d thr o ug h t he e xt in cti on

'
( V an a
’
of s ac r e d r i t e s , &c . t h ey ar e c all e d m lec c h as -
P .
, c l xx xv ii i . 1 2 8 38—4 0)
T h e H ar i -V amsa
'
a n d s ai d t o h av e ev il c us t o m s ( S anti P -
.
, c cv ii . 7 5 60

s ay s th ey wer e d eg r a d e d b y K ing S a g ar a a nd or d e r e d to s h av e th e w h ole of

h ea d like th e Y a v an as (xii i 7 6 3 4 an d x iv 775 T he a ey h as

—
th e . .
.

rd
’

a n ab s u f ab l e ab out th eir o r i g in ( Ad i K lv i 2 . .
; see p a g e 3 1 4 n o te
D ar ad a i s th e m o d er n D ar di s ta n, th e co un t ry nor th of G an d h ér a, and

n or th -w e s t of Kasm ir . T h is r egi on s ati s fie s all th e a l lus i on s to t h e D ar ad a s .

T hey wer e a hill p eople ( D r on R,

a-
0 xxi 4 8 35 - 7 a nd 4 8 4 6 — 7 ; nei h b our s
g
.
 C O U NT RI E S AND RACE S NO RT H or I ND I A . 31 9

39 V arv ar as , *
th e Har s h av ar d h anas fl '
an d th e C th e

the Ki smiras Ki m boj as ( S abh

’
of (id .
, lxx . of th e iz - P .
, xxvi .

th ey fough t
’
and of th e C in as and T us h ér a s (V an a R , - cl xxv u . 1 2 350 )
lar g ely wi th s te m s and w er e ski ll e d in s l inging s tones ( D r on a -
R, cxxi . 4835
M an n s ay s th ey w er e Ksh at tr iyas an d beca m e d e g r a d e d b ecaus e of the
e xtinction o f s acr e d r it es , (t o . (x . 43 an d 44 ) and like th e P ar a d es and other s

(
’
th ey wer e con s i d er e d m l ec c
’
h as a nd d as yu s H ar i -V .
, cxv . 6 440

T h i s w or d is al s o wri tten B arr e ra an d B ar bar a , an d of te n m eans any b ar

b arous race . T h e V ar var as g en er a lly m enti on ed in co n j uncti on wi th th e
ar e

S a b ha P , xxxi 9 9 ; V ane R , ocliii 1 5 5 ; S an ti -P , ccvii

’
S akas or Y av an as - 1 1 .
- 2 .4 . . .

7 5 60 -6 1 8m ) ; an d fr om th es e allu s i ons it app ears th ey w er e m a i nly a w es t

e r n or nor th -w e s t ern r a ce ; b ut V arv ar as we r e als o t o b e f oun d in the eas t or

nor th -ea st Of I nd i a (S abh é - P .

, xx i x . an d s eem in g ly al s o in the s outh
'
(V ( S ti
’
ana - P .
, li 1 9 8 9 ) like th e S av ar a s
. n ti -P . , lxv . T he n am e no d o ub t
r ep r e s ent s th e r o ll in g of th e le tt er 1 or r oug h and unkn o wn sp eech ; hence i t
w ould b e appli e d to v ar i ous r ud e tr ib e s .

1' T hi s is n ot in t h e d ictionar y . T h e V ayu Pur i na r e ad s P r i yw lauki kas in

s te ad ( xlv . b ut I h ave no t f o un d ei th er w ord els ew h er e . C anto l viii

m entio ns c er tai n B hoga -p r as thas (v er s e 4 2 ) i n th e n or th . A ll th es e nam es
s e em s ug g es ti v e , an d m ay p er h ap s b e e q ui v alent s of Uts aoa -s an hetu (peop le
wh o hav e n o m a rr i ag e and p r ac ti s e p r om i s cuous inter cour s e, u ts aoa. m ean ing

affe ction, and s a n hetu, a g es t ur e O f i nv i ta tion ) a maple m en ti one d in th e M .

Eh . in th e n or th am ong th e hi ll s ( S ab hé P , -
. xxv i . 1 025) an d west (i d .
, xxxi .

1 1 91 ) th ough al s o i n th e s outh ( B h is h m a R -
, ix . 36 8) an d th e Ragh u-V .
,

pl aces th em in th e H im al ayas (i v . T hi s d er iv ation of U ts a v a-s aukete i s

g i v en i n a no t e t o th e com m e ntar y o n Ra gh u -V .
, iv 7 7 . .

'
I T h e C h i n es e ; b ut C fna c om p ri s e d th e country of T hib et al ong th e
H th e C in a s
’
wh ole r ang e of th e im alayas , f or ar e linke d wi th th e Kam bcj as
i n th e nor th -w e s t ( B h i s hm a -R , i x . th ey are fr equently m en tio ned am o ng

th e r etinue of B h ag a -d atta king of P r ég -j y ctish a, in th e e as t U d yog a .

P .
, xv i ii . 5 8 4 -5 ; see n ote to v er s e 4 4 b e low ), and th ey w er e n ea r th e s ources

of th e Gang es in t he coun try m i d w ay b etw een th o s e r e g i ons

( Vana -P .
,

clxxv ii 1 2 350 . ;
’
S ti nti -P .
, cccxxv u . 1 2 22 6 T he co unt ry had a v aluable

br ee d of h ors e s (U d yoga-P .
,
l xxx v . I n th e M -E h . . th e C w as ar e

s p ok en of with r es p e ct an d e v en ad m ira ti on ( U d y og a-P xvi ii .

alw ays .
,

5 84 an d o n e of th ei r king s calle d D h autam filaka i s cla s s e d a m on

g ei g hteen
f am ou s anci e nt ki ng s wh o e xti r p a t e d th e ir ki ns m en lxxi ii 2 7 30 ) . h ence
th at th e C ina s w er e K s h attriyas and beca m e d e g r a d e d becaus e
’
s rem ar k
’
M ann
of th e e xtin cti on o f sa cr e d r i tes , &c .
(x . 43 and 4 4) b etr ay s th e s entim ents

of a la ter ag e . T h e vayu P ar ana r ea d s a as ( xl v . 1 18) e r r o neo us l

y . T he
'
( Ki s h k -K ,
' xli v. th e f ur th er C ina s y
B dm éy m entions . als o Ap ar a -c nas i . .
 CO U NT RI E S AND RACE S NO RT H O F I ND I A . 32 1

'
Kuéer ukas fi “
L am p é k as fi th e S d lak ar as ,1 th e

a ll b ein g p l a ced i n th e s am e conn exi o n . I f C unnin gh am is r i gh t in i d enti

fy in g L am p ak a w i th L a m g h a n ( s ee s e c o nd n o te b e lo w ) , P us h k ala s ugg es ts
'
P u s hka ld va tt or P u s hka r a v a tf '
(R am ay .
, K i s h k -K . . xl i ii . th e anci ent

ca p i tal of G and h ar a (A nc . Ge og , I . b ut th e Gand h ara s h av e b een m en

ti on e d in th e i r p r o p er p la ce in v er s e 36 a b o ve . I h av e no t m e t th e n am e

P r os h akas an y w h er e el s e .

P r a s th al a w a s a co un tr y cl os ely conn ecte d with T r i g ar t a, for S u -sar m an

ki n g of T r i g ar ta i s al s o call e d l or d of P ra s th ala (V i r ata -P .
, xxx . 971 ;

B h is h m a -R , l xx v 32 9 6 ; l xxxvi i i 38 56. . an d D r ona -R , x vi i . an d T r ig ar ta

co m pr i s e d th e t er r itor y f r o m A m b alla an d P atti al a t o th e R B i as (s e e . note

to v er s e P r a s tha la w as al s o n e ar th e P an j a b ( D r ona -R , x vii 6 9 1 ; . an d

K am a R , - x li v . 2 06 3 and i n th e s e c on d of th e s e p a s s ag es i ts p eop l e ar e

cl a s s e d a l o ng wi th t h e P anj a b nati on s , an d all acc or d ing to th e id ea s of a

l a ter ag e w e r e p r o n o un c e d d eg r a d e d ( M ui r , S an s k T e xts I I
. . . F r om
t h e s e d ata i t s e em s P r a s th a l a m u s t h av e b een t h e d i s tr i ct b et we en F er oz p ur ,
I f thi r i g h t, th e P r a s th a la s d
P a tt i al a and S ir s a . s p os iti on b e o n ot f al l i nt o
t h e gr ou p of n or t h er n p eop le s na m e d in th e t e xt , a nd th e cor r e ct r ea d i n g

ca nn o t b e P r as th al a s .

T h e V ayu P ar ana r ead s K a s er ukas ( xl v . 1 19) an d th e M a ts y a D as er a kas

( c xiii . I h av e n ot m et the fir s t f or m of nam e el s e w h e r e ; b ut th e

D a éer ak as , or D iaéer ak as , or D és er ak a s ar e m e n tio n e d as j oini ng i n th e g r e a t

w ar i n th e M .
-
Eh . B h is h m a -R , l . 2080 ; c xvi ii . 548 3 ; D r o na -R , xi.

39 7 ; an d xx . an d th e y a pp e ar to hav e c o m p r is e d s ev e r al ban d s , as

th e w or d ga na is n e ar l y alw ays ad d ed to th e n a m e ; b ut th er e ar e no

d a ta t o id en ti fy th e m .

T hi s n a m e o cc u r s in t h e M Eh ( D r ona R c xxi . 4 8 46— 7 ) and th er e t h e

1
' - -
. .
,

L am p ak as ar e d e s cr ib e d as a m o u n tai n t r i b e , like th e D ar a d a s an d P uli n d a s ,

w h o f oug h t l ar g ely wi th s t o n es a nd w er e s ki lle d in s ling ing s t on es ; b ut

o t h er w i s e th ere ar e v e ry few r ef er e nce s to the m i n th e M .

- Eh . L a s s en

id e ntifi e s L am p ak a w i t h th e L am b ag ae an d p laces th em s o uth o f the H i nd u

K u s h , i n m o d er n Kafir is tan . C unnin gh am s ay s L am p aka i s th e m od er n L a m

G e og I 17 an d w hi ch wi th
g h an , n or th - ea s t of K ab ul (A nc .
, . a g r ees

L as s en . T h e M at s ya P ur é na r ea d s L amqoa ka s (c xiii . no d oub t by a m i s tak e .

V zi u P ur i n a r ea d s
’
S ta nap as o r T rm a p a s ( xl v I ha v e n o t
I T h e y
.
.

m et any of t h e s e n a m es el s e wh er e , b ut th e l a tt e r w or d s
r e s em b l e t h e

S ta n a -
y o s hi k as ( B h is h m a -R
, i x a n d al s o T a n a ya s
. ( i bi d w h os e

i d i ff t T h M t s a P ur i na r e a d s T a l a g a n as ( c xiii
g roup ing h o w ev e r s er e n e a y .
.

Ii laka r a s m ay b e id en ti fie d w i th t h e
’ ’

w h i ch s e e m s e rr o n eo u s P e r h a p s t h e S
.

l i t i t ib f N e p al , f or m i ng p ar t of th e h ig h es t clas s
Su n u w a r s ,
a c u t v a n g r e o

G a s t e s an d T r ib e s o f B eng al , I I
’

( R i sl ey s
.

41
 322 CAN T O L VI I .

'
C ulikas ,* a nd th e Jag ud as d '
an d th e A upaclh a s j an d

th e A nim ad r as , § an d t he r ace s of Kir atas , ” th e

it T h e V éy u P ur i n a r ead s P ldi kas in s tea d ( xl v . C ant o lvi ii . v er s e 37

'
C d li k a s i n th e T o r to is e
’
p l a c es th e s t a il at th e w es ter nm o s t p ar t of I nd ia .

I h a ve no t m et w i th e i th e r na m e el s e w h er e . T h e M a ts y a P ar an a . r ead s

S a i n ika s ( c x ii i . S old i e r s .

1 O r J ug udas
'
accor d in g to i yu P ar ana.
th e V z ( x lv . T h e Jag udas
ar e m en ti o ne d i n t h e M .
-
Eh .
( V an a -P .
, li . T he M at s y a P ur i n a. re a d s

er
I

J an ga la s ( cxiii . w h i ch i s of no h elp , f or i t ca nn o t r ef t o K ur u -j éng ala

( s ee n o t e t o Kur us , ca n to lviii ,
v er s e an d I ha v e n o t m et w i th
'

an y ot h e r

J ang ala ;
'

b ut th e s am e P ar an a m en ti on s th e J ag udas a s a. peop l e thr o ug h

'

w h os e c o un tr y t h e I n d us fl o w s , so tha t th ey ap p e ar to be nor t h
'

or c as t of

K a s h m ir (c x x . 46

I T h e V iz y u P ar an a r ead s Ap a gas i ns tea d ( xl v . I h av e n ot m et

g be A p
'
w i th ei t h er n a m e el s e w h er e . S h o uld th e r ea d i n a vas , t h e d es c end an t s

of V as i s h th a Ktr eyas an d B h ar a d v aj as h av e b een m e nti one d , an d Gé lavas

ar e n a m e d in v er s e 57 .

T h e V ayu P ur i n a
’
O r A n i m a d r as or C a n i m a d r as . r ea d s 0 a l im a d r a s

N o ne of th e se n a m in th e d i cti on a ry ,
’
c a ( xl v . e s ar e an d I h av e n ot m et

a ny o f th e m el s ew h e r e .

HT he w o r d Ki r d ta i s no d o ub t th e s am e as th e m od er n n a m es Ki r ati
’

K i r a nt i
“
a nd , w h i ch m e an a n ati v e of th e K ir an t -d es or m o un tai no us

c o un tr y lyin g b e t w e e n th e D ud -
Ko s i and th e Kar ki r i v er s in N e pa l . T he
t e r m i n cl ud es t h e K h a m b u, L i m b u a nd Y ak h a tr i b e s ; an d th e D an uar , H ayu
and T h am i als o c la i m to b e K i r i n ti , b ut th eir clai m i s d i s p ute d b y th e
fir s t th r ee tr ib e s w hi ch ar e s up er i o r ( Ri s l ey
’
s C as te s and T r i be s o f B e ng al ,
I . B ut f or m er ly t h e y h a d a. m u ch l a r g e r r an g e an d w er e s p r ea d along

t h e g r ea t er p a r t of th e s ou t h er n s i d e o f th e H i m al aya s , f or A r j un a e n c o un t

er e d t h em i n h is n o r t h e r n e xp e d i t i on ( S a b h a- P .
, xxv . B h im a in hi s
e a s te r n (id , xx ix . a nd N ak ul a i n hi s w e s ter n e xp e d i ti o n (i d .
, x x xi .

T h ey f or m e d a. g r o up of clo s e ly a lli e d ye t d i s ti n c t tr ib e s or clan s,

f or t w o s e p a r a te Ki r ata k ing s a r e n am e d ( S ab h a P -
.
, iv . 1 19 and s ev e n

ki ng s ar e a ll ud e d to ( ii , x xix . a ll the Kir é tas ar e s p ok en o f

an d th e y
( V a na -
P .
,
li . ar e m ent i o n e d thr i ce i n th e B h is h m a-P . li s t
3 58 , 36 4 an d T h e ir c hi ef
( ix . t er r i to r y w as a m on g t h e m o un t ain s
K a il as a , M a nd a r a ( se e p ag e 2 8 7 n o t e i‘ a n d ) H a i m a (An u s z i s -P , xi x . .
.

t h a t i s , th e r e gi o n ar o u n d L ak e M an as a T h ey w e r e a lli e d t o t h e T an an a s
g
.

( s ee n ext v er se ) an d P ul i n d as (see p ag e 31 6 n o te 1) f or th e th r e e p e o p le in
h ab i t e d o ne l ar g e ki ng d o m r ul e d b y S u -b éh u, w h o wa s ki ng o f t h e P uli nd as

( V a n a -P .
, cx l . 1 0 8 63— 6 ) a nd is al s o s ty le d a K ir ata ( i d , c l xxv ii T he . .

tri d if ered m uch i n m a t e r i al

b
es co nd i ti o n, f or s om e we r e ci viliz ed and
 CO UNT RI E S AND RACE S NO RT H or m um . 32 3

41 T am as as fi“ "

and the B e ni s a—m é r gas fl th e Ké sm ir as j

a nd th e T a nd th e
. u ug a na s , § t he

o p en to fr iend ly i nter cour s e (V ana -

P .
, cxl . 1 0 8 65 -6 ; an d U d yoga -P .
, lx iii .

an d o th er s w er e cl a d in s kin s , li ved on f r ui t a nd r oo ts a nd w er e
cr uel ( S abh é—P .
, li . T h ei r w om e n w e r e us e d as s l av e s ( i bi d ,

T h e Ram ay d e s cr i b e s th em . as w e ar in g thi ck t o p -k n ot s ( K i s h k -K . .
, x1 .

Ki r éta s w e r e
’
M a nu s r em ar k th a t t h e ks h a ttr iy a s a nd b ec am e d e g r a d e d
b eca us e of th e e x ti ncti o n of s acr e d r i tes , &c .
(x . 43 an d 4 4) re flects the

o p i n i on s o f a l a ter ag e .

T he s am e p e op le ar e m entioned a g ai n in v er s e 5 7 , bu t I h av e not f ound

th e n am e el s e w h e r e , a nd it i s not i n the d i cti onar y . T h e V ayu P ur aua

r ea d s T om a r a s ( xlv . an d th e B h is h m a -P . a g r e es (i x . T he M a ts ya

P ur aua m en ti on s th e T om a r a s a n d th e H ams a -m ar g as as t w o tr i b e s t h r ou g h

w hose coun tr i e s flo w s th e R P av an i ,
. o ne of t h e t h r ee lar g e r i v er s w hi c h r is e

in t h e m i d d le of th e Hi m al a ya moun t ain s y s te m a n d fl o w e a s twar d (c xx -

,
57 T he r i ve r is d o ub tf ul , b u t th e p a s s age p l ace s t h e T om ar as a n d t h e
Ha ms a -m ar g a s in th e e as t of T hi b e t .

"
1 T h e d uc k -f owl er s . T h ey ar e m e nti on e d a g ai n in v e r se 56, an d a ls o

i n th e B h i s h m a -P li s t .
( i x 37 7 ). and s ee m to b e th e s am e a s th e H a ms a -p a d a s

( D r ona -P ,
x x. 7 98) a nd p er h ap s H ams a -kd y an a s ( S ab h a P - .
, li . 1 87 0 ) b ut
t h er e a pp e ar to b e no d a ta to i d en tify t h e m , e xce p t th a t th ey w er e a p eo p l e i n
e as ter n T h ib e t a s e xp la i n e d i n t h e l as t n ot e .

I T h e p eo p l e of Ka s h m ir . T h ey a r e n am e d twic e in th e B h i s h m a -P . li s t

(i x . 36 1 an d

O r b e tte r , as i yu P ur éna
th e V z r ead s , T a ng a na s ( xl v . t he Ram ay .

c a ll s th em T an kana s (Ki s h k -K . .
,
x li v . T h e y w er e a m o un t ain tr i b e

a nd ar e m e ntio ne d ra t h er o f t e n in t h e M .
-Eh .
, w h e r e tw o s e c ti on s ar e s p ok e n

o f, th e T an g a na s an d P a r a -t l ng a z
zas ( S ab h a P - .
,
li 1 8 5 9 ; B h is h m a -P
.
,
i x 37 2 ; .

and 1 . th a t is .
“
th e nea r e r a nd
“
th e f ur th er T a n ga nas . T h ey

w er e i n t er m ix e d w i th th e Kir ét as an d P uli n d a s (or K ulin d a s ) , f or th ey all

n h ab i te d a l ar g e ki n g d o m r ul e d o v er b y S u-b éh u, w hi ch w as t h e m i d d le
i in

of t h e H i m a la ya s ( V an a -P c xl . 1 0 86 3— 5 ; S ab h a-P li 1 858
p o r ti on . .
,

and t h ey ar e a l s o li nk e d wi t h th e A m b as h th a s ( D r o n a - R , c xx i . T h ey
'

ar e s a id to h av e o c cup i e d th e upp er p ar t of th e v a l ley o f t h e R S a r a y ii .

( d i ct ) . L ik e o th er h i ll tr i b es t h ey f o u g h t la r g e ly w i th s to ne s a nd w er e

s ki lled i n s lin g in g s ton e s ( D r o na c xx i . 4 8 35

’ ’
b l es S ii la k ér a s in th e l a s t T he tyn P ur éua
Va r ea d s
NT h i s r e s em v er s e .

w hi ch h as a ls o b e en m e n ti o n e d i n th at T he
C a ltha s ( xlv .
v er s e .

m e nti on e d i n th e M a ts y a P ur an a p e opl e th r ou g h w h os e
’ ’ a
as
S i lik as ar e

c ou ntr y flo w s th e R C .
'
a k s h u, o ne of th e th r e e la r g e r i v er s w hich rise in t h e

m id d le
“

of th e H im alaya m o un tain -s ys te m a nd fl o w w e s twar d (c xx . 45,

324 CANT O L V I I .

42 Ku h akas fi“ th e U r nas , 1~ an d B ar v a s ; i th e s e are the p eop les

of th e N o r th er n c ou n tr ie s .

H e ar fr o m me p eop les
the w ho i n ha bi t th e E as ter n
c ou ntr i es . T he A d h r ar ak as , § th e M ud ak a r a s , ”th e A ntar

'
G e keh n m ay p er h ap s b e m eant for V aks h u, wh i ch i s th e O xus ; if s o, th e
’
S ii lika s w oul d b e a p eop l e on th e O xu s i n T ur k es tan .

Ku ha ka m e an s a j uggl er . T h e V ayu P ur ana r e ad s 0 a hu lca s or Ahu ka s

'
Ah uk a w as f am ily
’
or A h wka s ( xlv . th e n am e of a of th e A n d h akas

M .
-Eh .
, U d y o g a -P .
,
l xx xv . 304 1 ; an d H ar i -V .
,
x xxvi i i . 2 01 7 b ut
t h ey w er e i n th e w e s t and ca n n o t be m ean t h er e . I h av e no t m et w ith
e l s e wh er e a s th e
'

a ny of th es e w or d s n am e of a p eople i n th e n or th . T he

p r op er r ea di n g m a y b e Ku hu ka s . K uh uka w o uld b e th e s am e as Kuhn, an d

t h e Kuh n s ar e m e nti one d in th e M a tsya P ur i na as a peop l e o n t h e li ne of

th e I n d us (c x x . 46

57
’

1
'
T h e s e p eopl e ar e m enti on e d a g ain in v er s e . A c ountr y Ur na-d efa
i s p la ce d b y L as s e n on th e S u tl e j n or th of G ar h w a l ( I nd . A lt .
, m ap ) . T he
w h ole of th e up p er S utle j vall ey is n ow call e d N a r i -kh o r s um or H un -d es .

’
T he V ay u P ur é na r ea d s P umnas h er e ( xl v . w hi ch s e e m s er r on e ous .
’

I T h es e app ear t o b e th e s am e as th e D ai r va s in vers e 57 . T h ey w er e a

n or th er n p e opl e an d ar e g en er ally a s s o ci a t e d wi th th e T r i g ar ta s an d D ar a d a s

( S a b h a-
P .
,
x xv i . 1 026 ; and li . 1 86 9 ) an d o th er tri b e s i n th e n or th of th e

P anj ab ( B h is h m a -R
,
ix . 36 2 ) A r i v er or to w n call e d D ar v i is m en tione d

(and ) ,
and a t ir th a D ar v i- s ank r a m a ua is p l ace d b e tw een th e s our ce s

of th e Jum na and I n d us ( V a na -
P .
, l x x xi v 8 0 2 2 . an d thi s tr act p er h ap s

w a s th eir t er r i t or y . B ut L a s s en p l a ces th e D ar v a s b etw een t h e I n d us and

Jh el am in th e n or t h -w es t of Ka s h m i r ( 1nd . Al t .
, m ap ) .

T h is s e em s i nco r r ect . T h e V ay u P ur i na rea d s A n d hm vd kas ( xl v .

whi ch i s h ar d ly a cc e p t a b l e , th e A n d hr a s b e i ng p r op er ly i n t h e S ou th , r a th er

t h an i n th e E as t , an d b ei ng p r e s um a b ly i n t e nd ed in v er s e 48 (s ee n o te to
P ur i na r ea d s Angoi ( c x iii
’

An d has ) . T he M a ts y a v a nga. i ns t e a d . w h i ch

i s pr ef e r ab le , b ut th e s e n ati on s ar e m enti oned b e l ow ( s ee p a g e 32 5 not e I and

p a g e 32 6 no t e

I] T h e M at s ya P ur i na r e ad s M a d gwr a ka s (cxiii . an d th e V ayu S uj a m kas

I have n ot f ound of th es e n am es el s ewh er e , e x ce p t th a t

( xl v .
an y

M a d gwr a s ,
“
d i v er s , ar e m en ti on ed in a totally d iff er en t c o nn e x i o n i n th e

H ar i V arhéa -
( x cv . 5 2 33 S ee m in g ly th e w or d s h oul d be c o nn e c te d w i th

M od d -gi r i in t h e E a s te r n r e g i on w h er e a ki ng d om o nc e ex i s t ed (M . Eh
- .
,

S ab h a-P . xx i x. is i t to b e i d e ntifie d wi th th e m o d ern M u ng ir

,

th e Gan g e s in B eh ar , w h er e th er e i s
( co m m onl y M on g h yr ) on a s m all ou t

cr o p o f b ill s . C unn in g h am s ay s M ud ga Z a -p ur i , M u d ga lai ffr a m a

(to w hi ch th e

M ats ya P ur i na r e a d i ng app r oxi m ate s ) and M u d g a -gi r 'i wer e th e 0 1d nam e s o f

 CO UNT RI ES AND RAC E S m E AST E RN mm . 32 5

43 i
g y fi
r as “ th e V ahir -g ir as fi and th e P r av ang as i a ls o ,

M ungir ; a n d a n ear li er nam e wa s Kas hga -h ar a na-p arv a ta ( X V 1 5 . an d but

th is l as t i s op en t o th e ob ec ti on j th at no n am e we ll b e old er th an th at p r e
can

s er v e d in th e M . Eh
- . T h e M ud ga las ar e m en ti on ed i n D r ona -R , x i 39 7 . .

O r An tar -gi ri . as th e M ats ya P ur i na r e ad s ( cxiii . T h ey ar e m en

t i on e d in th e B h is h m a-P li s t .
(ix . T he n am e , n o d oubt , m ea ns “
th os e

who d w e ll am id th e h ill s , and as th e p eop l e are placed in all th e s e p as s a g e s

in p r o xi mi ty t o th e An g as , i t s e e m s r e a s onable to i d enti fy A ntar -g ir i w i th
th e Raj m ah al l hill s (i n th e m od e r n d i s tr i ct of th e S anth al P a r g a na s ) w hi ch
f or m a m ar k e d natur al d iv i s i on b e tw een A ng a an d V ang a I n th e only .

o th er p a s s a g e wh er e I h av e f oun d thi s n am e ( S ab h a-P , xx v i 1 0 1 2 ) An ta r . . .

i i V hi gi r i
- -
(s ee nex t n ote ) and Up a -g ir i m enti one d in o b vi o us c o ntr a
-
g r ,
a r ar e

d is tin c ti o n a n d ar e pla ced i n th e N or th er n r e g io n ; it i s d oub t f ul, th er e f or e ,

wh eth er th e y d e note th e tra cts m e nti o ne d h er e a nd th ey m ay p er h ap s r e f er

to s om e p or ti o n of th e s 10 p es of th e H im al aya s .

1
'
Or Va ki f -gi r i as th e M at sy a P ur i na r ead s ( cxii i . T he na m e , no
”
d o ub t , m e an s th os e wh o d well o u ts i d e th e hills , a nd th e s e p eop l e ar e

m en t i o ne d with th e A ng a s a n d M a l aj a s i n th e B h is h m a -P li s t (i x
al on g . .

I f we m ay i d e ntify A nt ar -giri w ith t h e Raj m ah all h ill s ( s e e th e la s t n o te ) ,

V ahir gir i m igh t well d es ign ate th e o uts ki r ts of t hos e hills b or d e r i n g on

-

A n g a , t h a t i s , th e s outh er n p o r ti o n s of t h e B h agalp ur an d M o ng h yr d i s t r i c ts

a nd t h e l an d s b or d ering th er eon t o th e s out h i n th e S anth ii l P a r g an as an d

H a z ar iba gh .

I I h av e n ot m et th i s nam e el s e w h er e , th ough it is s tated in th e di c ti onar y

to b e th e n a m e of a p eopl e and a n al y s e d th us , P r o va m -g a F l avum -ga I w oul d

s u gg e s t, h o w e v er , th at it s h ou ld be r ea d h ere as P r a -v a ng a s , th os e w h o ar e in
”
f r ont of th e V a ng s a, i . e ., th e An gus . T h e M ats ya Pur é na r e ad s An gas an d

T h e A ng a s ar e cl ea r ly m eant A ng e. w a s a d i s tin c t a nd
Va nga s ( c xiii .
.

s e ttl e d c ou ntr y i n ear ly ti m e s , an d i t s p r ince s w er e alli ed w i th Ar y an r oy al

f am il i e s ( M E h , d i -P , xcv 37 7 2 a nd 377 7 ; and Rém éy , A d i K , x 1

'
- A . . . . .
-
. .

T hi s p eop l e ar e s aid to h av e b e e n so c a ll ed af ter an ep o nym ous ki n g A n g a

h e, V a n ga , K a ling a, P undr a an d S uh m a ar e d e s cr ib e d wi th c o n s i d er a b le

’
c i r c um s ta n tia l d etail a s th e fi ve s o n s o f ki ng B ali q ue en
s B al i b e i ng king o f

th e E a s ter n r e g io n ) b y th e ri s hi D ir g h a -t a m a s ( IL -E h , Kd i-P , ci v 42 1 7 — 2 1
. . .

a nd H ar i -V .
,
xx xi . 1 684 A nga co m p r i s e d th e m o d er n d i s tr i c ts of B h ag al

u n d M o ng h yr , e xcl ud ing th e e x tr e m e n or t h a nd s o uth p or tions T he a nci e n t

p r a .

na m e A n g a d r o pp e d out o f us e a n d B i ha r ( of B ud d hi s t o ri g in ) h a s us ur p ed

i ts p lace i s th e w or d P r a -v an g a h er e s i g nificant of th e c h a ng e P T he

c ap ital w a s fir s t calle d M ail ini , and th at nam e is said to h av e b e e n s u p er s e d e d

’
am p a , L om a -p é d a
’
by t h e nam e
’
O amp d in h onou r of a k i ng C g r e a t g r and
s .

S é nti -P
’
1 34
'

xxxi 1 69 9 and 1 700 ; an d M Eh but the

(B ar i V
- - v.
s on .
,
. . .
, .
,
 32 6 CA NT O L VI I '
.

th e R ang eyas , * th e M an ad as , 1 '

th e M ana-var tikas j

Ram ay m akes . a p u nning co nne xi o n b e twe en th i s na m e an d th e g r ov e s of

'
th e town (Ad i -K
’
c a m p ak a t rees ar o un d .
,
x v ii . 23) i t i s th e m o d er n B h agal

p ur on th e s o ut h b an k of th e Gang e s ( Van a -
P l xx xv . T h e tr a ct n ea r

am p a was S d ta -v i s ha ya (V a ua P 17 150 th a t i s , th e l a n d
’
C call e d - -
cccv n .

of b ard s or ch ar i o te er s .
"
T h e An g a s ar e m en ti one d t w ice i n t h e B h i s hm a-P .

l i s t (i x 35 3 . an d 35 7 ) i t d o es n ot a pp ea r why .

T hi s i s , no d o ub t, a m i s t ake f or Va ngeya s whi ch th e V ayu P ur i na r ea d s

( xlv . an d Vange s w hi ch th e M at s ya m en tion s ( cxiii . T h e V an gas

or V an g e ya s wer e th e p e op l e of Va n ga or B au g a , th e O r i g inal of th e m od e r n
B en g al V a ng a wa s a d i s ti n c t c o un tr y i n e ar ly ti m es an d i s f r e quen tly
.
,

m en ti one d , th o ugh th e r e f e r e n ces t o it v er y r ar e ly c on v e y an y d e fin i te

i nf or m ati on . I t l a y b eyond A ng a , t o t h e .
s ou th -e a s t ; and was c onne c te d

wi th K ali ng a , f or t h e Ang as , V an gas an d Kal i nga s ar e co ns ta ntly l ink e d

t og eth er as p e op l e clo s e ly alli e d by r ace and p os i ti on , (e .
g .
, D r o na -R , l xx .

A n d th e V ang a s ar e s ai d t o h av e b ee n so c all e d af ter an e p o nym o u s ki n g

Y a n g a wh o was Ang a K ali nga ’s br oth er ( s ee las t no te )

’
s an d . V a ng a c om pr i s e d
th e nor t h er n p or tio n of We s ter n a n d C e n tr al B e ng a l, i . e., t h e m o d e r n d i s tr i cts

of B i r b h um , M o or s he d ab a d , B ar d w a n an d Nu d d ea . I ts cap i t al in ear ly t i m es
d oes n ot ap p ear to b e m e n tione d . I n la ter tim es th e n am e w as e xt en d e d o v er

t h e w h ole of C entr a l B e ng al , f or th e Ra g h u V amsa d e s cr ib e s t h e V ang a s as

d wellin g i n th e is land s o f th e Gan g es d elta , w ar r ing

. chi e fly i n b o a ts , a nd

t r a ns pl anti ng th e ir r i ce s e e d li n g s in t o t he fiel d s j us t as at t h e p r es en t d ay

( iv . I n th o s e ear ly t im e s th e upp er p ar t of t h e d e l ta c on s i s te d of

num er ous i s l an d s s ep ar a ted by l ar g e r i v er s , a nd th e s o ut h er n p ar t c oul d n o t

hav e b e en f or m e d .

1 T h e V ay u P ar ana r e ad s M d la d a s (xl v . 1 2 2) w hi ch app e a r s p r ef er able ,

an d t h i s m ay m e a n th e p eop l e of th e m od e r n d i s tr i c t of M al d a h , i n w h ic h th e
. o ld ci ti e s o f Ga u r a nd P a n d ua ar e s i tuate d , w h il e th e to wn M a l d a h l
i ts e f
is ol d ( C unn i ngh am A r c h S ur v R e p t s , X V
,
.
T h e M ula d a s a r e m ent i o n
. .

e d a s a n e a s t er n p e op le i n th e M E h ( S a b h é P , xxi x 1 0 8 1 -2 ; a n d a ls o
- -
. . . .

D r o na- R , vi i . b ut w i th o ut d a t a eno ug h to s ay wh er e th e y w e r e .

I i yu P ur éna
T he Va r ead s M d l a -var ti n a lz ( xl v . T he M .
-Eh . m en tion s
th e M d n a -varj a kas ( B h i s h m a-
R , ix . 357 ) a nd th e y a p p e ar f r om th e c on t e x t

t o b e th e p eopl e m ean t h er e . T h e na m e s ee m s in ten d e d t o car r y a m ea n ing ,

e i th er p e op l e w h o l i ve d ecor o us ly a c co r d i ng
“
t o th e t e x t, or p eo p l e w h o
”
ar e d e v oi d of d ec or um a c cor d ing to th e la s t w or d D i t re f e r
.
o es to a

w il d tr ib e in a s t a te o f n a t ur e P O r d o e s M ama -v ar ti ka M zi n a -v ar tin ) m e a n
M an-b h um ( M ana -bh um i ) a d i s t r i ct i n West B e n g al T h e M d la vain a kas
m e ntio ne d in th e B h i s h m a -P . lis t ( ix 86 7 ) belo ng to a d iff er en t g r ou
p
. .

a lto ge th er .
 C O UNT RI E S Ann m cns 32 7
'

I N E AST E RN I ND I A
‘ i

the B ra h m ottar as fi th e P r av uayas fi the B hér g av as ,

it whi ch is p r ef er abl e
T he M a ts ya P a rana r ea d s S whm ottar as ( c xiii . .

”
T hi s m ean s th e p eopl e nor th of t ma . S uh m a was a w e ll -known
coun tr y . I t w a s g e nerally cla s s e d w i th Pu nd r a (e .
g .
, M .
-Eh .
, A d i -R , cxii i .

4 45 3) an d b ot h of th em are d e cla r e d t o b e c los ely all ied to Ang a , V ang a and

Kaling a b y b eing d eri ved from five ep o ny m o us kings of th ose na m es wh o

'
W er e b r oth er s ( M E h , Acli -P
- ci v 4 2 1 7— 2 1 Har i-V afifi a, xxxi 1 6 8 4
. . . . .

S uh m a w a s n e ar th e s ea ( S ab h a-P x xi x . 1 099 and Rag hu-V .

, iv 34. a nd

and D am a -li p t a (T am r a-l ip ta , the m o d er n T am luk , s ee next v er s e ) is s ai d

'
to b e wi t h i n it s b or d er s in th e D aéa -kum ar a -c ar i ta ( S tory of M itr a -gup ta ) .
fl u hm a t h er e f or e
, corr es p ond e d w ith th e m o d ern d is tri cts of M id nap ur an d

B ank ur a an d p er h ap s al s o P ur ulia an d M anb h um in W es t B eng al S u hm ott a .

m w o ul d b e th e tr act nor th o f th a t, a n d wa s p r ob ab ly th e s am e as P r a -s u h m a

( S abh a P -
.
, xx i x . T h e M a hya ttar as of t he B hi s h ma -P . li s t ( ix . 35 8 )

seem t o b e th e s am e p eop le un d er an er r or i n the s p elling .

T he r ead i n g S uhmottar d lz, h owe v er , i s h ar d ly s ati s f actor y in om i tting th e

S uh m a s a n d r e f err i ng i nd e fini te ly to th e p eop l e n or t h of th em , a nd I w oul d
s ug g es t th a t t h e p r op er r ea di n g s h ou ld b e S u h motka ld lz, th e S uh m a s an d
U tkala s . T h e Utka la s w er e we ll-k no wn ( t h o ug h no t I b eli eve m enti one d
o f ten i n th e M . and wer e a r ud e tr ib e of v ery e arly or ig i n, f or th e y d o
n o t a p p ear to h av e h a d any cl os e a ffini ti e s w i th th e r ace s ar o und th e m , a nd

th e H ar i -V arhéa th r o ws th ei r or i g in b ac k t o th e f ab ulous t im e of 1 15 .
(x . 6 31
T h ei r t er r i tor y r each e d on th e eas t th e R . Kap iéa ( Ragh u V -
,
iv .

whi ch L as s en i d en tifie s with t h e m o d er n S ubar na -r ekhé near t h e . nor th e r n

b o un d ar y of O r i s s a (I nd Al t . .
,
M ap ) , b ut whi ch I p rop os e to id en tif y with
th e R C o s s ye in M id nap ore
.
( s ee pag e 30 1 note f and on th e w e s t th ey
t o u c h e d th e M e kalas , for th e tw o p eop le a r e co upl e d to g ethe r in th e M .
-E
h°

( B h is h m a R , ix 348 ; s ee
-
. also D r o na -R , iv 1 2 2 , . an d Kam a -P .
, x xi i . 88 2 ) and

Ram ay ( Ki s h k -K xli
. . . and th e M e h alas wer e the i nh ab i tant s of th e
M ek a la h i ll s , i . e ., th e h ills bound i ng C hh atti s g arh on th e w e s t an d n or th .

N or th w ar d d w elt th e P undra s an d s o uth war d the Kalinga s He nce U tkala .

c om p r i s e d t h e s outh ern p or ti o n o f C h uta Na gpur , th e n or th er n T r i b ut ary

S ta te s of O r is s a and th e B alas or e d i s tr i ct . V ari ous d eri va tio n s h a ve b een

s ug g es t e d o f th e nam e U tke la , b ut I w oul d onl y d r aw attenti o n to s om e of

th e ab ov e p as s a ges w h er e U tk ala an d M ekala ar e p lac ed tog e th er as if t h ei r

na m es p os s e s s e d s om e th ing in com m on S e e als o i n v er s e 5 3 . .

1 T h e M a ts ya P ur i na r ead s th e s am e (cxiii b u t I ha v e . no t f oun d

th em m ent i o ne d els ew h er e T h ey a pp ear f r om th e context to b e t h e s am e as

t h e P r d vr i s heya s of th e B h is h m a - P l i s t .
(i x .

I T h es e ar e m entioned in th e B h is hm a - P li s t .
(i x . and w er e p er h ap s

an cd - lyi ng b r anch of i r ga va
th e B h a r ace i n th e E as t ; s ee note to ver s e 35 .
32 8 C ANT O L VI I .

44 th e Jii ey a- m all aka s , a nd th e P r ég -j yoti s has , 1 ‘

and

T he Har i -V a zh éa m enti o ns a p r inc e c al le d B hd q ga '

or B hd r gava , w ho f ound e d
bh um i
’

B h ri g u- or B h ér g a b h i i m i ; -
and a s h e W as a g r a n d s on of D iv od as a king

of B enar es , hi s countr y m ay p er h a p s h av e b e e n i n th e E as ter n r egi o n

1 5 87 an d 1 5 97 ; and x xx ii . T h e B hi s hm a -P li s t na m es . al so B hd r ga s h er e

( 10 0 . ci t ) .

T h e V éy u P ur i na r e ad s Geya m ar tha ka s (xl v . an d th e M atsy a

Gey a m d lavas ( cx iii . and t h e B h is h m a -P . li s t om i ts th e co rr es p ond in
g
nam e ( s ee ix . N one of th e s e na m e s ar e in th e d icti onary, and I h av e
not m e t any of t h e m el s e w h er e .

1 P r ég -j y oti s h a w as a f a m o u s ki ng d om i n e a r ly ti m e s and is o f ten m en

t ione d in t h e M .
- Eh . T he r ef er en ce s to i t, h ow e v er , ar e r ath er
p er ple xing ,
’ '
f or in s om e p as s ag e s i t i s call e d a M le c c ha kin g d o m r uled ov er b y king
B h ag ad at ta , w h o i s al w ay s s p ok e n of i n r e s p e c tf ul a nd e ven e ul ogi s tic t erm s

( S b h é -P xv 1 000 -1 ; a n d l 1 8 34 U d o g a -P , cl xvi 5 8 04 ; and Ka

9
.
g , a
.
, x .
y .
ma . . .

v. 1 04 and in o th e r p as s a g e s i t i s c alle d a D ana va or A s ur a king d om

r ul e d o v er b y t h e d e m o n s Na r a k a a nd Mo m ( V an a - P .
, x1 1 . 48 8 ; U d yo g a-P , .

xl v ii . 1 8 8 7— 9 2 H ar i -V .
, cxx i . 6 7 9 1- 9 ; c x x ii . 6 8 7 3, et c .
; a nd clxxiv . 9 79 0 ; a nd

A nnotations t o Ki shk K Ram aya na ) ; while i n s om e

’
.
- .
,
x liii . i n G or r e s i o s oth er

p as s ages th e all us ions s e em m ixe d ( 6 .

g .
, S ab h a- P .
, xii i . 5 7 8— 80 , wh i ch s eem s

to call B h aga d at ta a Y a van a ; a nd a s t o th i s , s ee i d 1 1 8 34. . T he s econd

cl as s of p as s ag es occur , I b eli e v e , o n ly i n d e s c r i p t i o ns of Kris hna’s exp loits ;

th ey by h y per b oli cal l aud at i o n a n d ar e p r ob ably lat er than th e

ar e s p o il t

fir s t cl as s P r ag -j yotis h a w a s p l a ce d i n th e N or th r e g ion ( S ab h a-P , x xv

. . .

1 000 ; an d V ana -P , ccliii 1 5 2 40 b ut w as a ls o c on s i d e re d t o b e in th e E as t

. .

as in th e t ext h er e . North of it s e e m in g ly la y t rac ts call e d Antar -gir i,

V ah ir -gi ri and U p a gir i -
( S ab h zi - P .
, xx v . l OOO — x x vi 1 0 1 2 ) wh i c h app ear to be
t h e l ow er s l op e s of th e H i m al ay as an d th e T er a i ; a nd it w as cl o s e to th e
'
m ou ntains f or B h a g a d a tta i s c a lle d S ai lala ya ( S t r i -P
.
, x xiii . I t bord ere d
'
on th e Kir fita s an d C in as f o r th e y f or m e d hi s r e tin ue xxv .
-
1 00 2 ;
U d yog a -P .
, x vi ii . 5 84 He al s o d r e w hi s tr 0 0 p s f r o m am ong th e p eople
wh o d wel t i n th e m ar shy r eg io ns th e S i g ur d 'lmiQ
n ear se a , a ( S a bh i -P , xxv .

1 00 2 ; xxxi ii . 1 2 6 8 -9 ; and Kam a -P , v . and it is e v en s aid h e d welt at

th e E as ter n O cean ( U d yoga-P o

,
iii th es e m ar s h y re
gi on s c an o nl
y b e th e
alluv i al tr act s and i s la nd s n ea r t h e m o nth s of th e G a ng e s an d B r ahm a-putr a
th ey e xi s te d anc i ently. T h e s e d at a i n d i cate th a t P r a - oti s ha
as g jy com p ri s ed

th e wh ol e Nor th B engal p r op er
of T h e Ra g h u V amsa
p la ce s i t s eem ingly
.

b ey on d th e B r ah m a -p utr a (i v 8 1 ) b ut K alid as a was a little uncer tain in .

d i s tan t g e o gr ap h y I t s ca p it al w a s call ed P r é g -j yo ti s h a al s o
.
A lth oug h .

' '
t h e p eopl e were m lec o h a s , th e Ram ay a n a a s cr ib e s t h e f oun d in
g of this
king d om to Am fir ta-r aj as , one o f th e f our s ons o f a g r eat king Rués
330 C ANT O L VI I .

lip tak a s , th e M a lla s , 1 “

th e M ag ad h as fi th e Cc

’
xli x . 9 — 16 ; an d M . Eh
- .
, S an ti P - .
, ccc x xv n . 1 2 2 33 a nd thi s n am e of te n

d es i g n a te d th e c ou ntr y it s elf , e s p ec ia lly i n th e Ram ay ana . T h e p eop l e w er e

'
calle d V id eh as ( or V id eg h a , as th e e a r li er f or m w as , s ee S a ta P B r é h I i v
- . . . .

an d al s o M ith il as ( V an a -P .
, c cl iii . I t s k i ng s , w h o w er e of t e n hi ghly

( S an ti Jan aka, w h i ch
’
e d uca t e d - P .
, ccc x xvi i . 1 22 1 5 ar e g e n er ally ca l l e d

s ee m s t o h av e b e e n th e or d in ar y r o yal ti tl e (V an a -P .
, c xxx ii i . C un
n i ng h am s ay s t h e cap i ta l w a s J an akp ur ,
w h i ch i s n ow a s m all t own j u s t w ithi n
t h e N ep al b o r d e r , n or t h of w h er e th e M o z uif er p ur an d D ar b h an g a d i s tr ic ts

m ee t ( Ar ch . S u r v Rep ts .
,
X VI . 34 an d m a p ) , b ut I h av e no t m et thi s n am e

i n S an s k r i t w or ks .

it O r T ci m r a -lip ta s . T he co un tr y an d p e op l e ar e o f te n m e n ti o n e d i n th e
'
M . an d b o th f or m s of th e n am e a r e u s e d ( Ad i -P .
, clxxxv i . 69 9 3 S ab h a- P .
,

x xi x . 1 09 8 an d D r o na - P .
, l xx . T he n am e w as m od ifie d i n to

T am a -li p ta k a w h i ch t h e V ay u P ur i n a r ea d s (x l v . an d T am a -li p ta

( w h i ch o ccur s in c ant o lv iii . v er s e an d D am a -l ip ta ( s ee S tor y of

M i tr a -g up ta i n th e D asa -k um ér a an d c or r up te d i n to th e m o d er n

T a m l uk . T h e t ow n T a m l uk i s i n t h e M i d nap ur d i s t r i ct n e ar th e m o uth

of th e Rup n ar aya n Ri v e r . I t us e d t o b e a f a m ou s p ort d ur i n g th e m id d l e

a g es o f I nd ia n h i s tor y . T he c o u nt r y T am r a -lip t a k a c or r e s p o n d e d th er ef or e

t o th e ea s t er n p ar t of th e p r e s e nt d i s tr i c t of M id n ap u r .

M d la s ( xlv T h i s p eo ple
’

1
'
T h e V ayu P ur zm a r ea d s . a p p e ar t o b e th e
M al és (p r o p er ly M als ) and il
Ma P a h ar i y a s , t w o D r avi d i an tr ib e s w h i ch no w

i nh ab i t t h e Raj m ah all a nd Ram g ar h h i ll s i n W e s t er n B e ng a l ( Ri s l ey

’
s T r ib e s
an d C a s te s of B en g a l, I I 5 1 . an d T h e M a t s y a P ur an a r ea d s
’
S él v as ( c xiii .

45 ) er r o neo u s ly .

It O r M ég a d h a s . M ag ad ha co m p r is ed t h e p r e s en t d i s tr i cts of G ay a an d

P a tna . I t w as a f am ou s ki ng d om fr o m th e ear li es t t i m es . T h e Ram ayana

i t w a s f o un d e d b y V a s u one o f th e f our of Kuéa
s ay s s on s a g r e at ki ng
( Ad i - K th e M th a
’

,
x xx v . 1 an d .
- Eh . s a ys it w a s es ta bli s h e d b y V ri ha d -r a
,
’
w h o w as s on of V a s u ki ng of C ed i (A d i -
R , l x iii . 2 36 1 — 5 ; and H ar i V -
.
, x x x ii .

’
b ut w h o is als o ca lle d an A n g a ( S é nt i- P .
, xxi x .
O ne a p p e ar s

to b e an ea s t er n a ccoun t an d th e o th e r a w es te r n a cc o un t , b ut th e re m ay
b e tr u th in b ot h a cco un t s , f or t h e r e w as an i n te r val o f ei g h t o r t w elv e g en er a

ti on s b e tw ee n th e tw o p er i o d s s p ok e n of . B o th a g r ee th a t Gi r i -v r a j a. w a s

m a d e th e cap i tal b y th e f o un d e r of th e k i ng d o m , th e f or m er s ay s b y V as u

( lo c . ci t ) ,
a nd th e l at ter s ay s b y V r ih a d -r a th a ( H ar i V -
.
, c xv ii . 6 5 98 S a b h é -P .
,

xx . 79 8 C un ni ng h a m h a s i d e n tifie d G ir i - vr aj a w ith th e m o d er n G iry e h

on th e P a nch an a r i v er ab out 3 6 m ile s n or th - ea s t of Gay a ( Ar ch S ur v Rep t s , . .

I . 16 an d p l ate i ii ) . j
Ra a -g rih a a pp e ar s t o h av e b een an o th er n am e of th e
'
cap i ta l ( Ad i B -
, cx i i i . 44 5 1 2 ; - and Aév am e d h -P .
,
l x xxii 2 4 35 . b ut C un
 CO UNT RI E S AND RACE S I N SO UT H I ND I A . 331

mantas , ar e kn o wn as th e p eopl es i n th e E as t 1 .
‘

N o w th e o t h er
p eo ple s w ho d w e ll in t h e S o uth e r n Reg i on I
ar e the P und r as , § a nd Ke y a l a s , ” an d Go lang ulas- al s o ,

ni ng h am i d entifies i t wi th th e m o d er n Raj -gir ab out 6 m ile s w es t of Gir yek

( A r ch S ur v Re p ta , I 2 0 and p late i ii )
. . T h e old e s t n a m e
. . of th i s coun try is
s a i d t o h av e b e en Ki kata , w h i ch o cc ur s i n B i -V e d a I I I
( M uir
’
g . s S an s k .

T ex ts , I I 36 2 , .

i yu P ur i na
T h e Va Gom n d a s (xlv
’

r ea d s . an d th e M at s y a Gon ar d d ha s

( cxiii . an d th e l atter p e op l e ar e m en ti on e d i n can to l v iii . v er s e 2 8 , b ut

ar e pl aced i n th e S outh . I h av e n ot m e t w i th an E as t er n p eop l e of a ny of

th e s e n a m e s el s ewh er e .

1 T h e Kur m a P ur i na ad d s E d m a -mi/p a ( xl v n th e m o d e r n K am r up
‘
. or

G auh ati i n A s s am . I t i s m en t io ne d in t h e Ra g h u -V améa (i v . b ut not,

I b el iev e , in t h e Ram ay a na n or M ah a- B h ar at a .

I D ak s h i n ép a th a ; th i s g e n e r all y m ea n s S o ut h I n d i a b el ow th e V i n d hy a
Ran g e , an d a li n e f r o m A m ar a -k a n t a k a t o th e n or th of O r is s a .

T hi s s e em s to b e e r r o n e o us , f o r t h e P u n d r a s w er e n ot p r op e r ly i n th e

S o u th , a nd t h e y h av e b e en n oti c e d i n th eir ap p r o p r i at e p la c e i n th e E ast

(s e e p ag e 3 2 9 n o te T h e V ay u P ur én a read : P d ndy a s i ns te a d ( xlv . 1 24 )

an d s o al s o th e M at s y a ( c x i ii . an d t hi s i s , no d ou bt , th e p r op er r ea d i ng ,
f or o th er wi s e th i s n a tion , w hi ch w a s t h e m o s t f a m ou s a nd b es t k no w n i n th e
S o uth , w o ul d b e om itt ed fr om t hi s li s t . P an dya i s o f ten m e nti one d i n th e

M .
- Eh . bu t n ot i n t h e Ram ay , e xc e p t i n th e g eo g r ap hi cal c an t o ( Ki s hk K . .
,

xli . 15 an d 25) w h ic h is p r o b ably an ad d i ti o n to th e o r i g in a l p o em . It

c om pr is e d th e m od er n d i s tr i ct s of M a d ur a a nd T i nn ev e lly . T he c ap i ta l

w as M ath ur a, th e m o d er n M ad ur a . T he P and y a s b el o n g t o th e D r av i d ia n

f a m i ly , b ut th e B ar i -V a méa m ak e s t he m , or m ore p r ob a bly th e r oy a l h o us e ,

P and ya , K er al a , K ol a ’
d e s c e n d a n ts o f th e P a ur av a r ac e ; it s ay s an d C ol a

w er e f our b r o th e r s an d g av e or ig i n to th e f o ur p e op l e s of th o s e nam e s

( xxxii . 1 832

M T hi s i s ; n o d oub t a m i s tak e f o r ,
Ker a la s w hi ch th e V ayu ( xl v 1 2 4 ) . and

M a ts ya ( cxiii 4 6 ) P ur an a s r e a d ; a n d
. the B h i s h m a - P li s t t w i ce ( ix 3 5 2
. . an d

36 5 th oug h th e fir s t m e nti o n i s p r ob a bly a m i s t ake ) . T h ey w er e a f or e s t

tr ib e ( S abh a-P .
,
x xx . 1 1 7 4— 5 ) a nd ar e p l ac e d on th e w e s t s id e by th e Ra gh u

V amsa ( iv . 53 T h ey ar e s ai d to b e d e s c e nd ed fr o m an e p o n y m ous
'
k i n g Ker al a , an d to b e clo s ely a lli e d to th e P an d y a s , C o la s , &c . in t h e Har i

V arh éa T h ey t o h av e o c c up ie d th e wh ol e of th e w e s t
( xx xu . a pp ea r

c oa s t fr om C ali cut t o C a p e C o m or i n .

“
T h C w t ail s ; a p u re f a ncy , s tor i e s of t a iled r ace s b e in g com m on
fir
-
e o

a ll o v er t h e w or ld . I t m ay c o rr e s p o nd , t o Gon ar d d h a s i n ca n t o l vi i i , v e rs e 23 ;

b u t th e M ats ya P ur i na r e ad s C
’
d
ol s an d Kuly a s (cxi ii . an d th e V éy u
332 CANT O L VI I .

th e
’
S ail i i s h a s fi“
’
an d M fis h ik a s d n
th e Kus um as , I th e

an d th e p r op er r ea d in g s h o ul d d oub t , b e
C
'
au ly as a n d Ka lya s ( xl v . , no

O
’
ola s a n d K o la s . T h e H a r i -V ai ixéa m a k e s th e s e t w o tr ib es cl os e ly alli ed to

th e P an d y a s an d K e r al a s ( s ee th e l as t t w o n o te s ) .

C
'
o la w as a ki ng d om in e ar ly ti m e s ( S ab h a 1 89 1 — 3 ) and is o f ten

m e nt i o n e d i n th e M .
- Eh .
( e .
g .
, V an a -P .
, li . 1 9 88 ; an d S a b h a-P .
,
xx x . 1 1 74 ,
'
w h er e C
’
od ra is , no d oub t , a m i s ta k e f o r C ola ; al s o B h is h m a -R , i x 36 7 ; . an d
'

D r on a P -
. xi . T he H ar i -V arnsa s ay s kin g Sa g ara d e gr a d e d th em ( xi v .

C
'
ol a co m p r is e d th e m o d er n d i s tr i c ts of T j
an or e, T r ichinop oly ,

P ud uk o ta an d S ou th A r cot .

T h e K o la s are sc a r cel y e v er m e nti on ed ; y e t th ey ap p ear to b e r ef er re d

'
t o i n S a b i na R -
,
x xx . 1 171, an d A év am e d h -P . .
,
lx x xi ii . 2 4 7 6— 7 . T h ei r p os iti on
is u ncer t ai n . A r e th ey t o b e i d e nti fi e d w i th t h e Kor a v a s or Kur m s, wh o ar e a

v a g r ant tr i b e i n M ad r a s (M a d r as C ens u s of 1 89 1 ,
Re p o r t , p .

i y u P ur ana
’

C an t o lv iii , v er s e 20 m en ti on s th e S a i li ka s ; and th e V a

( xl v . 1 2 5) an d M a tsy a ( cx iii . 47) re a d S etu ka s . I h av e n ot f o un d a ny of

in V an a -P c cliii 1 5 2 50 , p er h ap s
’
th e s e n am e s el s ew h er e , b u t S a ila o ccur s .
, . as

P an dy a i n th a t S a ilik as
’

th e n am e of a co un tr y n ear th e e xt r e m e s o u th , s o

m ig h t m e an i t s p eo p l e . D oes S e tuk a r e f er t o Ram a

’
s se w or A d am
’
s b r id g e
an d m ean th e p e op le w h o l i v e cl o s e to i t

1
;
T he B h is h m a -P . li s t m en t i o n s th es e p e op l e i n th e s am e c onnex i on

(ix . and a n o th er S o uth er n p e o p l e calle d M as ha ka s tw ice (i x . 36 6 an d

C a nto lv ii i m en ti ons i n s t e a d of t h e m th e R i s hi ka s i n t h e S o uth (v er s e

an d th e M r i s hi ka s i n th e S outh -e as t I h av e no t f o un d t h e
( v er s e
l a tter n am e e l s e w h er e , b ut th e Ri s hika s a pp e ar t o h av e b e en w ell -kn ow n,
t h er e b ein g on e p e op l e of th a t n am e in t h e N or th ( S abh a P -
.
, xxv i . 1 033— 6 ;

Ram ay ,
K i s h k -K .
,
xli v . 13 ; and M a ts ya Pu r ana c xx 5 3 ) a n d
. an oth er in th e
S o ut h (K i s hk K -
.
,
xli . 16 ; an d H a r i -V .
, cxi x . 67 2 4 T h e M ats ya P ur i na
r ead s S i t tika s ( cx iii 4 7 ) w h i ch to b e
’

ap p e a r s e r r o n e ou s
'
. .

I C an to l v ii i om it s thi s p eo p le and n am e s K u m ud a hi ll ( v er s e 2 6) T he
i yu P ur i na
Vz r ea d s K um a n a s ( xl v . and th e M a ts y a Kup a th a s (c x i i i . 47

I h av e n ot f oun d an y of th e s e n a m es el s e w h er e . P r ob ably th e r ea d ing

s h ould b e Kur u m ba s or R u m ba s . T he an ci en t K ur um b a s or P a ll av a s o ccu pi e d

a t e r ri tor y w h i ch c om pris ed th e m o d er n d i s tr ic ts of M a d ra s , C hi n g lep ut ,

N or th an d S outh A r co t, S alem a nd the s o uth -ea s t p or ti on of M y s or e , wi th
Kafic ’i, th e m o d er n C onj e v er am , f or th ei r ca p i tal , an d th e ir p o w er a ttai n e d

i ts z en i th a b ou t th e 7 th ce n t A D or
p er h a p s a c en tu r or t w o l a t er
y
. . .
,

Af ter th e ir o v e r th ro w th e y w e r e s cat te r e d f ar an d w id e an d ar e n um er ous

no w i n m os t of th e d i s tr i ct s s o uth of th e R . K i s tna i n th e m i d d le an d

e a s te r n p ar ts of t he M ad r a s P r es i d ency an d in M y s or e ( M a d ras C en s us of

1 89 1 Rep o r t, p p 2 59 . and
 CO UNT RI E S AND RACE S I N S OUT H I ND I A . 333

N é m a-v as akas ,* th e M aha-r as h t r a s d ‘

M ahis h akas i and Ka

T hi s is , d oub t , th e th e B h is h m a -P
’
no s am e a s the V a na va s a
-
ka s of . li s t

( ix
’
. wi th w hich th e V aty n P a r ana a g r e es i n r e a d i ng Va n a -v d s ikas (xl v .

”
As t h i s n a m e s i m p ly m ea n s F or e s t -d well er s , i t m ay i nclud e s ev er a l
r aces , wh o inh ab i t e d th e g r e at S o uth e r n f or es ts ; or i t m ay d en ote th e

p e ople of th e ki n g d om calle d V a n a -v as i n , w hi ch w a s f o un d e d b y S i r a s a in
th e D ekh an ( H ar i V
- .
, x cv . 52 1 3 an d 5 2 31 P er h a p s th e y m ay b e i d en tifie d
w it h t h e B an j ar i s or L am b é d i s , w h o ar e th e gr ea t tr av e lli ng tr a d e r s of S o uth
I n d i a; a nd wh o ar e s up p o s e d to be d es cend a nt s of B éli n an d S ugr iv a th e
V én ar a ki ng s in t h e Ram aya na ( M a d ra s C en s us of 1 89 1 , Rep or t, pp . 1 86
a nd T h e M a t s y a P ur i na re a d s Vej i -v d s i ka s ( cxiii . wh i ch s eem s

e rr o ne ou s .

1 T h e p eo pl e of M ah a r ash r a, t th e m o d er n M a h r atta s , wh om c an t o lviii

'

al s o c o ns id e r s t o b e i n th e .
S o u th (v er s e T he n am e is a l a te on e as

I h av e n ot f o un d i t i n th e M ah a-B h ar a ta or Ram ay an a . I t w as a la r g e
kin g d o m in H i uen T h s an g th e 7 t h
’
s ti m e in cen t . A D . .
, an d C unn i ng h am
m a k es i t co m p r i s e ne ar ly th e we s t er n h alf of th e D e kh a n b etw een th e l 6 th

a nd 2 0 th p ar all els of l a ti t ud e , w i th i ts ca p i ta l a t K aly éni (A n c . G e og . of

I n d ia , I .

T he M a ts y a P ur i na r ea d s N ava - i
r c s htr a s ( cx iii . b ut n ot w ell , f or thi s
c o untr y an d m e nti o n e d i n th e M -E h a s o n e of t h e k i ng d om
p eop l e ar e . s near

t he Kur u s , an d as s i t ua t e d i n th e s ou th -w e s t of M ad hy a -d esa or on th e
b or d e r s of j
R a p u ta n a ( S ab h a-
P .
,
xx x . 1110 ; an d V ini ta -R ,
i ll. and

th e H ar i -V amsa d e r i v es th e m f r om an e p o n ym o u s ki ng N a v a, m a kin g him

’
a nd t h e p r og en it or s of
'

th e Y a u d h e y a s , A m b a s h th as an d S i vis (w h i ch w er e
t r ib e s in or ne r a th e P a n j ab ) a ll s on s of k i n g U sin ar a ( x xxi . 1 674

i s h tr a i s th er ef or e
N a v a -r z ou t of p l a c e h er e .

I So al s o i n t h e B h is h m a - P . li s t (ix . or M d hi s hi kas as th e M ats ya

P ur ana r ead s (c x ii i . 47 T h e s e p e ople ar e , n o d oub t , th e s am e as th e M ahi s h

m a kas ( Kév a m ed h P
-
. .
,
l xxx i ii . 2 47 5 tha t i s , th e p eo p le of M d hi s h -m a t'f .

M ahi s h -m a t i w a s an a nc i e n t an d f a m ous ci t y ( S a bh é P
-
.
, xxx . 1 1 2 5— 6 3) an d

was s i tu a t e d on th e R . N ar m a d a, at a p l ace w h er e th e V i nd h y as an d th e

R i k s h a M ts .
( th e S atp ur a r a ng e ) c ont r act th e v a l le y ( H ar i -
V .
, xcv . 52 1 8, &c) .

f oun d e r a ccor d in g to th a t p a s s a g e , an d M a h i s h -m at
’
M u c uk un d a w a s i ts

a cc o r d i n g to an ot h e r (i d ,
x x x ii i . 1 8 46 T h e ir d e s c e n d a n t w a s th e g r eat
j
A r un a Kér t avir ya ( i bi d .
,
1 8 5 0- x xx iv . M ahi s h -m a ti i s id e n tifie d w i th

th e m o d e r n M ah e s w ar on t he N a r m a d a i n th e I m p G a z . . of I n d ia ( V ol . X,

b ut t hi s h ar d l y ag r e es wi th th e not i ce s in S an s kr it w r i tin g s ; f or
p .

M ah es w a r m u s t h av e l a i n w ithi n th e an ci e n t A v a n ti (s ee ver s e a nd

A v a n ti w a s h el d t o b e s o m e ti m es i n th e S ou th an d s o m e ti m e s in th e W es t ,

I b e liev e , p laced a ny wh er e b ut i n th e S outh

w h ereas M ah i s h -m ati i s n e ver , .
 334 CANT O L VI I .

l i ng as *
on al l
'
A b h i r a s gt an d V a i siky as , § Ad hakya s ,
’

”
A m ore e as t e r ly p o s i ti o n , s uch as M an d h at a or n e ar th er e , s e em s b etter .

A t th e t im e of t h e g r e at w ar i t s ki ng w a s N il a and hi s p eo p l e w e r e c alle d

L il ayud h a s ( U d yog a -P .
,
x vi ii . 5 9 2 - 3) or N ilay ud h a s ( B h is h m a -
P ,
l vi .

I t s p eo p l e w er e a f ter w ar d s d eclar e d t o h a v e b e co m e d e g r a d e d b e ca us e of th e
’
e x tin c ti on of s ac r e d r ites , &c .
( A nusés . P
-
.
, x x x ii i . 2 1 0 3— 4 M uir s S a n s k r it
T e x ts , I . 17 A M d hi s h ilmf, w h ic h s ee m s to b e a r i v er , i s m e nti on e d i n th e

Ram ay i n thi s . r e g i on ( Ki s hk K .
- .
,
x li .

5" w er e f am o us
’

O r Ka li ng as . K aling a w as an a n ci e nt ki n g d om , i t s k i n g s
f a m i li e s
’

( Ad i P -
.
,
l x v ii . an d i t s p ri n c es s e s m a r r i e d i nto t h e Ar y an r oy a l
'
( e .
g .
, Ad i R -
, x cv . 37 7 4 — 5 , 37 8 0 ; and S an ti - P .
, iv ) . I t s p eop l e w e r e c lo s e ly

a lli e d to th e An g a s an d V an g a s , an d t h e t h r ee n ati o ns ar e o f te n l ink e d to g et h er

’

(e .
g .
,
A d i -P .
, cc x v . 7 820 ; and D r o na -R , lxx . and th i s c onn e xi on is
by t h e a ll eg a t i on th a t t h e s e thr e e th e S uh m a s an d
em ph a s i z e d a nd al s o

F a u d r a s w er e d es c e n d e d fr o m fiv e e p o ny m o us b r oth er s (s e e p a g e 325 n o te I) .

Kali ng a co m p r i s e d a ll th e E a s t e r n coa s t b e tw ee n t h e U tk a la s on th e n or t h

( Rag h u V -
, iv . 38 ) an d th e T el i n g a s or T e lug u s on th e s o u th . T he R .

V a i tar a ni ( th e m od ern B y t u rn i ) fl ow e d th r oug h i t , an d th e M ah e nd r a M ts .

'

( th e E a s t e r n Gh a ts ) w er e w i thi n i ts s o u th er n lim i t s ( Ad i -P .
,
c cx v . 7 8 2 0— 2 4 ;

an d Ra g h u -V .
, i v 38. K a lin ga th e r ef or e c om p r i s e d th e m o d er n p ro vin ce

of O r is s a an d th e d i s tr ic t of G an j am an d p r ob a b ly al s o th at of V i z ag ap atam .

T he M a t s ya P ur é n a m a k e s K ali ng a e xt e n d as f ar w e s t as th e A m ar a -ka n t ak a

hi ll s (cl x xxv . b ut Kal in g a th e r e i s , no d oub t, a n er r or f or K os ala . C er tain

K aling a s h a v e b een m enti on e d i n v er s e 37 a b ov e .

1 B ar va sa k
‘
. T hi s s eem s to b e r at h e r a s t er eotyp e d p hr as e . T h e M ats ya
i ua
P ur z als o r e ad s th e s am e ( c x i ii Pdi v a éa h w o uld be p r e f er ab le
’
'
.
a

r ea d in g , f or th e Ka l i n g a s occ up i e d a l ar g e p ar t of t h e E as ter n c oa s t an d

d o n o t a pp e ar to h av e i nh ab i t e d an y o th er p ar t of th e D e kh an .

T h es e m ay h av e b ee n off -l yi n g b r an ch of thi s
I an a b or i g in al r ace (s ee
n ot e to v er s e T h e V ay u P ur ana r ea d s A t hf m s h er e (xl v . T he
P u r an a K d m cs h u s ( c xii i
’

M a ts ya r ea d s . t h ey ar e th e s am e a s th e K ami s ha s

m en ti on e d in v er s e 53 t h ey co m e i n th e ir p r op er p o s i ti o n t h er e and ar e o u t

of p l ac e h er e .

i n th e d ic ti o n ar y
’
T hi s i s n ot . F or s a ha eat i iky a r e ad e i th er one w or d
’ ’

s a ha v a i s iky a i r T h e V znyu ( xl v 1 2 6) an d M P ur éna s

or . . at s y a
( c xiii . 48 )
r e ad E s M ka s or Ai s hfica s b ut I h av e n ot f o un d an y o f th e s e na m es e l s e w h er e ,

H I h av e n ot m e t thi s n a m e e l s e w h er e an d it i s no t i n th e d i cti o na r y . T he
V ayu P ur ana ( xl v 1 2 6) a nd th e M (
'
. at s ya c xiii . 48 ) r ea d A ga v y a s , an d thi s
f o r e s t - d w ell e r s ,
“
m ay m ean e i th er or m or e p r ob ab ly t h e p e o p le of

w h ich i s m e nti one d a s a c i ty i n th e D e kh a n , b u t w ith out a ny d a ta t o i d e nti fy

it ( S ab h d - P .
,
x xx .
 CO UNT R I E S AND RACE S I N S O UT H I ND I A . 335

an d th e th e P ulin d as d th e V in d h ya
"

m aul eya s , 1 th e p eop l e of V id a r b h a § a nd th e D a nd a

'
T h e S a v ar a s ar e an ab or i g in al tr i be, accor d in g to s om e D r avi di an, an d

a cc or d i n
g t o o th er s K olar ia n . T h ey ar e m e n ti o ne d r ar e ly in th e M .
-
Eh .

'
( S én ti -
P .
, lx v . cl xv iii . 6 2 9 4- 6 30 3 cl xxiii . an d c c v ii . 7 5 59 — 6 1 )
an d Ram ay .
( Ad i -K .
,
i 5 9 ; A r a ny a - K
. .
,
l xxv ii 6 — 32 ; &c ). . T hey ar e r ep r es ent

ed i n th es e p a s s a g e s as d w e llin g i n C e ntr al I nd i a and th e D e kh an , as b ein g

w i ck e d D a s y us , an d a s p r ac ti s i ng e v il c us t o m s . T h ey a r e s ti ll f o und s ca tte r e d

a b o ut i n th os e p ar ts a nd a l s o t o w ar d s O r i s s a , un d er th e n a m e s S ab ar , S a ur ,
S ui r , & c . I n th e M a d ra s P r e s id e nc y th e y ar e f o un d c hi e fly in th e Gan j am
a nd V i z a g ap a ta m d i s tr i c ts (M a d r as C ens us of 1 8 9 1 , Re por t, p .
“
T he
S a v a r s b eli e ve th e i r o r i g in al c o ndi tio n t o h a v e b ee n th at of a w a n d er in g tr i b e ,
r oa m i ng th r o ug h th e hil ls of O r is s a a nd C h o ta N a g p ur , li v in g on t h e f r ui t s

of th e f or e s t a ckn o w le d r ul e o f
( Ri s le y
’
an d g i n g th e n o r e cog ni z ed c h ie f . s

C as tes an d T r ib e s of B e n g al , II — 24 6 a nd t hi s b eli e f if we
.
) a g r ees ,

th e ir ea r li e s t no ti ces of th em See C un n ing h a m

e xt e n d r an
g e , w it h th e . a ls o ,

A r ch . S ur v Rep t a , X V I I
. an d XX .

1 T h es e p e o p l e ar e m e nt i o n e d a g a in in v er s e 50 as b e i ng al s o in t h e
W e s t, a nd t he r e a pp ear s to h a v e b een a N or th er n b r a n c h of th e m in t h e
H im a lay as (s ee p a g e 3 1 6 n o te T hi s S o uth er n b ra nc h s e em s from th e
M .
~
B h to h av e
. occu p i e d th e m i d d l e p or ti on of t h e D e kh an ( S a bh a P - .
, x xx . 1 1 20

an d B h is h m a -R , ix . 36 9 ; and R am ay .
,
Ki s hk -K . .

, x li l 7 )
. a nd , e xt e n d e d

e a s t w ar d w h er e t h ey h a d a gr ea t ci ty ( S abh é - P .
,
x x v i ii . T h ey w e r e
’ ’
an ab or ig in a l tr ib e , f or t h e y w er e m lec c has (V a na - P , c l xx xvi i i 1 2 8 3 8— 40 )

th ey b e cam e o u t -ca s t e s fr om n o t s eei n g b r ah m an s ( A n us as .

-
P .
, x xx m . 2 1 04— 5 )

t h ey a r e ca lle d w ic k e d a n d ar e s ai d to h av e p ra c ti s e d e v i l cus t o m s
’
( S an ti P -
.
,

ccv ii . 7 5 59 T h e V ay u P ur ana r e ad s P uli n d r a s (x lv . 1 26 ) er r on e o us ly .

I T h e V éy u P ar ana . r ea d s Vi/nd hya -m ali ka s ( xl v . w hi ch i s s y n o nym ous ,

”
th o s e w h o d w e ll at th e f oot of t h e V in d h y a m ou nt a ins , or th e ab or i g ines

of th e Vi nd hy a m oun ta in s . I h a v e no t m e t t h i s n am e as d es cr ib i ng a ny

p e o p le , an d t ak e n i n i t s g e n e r a l m e an i ng i t w ould i nc lud e t h e
p ar ti cul ar
r a ce s m e nt ion e d in v er s es 5 3— 5 5 b el o w : b ut p e r h a p s i t m a y b e r ead a s a n

ad j e cti ve to P ul i n d as . T h e M a ts ya P ur ana r e ad s Vi n d hya -p us hika s (c xiii .

w h i ch s e e m s er r o n e ou s .

V i d ar b h a w a s o ne of th e m os t a nc i e nt an d r e n o w ne d ki n g d o m s i n th e

D ekh an (V a na -P .
,
x c vi . an d x cv ii ) . It c om pr is e d th e v a lley o f t h e P ayos h ni ,

th e m o d e rn P ur na an d th e m id d l e p or tio n of th e T a p t i ( s ee p ag e 29 9 n ote 1
'

an d V an a -P . c xx . 1 0 2 89 a nd cor r es p o nd e d t o th e w e s te r n p a r t of th e
,

er ar an d th e v a ll ey -c ou n tr y w es t of th at I t is s a id to h av e b een
m o d er n B .

f o un d e d b y a ki ng V i d ar b h a w h o b u i lt a ci ty cal le d V id ar bh é Ha ri V -
.
, cx v i i .

6 58 8 and 6 605— 8 ; an d V an a P -
.
,
lx xi i ) , wh ic h s eem s t o h av e be en th e sa m e
336 CANT O L vn .

'
k a s fi th e P aur ikas fi
“ '
and th e M au likas , i th e A s m ak as , §

as K un d i na th e cap ital ( V an a -P . l xxii an d H ar i -V .

, ci v . 58 0 0— 7 cxvi ii .

B h is h m a k a , w h o h eld “
6 66 1 I t s m os t f am ous k ing w as th e titl e ki ng
”
of th e D ekh an (i d , c xv ii . 6 59 0 T he p e o pl e w e r e B hoj as
( U d yo g a - P .
,

x lv ii . 1 88 1 ) or p er h ap s o nl y th e r oy al f am ily w a s s o ca ll e d (i d , c lv ii . 5 350— 1
S a b h a-P .
, xi ii . 585 an d s o al s o in th e R aghu -V a msa with r ef er en ce t o a

p er i o d m any g e ner a ti o ns a n t er i o r ( v i 5 9 an d 6 9 and v ii ) T h e n am e B h oj a

. .

s e em s to h a v e m or e th an on e a p p li c at i o n , f or th e B h o j as to g e th er wi th t h e
A n d h ak a s an d ,
V ri s h r_
1 i s b el o n g e d t o th e Y ad av a r ace ( H ar i -
V .
,
x ci v . 5181

and th e n am e ap p e ar s to h av e b e e n a pp l i e d a l s o in a m u ch w id er s en s e

t o K s h attr i y a s d e s cen d e d f r om Y a y ati ( S ab h a-P .

,
x iii . 5 66
T h e D a nd ak a s ar e m e n ti o n e d in th e M . Bh
- .
( S ab h a P - .
,
xx . 1 1 69 ) an d

w er e th e i nh ab i tant s of th e f or e s t r e g i on ca ll e d D an d a kd r a zzya . D a n d ak a
o r ig i n ally w a s th e na m e o f t he i m m en s e f or es t , w h er e Ram a w ent i n b a n i s h
m e n t , an d w hi ch i s d es cr ib e d i n th e Ram ay . a s c o v er in g th e w h ol e of C en tr a l

I nd i a fr om B un d el kh a nd o n th e nor th t o s outh w ar d of th e G o d av er i (Jo ur n a l ,

R A S . . .
,
1 89 4, p . b ut as thi s f or e s t w a s g r a d ually cl ear e d a w ay b y th e
s pr ea d of t h e A r y an c ol on i e s , i t s lim i ts d i m i ni s h e d t ill at la s t D a n d ak a
d eno t e d o nly th e c o un tr y ar oun d th e s our c e s o f th e Go d av er i an d l ow er p ar t
of th e T ap t i (M .
- Eh .
,
S a bh é- P .
,
xx x . 1 1 69 ; V a n a -P .
, l xx x v . 8 1 83 It c ould

o n ly h a v e b een at th i s s ta g e t h at i ts i nh ab i ta nt s c o ul d w ell h av e b e e n
d e s cr ib e d b y th e n am e D a nd a k a s , an d i t i s no d o ub t t h e p e o p l e of t h at
m o d er at e ar ea w ho are m ean t h er e . To a cco un t f or th e n am e th e H ar i
V arh éa h a s p r ov i d e d an e p onym ou s kin g D a nd a ka wh o m a d e D a n dak ér a
ny a
(x . 6 37

1 T he
'
p eo p l e of P ur i ka . T h i s m ay b e e i th er th e f a m ous t ow n P a m? i n
to h av e
’
O ri s s a, or th e t own P ur ikd w h i ch M uc ulr un d a i s s ai d b uilt on th e
n or th er n s l op e of th e Rik s h a M t s i n th e . king d o m of M ahi s h -m a t i Hari V -
.
,

xc v . 5 22 0- 8 ) b ut th e l a tter s eem s m or e p r o b a ble , j ud g ing f r om th e c o nt ex t .

F or M ahi s h -m at i, s ee p a g e 3 3 3 no t e I . T h e V ay u P ar ana r ea d s P a m/m ike s ,

( xl v . i s thi s t o b e c o nn e c te d wi th P o on a h , s o uth -ea s t of B o m b ay ? I

h av e not m et it el s ew h er e .

I T h e v ayu P ur ana r e ad s M a uni ka s

( xl v . an d M a u ls yas ar e m en
ti on e d in S ab h a-P .
, li . 1 8 7 1 ; b ut I h av e n ot f oun d a ny of th e s e nam e s
el s e wh er e .

T h is p eople i s not i n th e d i cti on ar y

"

as a T he V éy u P ur a n a r ea ds
A sm a ka s (x l v b ut A sm aka s e em s to b e t h e p r op er f or m T he s e p eo p l e
.

ar e m enti on ed i n th e Ram ay .
( Ki s hk .
-K . x li . 1 7) an d M .
- Bh .
( D r ona P
x xx v ii . 1 6 05 an d ar e pl ace d m th e m i d d l e of
I nd i a b y cant o lv iii v er s e

7 .T h ey m ay h av e b e e n th e d es cen d ants s on o f
o f A s m a ka
, w h o w a s th e
ki ng Kalm as h a p ad a S a i
’
d s q ue e n M ad ay ant i b
y V a s is h th a ( Ad L R , c xxii
- u t s a ’
, .
 CO UNT RI E S AND m os s I N SO UT H I ND IA . 337

B hoga-v ar d h anas , ’ Nai s hikas fi Kun tal as , 1 And h as , § U d bhi

49 d as , V an a -d é r akas fl ; th es e ar e the p eop les of th e countr ies

of th e S o u th ern re g io n. H
‘ ‘

4 7 36- 7 ; and cl xxvi i. 6 77 7 an d wh o f oun d e d the town P aud anya ( ibid .

,

A q ueen Asm ak i i s m enti one d in th e L un ar line (i d , xc v 37 .

4“
I hav e not f oun d t hi s n am e el s ewh er e P er h a p s i t m ay b e co nnecte d wi th .

th e S o uth ern U tsa va -s anketa s ( B h is h m a -R

, i
x 36 8 ; . a nd s ee g
p a e 31 9 note
1 T hi s i s not in th e d i cti on ar y . I t m u ch r e s em bl e s th e Nd s i kyas of

c an t o lvi ii . v er s e 24 , wh o are, no d oub t , th e p eople of Nas ik, nor th -ea s t o f

B om b ay ; b ut th ey s eem to b e in ten d ed by N d s i kyd vas i n v er s e 5 1 Nai s h a~ .

d h a s c an h ar d ly h e m ea nt, f or th ey ar e n am e d i n v er s e 5 4 and were n ot i n

S ou th I n d ia .
y u P ar ana
T he V a . r ea d s Na im i ka s (xl v . 1 27 ) wh ich s om ewh a t

re s e m bl e s th e Na i rri ta s of the B h is hm a -P li s t .
(ix .

1 A p e opl e of thi s nam e h av e b een m e nt io ne d in v er s e 32 , as d well ing

i n M ad h y a-d efi
a . T h e Ku ntala s h er e w er e i n th e D ekh an and ar e the s am e

as th o s e m entioned in B h is hm a-R , ix . 367 , an d K am a-R , xx. 77 9 . It

Kuntala lay i n th e reg ion b e tw ee n B e lg aum a nd B ellary ( Ar ch S ur v
a p p e ar s . .

o f W I nd i a, No 5 b y J F F le e t, p 6 ; an d N O 1 0 by J B urg es s , p 7 2 no te )
. . . . . . . . .

5 T h e V ayu P ur i na r ead s An d hr as ( x lv wh ich i s , n o d oub t, r igh t . .

A nd h a s ar e m entione d in th e M . Bh
- .
( U d y og a P
- .
,
xvi ii. 58 6 ; an d B h is h m a P .
x. but m is tak enly f or A nd hak as an d A nd hr as r esp ecti v el y . T he An a

d hras or An d h ra s w er e a r ud e r ace in e ar ly ti m e s ( S ab h é -
P .
, iv 1 1 9
. x xx . 1 175 ;

x xx iii . 1 270 and V ane -R , li . b u t t h ey e s tabli s h ed a king d om d ur i n g

t h e thi r d a nd s econd ce nt ur i e s B . C . A nd hr a w as a king d om al s o i n H i u en

g ti m e in th e 7 th ce ntur y A D an d com p ri s e d th e e as ter n p or ti on

’
T h s an s . .
,

of th e Ni z am
’
s t err itori e s , wi th i t s cap i tal a t Wa ra ngal, ac cor d in g t o Gun

Ge og of I n d ia ) A no th er ca p i t al was D henuké kata, w h ich

nin gb a u ( A nc . . .

i s D h a r anik ota n ear A m ar av ati on t h e Kis tna ( Ar c h . S ur v . of W I nd ia , No

. . 10

b y J B urg e s s , p
. . A nd hr a i s s aid to b e p r ob ably th e sam e as T elin g a

p 7 2 note ; and d ictio na ry ) , and i s ta n to b e

ke th e S a ns kr it nam e f or
( ari d , .

T e lug u in th e M ad r as C e ns u s R ep ort T el ug u is th e sp eech of th e r eg i o n .

e xte n d i ng p ar all el o f lati tud e a little n or th of M a d r a s n or th wa rd a s

fr o m a

f ar as I ch ap ur i n Ganj am ; i t d oe s n ot p en e tr a te i nt o M ys or e nor t h e w es ter n

li m it s of An antap ur and B ellar y, b ut i s s p oke n b y m any of th e i nh a bi ta nts

of th e N i z am s D om i nions an d th e C entr al P r o vi nces

’
(Rep or t , p .

T hi s i s not in the d icti onar y a nd I h av e no t m e t wi th it els ewh ere .

I]
1[ W o od -s
pli tte r s .
”
T he V ii y u P ur i na r ea d s No la kd li kas f
( xl v . o ther

f or ms of wh ich are Nolakcin a n as a nd N abhakd na na s

T h e K ér m a P ur i na ad d s M ag a d h a s (xl vu . 38 ) m is takenly ; th ey ar e

m e n tioned in th eir pr op er p lace in v er s e 44 .

H F or D aks hi gzd tyd s r ea d D aks h i nd y ais T h e M a ts ya P uri na keep s p ace

 338 C ANT O L vu .

H e ar f r om me the na m es of th e W es ter n p eop l es . T he

th e K aliba l a s fi and th e D ur g as , 1 an d th e

50 A n ika tas , § and th e P uli n d as , “ an d th e S um in a s fil th e

wi th th e t ex t as f ar as th e
“
D a nd a kas and th e n j um p s at o nce , wi th o ut

a ny i nti m a ti on , t o th e W e s ter n p eo p l es b eg in ni ng with th e Kul iya s wh o

c or r es p o n d t o th e P ul ind as of v er s e 50 .

i yu P ur i n a
'
T h i s is ob v i o us l y a m i s ta ke f or S d rp a na ka s , w hi c h
'
th e Va
S ii r p ér ak a
’
r ea d s ( xlv . S fir p ar ak a or ( b oth f or m s s eem c or r ect , th o ug h

t h e d ic ti o nar y g iv e s on ly th e l a tter ) wa s t h e c o unt r y i n th e Wes t wh e r e

R am a Jém a d a gny a d w e lt ( V an a - P .
,
l xx x v . th o u g h i t i s a ls o p lace d i n
th e S ou th ( S ab h a-P .
, xxx . 1 1 69 an d V an a - P .
,
l x xxv i i i . b eca us e i t w a s
n ear t h e S outh er n s ea i n th e W e s t er n re
g i on ( S a
'
n t i -
P .
, xl ix . 1 77 8 It
b or d er e d on th e s ea n ear i sa
P r ab h z ( V a na - P .
, cx viii . 1022 1 w hi ch i s th e

m o d er n S om n a th i n th e p en in s ul a of K ath i aw ar ; i t i n cl ud e d th e co un tr y

ar o un d t h e m outh of th e N ar m a d a ( A n uéti s .
-
P .
, x xv . an d th e m ou th of

th a t r i ve r w as so s p e ci al ly c onn ect e d w i th R am a th a t i t wa s c alle d J am a d

ng uy a ( M a t s ya P ur i na , c x cii i . 33 H e b uilt th e c i ty S fir p ar a k a th er e

( H a r i -V .
, xc vi . a nd D r B u r ges s h a s id e ntified i t wi th th e
. s m a ll m o d er n

t ow n S up ar a n ear B a s s e in , n or th o f B om b ay . T he co un t r y S d r p ar a k a t h er e
f or e co m pr i s ed th e li tt or a l tr ac t f r o m a b out B a s s e in to a b o ut th e R N a r m a d a
. .

( A r ch . S urv . of W . I n d i a , N o 1 0 p 31 ) . . T he p r o p er r ea d i ng i n Ram ay .

K i s hk K xl iii
’
.
-
.
, . 5, s h o uld ,
no d o ub t , b e th e S ii r p ar a k a s al s o i n s tea d of

( G or r es i o E d i ti on , An n ot a tio ns )
“ ’
th e e x t en s iv e t o w ns s .

1
'
T hi s i s no t i n th e d ic ti on ar y . T he V ay u P ur ana r e ad s K o la va n a s ( xlv .

b ut I have n ot f ou n d e i th er n a m e e l s e wh e r e . P e r h ap s thi s i s to b e

c o nn ect e d wi th Ka lwan , a tO W n ab o ut 37 m i l e s n o r th of N as i k (w h i ch is
m ent i o n e d i n p a g e 339 , n o te II) .

I T hi s i s no t i n th e d i c ti o nary a nd I h av e n ot fou nd th e n a m e el s e w h er e ;

b u t t h e D wrg a la s ar e m e n ti o ne d i n th e B h i s h m a -P . li s t (i x . P er h a p s
th is is to b e c o nn e cte d wi th D Qi/ng ar -p u r , a t o wn an d s t ate a b o ut 9 0 m i le s
n or th -ea s t o f A h m e d ab a d .

' ’
O r Ani ka tas , or C anik atas ; n eith er i s i n th e d i c ti o na r T h e V ay u
y .

P ur an a r ea d s Kd li takas ( x lv . b ut I h a v e n ot f o un d th e s e w o rd s el s e

w h er e . T h es e n a m e s s ug g e s t C a li cu t, b ut th at i s too f ar s o u th to b e a d m is

s i bl e h er e i n th e W e s ter n r eg i on .

I] S ee n ote to v er s e 47 ab o v e . T hi s b r an ch w o ul d be a m o ng th e h ill s
s o u th -w es t o f M al w a or t he s ou th er n p or ti on of th e A ra v a l l i hill s p r ob ab ly
T h e V ayu P ur an a r e ad s P uleya s ( xl v . an d th e M Ku lzy as ( cxii i
'
a t s ya .

49 ) b u t I h av e no t m e t w i th e it h e r n a m e el s e w h er e .

1T T his i s no t i n th e d ic ti onar y T h e v ay u P a r ana r ea d s S u r afil a s

’
.

(xl v .

and th e M ats ya S i m las ( c xiii . 49 ) b u t I h a ve no t f o un d a ny o f th e s e w o r d s

 CO UNT RI E S AND RAC E S I N W E ST E RN I ND IA . 339

R fip ap as fi an d th e S v ap ad as fi and th e Kur um ins , I

-
and

51 a ll th e K ath aks h ar as , § an d th e o th e r s who ar e ca lled Na

y av as Ha n d th e o th er s w ho li ve
s ik on t h e nor th b an k of t he
N ar m a d a, “ th e B h ir u-kaééh as , “ an d th e M ah eya s , fi' and

e l s ewh er e . Ar e th e se two na m e s t o b e i d entifie d with I s r ael T h ere w as an

a n ci e n t Je w i s h c o l o ny , th e m o d er n B e ni -I s r ael, on th e B om b ay coa s t b ef or e

( Hun ter
’
th e 2 u d c ent . A D . . s I n d i an E m p ir e, p .

if T h e V ayu ( xl v . a nd th e M a ts ya ( c x iii . 49 ) P ur anas r ead M a m a.

I h av e n ot m et e i th er n am e el s e wh e r e . T h e B h is h m a -P . l i s t m e nti on s Rama
o d h zka s (i x
’

’
h i s a s th e n am e of p eop l e i s th e d i cti onar y ;
’
1 T a not in b ut S v a p ac a -

"
d o g - co ok i n g , wh i c h w o ul d n o t s ui t t h e m e tr e ) occ ur s , a s t he

na m e of a d eg r a d e d t r ib e ( M an n , x . 19 an d T r i -éa nku i s s aid t o h av e

'
a s s o ci at e d w i th t h e S v a -p ék a s , wh e n d is car d e d by h is f a th e r (H ar i V x i i- .
, .

721 T h e V éy u P ur én a ( xl v . 1 29 ) a nd th e M at s
ya ( cx iii . 4 9 ) r ea d T r
i pa
’

s as , w h i ch r es e m b l e s th e T aip a s d s r am as p l ace d in th e s o ut h r e g i on by ca nt o

l v i ii . v er s e 2 7 , wh ich m i g h t m e an th e d e s c end a nt s o f a s ce ti c s .

I T his is not i n th e d i c ti o n ar y . T h e V é y u P ar ana r ea d s T u r a s i tas ( x lv .

b u t I h av e no t m et ei th er n am e e ls e w h er e . T he M a ts y a r ea d s T ui tti r ika s

( c x ii i . whi ch r es e m b l e s th e T i tti r a s m e n ti one d i n B h is h m a -R , l 2 0 8 4 .

b ut t h e r e ar e n o d at a t o id e nti fy th e m .

5 T hi s i s no t i n th e d i c ti o na r y . i yu P ur ana
T he V e r e ad s P a r a ks har a s ( xl v
T he P d m
’
Ka r a s ka r as ( cxiii s av as o f
’

and th e M a ts y a . ca n t o lv ui

v er s e 31 a pp ea r t o b e th e s am e p e opl e .
I h av e not m e t w it h a ny o f th e s e

n am e s e l s e wh e r e , e x c e p t K ar a s k ar a s i n S ab h a P -
.
,
x li x . 1 8 04, b ut th e P ér a éa

v as m i g h t m e an a tr ib e w hic h cl a i m e d d e s c ent f r o m P a r asu -R am a .

T hi s i s i n t h e d icti o na r y T h e V ay u P ur ana r ea d s N as iky as a nd

II n ot .

o th er s
”
( xl v . 1 30 ) t his ag r e e s w i th th e N d s iky as of c an to l v i ii , v er s e 24

e xc e p t th a t th e l a tter ar e p la ce d i n th e S ou th . T h e N é s iky as ar e , n o d o ub t,

th e p e o pl e of N a s ik , w h ich i s an a n ci e n t an d s a cr e d c i ty n or th -ea st of

T he M a ts y a P a r an a r e ad s and o t h er s wh o a r e ca l led V é s i kas "

B o m b ay .
.

b ut I h a v e n ot m e t th i s n am e e l s e wh e r e .
( cx i ii .

fir T h e v ay u P ur ana ( xlv . 1 30 ) an d th e M ats y a ( c xiii . 5 0) s ay with i n t he

”
N a r m ad a .

O r B hd r u - ka c c has as th e M a ts ya P a r ana r ea d s (c xii i . T hes e ar e , no

’ ’
d o ub t , the s am e as th e B hri gu - ka c c h a s o f c an t o lv iii . v er s e 21 . T he w o r d i s

th e G r eek B a r u g a z a and s ur vi v e s i n th e m o d e r n B h ar uc h or B r oac h , a l ar g e

t o w n n ea r th e m outh of th e N ar m a d a ( A n c . G eo g . of I nd ia ) .T h e V ti y u

P a r ana r ead s B hd n u ka c -
’
c
’
hm s ( xlv . 1 30 ) e r r o n eo us ly . N on e o f th e s e n a m e s

I b el i eve in th e Ram aya na or M a h é -B h fi r a ta

o c cu r
.

d oub t , th e p eopl e wh o d w e lt a l ong th e R M

H T h es e a r e , no . ahi (s e e p age
340 CANT O L VH .

52 th e S ér as Vata s * l an d th e K ésmir as fi and th e S u -r z

i s li
‘

a s o,

tr as , I an d th e A v an tyas , § and th e A r bud as “ al s o . T h es e

ar e th e W es t er n p e opl es .

H ear th e i nh abi ta nts of t he V i nd hya M o un ta n s i .

“ T he

2 9 4, nor th of B ar od a T he M aihzka s th e B h is h m a -P
'

no te . of . l is t (i x . 36 4 )
ar e no d oub t th e s am e .

So al s o th e M a ts y a P ur i n a ( cxiii . T h e p eople w h o d well a l o ng

th e R S ar a s -vat i, .
‘
”
w h i ch i s , no d o ub t, th e s m all r i v er of th a t n a m e th a t fl ow s
i n to t h e s e a at i s a , t h e m o d er n S om n at h , i n t h e p e ni n s ul a
P r ab h z of Kat h i aw ar
’
( V an s -R
, lxxxii 5 00 2- 4 ;
. an d S a ly a -P .
,
x xx vi . 2 04 8 T h ey ar e n ot t he

Sér a sv a tas o f 7 , w h o w er e in M a d hy a d es a
’

s am e a s th e c ant o l v ii i . ve r s e -
.

'
T h e V ri y n P ur ana r ea d s in s t e ad S ah a s a s an d S aév a ta s ( xlv I h a ve .

’ ’
t h e B h is h m a -P li s t
’

n ot f oun d e it h er na m e e l s ewh er e , b ut th e S a s i ka s of .

35 4 ) d o ub t, t h e s ec o nd o f th e s e
( ix . ar e , n o s am e a s th e .

1 T his n am e is al t og e th er o ut o f p l ac e h er e , a nd th e K as m ir as h ave b een

m ent i one d in th eir p r op e r p o s it io n i n v er s e 41 . T h e V ay u P ur ana r ea d s

' ’
)
’
K hmfya s ins t e a d ( Ka c
’
ac c xl v . 1 31 an d t he M at s ya c hi kas ( cx ii i . w hi ch
’ ’
in d i c a te th e c o r r e c t r ea d ing . T h ey ar e th e p eop l e o f K a c c ha ( s ee Can to l viii .

v er s e 2 8 ) t h e m od e r n K a chh or K u t ch .

it S u -r és h tr a i s a co un t r y fr e qu e ntly m e nti o ne d i n th e M .
- Eh .
, b ut t h e
r e f er e nc es s el d o m con v e y a ny d e finite i nf or m a ti on I t in cl ud e d th e p e nin
.

s ul a of K athi aw ar an d th e c o un t r y ar oun d th e G of C a m b ay — t h a t i s , n o t
.

q uit e all th e mo d er n t er r i to ry c all e d G uj ar a t ( V ana P

- .
, l xxxv iii 8 34 4 . It
is v er y rar e ly allud e d to i n t h e R am ay .
( s ee o nc e in Ald i -K .
, x ii . T he
o l d n am e s ur v iv e s i n th e t ow n S ur a t nea r t h e m outh of th e T a p ti
“

’
T hi s f or m i s g i v en i n th e d i cti on ar y ; A v a n ty afis f or Av a ntya s
’
n ot r ead 7
.

T h ey ar e th e p e opl e of A van ti s ee n o te to v e rse 5 5 wh ere th e A v a n t is . ar e

m e n ti o n e d a g ain , an d m or e ap p r op r i at e l
y , f or c a nt o l v iii . v er s e 2 2 p la ce s
s r ig ht s i d e ,
’
t h em i n t h e T o r t oi s e i . e .
, t h e S outh : b u t th e y w e r e cons id er e d

t o b e i n b o th r e gi o ns .

1 31 ) an d
(
'
T h e V ayu P ur én a ( x lv . th e M a ts y a c x iii 51 ) r e ad A n a r tas , wh ich
i s p er h ap s b e tter , a s th e y ar e p lace d b y c an to l v m . v er s e 30 i n th e T or toi s e’ s
'
ri gh t h in d f oot
- A n a r ta w a s th e co unt r
.
y w hi c h h a d f o r i ts c ap i t a l D v ar ak é .

or D v ar a -v a ti or Kusa -s th al i, th e m o d er n D w ar k a on th e s ea - s h o r e at the
'
E x tr em e w es t of t h e p e n i n s ul a o f Ka t h i aw a r ( S an ti -
P c c c xli 1 2 95 5 H a r i -V
.
, .
; .
,
I t w a s Kri s h na
’
c xii i 6 2 65 s s p e c i al ki n g d o m , b ut i t was f o un d e d l on
g
.

b e f or e ( H ar i -
V .
,
x . 6 42 — 9 ; an d xci v . 5 1 63

HT h e p e opl e of Ar b ud a , t h e m o d e r n M t A b u .
n ea r th e s o uth en d of th e
Ar av a lli h ill s .

F o r Vi n d ha -n i vafis i n a lg r e ad Vi n d hya -ni vd s i n a lz ;

H s ee v ers e 55 . V i nd h y a i s
us e d h er e i n its g en eral a nd w i d er m ea ning , as d e no ti ng th e w h ol e m o un ta i n
 CO U NT RI E S AND RACE S NE AR T H E VI ND HY A M O U NT AI NS . 341

S ar aj as fi‘ and Kar ii s h as d '

and the Ker al as , 1 an d U tk alas , §

ch ain f r om Guj ara t eas tw ar d s , and not in th e pr eci s e s en s e gi v en it in v er s e s

2 1 - 2 3, b ecaus e th e Nai s h ad h a s , Av anti s and ot h e r we s ter n p e op l e ar e inc lud

ed in th i s gr oup .

I h ave no t m et wit h th i s n am e el s ewh e r e , and it i s not i n th e d ic tionar y .

T h e v ay u P ur ana (x l v 1 32 ) and th e M at s y a ( cx iii 5 2 ) . . r e ad M d lao as , w hich

i s n o d o ub t cor r ect M alava i s th e m o d er n M alwa ; . an d th e p eop l e ar e

g en er ally m e ntion e d in th e M .
~ Bh . as a t ri b e r a th er t h an as a s ettl e d n a ti on

S a b h é -P .
, xxx iii . 1 2 70 li 1 8 7 1 ;
. an d V an a -P ccliii . M alav a d o es

n o t app ea r t o h av e b een s o e x ten s i v e h ow e v er as M alw a an d , as t hi s p as s a g e

i n d i cates , d enote d r at h er t h e up p e r p or ti on of th at r e gi o n b or d er ing on th e

V in d h ya s , w e s t of A va n ti .

1' T h e n am e is al s o w r itte n Kd r us ha , Kar as ha an d Kcir us ha ka . T hi s p e op le

con s t it u t e d a. p ow e r f ul na ti o n un d er ki ng D an ta -v akr a i n th e P andav a s ’ t im e

( S ab h a-P .
,
x iii . 5 7 5— 7 an d H ar i -V , x ci 4 9 6 3) b ut th e y s eem t o h av e co n
. .

s i s t e d of s ev er al t r ib e s ( y g P
U d o a - .
,
iii 8 1 ) . an d w er e nt lo o o k e d u p o n as cl os el
y
alli e d t o th e r a ces ar o und th e m , f or t h e i r or ig i n is car r i ed d ir e ctly b ack to
Kar txs h a,
’
an ep on ym ous an ces tor a s on of M a nn V ai va s va ta , in th e H ar i

V axii s a (x K ar fis h a i s i n d i ca t e d
’
. 614 ; a nd xi . T h e p os i ti on of by t h e
w i th Kééi
’
f oll ow in g a llus i ons . I t i s l ink e d wi t h C ed i an d (Ad i R,
-
cxx iii . 47 9 6
B h is h m a -B , i x 348 ; . li v 2 24 2 .
; l vi 2 4 1 5 ; . O XVI L 5 44 6 ; an d Kam a-R , xxx.

a nd wi th th e V ét s y a s or V a ts a s ( D r ona - R, xi . 39 6 ; s ee p a g e 80 7 ,
n ot e “ ) it w as no t a v er y a cce s s i b le coun tr y ( S ab h a P -
.
, li .
a nd

h er e i t i s s a id to re st on th e V i n d h y a s . M or e ov er D an ta -va k r a a ck no w

led g e d Ja r é s an d h a , king of M ag a d ha (s ee p a g e 330 n o te I) as hi s s u z er ai n

(S ab h a-P .
, xi i i . 57 5— 7 an d H ar i V - .
,
x ci . K ar fis h a th er e f or e w a s a
’
h i lly co un t r y , s o ut h o f K ééi an d V a t s a , b etw e en C ed i an d M a g a d h a ; th a t i s ,
it c om pr i s ed th e hilly c oun try o f w hi ch Re w a i s th e centr e , fr om ab out th e
R K en
. on th e w e s t as far as the c o nfine s of B e h ar on th e ea s t . I h av e d i s
K A nci e nt C ed i , M a ts y a Kar fisa ” i n th e
’

c us s ed ar II s h a in a p ap er on a nd
’
B e ng a l A s i a ti c S oc i e ty s Jour n a l, 1 8 9 5 , P a r t I .
p 2 49
. .

I T hi s m us t b e i ncorr e ct , f o r th e K er al as w er e we ll -kn own p eop le i n th e

a

S out h ; s e e n o te to Keva la s in v erse 45 . T he Vz

i y u P ur aua ( x l v 1 32 ) a n d .

M a t s ya ( cx i ii . 52 ) r ea d M eka las , w h i ch i s no d oub t r i g h t. T h ey ar e m en

t i o ne d i n the M . Eh
- .
( B h i s h m a -R , i x 348 ;. an d H . 2 1 03) an d o c cup i e d th e
M e k al a hi ll s a nd th e h illy c oun tr y ar oun d . T h e M e k ala hi lls ar e th e h ills

i n w hich th e R S o n e . r is es ( Ram ay .
,
K is h k -K . .
,
x1 . an d whi c h b ound
C h h atti s g ar h on th e w e s t a n d n or th . T h e s e p eop l e ar e O f te n co u led
p , as h er e ,

wi th th e U t kal a s .

S ee p a g e 32 7 , n o te U tk e la h a d a wid e e xtens ion and f alls wi thin thi s

g r ou p as w e ll as with i n th e E as ter n g r oup .

 342 CANT O L VI I .

th e U tta m ar nas , * and th e D a sar nas d th e B h oj yas , i an d

54 t he K is k ind h ak as , § th e T oéala s , “ an d t he K o éal as , 1[

T h e U ttam as ar e m entione d i n th e B his h m a -P lis t .

(ix . 348 ) a nd ar e no

d o ubt t h e s am e p eop le . T he M atsy a P ur i na r e ad s Aundr d m d s ha s ( cxiii .

A p e op l e call e d Ur d d hva -kama s ar e m e n ti o ned in can to l viii . v er s e 16 . I

h av e n ot , h ow e v er , f oun d any o f th es e n am e s e l s ew h er e .

1 T hi s p e ople f o rm ed a well -kn o wn ki ng d om i n ear ly ti m es ( Ad i -

P, cxii i

4 449 ; V a na -P .
,
lxi x 2 7 0 7 -8
. an d U d y o g a -P .
, c xc . - cxciii ) , an d in h ab ite d th e
coun tr y w a te r e d b y th e R . D a éar na, t h e m o d er n D asan , a tr ib uta ry of th e

Jum n a . T h ey ar e nam ed th r i ce i n th e B h i s h m a -P li st ( ix 348 , 35 0 . . a nd

wh i ch s eem s i n expli cable . T h ey ar e m e n t io n e d b oth i n th e E a s ter n an d in

th e W e s te r n r egi on s in th e a c co un t s of B h im a s
’
an d N a kul a
’
s cam p ai gn s

( S ab h a P -
.
,
x x vi ii . 1 0 6 3- 5 ; an d xxx i . t h e f o r m er
. of th e s e a llu s i on s is
cor re c t, b ut th e latter s e em s to b e an er r or . T he ca p ital was V i d isa, s ee p ag e
3 4 3, n o te

1 O r b e tter , B hoj a s, as t h e V ayu ( xlv . 1 32 ) and M at sya (cxiii . 5 2 ) P ur anas

r e ad . T his n a m e, as m entione d i n p ag e 335 , n ote s eem s t o h av e h a d
m or e th a n o ne a ppli cati on . B h oj a s as a Y ad a v a tr ib e d w el t in K ri s h na ’
s

ki ng d om i n S u -r é s h tr a ; and B h oj a s i nh ab i te d M ritti k av at i, w h i ch s ee m s f r om

th e v ar i o u s r ef er en ces t o i t t o h av e b e en s ituated s om ewh er e o n t h e n o r th

e as t er n lim i ts of th e m od er n Gu j ar a t
( V an a - P .
,
xi v . 6 29 ; xx . 79 1 c x vi .

1 0 1 7 2—6 ; ccl iii 1 5 2 45 ; M ans al a -P Vii 2 44 5 ; an d H a ri -V x x x v ii 1 9 80— 7 ;

7
.
.
, . .
,
.

an d xx xvi ii . T h e s e m ay b e th e B h oj a s m enti on ed in th e t e x t, i nh ab i t .

i ng th e ex t re m e w es ter n e nd of th e V i n d hy a ra ng e .

5 O r b e tte r , Ki s hki nd haka s , as th e M a t s ya Pur i na . r ea d s (cxiii . T h ey

ar e n o d o ubt th e s am e as th e Ka is ki n d hy a s of canto lv iii . v e rs e 18 ; b ut th ey

c ann o t h av e any r ef e r ence t o Ki s hki n d h y é i n th e R6m éy .

,
f or th a t c ount r
y
la y f ar to th e s outh of th e Go d av ar i ( se e Jo ur n a l, R A S . . .
, 1 89 4 , p p 2 5 5 , .

an d is r e f er r e d to i n M . Eh
- .
, S ab h a-P .
,
x xx . 1 1 22 . T h e Ki s h kin d h a k as m en
t i on e d i n th e H ar i -V axixéa (xiv . 7 8 4) m ay b e th e p eople i nt en d e d h e r e, b ut
th e r e ap p ea r t o b e no d at a t o i d e ntif y th e m .

[I T h e M at s ya P ur i na r ead s S tos a la s ( c xiii . T h ey ar e not in th e d ie

t i o nar y , b ut T os hal a an d T os a la a re g i v en d o ub tf ully . I h av e n ot h ow ev er
f ou nd a n y of th es e nam es el s ewh e r e .

T h es e ar e th e p eopl e of D a k s h ina K o s ala or M ah i -Kos al a , th e m od er n

C h h a tti s g arh . I n th e Jam al, R A S
. . .
,
1 89 4 , p . 2 46 , s om e r e as o ns h a v e b ee n
’

g i v en f or
i p s ar a s l a ke , w h er e Ram a
p l a cing th e P aii c z s p e nt t en y ear s of hi s
e xile , i n th i s re
g i on . M ay one h a z ar d th e c on e cture j th at it w a s in co n s e

of hi s l ong res id ence h er e , th a t a col o n

y f r om N or th R os al a i n v a d e d
q ue n co
t hi s r e g i o n , e s tab l i s h ed a king d om h er e an d
g ave th eir nam e to th i s c oun try
'
T he co nn e x i o n was anci ent ( Aéva m e d t , l xxxu 2 464 .
 CO UNT RI E S AND RAC E S NE AR T H E VI ND HY A M O UNT AI NS . 343

th e T r a ip ur as fi“ an d th e V ai d iéas fi the T um b ur a s
j
an d th e T u m b ula s , § th e P a tu s , Na i s had h as j l
“ an d th e

T h e p e op l e of T r i p ur a, th e m o d er n T ewar , on th e R N ar m ad a . . I t w as
a f a m ou s ci t y ( S abh a P - .
,
xx x . 1 1 64 V a na -P .
, c cl i ii . 1 5 2 4 6 ) d er i v in g i t s nam e
from a l e g e nd th a t t h e d e m o n s h ad a tr ip l e ci ty T ai -p wr a h er e , m a d e
'

of g old ,
'
s i lv er an d i r on , a nd S i v a d e s tr o y e d i t at t h e i n ter ces s i on of th e g od s ; thi s i s a

f av o ur i te s ub e ct j w ith th e p o et s ( K am a -R , xx xi i i and xxx i v an d s ee

A i tar eya -B r a h m .
, I . iv 2 3. an d 2 4 , f or th e s to r y in an ol d er f or m ) s ee als o
’
C unn i ng h am s A r ch S ur v Re p ta. .
, VIII . 1 2 41 ; I X 5 4— 5 5 ;
. an d , XX I 2 3 ; b u t .

'
hi s c onn e x i o n o f T r i p ur a w i th C ed i in e ar ly ti m e s i s m i s t a k e n , s ee p a pe r on

A n ci en t C ed i , M at s ya and Kar fisa i n Jour n a l, B eng al A s i atic S o ci e ty ,

1 8 9 5 , P ar t. I .
p 2 49
. .

Va i d i s d s
’ ’
T h es e
’

1 F or Va i d i s a s r ea d . are th e p e op l e o f Vi d i s d . I t was a

f a m o u s t o w n , th e ca p it al o f th e co unt r y D a sér na, an d s i t uat ed on th e R .

V e tr e -v a ti , th e m o d e r n B atw a , a l i ttl e w a y ea s t of U jj ai n ( M eg h a - D .
, i 2 4,
.

25 a nd I t i s p r ob ab ly t o b e id e ntified w it h th e m o d er n B hil s a, or r a th er
’
wi t h B e s -
n a g ar th e a n c i e n t c a p i t al w h i ch i s clos e t o B h i ls a ( C unn in g h am s
S t up a of B h ar h u t , 1 32 , & c ) . T h e V ayu P ur an a r e ad s Va i d i ka s (x lv . l 33) ,

w h ich s e em s er r o ne o u s , th ou g h th e V a id i sa s a r e r e ally i nc lud e d a m ong th e

D a sar n a s i n th e l a s t v er s e .

I T hese ar e m e nti o n e d as a w ild ab or i g inal tr i b e wh o i nh ab i ted th e s l op es

of th e V in d h y a M ount ain s i n th e H ar i -V amsa (v . 31 0 T h e M a ts ya

P ur an a r ea ds T um wr a s ( cxii i . an d th e T u m bum as ( B h i s h m a -R , l .

m ay b e th e s am e .

T he V ay u P ur ana r ead s T um wr a s ( xlv . 1 33 ) s ee th e l a s t n o t e . T he

M at s ya r e ad s T a m bur a s (c xiii T hi s i s d oub t tr i b e clo s ely a lli e d
“

. no a to
th e la s t .

[I T hi s p e o p l e s e em s t o b e th e s am e as th e P a ta c c ar as , who ar e m en ti on e d
i"
t im es i n t h e M Eh p a g e 309 , T h e V ay u P ur ama
’

s e v e r al n o te r ea d s
-
. . see .

S h a ts ur as ( xlv . an d th e M a ts y a P a d ga m a s (cxiii .
b ut I h a v e no t

m et e i t h er o f th e s e n am e s e l s e w h er e .

of Nis h a d h a t h e N i s ha d ha s , th e v ay u P ur i na ( xlv
'

11 T h e p e opl e as r ea d s .

T h is c o un tr y is c hi e fly kn o w n f r o m t h e s to r y o f i ts ki ng N a la ( Vana -
P .
,

o th er w i s e it i s r ar e ly m ent i o n e d T he ch i ef d f or fix in g it s
lii i .
-l xx i x
) ; . a ta

N al a s r em ar k s t o hi s w i f e w h e n h e i s b a ni s h ed f r o m hi s king d om
’

p o s i ti o n are

lxi 2 3 1 7 s t at e d in n o te 1 to p a g e 2 9 9 , i t s ee m s t o m e th e
(i d an d
“

.
,
.
,
as

w hi ch h e d e s cr ib e s c o uld o n ly be o b ta i n e d com p le tely f r o m

v ie w a p o s i ti o n
°
on th e S a tp nr a M o un t a i ns a b out l on g itud e 75 E . T he te x t s ay s als o

N is h a d h a r es te d H enc e it m ay b e i n f err ed th a t
on th e V i n d h y a M o un tai n s .

°
Ni s h a d h a co m p r is e d th e co un t r y s o u t h o f th e V i n d h y as b e tw e e n l on g 7 4 .

a nd 7 w i th A v anti to th e nor th -eas t a n d V id ar b h a to th e s o uth -e a s t I ts .

 344 C ANT O L V I I.

55 A nnaj as fi“ an d the T a s h t i- ké r a s , 1' th e V irahotr a s , 1: and the

A v a nt is .
§ Al l th es e p eop les d well on t he s l o p es of th e
V i nd h ya M ountains .

c ap ital was p r ob ably in th e T ap ti v all ey ; D am ayanti in w and eri ng fr om

'
i t f ound h er w ay n or th -eas twar d t o C e d i ( s e e n ote t o C ’e d i i n ca nto lvi ii .

v er se

I hav e n ot m e t thi s nam e els ewh er e an d i t is not in t h e d icti onary . T he

M atsya P ur i na r e ad s Afl ip as ( cxiii . 5 4 ) w hi ch s ee m s e r o neo us r T h e V ti yu
.

P ur i na rea d s A rm/p a s
( xlv . 1 34 ) whi c h is no d oub t corr ec t . A nfip a m ea ns
”
a coun tr y s it ua t e d n ear w at er , or a m ar s hy countr y . I t w as a ppli e d to
v ari ous tr a ct s n ear th e s ea , g ener ally i n th e com bi nati on s é g a r d m fp a , e in
.
g .
,

B eng al ( S abh a P - .
, x xv . 1 002 ; xx i x . 1 1 01 5 and xxxiii . 1 2 68 in or near

th e Pan dy a kin g d o m in th e S outh (U d yog a P , v

xviii . 578 ) i n th e n or th and

w es t of t h e p eni n s ul a of Ka thi aw ar (H ar i-V .

, cx iii . 6 36 1 — 9 and c xi v .

6 41 0 a nd on th e wes ter n coas t g e ner ally ( U d yoga -R ,

ii i . b ut th e
nam e wa s m or e s p eci ally appli ed to a tr act on th e w e s t coas t whi ch co ns ti
’
t ut e d a ki n g d om i n th e P andav as ti m e ( S abh é P - iv T he o nl countr y
.
, .
y
w h i ch r e s ts on th e V in d h yas an d b o r d er s on th e s ea i s th e t r ac t on th e eas t

of th e G . of C am b ay, nor th of th e N ar m a d a, and th i s no d o ubt w a s A nfip a .

'
I t is al s o i n d i ca te d th at S u és h tr a, A mi p a -r
a nd Anar ta wer e c o n ti
g uou s c oun

tr i e s , an d th at A mi p a lay b eyon d an d s out h o f Su -r as h tr a (H a ri -V .

, xciv . 5142
W h en th e ki ng s of M ah i s h -m a ti ( se e p ag e 333, w er e p owerf ul,
n ot e I)
th e v all ey of th e l ower N ar ma da a n d An fip a w oul d n atur a lly f all un d er th eir
s way, and thi s no d o ub t exp lai ns w h y Kar tav ir ya is call e d
“
l or d of A nép a
(V an s -R
, c xv i . 1 01 89 and ki ng N ila al s o (B h is h m a -R ,
x cv .

1 '
I h av e not f oun d thi s nam e e l s ew h er e , and i t i s not in t h e di c ti onar
y .

T he r ead i n g s h ould no d oub t b e T u nd iker a s th e V ayu P ur i n a

as read s (xlv .

A T u nd i ker a ki ng i s m entione d i n th e M .
- Eh .
( D r ona -R, x vii .

an d th e T u nd ik e ra s ( Kam a -R , v . an d th e T undi ker as ar e s ai d in

th e B ar i -V a msa t o b e a b r anch of th e H aih aya r ace
(xxxi v . T h er e i s
a to w n call e d T e nd uk h er a a li ttle n o r th o f th e Nar m a d a at n e ar ly l ong .

° th i s s i te s uit s t h e t e x t,
i t m a y b e p r e s um e d th e s e
7 9 E an d as
p eople
occu pi e d th at p o s iti on i n th e N ar m ad a v all ey T h e M ats ya Pur i na read s
.

Raundi kem s (cxiii . not qui t e c orr e c tly .

T h e v ayu Pur i na (xlv 1 34) an d th e M ats ya

I .
(cxiii . 54 ) r e ad Vi ti hotm s
whi ch i s no d o ubt cor rect . V itih o tr a w a s a f a m ous H aih ay a ki n a nd th e
g,
of
V itih otr a s w er e a b r an ch th at r ace
( B ari -V2 , xxxiv . T h ey ar e

call ed Vi ta hof/ra s in th e M .
-E h .
( D r o na -R , l xx . B e in g H aih a as t h e
y , y
p rob ab ly o c cup i ed a p art of th e up p er N ar m a d av alley .

T he y h av e b e e n m e ntioned alr ea d y in ver s e 5 2 A v a nti h a d th e Nar .

m a d a flow ing th r oug h it ( S abh aP - x xx . 1 1 1 4 ; and V ana-P

, l xxxi x 8 354-8
)
.
, .
 CO UNT RI E S AND m oms or r un HI M AL AYAS . 345

N ex t I w ill tell th ee a ls o the nam es of th e noun

tr i es w h i ch r es t a g ai ns t t he M o untai ns .
* T h e N ihar a s d
a nd th e Hams a m é - r
g as , I th e Kur us , § t he G urg anas , "

a nd w as on th e low er p ortion of th a t r i v er ,
f or it is pl ace d in th e S outh i n
t h e fi r s t of th es e p as s a ges , and in th e W e s t in th e s econd p as s age and in
V er s e 52 . It a ppears to hav e b een b ou nd e d by th e Riks h a. M o unt ains

( S atp ur a r ang e ) on th e south ( V ana -P .

,
l xi . b ut i ts lim i ts on th e nor th
ar e no t cl ear . I ts c apital , though n ot m e nti one d in th e M .
- Eh .
, w as U j j ay i ni
or V i sal é , th e m o d er n U jj ain , i n la te r t im e s ( M e gh a-D .
, i . A v a n ti th er e
for e c om p r i s e d th e regi on of th e s ou rce s o f th e C h am b al and th e c ount ry

s o uth -w es t w ar d a s far as th e S a tp u r a r an g e . T wo br oth er s V i n d a an d A nu

vi n d a ar e of t en nam ed as th e ki n g s of A v an ti in th e M . Eh
- .
(U d y og a - P .
, cl xv .

5 753 ; D r o n a-R , x cix . 368 2- 9 2 ; an d K ar ri e -R , x i ii . 498 b ut t h ey w er e

al s o Kaikey a s an d l ed Kaikeya tr o op s ( a nd ,
49 2 M ay i t b e in ferr e d a

b r anc h of th e Kai key as h a d inv a d e d an d c o nq ue re d Ava nti

’ ’
P a rva ta s r a yi n . T h es e m ountain s ar e it s e e m s onl y th e Him alaya r ang e.

T h is g r oup r ep ea t s m any of th e t r i b e s m enti o ne d in v er s es 40—4 2 .

1
‘
I h av e n ot m et t hi s nam e el s ew h er e . A r e thes e t he m o d er n Ne wfit s ,

wh o inh ab i t th e g r eat v alley of N e p al an d i ts vi cini ty , and w h o w er e th e

o w ner s of th e p r ior to th e Gur kh a i n v as i on (Jon/ ma t, B eng A s S ooy ,
countr y . . .

V ol L X I I I , P a r t I , 2 1 3, 2 1 4 and
.
T h e V ayu P ur i na r e a d s N i g ar ha r a s

b ut I ha v e n ot f ound i t el s ewh e r e . T h e M a ts ya r e ad s Ni r d hd r as
( xl v
(c xi i i . 5 5 ) w h ich s ee m s err o neo us .

I S ee p a g e 3 23 n ote T h e M ats ya P ar ana read s S ar va gas ( cx i i i . 55 )

whi ch s e em s er r one ous .

T h es epr ob ab ly the U ttar a or N or th ern Kur us , f or th e Kur us of

ar e

M a d h y a—d esa coul d not p rop er ly be d e s cr i b e d as d welling am on g m ountai n s .

T h ey s e em to h av e b een th e s t o ck f ro m w h ich th e Kur us of M a d h ya -d e éa

s ep ar a t e d O R, f or th e p er i od wh en D h rit a -r as h tr a a nd P éudu w e r e b or n i s
d e s cr i b ed as a g old en ag e, in whi c h b o th b ra nche s of th e Kur us e ng a g e d i n

h ap p y r i v al r y (Ad i -R , cix . 4337 b ut th e wis tf ul r ecoll e ct i on s o f t h e ir

a nc i e n t h o m e id eali z ed it af te r w a r d s in to a bli s s ful lan d , wh er e f a ncy g av e

i ts e lf f r ee s co p e ( Rém i y .
, K is hk -K . .
, xli v . 82 T h ey s ee m t o h av e

occup ie d th e upp er m os t v all e ys of th e I n d us near its s o ur c e s , w i th Ka il as a

1 1 0 2 5 - 35 ) a nd f er vid i m a gina tio n a ls o pl a ce d
lyi ng b ey on d (V ane-R , cxlv .

t h em clos e t o M o unt M er u on i ts n o r t h si d e ( B h is h m a-
R, vi . a nd v ii .

or in th e r egi on H ar i -v ar s h a , a nd d e cla re d m en c oul d n o t ente r th e i r

s a cr e d lan d S abh é -P .
,
x xv n. 1 0 54 T h ey ar e d es cr ib ed as li vi ng i n p r i m i .

t i v e h app ine s s , and wom en h ad t h e utm os t f r eed om th ere ( cxx ii . 4 71 9 — 2 3 ;

and Rém fiy , loc . ci t ) .

i n th e d ictionar y a nd I h a v e not m et it el s ewh er e . Are th es e

M T h is i s not

44
346 CANT O L VI I .

57 th e K has as fi“ a nd th e Ku nt a p r av ar a nas , 1
- '
th e
th e D ar v a s , § the S ak ri tr ak a s , H th e T ri

p eopl e th e m o d ern Gur ung s , an im p or ta nt tr i b e of T a tar r a ce , w h o d w ell now

t h r oug h o ut N ep a l, b ut wh o s e terr i to ry w a s f or m er ly th e c o un tr y ab out
L a m z un g , Gh an d r ung an d S ikl i s , w e s t of th e gr ea t v a lley o f N ep al ( Jour n a l ,

2 17 Ri s l ey
’
B en g a l A s iat i c S o ci ety, V ol L X I I I P ar t I . . . 2 1 3, an d 2 23 2 29 ; —
s

C a s te s and T r i b es of B e n g al , I . 304 ) T h e V ay u P ur é na r ea d s T a n g a na s h er e

( xl v . af ter h av in g n am e d th e m p r evi ou s ly ( th at ,
1 20) s ee v er s e 41 .

T h e M ats y a r e ad s A -p a tha s ( cx i i i . w hi ch s e em s er r o n eou s .

T h e K h as a s or Kh a sa s ar e g e n er ally m en ti o n e d as a h alf -civ ili z e d t r ib e

’
O u ts id e I n d i a, a l ong w i th S a k a s , D ar a d a s , &c .
( S ab h a-P .
, l i 1 8 59
.
; D r ona -R ,
xi . 39 9 ; an d c x xi . 4 8 46 T h ey ar e s ai d t o h av e b e e n d ef ea te d an d de
' '
gr a d e d b y S a ga r a ( H ari -V .
, xi v . 7 an d w er e c o n s id er e d m le c c h as (i d .
,
x cv .

T h e K has as i n t h e t ext ,
’
6 4 40- 1 ; s ee al s o M uir s S an s k . T e xt s , II .

h ow ev er , m ay p er h ap s b e id en tifie d w ith th e K h a s , w h o w er e for m er ly a s m all

cl an b ut h a v e d ev el op e d i nt o th e p re d o m i na n t m i li tar y or d er o f t h e kin g d om

of N e p al thr oug h i nter m arr i ag e s w i th b r ah m a ns (Jour n a l , B e n g a l A s ia ti c

So cie ty , V ol L X I I I P ar t I
. . . 217 S ee ca nto lv i ii . v er s e 6 .

1 I h av e f oun d thi s e l s ew h e r e . i y u P ur i na
’
n ot n am e T he V a r ea d s Ku s a
'

i ns te a d of Kun ta ( xl v . w h ich d oe s n o t s e em s a ti s f a ct or y . T h e p r o p er
r ea d in g s h ou ld n o d oub t b e K a m a -p r d v a m na s , th os e w h o cov e r th e m s el v e s
”
wi th t heir ear s , a p e op l e m e n t i o n e d s e v e r al ti m e s i n th e M .
-
Eh .
( S abh a P - .
,

li 1 8 7 5 ;
. a nd B h is h m a -R , li . T h ey a re p l a c e d i n t h e S o u t h i n th e
of S ah a d e v a ( S a b h é P xx x 1 1 70 )
’
stor y s con qu es t s -
,
. and a m on g t h e K i r éta s
i n t h e E a s t er n r eg io n i n th e R am ay ( Ki s hk K xl -
b ut i t s e em s p er
. . . . .

m i s s ibl e t o id ent ify th e m w i th th e Ulqzkas , f o r a s t or

y i s t ol d a b o ut a n U l ri k a ,

nam e d P r d vcir a -ka m a ( V an s -P , cx cv i ii . T he U lukas d w elt in t h e

H im al ay a s (ibi d ) , a nd f or m e d a ki ng d om i n th e P an d av a s ’ ti m e
( U d yo g a -
P .
,

cli x . a n d cl x ) , b ut i t s ee m s i m p oss ibl e to fix th e i r p os i ti o n m or e d e fini tel th an

y
s om e w h ere in N ep a l ( S abh a P -
.
, x xv i . 1 014 T h e w or d K ar na -p r év ar a g a
is al s o u s ed as an ad j ec ti v e , f or H an fim iz n
’
s aw f em a l e Ri ks h as a s in L a n ké
th r e e-e ar e d an d p i n-car e d l ong -c ar e d , ear -le s s , an d o n e -e
,
y ed an d o n e -e ar e d ,
”
and h avi ng th e ir c ov er i ng
( Ram ay
e ar s as a .
, S un d .
-
K .
, xvii . an d it
was a n anci en t
b eli ef th at th er e w ere p eopl e w i th i m m e n s e e ar s whi
ch c o ver e d
t h e ir b o d i es ( P lin , i v 1 3 n d v ii 2 ; M an d e v il l e ’ s
a T r a v e ls , c h a p x i x
.

) T he
.

. .

M at s y a P m enti on s Ku tha -p r a mar a nas a n d Ka ma -p r aiv am nas oxx 5

’

( 6 an d
.

T h i s p e op le h av e b e en alr ea d y m e nti o n e d i n v er s e 4 2
I ,

T hese ap pe ar t o b e th e s am e as th e D ar v a s m e n t i one d in v er s e 42 ; s ee
Ar ch S ur v Re p ts
’
C unni n gh am s . .
, II . 15 ; an d X I V 1 45 . .

NT his i s n ot in th e d icti onar y ; b ut i t s e em s t o b e th e s am e as

’
S a kri d -g r d ha s
or S akr i d -gr d has , wh o ar e s ai d to b e a terr ibl e m lec ’ c ’h a tr i
b e in th e N or th
 r s u s u or I ND I A . 347

i
g ar ta s fi and th e Gal av as , + th e Kir é tas J and the T am as as
'

A n d i n thi s B har a ta i s es ta bli s hed th e l aw of th e four a g es ,

th e K ri ta , T r et a . an d th e t w o o th e r s . S u ch i s th is coun tr y

B h ar ata , c o n s ti tu te d w i th a f our f old —

co nf or m at i o n .
H O n i ts
s outh a nd w es t and ea s t i s th e g r eat ocean ; th e Him a v at

r an
ge s tr etches a long o n i ts n or th , li e th e s tr i ng o f k a bo w .
1
T h en th i s co un t r y B h ar a ta i s y i nd o f s ee d ,
filled w i th e v er k
O b r ahm a n . I t ha s th e s upr e m acy of B ra h m a, th e l or d s h i p

of th e R u ler of t he I m m or ta ls , th e d iv i ni ty o f the g o d s , an d

( B h is h m a-R , i x . T h er e ap p ear t o b e no d a ta t o fix th eir p os it i on unl ess

t h ey m ay be conn e c t e d wi th th e S a kr l n -n a nd d , wh ic h s e em s to b e a r i v er in
th e ea s t o f N e p al ( V a n a -
P .
,
l x xx i v . T he t e xt m i g h t al s o be r ea d an d

th e K ri tr ak a s , b ut I h av e f oun d n o s u ch n a m e el s ew h er e .

O r T r a i g ar ta s . T r i g ar t a w a s co n s id er e d t o b e in th e N or th er n r e gi on

( S a bh fi P -
.
,
x xv i . 10 26 ) an d al s o i n th e W e s t er n ( l d .
,
x xx i . I t is g ener ally
m e nti one d i n c o nn e xi o n w i th t h e S i nd h u s, M a d r a s an d o th er P a nj ab n a ti o ns

( 93d , Ii 1 8 7 0 ; V a n a-P
. .
, c clxi v . 1 55 9 3— 9 ; c clxx . 1 5 7 4 3 ; B h is h m a -R , xv iii . 6 88
c xv iii . 5 48 5 ; cx x . 5 6 49 ; D r o n a -P .
, v ii . 1 83 ; a nd al s o H ar i -V .
,
x ci . 4 9 65 It
w as n ea r t h e Kur us , f or t h e P an d av a s w h en b ur nt o ut o f V ar a n dv ata v i s i ted
'
t he T r i gar ta s and o th e r c o n ti g uou s n ati o ns ( Ad i P -
.
,
el v i . 60 8 4 an d al s o
'
n ear M a t s y a an d S al va , f or th es e tw o k ing d om s h a d o f ten r ai d e d i nt o T r ig art a

( V ir ata -
P .
,
xxx ) . F r om th e s e i n d i ca ti o ns i t a pp ear s th at T r i g ar ta m us t h av e

t o uch e d th e P a n j ab on t h e w es t , a nd th e K ur u s on th e s outh-e as t , a n d b een

( see
'
c l os e to M at s ya see p a g e 30 7 n ot e
l“
=
) an d S alv a n ote to c ant o l v iii . v er s e

6) on th e s outh ; h e nc e i t m us t h av e com p r i s e d th e co un t r y f r o m A m b alla a nd

P a tti al a t o th e R B ia s , i e . th e Ja l an d h ar d oab a nd th e count r y s o uth -eas t

,
. .

of t h at . C unn i n g h am i ncl ud e s K an gr a als o ( A r ch . S u r v R ep t a , I I

. . 16 5 an d

XI V 1 1 6 . an d 1 17 ; and B ud d h C av e T e m pl e s , p
. . A t th e t i m e of th e g r ea t
a nd s o b r oug ht
w a r P r a s th al a b el o ng ed t o T r ig ar ta ( s ee no t e o n p ag e
’

t h e T r ig a r ta t er r i to r ie s clo s e to M ats ya a n d S élv a .

d o ub t , cl a i m e d t o b e th e d es c e n d a n ts o f th e r is h i G alav a
1 T h es e p e o pl e no
“

1 4 6 3- 7 a nd x x xi i 1 7 67 w h o w as f a m ou s s on o f V iév a
( Har i V - .
, x x vi i .
. a

i v 2 49 — 2 5 9 ; U d y o g a -P cv - cx vii i an d s e e c anto s XX a nd
m i tr a (A nus as -P . .
,
.
.
,

t o ok t h eir nam e fr o m h i m s im i l ar ly th e Ktr eya s and

XXI ab ov e ) , or ; s ee

B h a r a d v aj as of v er s e 39 .

I S ee n ot e to v er s e 40 .

T h e s e h av e b e en a l r ead y m entione d in v er s e 41 .

fl C
’
a t/w h-s a ihs th ain a
f -
sa ms thi ta m .

T hi s im p li e s th at th e H im av at i ncl ud e d al s o th e S ul aim an M oun

{I r an g e

ta i ns al on g th e w e s t of th e P a n j ab . T he s i m ile m us t r e fer to a d rawn b o w,

wi th th e s tr i ng ang ul ar in th e m id d l e
348 C ANT O

th e m or tal n at ur e of m en .
*
I t has
'
r a r i o us
"
k i nd s of Bw il d
-

a n im a l s , ca ttle a nd a q u a ti c a ni m a l s and al l cr ee i n th i ng s
p g
p r o d u ce d i a ll i m m ov ab le t hi n g s ,
'

lik ewi s e . A n d fr om it ar e

t og eth er w i th t h i ng s g ood or b a d No o th er lan d of a cti on

.

e x i s ts a m o n g t h e wo rld s , 0 br ah m an .E v e niam ong th e g o d s ,

O s a i nt ly br ah m a n , t hi s i s ev e r in t r uth § t h e w is h O h,
th a t w e s h al l b e co m e m e n on th e ear th , w h en w e f al l f r om
o ur d iv i ne co n d i ti on ! A m an i n d eed d oe s a cti on s th at th e
”
g o d s an d d em on s cann ot d o ! T h os e w h o ar e i n v ol v e d i n th e
f e tt e r s o f s u ch a cti on , w h o a r e eag er to p r o cl ai m t h e i r o wn
ac tio ns , Han d w h o ar e
p os s es s ed of a s m all p or ti on of h appi
n es s p er f or m no a cti o n at all .

C ANT O LV I I I .

M é r ka nd eya conti nui ng r e r es en ts

p I nd i a as r es ti n
g up on Vi s hnu i n
the f or m o f a tor toi s e looki ng ea s twa r d , a nd d i s tr i butes the
va r i o u s coun tr i es a nd p eop l es a ccor d i ng ly over the s ever a l
p ar ts
of hi s bod y, together w i th the corr es
p ond i ng lunar cons tella ti on s .

H e gi ves an a s tr o logi ca l
p li ca ti on to thi s a r r angem en t a n d
ap

enj oi n s the p erf or m an ce of r e li g io us r i tes to a voi d ca la m i t He

y .

a ls o d i s tr i bu tes the con s tella ti ons o

f the Z od i ac ove the T o r tois e s
r
’

bod y .

Kr au s h t uki flf s p ok e
A d or abl e S ir ! T h o u h a s t d uly d e clar e d B h ar a ta to m e i ts
,

r i ver s , m ount ain s , co u ntr i es , an d the p eop le w h o i nh abi t i t .

M ar ni a s f a tha s ee m s i n cor r ect . Rea d i n s t e a d m ar ty ata' ta tha ’

1 M r i ga -p a s’v-ap s ar o-y on i s . T h e m e an ing of

“
aquati c ani m al »
is g iv en to
ap -s ar a b ut not to ap -s a r as i n th e d i ct i onar y .

‘ '

I F or p r a -y a ti r e ad pra
-
j ati h
F or s ad d es ha r ea d s a d a i v a i s ha

uT h i s s eem s r ath e r m e anin g l e s s . F or s v a -kar m a-hh

y aa
oa n ots uka ih t h e M
S
re ad s W a _kar m a .
ks hap an onm u kha i h, wh o ar e av e r s e t o d i m i ni s h i n th e
g s t o ck
of t h ei r a cti on s ; b ut ks hap an ots ukai h s e em s
p r ef er a bl e, wh o ar e e a g er to
d i m i ni s h t h e s t o ck o f t h ei r acti o ns .

1 F or Kr os htu kir r ead Kr aus htuki r .

 P O S IT I ON O F f V I SI’I N U AS T O RT O I S E I N I ND I A . 3419

B ut th ou d id s t k
p r ev io us ly m a e m en ti o n of th e T or tois e, who
i s th e a d o r ab le V i s h nu, in B h ar ata ; I d es ir e to h ear fu lly
a b o ut h i s p os iti on .

W h at p os i ti on d oe s h e ,
th e g o d Ja n ar d ana, o ccup y i n h is
f or m of th e T o rt ois e ? A nd h ow ar e w ea l a nd w o e in d icated
th er e b y t o m an i n d k acco rd i ng to the p osi ti o n f
o hi s f ace and

of hi s feet ? E x poun d al l t hat ab ou t h im .

M ar kaud eya s po ke
W i th hi s f ace l ook in g e a s tw ar d s th e a d or able T or toi s e for m ed -

g od ta k
hi s p os i ti on , w h e n h e a pp r oach es th is n i ne -p or ti on ed
es

coun tr y B h a r at a , O br a h m an T h e cons tella ti on s ar e ar rang .

e d all a bo ut h i m i h n ine d i v i s i on s , a nd th e c ountr ies a ls o ,

0 b r ah m a n . H ea r d uly fr o m m e w h ic h th ey ar e .

'
T he V e d a -m antr as fi th e V i m and a vyas , I th e S alv as , §

T he ar ran g em ent of th e countr ie s is v er y f ar f r o m correc t ; an d th i s

c a n to can n o t be co m p are d w i th th e las t ca nt o f or a ccur acy . T o m ak e th e
s h ap e of I n d ia c o nf or m to th at of a T or toi s e lying o ut s p r ea d an d f acin g
e a s tw a r d s is a n a b s ur d f an cy a nd a d ifficult p r ob l em .

1 T hi s
'
is n ot i n t h e d ict i onar y an d I h av e not f o un d th e n am e el s ewh er e .
“
th os e w h o ob s e r v e t h e V e d as and th e M antr a s ”
D o e s i t m e an e s p eci ally

Or h as i t a ny r ef er ence t o B r a h m av ar ta ?

1 I h av e n ot f o und t hi s el s e w h e r e an d it i s n ot in th e d icti onar y . M d nda .

v ya s ar e m en ti on e d in v er s e 38 .

th e y w er e al s o calle d ( V -P cc lx iii 1 55 7 6
’
O r S d lv eya s as ans . . T he
Ku r us
'
S alv a s ar e o f t en m en ti on ed i n th e M .
- Eh . T h ey w e r e n e ar th e

( V i r é ta -
P i 1 1 —
12) . . a nd th e T r i gar tas (id , x xx ) ; and in t h e b e au tif ul s tor y
’
of S a ty a -v a t an d S av i tr i, h e w a s S al v a p r ince a nd s h e a M a d r a p r i nce s s
a

( V ana-P . cc x c ii , O th er i n d icatio ns of S al v a a r e g iv en i n the allus i on s

to Kri s h na of i t, b ut t h e s tor y i s m arr ed b e ca us e th e p e op le

’
s co n q ues t ar e

calle d D a i tya s an d D é nav a s , and S a ubha w h i c h s ee m s t o h av e b een th e

cap i ta l is d e s cr ib e d as a c i ty a nd a s s i tua te d i n th e ai r , a nd a ls o as a bl e to
m ov e ab out f r e ely ( V an a -P . xi v — x x ii ; U d yog a -P . xl vi i . 1 8 86 ; an d D r o na— P .

T he S él v a k i ng atta ck ed D v ér a -v a ti, an d Kr is h na i n
’
xi . r e tali a t ion

k ille d hi m an d d es tr oy e d S a ub h a at th e g ulf of th e s ea wh i ch can be

no n e o t h er t h an th e Ra nn of K achh . F r om th e s e i n di ca ti on s it a p p ear s

S é lv a w a s th e c ou n try a lon g th e w e s t er n s id e of t he Ar av alli hill s . S aub h a

’
i s i n ca p ab le of b e i ng d e t er m in e d . S al va s ee m s to h av e con tai ne d a no th er

c i ty call e d M d r tti kd v a ta (or M r i ttikd -v a ti w hi ch i s p r ob a b ly th e s am e a s

th e M r i ttik é-v a ti m e nti oned in p a g e 34 2 , n o te }; ( Vana - P . xiv . 629 ; and

35 0 C ANT O mm .

and th e N ip as fi “
an d th e Sa
’
kas 1 ,
’
a nd th e U jj i

T h e H ar i V a méa
’
xx .
- s ay s k in g S ag ar a d eg r ad ed th e S z
i lv as (x i v .

b ut thi s i s a l a te f abl e f o r th e S i lv a k i ng w a s o ne o f th e l e a d in g m o nar ch s in

'
K ri s h n a ’ s tim e (i d S i su p al a king of C
’
cv i i i . and w as b r oth er of -
ed i (Va
6 2 0— 7 )
’
n a -P . xi v . and oth er all us i o n s s h ew th a t S al va w a s a f am o us ki ng d om
b ef or e th at ( U d yo ga -
P . c l xx i i i an d cl xxi v ; a nd A nuéé s -P . . cx xx v n. 6 267 ) be
s id es w h i ch , S atya -v at an d i v i tr i
Sz r ank w i th th e nob le s t ch a r a ct e r s in a nci en t

I n d i an s tor y T h e w ei r d l e g e nd V yus h i tasv a quee n n o d o ub t m eans h er

’
. of s
' ’
s o ns b e ca m e S élv as an d d id n ot o r i g ina t e th e r a ce (Ad i -P c x xi 4 69 5 . .

as in t h e cas e o f th e M a d r a s ( p ag e 3 1 5 , no te I) .

if T h e N ipa s b eg a n w i th ki ng N ip a o f t h e P a u r av a race , w h o es tabli s he d

d ynas ty i n Kam p ilya, t h e cap i ta l of S o uth e r n P anc ala,

’
h is a b o ut 12 or

1 5 g en er a ti on s a nt er i or to th e P an d av as ; th e d y na s ty flour is h ed i n ki ng
B r a h m a d a tta w h o w a s c on t em p o r ar y w i th th e i r fif t h a n ce s tor P r a tip a , and
'
i t w a s d es tr oy e d i n B h is h m a ( H a ri 1 0 60 7 3 ; A d i -P
’
s ti m e -
V .
,
x x. —
M Eh - .
, .

c xx xvii i . 55 1 2 - 3 ; an d M a t s y a -P . x li x . 52 a nd 5 3 ) i n t h e p er s on of J a n am ej a ya ,

ni ck nam e d D ur b ud d hi , w h o af t er e x ter m i na tin g hi s kins m en w a s hi m self

k ille d by U g r éy ud h a (U d yog a-P . l xx iii . 2 72 9 ; H a r i -V .
, xx . 1 07 1 -2 ; and

M at s y a -P . x lix . Ke
i m p i ly a i s th e m o d er n Ka m pi l on th e ol d Gang e s
b etw e en B ud a cu an d F a r okh ab a d ( C unnin g h a m ,
Ar ch . S ur v Rep ta , I . .

P ri s h a ta , w h o i s s a id t o h av e b e en t h e las t k in g
’
s gr an d s on b u t was a

P anc'al a w ith a d iff er ent ance s t r y , ob ta i ne d t h e kin g d o m an d h a n d e d d o wn a.

ne w d y n as ty to hi s s on D r up a d a ( H a r i -V .
,
xx . 1 0 82 — 1 ! 1 5 an d x xxii . 1 7 78
T h e N ip a s wh o s ur vi v e d ar e m en ti o n ed in th e M Eh i nf er ior p eop le
—
. . as an

( S a bh a P -
. x li x . 1 804s ; an d l .

’
1 T h e S a k a s w er e o r i g i na lly a n out s id e r a ce an d ar e m en ti on e d of ten in
' ’
th e M -E h . T h e y w er e con s id er e d t o b e m l ec c h as ( V an a -P . c lxx xv iii . 1 2 8 38
an d w er e cla s s e d g e ne r a lly w i th Y a v a na s , b ut al s o w i th K ém b oj a s , F a h
‘
d

l a vas , T u kh é r a s an d Kh a éas ( S ab h é -
P . x xx i . 1 199 ; l . 1 8 50 ; U d yoga -P iii . .

78 ; x vii i . 5 9 0 ; D r o na -P . xi . 39 9 ; xx . 7 98 ; c xxi . 48 1 8 ;
’
S ri n t i -P . l xv . 2 42 9 ;
an d V a na -P . li . 1 9 90 ; a nd a ls o Ran d y , Ki s h k K . . xl iv . T h e ir h om e
t h er ef o r e la y t o th e nor th -we s t, an d t h ey ar e g e ne r al ly i d en ti fied wi th th e
S cy th i an s (L a t S acm ) T h ey p e n e tr a te d
i nto I nd ia b y i nv a s io ns an d a.
. .

b r anch i s m e nti on ed i n t h e M - E h a s in th e E as ter n r eg i on , a a r entl in

pp y
.

B e h ar ( S abh é-P xxix 1 08 8 ; an d H 1 8 7 2 ; s ee a l s o s a s s

y , Ki s h k K x1
. . .
. . .

d h a S akya -m uui i s
’
B ud c ons i d er e d to h a v e b e e n of
'
S a ka r a ce . T h e i r i nr oa d s
c o ntin ue d t h r oug h m a ny ce n tur i e s , a n d w er e r e s i s t ed by var i o us k ing s ; a nd
t hey ar e m en ti o n ed in th e te xt as h av in g e s t ab lis h e d th e m s el v e s i n M a d h a
y
d eéa T he H ar i -V améa m ak e s th e m th e d e s cen d a n ts of N ar i s h y a o ne o f
.

M a nu V ai v a s v a t a
’
s s ons (x 614 an d 64d ) ; an o t h er a cc o u nt th e y w e re
.

s ay s
K s hatt r iya s an d b ecam e d eg r a d e d f r om h av ing no br ah m an s
( M -E h
’
.
, Anuézxs
 '
CO U NT RI E S AND RACE S I N M AD H Y A-D E S A . 35 1

my chi ld , i
~
th e Gh os h a - s an kh yas , 1 and th e
th e S é r a s v atas , “ th e M a ts
yas fil th e

P . xxx ii i . 2 10 3 an d M ann x . 43 T h e Ram ay . h as an ab s ur d f ab le ab out

( A d i -K l v i 3 ;
’
t h e ir cr e a ti on . . s ee p a g e 31 4 n ot e

U jj ih an a i s g iv e n i n t h e d i c ti on ar y as th e nam e of a r e g i on , b ut h av e
n o t m et it a ny w h e r e . P er h ap s i t i s to b e i d en tifie d w i th th e town Uryi hd nci,
'

w hi ch wa s s i t ua t e d s ou th -eas t o f V ar a n a -s th a l a , w h i c h i s th e s am e as H as ti
n ap ur a , o r n e ar it ( R am ay .
, Ay o d h K . . l xx iii . 8 an d in th at d ir ec ti on
th er e i s n ow a t ow n c all e d Uj ha ni a b out 1 1 m il e s s ou th -w e s t o f B ud ac u .

1
'
Va tsa but it w o uld b e b e tter to r ea d Va ts a, th e V at s a s s ee p ag e
30 7 , n o te i“ .

1: T his is n ot i n th e d ic ti onar y an d I h av e n ot f oun d th e na m e e ls ew h er e .

”
I t m ay m e an th o s e w h o a r e r e c k o n ed a m o ng Gh o s h as or h er d s m en, a nd be
an ad j e cti v e t o K h a éa s .

O r K ha s a s . T h e y w er e a n out s i d e p eop le on th e n or th , as m e nti on e d in

p a g e 34 6 n ote In . o ne p a s s ag e th e y ar e pl a c e d b e tw ee n M er u a n d M an d ar a

n ea r th e R S ai lo d é ( S abh é-P W es te rn
’
. . li . 1 8 58 th a t i s s o m e w h er e in
P ur an a th e R S a ilod ak a
’
T hi b et ; a c co r d i ng t o t h e M a ts y a . r i s es at M t A r una
.

w h i c h i s wes t of Kail as a an d flow s i n to th e Wes ter n S ea ( c xx . 19 K h a sa

h a s b een c on nec te d w i t h K as h g a r . T h e Kh a sa s als o m a d e i nr oa d s i n t o I n d ia ,
f or t h ey ar e c las s e d a m on g t h e P an j ab n at i o n s in a p as s a g e i n th e M E h
-
.
,

w h ich s h ew s i t s la t er age b y i ts to ne ( Ka m a -P . x li v . a nd t h ey ar e

m e nti o ne d i n th e text h e r e a s s ettl e d in M a d h y a -d e sa . M an u s ay s th e y w er e

K s h attr iy as a nd b e ca m e d e g r a d e d by th e l os s of s acr ed r i tes a n d th e ab s e n ce

of b r a h m an s (x . 43

H T h o s e w h o li v e a l o ng th e S a r a s -v ati , th at i s , th e s a cr e d r i ver no rth o f

K ur u -k s h et ra . T h ey ar e n ot th e s am e as th e p eop l e n am e d i n cant o l vi i .

v er s e 51 .

S e e p ag e 307 n ot e
'

11
'
H S i i ras e na la y i m m e d iate ly s ou th o f I nd r a -p r a s th a or D elhi ( S ab h a-P ,
’
“
.

x xx . 1 105 a n d c o m p r i s e d t h e co untry ar o un d M ath ur a, t h e m o d e r n M ut tr a

( H a r i -
V .
,
lv 30 9 3— 3 1 0 2 ;
. an d x ci . 49 7 3 ) to t h e e as t o f M at s ya ( V i ni ta R , -
v.

1 4 4 -5 ) an d it e x t en d e d ap p a r e n t ly f rom th e C h a m b a l t o ab o u t 5 0 m i le s no r th
Ar c h S u r v R e p t s XX T he S u
’
of M uttr a ( s ee C un n i ngh am ,
. . .
, . r a s en as b e

l o ng e d to t h e Y ad av a a nd H a ih aya r ace , f or M a th ur a th e ca p i tal is s p ec i al

ly c all e d th e c ap i tal of th e Y ad a v a s , an d th e k in g s w h o r eig ne d th er e b e

l o n g e d to th a t r ace (B ar i -V ,
l v ii . 3 1 8 0- 8 3 ; l xx ix . 4 1 2 4 — 34 ; xc . 4 9 04 ; c xi v .

6 38 7 an d x xx v ii i . 2 0 24 a nd A ki ng n a m ed
’ ’
S i xr a s ena, a s on o f Ar j un a

K ar tav iry a , i s m enti on e d ( i d .

,
x x xi v . wh o is , no d o ub t, i n te n d e d as th e

e p o ny m o us a n ce s tor o f th i s p eo p le , for A r u na w h o j v a nqu is h e d Rav ana w a s

th e H ar i V améa S firas ena
’

s lig h tly anteri or to Ram a, and

-
s ay s o ccup i ed thi s
 35 2 C ANT O m an .

and D h ar m é r anyas fi
I

th e p e opl e of M ath ur a fi“ th e th e

Jyo ti s h ik as , I th e Ga ur a -gr iv a s , § th e G u d a s H and

8 th e A sm ak as fil th e V a i d eh ak as fi ” a nd the P ah

' ’ ’
c ount r y af ter S a tr u gh n a - ’
s ti m e (i d .
, IV . 31 02 ) s ee n e xt n ote . T h e S ii r a s ena s
b e f or e th e P and a v a s tim e , Kris h
’
c o n s ti t ut e d a o w e r f ul ki n g d o m s h o r tly an d
p
na ki lled Kams a , w h o w as on e o f th e ch i e f m o nar ch s of t h at a g e , b r o ke up th e
' ''
s ov er eig nty an d b eto ok hi m s e lf t o An ar t a . I n lat er tim e s S li r a s ena
p re
S a ur a s ei ii
’
s um abl y r e g ai n e d i m p or tanc e , f or i t ga v e i ts na m e to o ne of th e
c h ie f P r é kr i ts .

’
M a th ur a w a s th e cap ita l o f S fir a s en a as m enti o ne d in th e l a s t no te , and is
th e m o d er n M uttr a o n th e R . J um n a ( H ar i - V .
, lv . 30 60 T h e H a r i -V afixéa

sa y s th at M ad h u, kin g of th e D a itya s a nd D an av a s , a nd h is s on L a v a na r e ig n .

ed at M a d h u -p u r e . an d M a d h u -v a n e .
( l v 30 6 1
. an d d ur in g Ram a ’s r e ig n
'
S a tr u -g h ua kill e d L av a na , c ut d own M a d h u -v a na an d b ui lt M a th ur a o n i ts s i te

( lv . 3083- 9 6 ; an d x cv . 5 2 4 3— 7 ) and af ter t h e d eath of R ém a and hi s b r oth er s

B h im a of th e Y ad a va r a ce a cc or d i n g to o ne p as s ag e (i d .
,
x cv . 5 2 4 3- 7 ) t o o k t h e
'’
a nd es ta bli s h e d it i n h is f a m i ly ; S i i r a s en a
c i ty own an d
( s ee th e las t no te )
accor d ing to ano th er p a s s ag e occu p i e d th e co unt r y ar o un d
(i d .
,
IV . It
B h im a s on A n d h ak a w as a w h ile Kus a
’
is s aid r ei g ni ng in M
’
s a th ur an d L av a
r e i g ne d i n A y o d hy a (i d .
, x cv . 52 47 T h e s e p a s s ag e s s eem t o m a ke a m ar k
ed d i s tin cti on b e tw ee n t h e p op ul ati o n in t h e coun tr y and the d yn as ty i n th e
c ity .

i “
D h ar m ar a ny a w as th e n am e of a w oo d n e ar G ay s ( V an a P
- . lxxxi v
80 6 3- 4 ; A n uéas -P . . xxv . 1 7 44 ; a nd cl xv . 7 6 55 ; w i th V ans -P . Ix xxv ii .

8 304

3: T h is i s n ot in th e d ic ti onar y an d I h av e not f ound th e n am e el s ewh er e ;

b ut B uch ana n H am il ton s ay s th e r e w a s a cl a s s o f b r a h m ans i n B e h ar , calle d

J aus i , th e v ul g ar p r onun ci a ti o n of Jy o t is h (V ol . I .
p .

T h es e ar e s ta t e d i n th e d i cti onar y i n th e t e x t t o b e
as a p eo pl e in
M a d h y a -d eéa ; b ut I h av e no t m et th e n a m e el s e w h e r e . T h e w or d m ay h o w ever
be an ad j ecti v e , y e l l o w n e cke d
-
,
”
and q ualify Gu d a s and A sm a kas w hi ch
ar e j oine d tog eth er i n a co m p oun d .

T he s e ar e s t a t ed i n th e d icti onar y in th e te xt t o b e p eopl e in

as a

M a d h ya -d eéa , b ut I h a v e n ot f oun d t h e n am e el s e w h er e . P r ob a b ly i t i s to
be c onn e c ted w i th t h e c o un t r y G au d a w h i c h C u nni n g h a m s ay s w a s f or m er ly

th e s o uth e r n p ar t of N or th K o s al a , t e th e s o ut h e r n
p o r ti o n of th e
. .

tr act b etw ee n th e Gh og r a and Rap ti r iv e r s

( A r ch . S ur v . Rep ts , I . T he
t o w n G aur in th e M al d a h d i s tr i c t i n B eh a r , w h i ch w as th e
on ce cap ital of

th e B e ng al kin g d o m , i s too f ar eas t to b e ad m i s s i b le h er e .

1 S ee p ag e 336 , n ot e

T h e p e op le of V i d eh a , see p a g e 32 9 , no te f .
 '
'‘
CO U N I Ri E S AND RAC E S I N M AD II Y A-D E
—
S A 353

'
c alas ,* th e S a nketaa f th e Kan kas x an d M arutas , § th e

P é fic'él a w a s
'
P afic ala or a lar g e countr y, com pr i s ing th e t er r i tory on b oth
b a nk s of a nd b ou nd e d on th e nor th b y S ub -H i m alay an t r ib e s , on

th e e as t by t h e s am e tr i b e s an d R os a l a , on th e s o ut h
'
b y S fir as ena , th e j unc
t i on of t h e Jum na and C h a m ba l , a nd K ény a -h u b j a ( Ad i-R , cxx xvi ii . 65 12— 3
'’
a nd V ini ta - R , v. an d o n t h e w es t b y t h e K ur us a nd S ii r a s e n as ( S a bh a-P
x xv iii . 1 06 1 ; a nd B h is h m a - R , i x . T h e P afic ’ ala s or i g i na t ed i n th e de
'

s ce n d an ts A j am idh a b y hi s w i fe N il i, th o ugh th e M E h
of ( Ad i -P , x civ . . .

'

3 7 2 2 — 3 ) a nd H ar i -V arnéa ( xxxii 1 77 6 — 80 , w it h w h i ch ag r ees th e M ats y a .

P ur i na , xli x 4 3— 4 a n d 1 1 — 4 ) d ifi er i n th e n um b er an d nam e s of th e d e s cen

. .

d a n ts . T h es e pa s s ag e s fr om th e H ar i -V azhéa an d M a ts ya P ur éna d ate th eir

r i s e ab o ut e i g h t or n i n e ge n er ati on s p r i or t o th e P and a v as , a nd th e p as s a g e

f r om t h e M .
-
Eh . s ee m s t o p oi n t t o a m u ch ea r li er ki n g d o m . T he countr y

b ei ng la r g e wa s d i vi d e d i nt o t w o kin gd om s , th e Ga n g es b e i ng t h e d i vid in g li ne
'
N n
’
A
( d P, c
i -
xxx v iii 5 5 0 9 —
1 6 ) t o t h e n o
. r t h w a s o r t h P a c ala or A hi
w i th i ts c a p i t al at A hi -c c ha tr é , t h e m o d er n A hi chh a tr , 1 8 m ile s w e s t of

B ar e i lly a n d 7 n or t h o f Ao n la ( C unni ng h am , Ar ch . S ur v . Re p ts .
, I 2 55
.

Pa iic él a , w i t h K é m p ilya , th e
’
a nd to t h e s o ut h was S o uth i ts ca p i t al at

m o d er n Ka m p il, on th e old G a ng es b etw e e n B u d a on an d Fa ( kh a b a d ( ibid .

T h e S r ifij a ya s , or d e s c e n d a n ts of S rifij aya , w h o ar e o f te n m e nti on e d

'
in t h e M .
-
Eh . Ad i -P .
, c xx x v ii i . 5 476 ; an d D r o na -R , xxi 88 3, 8 9 5 . an d 9 1 5)
’
i n N or th P a fic iz l a , th e N i p a s i n S o ut h P a ii c ala
’
ap p e ar t o ha v e r ei g ne d and

i“
s ee page 350 no t e ) on t h e d es t r u cti on of th e latt e r , P ri s h a ta of th e f or m er

d yn a s ty u ni t e d th e tw o ki n g d o m s, b ut D r o na con q u er e d hi s s on D r up a d a and

r e e s ta bl i s h ed th e t w o ki n g d om s, k eep in g N or th P a fic 'z
i la h i m s elf , and r es t or

i ng th e S ou th to D r up a d a w h o th en re ig ne d in Kam p ily a a nd M alca nd i ( Ai d i P

- .

c xx x v i i i ; H a r i -V .
, xx . 1 0 60

1 P utti ng a s id e t h e U tsa v a -s an ketas ( s ee p ag e 3 1 9 n ote th e only i ns tanc e

( S én ti P
’
w h e r e I h av e m e t thi s na m e i s in th e M . Eh
- .
-
.
, cl xxi v . 6 5 1 4) wh er e it i s

i n tr o d u c e d ap p ar e ntly a s th e na m e of a town ; b ut t h er e i s nothing to i nd ic at e

w he r e i t w as , an d it i s n ot s o gi v en i n th e d i cti ona r y . P r ob ab ly h o w e v er th e

r ea d i n g h er e a nd th e r e s h o u ld b e S d keta , tha t i s , Ay o d h y a a nd i ts p eop l e .

O th er wi s e t h e y ar e n o t m e nti o ne d in thi s g r ou p w h e r e t h ey s h o uld b e, a nd

h ar d ly b e i n te n d e d b y th e Ko s a la s in
’

t h ey ca n v er s e 14 .

m e n ti on e d i n th e M Eh o n ly as a n o u t s id e r a ce , al ong with th e
I T h es e
-
ar e . .

’
T uk h ar as, S a k a s , P a h lav a s , &c
’
.
( S ab h a P - .
, l 1 8 50
. a nd S ant i-P .
, l xv 24 2 9 )
.

T h eir b eing m enti one d h e re in th e m id d l e of I nd i a s ug g es ts th a t th ey m us t

h a ve i n v a d ed an d s e ttle d t he r e . I t ma y b e n o ti c ed a l so tha t Y ud h is h thir a

V ir é ta
’
t ook th e na m e Kanka d ur i ng h i s d i s g ui s e d r es id e n ce a t s C our t (V i ni ta -P ,

v ii .

t hi s n am e e ls ewh er e . P e rh a p s t h e r ead ing

5 I h av e m e t no p e op le o f
35 4 C ANT O L vm .

K él a ko ti s a s , *- an d P é s h a nd as fi a nd th e i nh abi ta nts of

9 t h e P ar ip atr a m o un tai ns fi t h e Kaping alas , § K u r

ur v éh yas , “

s h o ul d b e M d lava s , th e pe ople of M alw a ( s e e p ag e 34 1 note th ey ar e m en

ti o ne d i n v erse 4 5 b el o w , b ut t h ei r m or e a p p ro p r ia te p os i ti on i s h er e .

it I h av e not m e t thi s na m e e ls e w h er e , b u t i t m ay m ea n th e p e o pl e of

Kaila kart, w hi ch i s m en ti on ed i n th e M of il r i m a g e (V a na P
p la ce
-
-
.
-
Eh . as a p g .
,

xc v . an d w h i ch a p p ear s f r om th e c on te x t t o b e b e tw e e n th e Gang e s a nd

t h e B é hu d a
i ( t h e R am - a
g ng a or p e rh ap s t h e Gurra e as t of it ; s ee p ag e 2 9 1
Kofi tzr tha m en t i on e d P ur ana ( cv 44 ) s e em s to b e
’
n o te -
i n th e M a ts ya .

th e s am e . M or e ov er K ala k o t i m ay b e th e
-
s am e as Kala h iya , w h i ch i s
-
all ud

ed to occas i on ally ( S ab h é P -
, x xv . 9 9 7 ; U d y o ga -P .
,
x vi ii . 5 9 6— 60 1 an d p e r h a ps
'
Ad i P -
.
, cx i x . a nd f or w h i ch th e s ec on d p a s s a g e i nd ica tes a. s i m i lar p os i
t io n .

1
"
H e r eti cs ; a pp l i e d t o Ja ins and B ud d hi s ts . I h av e m et w ith no p eop le
of thi s nam e .

I S ee p a g e 2 8 6 n o te I .

I h a ve n o t m et thi s n am e e ls ew h er e . A r i v er call e d Kap i itj a ld i s m en

'

t i on e d i n th e B h is h m a -P . li s t (i x . b ut w i th o ut any d a t a to i d enti fy
it . T wo o th e r r e ad i ng s m ay b e s ug g e s te d Ké l i n g a /ca s , i . e .
, K a lin g a s ( s ee
p ag e 3 1 6 , i) b e tt e r p e r h a ps Kd la rij a r as , th e i nh a b i ta nts of Ka li nj ar ,
‘

n o te or f
an

an c i en t an d c el eb r at ed h ill a nd f or t 33 m il es s outh o f B an d a i n B un d el k h an d ;

it is m en ti on e d o nly as a tf r tha i n th e M .
-Eh .
( V ana - P .
, lxx xv 8 1 9 8- 8 20 0 ;
.

l x xx v ii 8 3 1 7 ; . an d A mus a s - P . .
,
x xv . 172 1

I) T hi s r e a d i ng a p p e ar s to b e w r on g , b ut i t i s n ot easy to s ugg es t an o t h e r

e ntir ely s at i s f a ctor y . I t is cl ear , h o w e v er , th a t t h e Ku r us ar e o ne o f th e r ac e s

’

m e an t . Va h ya s a r e s a id to b e a p eo p l e in t h e d i cti o n ar y .

'
T h e Kur ti s occup i e d th e co un tr y fr o m th e S i vi s an d S ub -H i m al ay a n tr ibe s
''
t o M a ts y a , S
’
on th e n or th i i r a s e na a n d S ou th P a ii c al a on th e s o u th , a nd b e tw ee n
N o r t h P a fic ala
'
on th e ea s t a n d M ar u bh lxm i-
'

( th e j
Ra p u tan a d e s er t ) on th e

w es t . T h e ir t e r r i t o ry ap p ears t o h a v e b ee n d iv id ed i nto t hr e e p a r ts , K ur u
ks h e tra , t h e Kur ti s an d Ku r u j ang a la ( Aid i -P -
.
, ci x . K ur u-k s h etr a ,
th e K ur us ,
’
th e c ul ti v a te d la n d of co m p r i s e d t h e w h o l e tr a c t on the wes t of

th e Ju m na a nd i n c l ud e d th e s a cr e d r e g i on b e t wee n t h e S ar a s -v at i an d

D ri s h a d -v a t i ( Va n a -
P .
,
l xxxiii 5 0 7 1 — 8 . an d 7 0 7 3— 6 ; Ré m éy , A y od h
. .
-
K .
, l xx . 12 ;

an d M e g ha -D .
, i . 49 i t is s ai d to h a v e o b ta in e d th i s na m e b e cau s e i t w a s

r ai s e d to h o no ur , p m kr i s hga
-
my Kur u ( S alya -P , l iv 300 9 ) '
. . t h e H ar i - V .
, in xx x ii .

1 800 , i nv er ts th e cour s e of hi s tor y , an d th i s e x p lan ati o n w as a f t er w a rd s c on

f us e d an d al t er ed in to t h a t of h is p lo ug hi ng i t M a t s ya -R , Kur u
j ang ala ,
th e w a s te la n d of th e K ur us , w a s th e
’
e a s te r n p a rt of t h e i r t err itor y

an d ap p ear s to h a v e c om p r is e d th e tr ac t b e tw e en th e G an g e s an d N or th
P a fio al a (R am ay A y o d h -K l xx 11 ; an d M Eh S amb a
’
.
,
. .
, . .
-
.
, xi x . 793 T he
 cocnr m ms AND RAC E S m MAD HYA -D E SA '
35 5

a nd th e U d um b ar a p eopl e fi“ an d th e Ga ahv a as i — th es e
J y ar e

in th e m id d l e I o f th e T or t oi s e as h e lies w ithin th e w ater .

T o t he s e p eop le, w h o d w el l in hi s m id d le , th e th r ee co n

s te lla ti o n s , K rittika, Rohi ni and S aum y x

i , § r ev e al“ weal a nd
‘

w oe , O br ahm an .

m i d d le r egi o n b etween th e Gang e s and Ju m na s e em s t o hav e b een call e d s im ply

t h e Kur us T he ca pita l w a s H é s tin ap ur a (s ee

’
country . n ot e f b elow ) , a nd

Kh and a va p r a s th a or I nd r a -pr as th a, t h e m o d er n D elhi , w as a s e con d c ap i tal

~

Kuru W a s th e ele ve nth a n

’
f oun d e d b y th e P and av as l Ad i -P , c c v ii 7 5 6 8 . .

ces tor o f t h e P an dav as (id , xci v . 3 7 38 - 5 1 ; an d m y 37 9 1 - 8 8 2 0 ;

. and H ar i -V .
,

xx x ii . 1 79 9
'
U d um b ar a i s Kac hh . or Kutch acc or d ing t o L as s en ( I nd . Al t .

, M ap ) a nd

C unnin g h a m (Ar ch S ur v . . Rep ts XI V 1 1 5 . an d an d th e i r i d e n ti fica ti o n

m ay ap p ly t o th e A ud um bur as m e n tio ne d i n S ab hé-P .

, li . 1 8 69 ; b ut t h e
U d um b ar a s h er e are placed in M a d h ya d esa I h ave not m et wi th th e na m e -
.

el s e wh er e and it is no t i n th e d i cti o nar y C er tain d es cend a nts o f V i sv é .

m i t ra w er e c a lle d Au d um ba r as ( H ar i -
V .
,
x xvii . an d th er e w a s a r i ver

U dum ba rd -
va ti in th e S outh (i d .
, c l xv i i i .

1
'‘
l h e p e op le of Hés tina -p ur a or H a s tin a-p ur a , th e cap ital of th e Kur us

M) wh ich i s s i t ua te d th e ol d b ed of t he Gang e s , 2 2 m ile s

(s e e p a g e 3 5 4 not e ,
on
° ' ' °
n o r th e a s t o f
-
M eer ut ; la t 29 . 9 N .
, l o ng . 78 3 E . I t is s ai d to h a v e b e en
'
f o un d e d b y k i ng H as tin w h o w as th e f o ur th ances tor o f Kur u ( A di P -
.
, x cv .

37 8 7 — 9 2 ; an d Ha r i -V .
,
xx . 1 0 53 b ut h e is o m i tte d f r o m t h e g e n ea l ogy
H ar i V x x x ii . 1 7 54 — 6 and 1 7 9 5- 9 By
'
i n Ad i -P .
,
x civ . 3 7 1 4 - 39 and -
.
,
. a
p lay on

th e city w as H a s tin a
’
th e m ea ni ng of th e wor d hasti n, el eph an t , a ls o ca ll e d

(Ksr am a -v fis -P xvi i 5 08 an d x x xvi Ga j a -p ur a G aj fi-

h v a ya.
p ur a
.
. . .
,

( U d y og a P .
, cl xx vi . Gaj a -
i h v ay a
sz ( Kd i -
P .
, cxiii . 44 4 1 an d N ag a

p ur a ( i bid .
, 446 1 N é g éh v a ( d ict ) , N i ga -s ti hv aya ( Ad i -
R, c xxxi . 5 1 46 )

( Ks m -v é s -P x x xi x and V ér ana -s ahv aya ( d ic t ) It

’

i r a n iz h v a y a
Vz r a a . .
,
. .

eleph ant
’
d er i v a ti on f r om i s th e
s eem s p r o b a ble , h ow ev er , th at th e r e a l on e ,

b eca us e o f th e nu m er ous f r e ely -c o in e d s ynonym s wi th th at m e an i ng , a nd

b e éau s e t h e r e was ano th er town V i r anév ata am ong th e Kur us not f a r f r om

'
cxli i , w i th th e d e s cr ip tion of t h P and v as
’
s ub s e q u e nt
B as ti na -p ur a ( Ad i -P q e a

m ove m en ts , c x li x . -cli . , and cl vi 6 0 84 a n d. al so a. place calle d V ar a na -s th al a .

a m o ng th e K ur u s or No rt h P anc é las
’
( R am ay .
, A yod h -K . .
, lxxiii 8 ) w hich wa s
.

p er h a p s th e s a m e as B as tina-p ur a (s ee p ag e 35 1 , note

I M ad hy e i n v er s e 7 .

T h is d oe s no t a p p e ar to b e t h e na m e of a ny n uk s h ntr a , b ut see ms to
Ag r ahayan i, w h i ch f o llo ws Ro h ini
' '

m e a n M rig a -sir a s or and pr e ce d e s Ar cl t é

(V e r s e 15 a nd note ) .

ll Vi -p ai ga ka not i n th e d ic tio n a ry .
35 6 C AN T O mm .

T he fii lls * V ri s h a -d li v aj a , 1' and A fij a na , $ J am bv

ak hya , § an d M au av ac
'
al a , ”
S hr p a -k a r na fil V yz i g h r a -m u h a , “ k
12 K h ar ma ka d f '
a nd Ka r v at asan a ; 1 1 thes e th e

fifil and th e V a d a na
’

peopl e of M i th ilé , “ th e S u bh r a s

i“
Gi r a yo i n v er s e 12 s e e n o te b el o w .

1
?
1 ha v e n ot m e t w i th t hi s n a m e a ny w h e r e els e , a n d i t is no t i n th e d i e

t i o na r y as the n am e of a h it] . I s i t t o be id e ntifie d w i th B ai d ya na th , n e ar

D eo g ar h i n t h e S a n tal P a r g an as , w h e r e t h e r e i s s a id to b e o ne of t h e twe l v e

old es t li ng as of S iv a ( I m p Ga z
’
. . of I nd i a , A r t D e og arh ) .

1 T h i s m ay b e th e m oun t a i n fr o m w h i ch S ug r tva s um mo ned h i s v as s al

( Ram éy Ki s hk K an d a ls o t h e m oun tai n ca lle d Afi

’

x xx vi i .
m o nk ey s g and
- .
, ,
. .

bha , m en t io ned i n t h e M .
-Eh .
( A nusé s -P . .
, clxv . 7 6 58 ) b ut the r e ar e no d a ta
t o id e n tify i t .

Ja m bu -m a t i s g iv en i n th e d ictio nar y as th e n am e o f a m oun tai n, b ut I

h av e no t m e t w i th ei t h er n a m e el s e w h er e .

M T h is i s m e n ti on ed i n th e d icti o nary , b ut I h av e n ot f ou nd it any wher e

'
d oub t, S d rp a -kar na , b u t I h av e m et wi th
'

11 O r , no not e i th er a s th e n am e of

a m o un tai n, nor i s i t g i v e n i n t h e d ic t io nar y .

I h a v e no t m et w i th t his as th e n a m e of a. m ount ai n e l s ew h e r e , no r is i t
i n t h e d i c tio nar y . O n h ill U d aya -g i r i n e ar B h u b a n e s w ar , ab o ut 2 0 m ile s

s out h o f O ut ba c k, a r e a nu m b e r o f r ock -c u t c ave s , a nd o ne is s c ul p tur e d in

’
t he fo r m of a t ig e r s o p en m o ut h , an d i s kn o w n by t he n am e d gh r a m ukha ;
- '

ca n th i s b e t h e h il l i nt e n d e d h e r e-P I t w ould b e s o m e w h a t ou t o f
p la ce
h e r e , b ut t h e g r o upi ng i n t h i s c a nt o is f ar f r o m p er fe ct .

11 I ha v e no t f o un d t his n a m e e l s e w h e r e , n or is it i n th e d ic ti o na r y . Is
i t to b e c o n nec te d w ith th e Kh a r a k-p ur hills in the s o uth of th e M o ng h yr

D i s tr i c t i n B e h a r ? Ap eop le c all e d Ka r bu ka s a re m e nt ione d i n th e E a s t i n the

Ram ay .
( Kis hk K . . xl .

n T h is i s .
no t i n t h e d i c ti o n ar y , a nd I h av e n ot m e t w ith i t els e w h e r e ; bu t
i t is no d o ubt t o b e c o nne c t e d w i t h t he c o u n tr
y or to w n Ka r v af afi, w hi c h is
m e n tio n ed in .
j
co n unc t i o n w it h T am r a -l i p ta a nd S uh m a i n th e w e s t of B e ngal .

( LL -B h .
, S a bh a-P .
, xx i x . 1 0 98 Se e K ar bu ka s i n th e l a s t not e .
T h e t w o li n e s of v er s e 1 2 m us t , i t s ee m s , b e inv er te d , to b r ing th e
.

s o as

w or d g ir a y o n ex t t o t he m o un ta i ns nam e d i n v er s e 11 o th er wi se th e w or d i s
m e a n i ng l es s .

IIII F or M i thi lf» s ee p ag e 32 9 no te ‘

r; b ut t he p eo p le of V i d e ha hav e b ee n
m e n t io ne d al rea d y in vers e 8 as s itua t e d i n M a d h a - d e éa
y .

fiHl I h ave not m e t t h is na m e e l s e w he r e , n o r is i t i n t h e d i c ti on a r as th e

y
nam e of a p eopl e P r o bab ly th e r e ad i ng s h o ul d b e S uh m a s ;
p 32 7 no te
.
s ee .

T he S um b ha s ( Ram ay .
,
Kis hk -K . .
, xL 25) ar e n o d o ub t th e s am e.
 commu nes , HI L L S AND RACE S I N E AST E RN I NDI A 35 7

d a n tur as fi“
and the C
’
a n d r e svar a s f als o , and th e Kh asas , 1
13 an d t he M ag ad has , § the P r ag j yo tis h as Hand , th e L a uhi tya s fil
th e can ni bal s w ho d we ll on t he s ea the hi lls
Pur no tk a a d f
t
'
B h a d r a -g a u r a, i i and U d aya -gir i
14 an d th e t he M ek h a lé m us h t as filfll th e T am a

3"
T h is i s i n th e d i ctionary ti e na m e of a p e op le , but I hav e no t m e t wi th
-
as

it el s e w h er e . I t m ay m e an sh ow i ng t h e ir long te e th wh e n s pe aki ng ; b ut
h er e i t i s no d o ub t t he nam e o f a. p eop le a s s ta ted in th e d i c ti on a r y .

1 I h ave n ot f ou nd this els e wh e r e n or i s it i n th e d icti onary as th e n am e of

'
a p e op le . A p eop l e ca lle d C wnd m —o a ts a s ar e m entioned in th e M .
-
Eh .
( U d y o ga
P .
, lxx iii .

"
5 S ee p ag e 3 46 no te a nd p ag e 3 5 1 no te 5 . H er e a b r anch of th e s e p e op le
i s p lac e d i n th e E a st of I nd ia .

I S e e p a g e 330 note I .

H S e e p ag e 32 8 n o te

fit T h e eo
p p le o f L a u hi t'
ya .
(BL -B h .
, S ab h fi- P .
, xxix . 1 1 00 a nd li 1 8 6 4 ) w hi c h
.

was t h e co untr y o n th e b ank s of th e R . L ohi ta, or L auhity a ( S abh a-P .

, ix .

37 4 ; Ram ay .
, Kis hk - K , x1 2 6 . . . an d Ra g h u - V .
, iv . 8 1 l o r L O hi ty é ( B h is h m a -P . »

ix . a nd p r ob a bly a ls o L oh ita -g ang s, ( Har i-V .

, cxxn . 68 7 3 th e m od em

B r ah m a -p u tr a . T h e m ention of L ob i ta i n S ubh é -P .
, xx v i . 1 02 5 and L a uhi tya

1 7 32 a pp li cati on ; a n d p l ace
’
i n A n uszi s -P . .
, xxv . a pp e ar s to h av e a d ifl e r ent a

L o hi ty a i s m e nt io ne d in Ram ay A y o d h -K . .
, l xxiii . 1 3, a s s i t uat e d b e t we e n the
G a ng es a nd G o -m a ti . V isv a-m i t r a h a d c e r ta i n d es c en d a nts c all e d L oh i ta s

( Ha r i V - .
, xx v u . 1 46 5 ) or L a uh itas (id xxxi i . 1 7 7 1 ) wh o m ay h av e b e e n t h e

ch i ld r e n of hi s g rand s on L a nhi (i a , . x xvn .

S eim u d r ai la p um s hd d a kailz th at i s , on th e coas t o f th e B ay of B e ng a l w h i ch

w as t h e E a s ter n O cean . T h ey a re m e n ti one d in th e Ram éy ( Ki s hk - K , x1 . . . .

30

H T hi s i s m entioned in th e d i cti on ar y , b ut I h av e not f ound i t e ls e w h er e .

11 T h i s i s in th e d icti onar y, b ut I h av e n ot found i t els ewh e r e .

T here a r e s ever al hi lls of th i s n am e t h at i n tend e d h er e i s no d ou b t the

h ill n e ar R aJa -grih a, or Raj g ir . I ts a n ci e nt na m e C unnin g h am s ay s w as

( A r ch S ur v Re pts I 21 and l a te i ii) , w hi c h i s m e nt ione d i n t he

B is h i -
g ir i . . .
,
. p

M .
-
Eh .
( S a b h d -P .
, xx . 798
and
II"T his i s not i n t h e d icti onar y I h av e n ot f oun d it el s ew h er e . T he
' ”
t h e K és is , p eop le of
( s ee
’
pr op er r e a di n g is p r ob ably d ay o, th e B e n ar es

p a g e 308 n o te T h ey ar e a li ttl e o ut pl ace h er e, a nd s h o uld f all wi th i n

of

6 bu t no t m e nt i o ne d t her e , a n d t h er e fo r e
t h e f or m er g r oup ( v er s es ar e

co m e i n h e r e p robab ly, f or th e g r o up i ng i n thi s i s fa r f r o m p e r f e c t

canto .

T h i s i s no t i n th e d icti ona r y , a nd I h a ve not f o und i t e ls e w h er e T he

fllfil .

of th e wor d is no d oubt m i st ake for M eka la M eka lci, for th e

'

firs t p a r t a . or
35 8 C ANT O L vm .

" th e E ka-péd ap as ,1~ the V ar d h am énas fi

li ptas fi
’
th e R o sale s § ar e s itua te d i n the T or to is e s f a ce .

T h e th r ee co ns te lla ti o ns R and r a, ” P un ar -va s u, an d P us hya

a r e s ituated in i ts f ace .

N ow thes e ar e th e co unt ri es w h i ch a re s i tua ted in

the T or toises
’

g h t for e foot : lis te n w h ile I m e nti on them ,

ri

0 K raus h tuki T he .
”th e B a ng a s d f a nd th e ‘

M ck ale s an d M ekal a h ills ar e no t m e n tio ne d i n a ny o th er gr o up i n thi s

cant o a nd m ay b e i nt e n d ed h e r e , t h o ug h c o ns i d e r a b ly o ut o f t h e ir p r op er

p os i ti on ( s e e p ag e n o te I ) T h e r e w a s als o a t o w n o r r iver call e d M eka ld ,

.

w h i ch ( if a r iv er ) w a s d is tinct f r o m t h e N ar m a d a; b ut i t a pp e ar s to h ave
b e e n m or e on t h e w es te r n s id e ( H a r i -V .
, xxxv u. 1 9 8 3) a nd th e r e for e les s
ad m i s s ibl e i n t h i s p as s ag e . I w o ul d s ug g e s t t h at th e s e cond p ar t of th e
”
(s ee p ag e 3 2 9 T h e tex t
“
w o r d s h ould b e P ztzzd r ai s , '
th e P und r a s n o te

M elcha l aC-m us hgd s ho we v e r m ig h t m e a n t h os e wh o h a v e b een r obb e d o f th e

w or n b y t h e fir s t t h r ee cl as s e s (s ee M a nn, n 42 ) an d m igh t
"
t r i pl e z o ne .

th en -b e a n a d j ectiv e q ua li fying Kaéz i y as .

’
O r T a m r a -l ip ta ka s s ee p ag e 330 n ot e
'

1 P e o ple wh o h a v e o n ly one tr e e ; b ut p er h ap s th e r ea d i ng s h o ul d be
E k p d d a kd s ,
a-
“
p eopl e w h o hav e o nl y o ne foo t ” P I t w as a co m m o n b elief
t h at s uch p eople ex is te d , s ee M .
-Eh .
,
S ab h a- P l 1 8 38
.
( wh e r e th e y are p l ace d
i n th e S ou th ) an d P li ny , v ii . 2; a nd i t l as te d d own to m od er n t i m e s , s ee

M and ev i ll e
’
s T r av el s , c h ap . XI V . S ee E ka -p d d as i n v er s e 51 .

I T h e p e o ple of V a r d h a m ana , th e m o d er n B ar d h w a n (com m o nly B ur d

wa n ) i n W e s t B eng al . I t i s not m e n t io ne d i n th e Ram éy .
, nor b ut is
a co m p a r a t iv ely old to w n .

T his ca n har d ly r e fe r to Kos al a, or O ud h ( see

p ag e 30 8 note 1 ) f or , i f s o,
th is p e o pl e w o uld h av e b e en p l ac e d a l o ng w ith t h e p eo le o f M i th ila a nd
p
M aga d h a i n v er s e 1 2 ; w h e r ea s h er e t h e K o s al as ar e s e p ar a te d ofi f r om th o s e

n atio ns b y th e i ns er ti o n of t h r ee h ills i n v er s e 1 3, an d a r e
g r oupe d w i th th e
M ekh al am n s h tas , T am ra -li p tas a n d V a r d h a m ana s Ko s a la h e r e m us t t h e r e fore
.

m ean D a k s h ina Ko s a la w h i c h is m en ti o ne d i n canto lv ii , v e rs e 5 4, as ly ing on

t he s lo p e o f t he V ind h y a m o un tains ( s ee p ag e 34 2 n o te If) , a nd e s e ci a ll

p y th e
d of i t, f or th e s ou th e r n p ar t i s
nor th an e as t p or ti o n s p la ce d a pp r op r i a te l
y in
th e r ig h t f or e f oot i n v er se 16 .

T hi s ap p e ars inc orr ec t . Read Ra ud rz’ a. nam e for th e co ns te l

la tio n Kr d r a .

1T F or Kr os hWke r e ad Kr a us hguke .

“ l' S e e p ag e 334 no t e * .

fl S e e p ag e 326 no te “ .
 C O U NT RI E S AN D RAC E S m E AS T E RN m om . 35 9

'
J ath ar a s fi th e K osalas fi “
a nd th e M ris hika s J an d th e C ed is , §

T he y ar e m e nti on ed i n th e B h is hm a -P . l is t ( ix . 35 0 ) b ut w i th n o d a ta
t o i d e ntif y th e i r t e r r it or y . H er e t hey ar e j o in e d in one com p ound w it h
K ali ng as a nd B an g a s
-
.

f T he p e O p le of D a k s h i na S ou th er n Koea la ;
“

or s ee pa g e 34 2 no te 11 th e
s o uth p o r tio n i s e s p e ci ally m e ant, s ee v er s e 14 .

I S e e p a g e 33 2 note
'
T h er e i s no m e nt i o n o f a p e op le cal le d C ed i s i n t h e E a s te r n re
g io n i n
'
th e o l d er p oe m s b ut C un ni ng h a m r ep e a te d l y pl a ce s a C ed i r ac e i n C li h a t ti s

g ar h (A rc h . S u r v Re p ta
. .
, I X 5 4— 5 7 ;
. and X VII .
y e t in a nc ie nt ti m es it
w as no t so . C ’ed i w a s t h e n -o ne of th e c o un t r i es n ea r t h e K ur us (M .
- Eh .
,

V i ni ta i . 1 1 -1 2 ; U d yo g a -P .
, lx xi 2 5 9 4 . I t i s p lac e d in t h e E a s ter n

B him a th e r e ( S ub b ed ?
’
r eg i on in th e acco un t o f s c on q ue s t s xx v i ii . l 06 9 - 7 4 )

a nd a l s o i n th e S ou th r eg i o n i n th e d es cr ip t io n of A r j una s f o llo w ing th e

s a cr i fic ia l h or s e ( Asv a - m ed h -P . .

,
lxx xiii . 2466 a nd i t is a ls o m e n tio ne d

al o ng i r n as
w i th th e D a sz ( s ee p ag e 342 n o te and P uli nd a s ( s ee p ag e 3 35
’
n o te i n t h e f or m e r p a s s a g e . C ed i b or d e r e d on th e J um u a , f or k i ng V a s u

w h e n h un ti ng i n a f or e s t s e nt a. m e s s ag e h om e to hi s q ue e n a c r os s that

r iv e r , and th e f or e s t c o ul d not h av e b ee n f a r fr o m h is te r r i to r y Mi d i -
P,

C ed i , m o r e o ve r , i s o ft en li nk e d w i th M K a r fis h a
’
l x iii 2 37 3
. a ts y a a nd

B h is h m a -R , i x . 3 48 ; li v . 2 242 ; an d Ka r na -P x xx . 1 23l ; s ee p a g e 30 7
n o te and p a g e 34 1 n o te and w i t h Kééi an d Ka r us h a Kd i -P .
,
c xx iii .

47 9 6 ; a nd B h i s h m a -R , c x v ii . I t was c los e ly a s s oc i a t e d w it h M a t s y a

an d m us t h a v e t o uc h e d i t , f or an a n c i e nt k ing S uh a j a r e ig ne d o ver b o th
l x xi i i
'
( U d y o g a -P . a nd it s ee m s pro bable t h a t k i ng V as n s s on
'
M ats ya b e ca m e ki ng of M a ts y a ( A d i -P .
, l xiii . 2 37 1 — 9 3 ; and H ar i V - .

, x xx i i .

1 8 04 F rom th e s e i nd ic a ti ons it a p p ear s C ’ ed i c om p r is e d th e co un tr y

’
s ou th o f th e J um na , f r o m t h e R C h a m b al . on th e n or th - w e s t t o n e ar C itr a

k fita on the s o ut h e a s t ; an d on th e s o ut h i t w a s bo u nd e d by t he p latea u of

M al w a a nd th e h ills of B un d elkh a n d .

'
S ukti -s d hv a y afi, ( V an a P Kéva
’
I ts ca pi ta l w a s S ukti m a ti -
or - .
, xxii . 89 8 ; and
'
th e R S u kti m a tz, w hi ch i s
’

m e d h -P . lxx x iii 2 4 6 6 - 7 )
. and w as s i t ua t e d o n .
- s aid to
.
,
'

b r eak t h r o ug h t h e Ko lé h ala hi lls ( Ad i -

P ,
, l x i i i 2 36 7 7 0 ;
.
—
s ee p a g e 2 86 n o te

T hi s r i ve r r is e s i n t he V i n d hy a Ra ng e , a nd m us t b e e a s t of t h e R D a sér né ,
.

w h ic h i s th e m os t w es te r ly r i ve r th a t r is e s in th a t r a ng e ( co m p ar e n o t es 1
'
an d I
on p ag e i t i s p r o ba bly t h e m o d e r n R Ke n, f or w h i ch I h av e f o un d no .

S a n s kr i t n a m e H e nc e t h e Ko lah a la b i l ls w e r e p rob a bly t h os e b e twee n F a una.

.

and Bi j a wa r in B u nd e lkh a nd ,
and th e ca p i t al S uk t i -m a ti w a s
’

p r ob a b ly n ea r
’
t h e m o d e r n t ow n B a nd a . T h e ki ng d o m of C ed i s eem s t o h a v e b e e n f o und ed as

a n o ff s h o ot b y t he Y ad av a s of V id a r b h a ( M a ts y a -
P a r ana , x liii . 4 -7 ; a nd x li v . 14

an d 2 8 38 )
—
an d af te r it h ad las te d th r o ug h s om e 20 or 25 r e ig ns , Vas u U par i
36 0 C ANT O mm .

and t he U r cl h va- ka rnas ,

*
th e M ats ya s
’
r a nd o th ers w ho

d wel l on th e V i nd hya m oun ta ins , I th e V id a r b h as , § an d

t he Nar ik elas I] , t he D har m a -d v ip as flf , and t he

the V yag h i -a gr i vas ,fi

- '
th e M ah é -g r iv as , 11 th e bear d ed
th e and th e H a i m a -k fitas flw ,

th e Nis h a d has fi” th e Kat ak a -

s t hal a s f ff ,
th e B ase m e m
t he k
na e d t he th e K ékum

'
c ar a , wh o w as a Kaur av a of th e P a urav a r a ce , i nva d ed i t f r o m t h e nor th s om e

i to th e P an d a v a s , a nd c o nq uer ing it e s tab lis he d h is

ni ne g e n e r ati ons a n te r o r

own d y nas ty i n i t (i d 1 20. wh ich las te d till af ter t h e i r t im e . F or a f ull

d i s cus s i on s ee Jo ur na l, B eng al A s S ocy . .
,
1 8 9 5 , P ar t I .
, p 249
. .

T hos e w h o h a v e e r ect e a r s ; b ut I h av e not m e t t hi s n a m e els e w her e

,

a nd it is no t, p r o b a bly , th e na m e of a ny p e o pl e .

1
'
T his s ee m s w h olly o ut o f p la ce h e re s ee pag e 30 7 n o t e "“

I T he s e m o un ta i ns a r e als o c ut o f p lace h e re ; t hey d ie a way i n B ehar ,

t ha t i s , i n t h e b y t he T
’
r e g io n occ upie d o r to i s e s h e ad .

5 T hes e ar e ab s o l ute ly o ut o f place h e re s ee p ag e 335 n o te

II Nar ikela is g i ve n i n th e d ictio na r y a s the n am e o f an i s la nd , b ut I h ave

not m e t w i th a ny p e o pl e of a ny s uch n a m e e ls e wh er e .

1T I h a ve n o t m e t wi t h th is n am e an
y w h e re e ls e .

O r A ilika s . N ei t h e r n am e i s in t h e d ic tio nary , an d I h ave n ot f oun d

t h em e ls ew h e re . A r iv e r E lé i s m e n t io n e d a s s i tua t e d i n t h e D e k h an ( Har i
V .
, clx vi ii . b ut w it h out d a ta to i d e ntify i t .

H
‘ '
Ha v i ng n ec k s lik e tige r s " pe r h a p s a n e p i th e t to T ra i p ur as .

1 1: L a r g e -n e ck e d p er h ap s als o a n e pi th e t t o T r a i pu r a s .

T h e p eo p l e of T r ip ura , 34 3 no te " ; b ut t h ey
s ee pa g e ar e
qu ite o ut of

p lace h er e .

”
l! T h es e s ee m t o b e th e s a m e a s th e
’
K is k i ud h ak as ; s e e p ag e 34 2 no te
of Hem
’

fil1[ T h e p e o p le a- k ti ta . I h a v e f o und m en ti o n of o n ly o ne H em a
k uta : i t w as a. m o un ta i n or g r o up of m o u ntai ns i n t h e H i m al a a s i n t h e
y
w e s te rn p ar t of N ep al ( BL - Eh .
, V an a . cx . 9 9 6 8—8 7 ) b ut t h a t d oes no t
s e em ap p ro p r ia t e he r e .

it “
S ee p a g e 34 3 n o te flT . T he s e p e o p l e a r e al to
g eth e r o ut o f
p la ce he re .

fit T h e p e op l e of Kata ka, t he m o d e r n C u ttack i n O r is s a . T h is i s a m od er n

n a m e a nd is m e n tio n e d i n t h e D a éa -k um ara -c'a ri ta (S t or y of S o m a-d a t ta ) .

T he na m e g ive n t o it by th e B r a h m ans wa s Var anas i i n e m ula tion with

B enar es .

in S ee p a g e 34 2 n ote f . T he s e pe o pl e ar e al to eth er o ut la ce h ere

g p .

T his na m e is n ot in th e d ic ti o n ar y a nd I ha ve no t f o und i t els e wh er e .

H
N”T he N i s h ad a s wer e a n ab o r ig i na l ra ce a nd a r e d e s cr i be d as v er
y b lac k,
d war fis h a nd s h o r t-li m b ed , wi th l a r g e m o uth , j aws an d e ar s , w i th p e nd e nt
 CO UNT RI E S AND RAC E S m E AS T E RN m um . 36 1

19 la ka s * and , th e P ar na -éava r as fi— th es e all ar e in the r ig h t

f or e f oot .

T he th r ee co ns t ell ati on s A -éles h a, and P aitr ya I

20 a nd th e F ir s t P h alg u nis h a ve th eir s tat ion ia the
'

r ig ht fore foo t .

nos e, r e d e y e s an d copp er col o ur ed h ai r , and w i th a p r otub er an t b el ly . T heir

n am e i s f an c if ully d er iv e d f r o m t h e
’
com m a n d n ts hzd a, s it d ow n, g i ve n to th e
fir s t of th e m w ho w as c r ea t e d ( Har i -V 30 6- 1 0 ; a nd
’
. .
, v . M ui r s

S ans k . T ex t s , II . T h ey w e r e s p e ci ally a f or es t p eople, and w er e

s c at ter e d a l l ov er N o r th er n an d C e ntr a l I n d i a . T he e ar l ies t r ef er ences s h ew,

th e y th r oug h o ut N o r th I n Ram a
’
occu pi e d th e f or es t t r a cts I nd i a . s t im e
t h e y h eld th e c o untr y a ll ar o und i ga
P r ay z a nd a pp ar e ntly s o uthw ar d s al s o

( J our na l, R A S 1 8 9 5, p ag e 2 37 b ut i n t h e P anda v a s tim e the y occupie d th e

’
. .
,
.

h ig h l a n d s of M al w a . a nd C e nt r al I n d i a ( M . Eh
- .
, S a b h a-P .
,
x x ix . 1 0 85 ; xxx.

1 109 an d 1 170 ; and Afév a m e d h -P . .

, l xxx ii i 247 2 -5 )
. a n d s t ill f or m e d a k ing d om

( U d yog a-P .
, i ii 8 4.
; a nd x lv ii . I t wo uld s e em th a t, as t h e A r ya ns
e xt e nd e d th e ir N i s had a s w e r e p ar tly d r i v en b ack i nto th e
c o n q ue s t s , th e
h i ll s an d f ores ts of C e n tr a l I nd ia , and w e r e p ar tly s ub j ug a ted an d a b s orb ed
a m o ng t h e l ow e s t c la s s e s of t h e p op ula ti o n as a pp e ar s fr o m c a s u al all usi on s
’
( Ram ay A d i- K an d M Eh A d i -P c xl v iii ; a nd V a na -P
’
.
, .
, ii . 12 ; .
- .
, .
, .
, c xxx .

1 0 5 38 T he y ar e als o m e n ti o n e d as b e i ng p ear l -d iv e r s an d s ea m en in

an is l and w h ic h s eem s to be on th e w es t coa s t ( H ar i -V , . x cv . 52 14 and

5 233 T h ey w er e l o oke d upon as v e ry d eg r a d e d in la ter ti m es , b ut at

fi r s t th e ir p os i tio n w a s no t d es p ic ab le , f or Ram a a nd Guh a ki ng of th e

-K
N i s h ad as m e t as f r ie nd s o n e q ua l ter m s ( y
A o d h . .
, xl v i . 20 ; x lv i i . 9-1 2 ; a nd
' '
x ci i . a nd it s eem s Kr i s h n a s a unt S r uta -d e v a m ar r i ed t h e king of th e

N is h ad a s ( Har i-V x x xv . 1 9 30 and 1 9 37

I h ave no t f o un d thi s n a m e e l s ew h er e , n o r i s i t i n th e d iction ar y . P er

'
h a ps it i s to b e co nnec te d w it h S r i - ké kula , th e m o d er n S r e e w a col um , a to wn
’
1 9 m i le s w es t o f M a s uli p a ta m . I t w as f o un d e d b y ki ng S um ati of t h e S ata

v ah a n as or A nd h r a s , an d wa s th e ir fir s t cap i ta l ( A rch . S ur v . of S . I nd ia

b y R S e w e ll, I
. . 55 ; an d R e por t on A m a r av a ti , p p 3 . and

*
tri b e o f S a var a s
’
( 33 5 n o te ) w h o li v e d up on l ea v es
1 T h e s e w er e a s ee p ag e
‘

h e nc e t h e i r n a m e a cco r d ing to th e d i c ti ona r y b ut a f or e s t tr i b e w ou ld h ar d ly ;

’
th e S av ar as w h o
“
li v e s ol ely o n M i g h t i t no t m or e p r o p
l eav e s . y m ean er l

P A g ir d le o f lea v es w as t h e o r d i na r y cloth i ng of m os t of
”
w ea r l eav e s
E th no lo gy , p a ss i m T h ey to b e
’
a b o r i g i nal t r i b es ; D a l ton
'

a p pe ar
th e s ee s .

t h e m od er n P a zzs ,
’
a v e ry l ow ab o r ig i nal c as t e, co m m o n i n O ri s s a a nd the

E a s te r n C ir car s .

m u s t m e an M a g hd , w hi c h c o m es b e tween A -éles h é and P arva

x T h is
P ha lg uni a. m eani ng not i n t h e d ic ti onar y .
362 CANT O L vm .

L anké ,* and th e K é léj in as d th e ’

S ailik as i , and th e
21 N ik ata s , § an d th o s e who i nh a b i t th e M ah end r a ” nd a

M al aya fll M oun tai n s

'

an d the hell and th os e

w ho d well in th e K ar ko taka for es t, H ‘ ‘
t he B h rig u
' '
22 kac c has ,I I and th e an d t he a nd the
'
Ab hir as flHl wh o d w ell ks
'

on th e ban of the r i ver V enifi“

Ri vana’ s cap ita l in C eylon .

1 T h is i s gi v en in th e d ictionar y as th e n a m e of a p e op le and analy s ed

“ ”
th us — d a -a j in a , th os e wh o w ear b lack an te l op e s kins g b ut I h ave not

foun d th e nam e els e w h er e .

'
i s has
'

1 P e r h ap s th e s am e a s th e S at l z
‘
in can to lv u, v er s e 46 .

T hi s nam e i s no t i n t h e d i cti o nar y, an d I h av e no t m et i t els ewh ere .

I} S ee p ag e 2 8 4 , not e 11 an d p a g e 30 5 , n o te
y e t th es e m ay be t h e m ount
ai ns at C C om ori n,
. s ee J our n a l, R A S 1 8 9 4, p 2 6 1 . . . . .

S ee p ag e 2 85 note “ .

S ee p ag e 2 87 no t e } .

H Kark otaka w as th e n am e of t h e Nag a ki ng wh om Nala s av ed f r om a

f ores t fi r e ( M . Eh
- .V a n s -R , lx v i ) ; Wh er e t h at h ap p en e d i s no t clear , but
,

p r ob ably i t w as s o m ew h er e i n t h e m i d d l e o r ea s te r n par t o f t he S a tpur a

( s ee pag e 3 43 no te fl) t hat r eg io n he i nt e nd e d h er e P Karkotaka is

“

range c an

als o s tated in the d icti on ar y to b e t h e n am e of a b a r barous tr ib e of lo w or igin,

but I h av e no t m e t w i th th e m el s e w h er e . P e r h ap s thi s w or d , h owe ver ,

m ay b e conn ect ed with th e m o d er n E ar th} , a to w n in th e S atara D is tr ic t,

near w hich are m any B u d d h i s t cav e s . I ts a n ci e n t n a m e wa s Kar a hd kada
or Ka ra hafika ta accor d ing to i n s cri pti o ns ( A r ch . S ur v . of W . I nd ia by J .

B urg es s , M em o . No . 1 0 , p ag e 1 6 , a nd C unningh a m ’ s S tupa o f B h ar h ut

pp 1 3 1 , 1 35
. and and it s ee m s to be th e s am e as Ka ra hd gaka m en
tione d in th e M .
- Bh .
( S abh a P -
.
, xxx . 1 1 7 3) an d s p ok en of t h er e as h er etical,

p ais ha ada , no d oub t b ecaus e it w a s a B ud d hi s t s an c tuar y as ev id e nced by

i ts cav e s . S ee al s o M a ts ya P . xl ii i . 29 ab out Kark otak a .

11 S ee p ag e 339 note W .

O r , m ore cor rec tly , Konka nas . T h ey ar e th e inh a b itants of th e m od er n

K onkan, t h e M ar ath i -s p eaking l o wla nd s tr i p b e twe e n th e W es tern Ghats
an d th e s ea , f ro m ab o ut B o m b ay s o u th wa r d to G oa . T he Hari -V al héa s ay s

king S a gar a d egr ad ed t he s e pe o p l e (x i v .

ll"T h es e p eople ar e n ot m en tione d i n t h e d icti on a r y a nd I h av e not m et

w ith th em el s ew h er e. P er h a p s t h e r e a d in g s h o u ld b e th e S e rp as , i . e .
,
“
th e
l

’
N ég as , or th e S am vas wh o ar e n am e d in M . Eh
- .
( B his hm a-R , l . 2 084 ,
'
unles s thi s b e a m i s take for S a v ar as .
)
1? S ee p ag e 31 2 n o te i
'
.

W " T hi s is no d o ub t the s am e as Veng é th e , nam e o f two r i ver s in th e

 C O UNT RI E S AND RACE S m s our u m on . 36 3

th e Av an ti s fi' th e D as a -p ur as ,f a nd th e Aka nin i p eople,

23 th e
'
M ah a-r é s htr as §, a nd K ar né tas H , the G o nar d d h as 1T,
C itr a th e C
'
o la s a nd th e K ola gi r as i i ,

D e kh an ; s ee canto lv u , v er s es 24 an d 26 . E i th er r iver is ad m i s s i bl e i n t h i s

p a s s ag e , b ut th e W ain -
g ang a i s m eant m or e p ro bably , be caus e it fl ows
t h r o u g h t e r r it o r y occ up i e d by a b or ig i nal tr ib es .

S ee p ag e 3 40 n o te an d p a g e 34 4, n ot e

1 O r , b e tt e r , B alsa -p a r as , t h e p eo p le of D a éa -p ur a T hi s w as t h e cap it al
“

of k ing R-a n ti -d e v a (M e gh a - D .
, I . 46 an d s eem s f rom th e c on t ex t th ere
t o h av e b ee n s it ua te d o n or ne ar th e R C h a m b a l i n i t s l ow e r p or ti on
. . B ut
'
th e tw o a c c o u n ts o f Ran ti -d e v a (M . Eh
- .
, D r on a-R , lx v ii ; a nd S an ti -P .
, x xix .

1 0 1 3- 2 2 ) d e s cr ib e h i m as ex er cis ing b o und l e s s h os p i tality ch i e fl y wi t h a ni m a l

'
f oo d , an d fa nci f ully e xp l a i n t he or ig i n o f th e r iv e r , O a r m a n -v at i, as th e

j uice s f r om t h e p il es of th e h id e s of th e s l a ug h ter e d a ni m als ; thi s s ug g e s t s

t h at h e r e i g ne d alo ng th e up pe r p o r tion of th e r i ve r .

I
’
O r A ka ni n . N e ith er i s i n t h e d ic tio nary , an d I h av e not f ound the m
e ls e w h e r e .

S ee p ag e 333 n o te 1
HT he C a nare s e . K ar nata p r op e r ly com p r i s e s th e s ou th -we s t p or tion of

the N i z am
’
s D om i ni ons , a nd all th e c o u nt r y west of th a t as f ar as th e We s
t e rn G h a ts , an d s ou th o f th a t as far as t h e N il g i r is . I t d id no t i ncl ud e an
y
p ar t of th e c oun tr y b e l ow th e G h a t s , but i ts ap p l ica ti on h a s b ee n g r ea tly

d i s to r t e d b y t h e M o h am m e d an s an d E ng lis h . T he nam e i s p r o b a bly d e r iv e d

”
f r om t w o D r avi d i an w or d s m e a n i ng bla ck cou n tr y , b e ca u s e of the b lac k
c o tt o n -s oi l of t h e p l a te a u of th e S ou th e r n D e kh a n ( C a ld w e ll , G r a m m ar
'
of th e D r av i d i a n L an g u a g e s , 34 an d 35 and H un t er s Im p . Ga z . of

I nd i a , A r t . K ar n ixtik ) . T h e Ka r natak as ar e m e nti o ne d in t h e B h is h m a -P .

li s t ( ix .

i s g iv e n i n th e d i c ti on ar y th e n am e of a p e op le i n th e D e
'

11 Go -n ar d a f
as

kh an , b ut I h av e not f ound e i th e r fo r m e l s ew h er e . G oa i s s aid t o h av e h a d

a l a r g e nu m b e r of n am e s in a nc i en t t im e s ; b u t th is d oes n ot a pp ea r to h a v e

be e n o ne o f th em (I m p . G az . of I n d ia , A r t G o a ) . .

' t o h av e b e e n t he of h ills
’
l“ T h e p eo ple of C it ra- ktxta ; i t a pp e ars r a ng e

t h e m o d e r n m o un t C h i t r a k ut) e x te n d i ng fr o m s o u th of A lla h a
( co m p r i s i ng
P anna n e ar t h e R Ke n Jour n al , R A S 1 8 9 4, p but
b a d to a b o ut .
( s ee . . .
, .

t h e s e p eo pl e ar e ve r y m uc h out o f plac e h er e .

H ’
S e e p ag e 3 3 1 no te if .

n ot s e em to be c onn ecte d w i th th e Kola s w ho ar e m en

It T h is n am e d oe s .

25 T h e K o la g ir a s ar e no d o ub t t h e s am e a s th e Ko lv ag l vey a s ,
ti o ne d i n v er s e .

wh o are la c e d i n S o uth I n d i a in th e d e s c r ipt i on of A r una sj f o llow ing th e

p
'
l xxxi ii 2 4 7 5— 7) a nd th ey would p r es um
s a cr ifici al h or s e (As v a -m a dh P - .
. .
364 C ANT O mm .

'
th e p eo pl e w h o w ear m a tted h ai r " in K r aufic a -d vi
pafi
24 th e p eop l e w h o d w e ll b y t h e K av er i an d on m owa t

ab ly b e th e i nh ab it an t s of Kola gi r i , wh ich i s p l ace d i n S outh I n d i a i n the

’
a cc oun t of S ah a d e va s c o nq ues ts th er e , a n d w hi ch a pp ear s t o h av e b ee n an

e x ten s i v e r eg io n f or th e w hole of it i s s p ok en o f ( S ab h a P -
.
, xx x . Kola
”
g ir i m ay m e an t h e h ill s b el o ng ing t o th e K ol s , b u t th e R ol e s e em t o be

i nte nd e d b y th e K olas i n v er s e 25 . K ol a g ir a m ay b e c om p ar e d w i th Kod ag u ,

(I m p
‘
C oo r g , w h i ch m e an s m o u nta ins
’
th e an ci ent nam e of s tee p . Gaz . of

I n d i a , A r t C oor g ) , . an d m i g h t t h er e f or e h av e l e d t o th e m od ificati on of th e
fin al p ar t o f th e n am e to a g r ee w it h t h e S a n s k r i t gi r i b ut s ee p ag e 366 note I .

T he n am e K ola g ir a s om e wh a t r e s em b l e s th e Gold ngu la s of can t o l vii , v er s e

45 ; a nd Gol éng ul a m i g h t b e a cor r up t i on of K od u ng a li i/r , w hi ch i s th e

m o d er n tow n C r a n g an o re , 1 8 m ile s n or th o f C och i n . I t h ad a g oo d h ar b our
in ear ly ti m es , an d w as a ca p it al t ow n i n th e 4 th cen tur y AD . S yr ian C h ri s
ti ans w er e es tabl i s h e d t h e r e b e f or e th e 9 th c e n tur y , an d th e Jew s h a d a

s e t tl em ent th er e w h i ch w a s pr ob ab ly s t ill e ar li e r . I t is c o ns i d er e d o f
gr eat
s a nc ti ty by b o th C h r i s tians an d H ind us (l m p . G az . of I nd i a, Ar t . Ko
d ung a l fir ) .

Ja l é -d ham ; th e d i cti ona r y g i v es i t as a pr op er nam e . Jaté . al s o m eans

lo ng tr e s s e s of h ai r twi s te d or b r aid e d to g e th er , an d c o il e d in a kn ot o v er

th e h ea d so as to pro j ec t li k e a h o r n f r om th e f o r e h e a d , o r at o th er tim es
”
al l o w ed t o f all ca r el e s s ly o v er th e b a ck a n d s h o u ld er s .

1
'
T h i s w as no d o ub t th e c o un ty o f w h i ch Kr a ufic'a -p um w a s th e cap i tal ,

f or d vi p a a p p e ar s t o h av e h ad th e m e an ing of
“
l a nd e ncl os ed b et w een
'
tw o r i v er s , th e m o d er n d oab ; of . S d ka la - d vfp a , t h e d oab i n wh i ch '
S akala
(s e e pa g e 31 5 n o te I) was s itu ate d , a nd th e S even d v '
tp a s a ll i n N or th I n d ia

( S abh i P - .
, x xv . 9 98 T h e Har i-V arh éa s ay s i r as a ,
Sz o ne of Y ad u
’
s s ons ,
'
f ou nd e d K r au ii c a-p ur a i n th e S o uth re
g i on in a d i s tr ic t w h er e t h e s oil was
c op p e r -c o lo u re d an d c h am p ak a a nd a sok a tr ee s a b o und e d and
, his count ry

w as k now n as V a n a -v é s i or V a n a -v as in (x c v . 52 1 3 an d 5 2 31 an d

al s o th at th a t t o wn w a s n ear th e S a h y a M ts and was s i tuate d

.
, app a

r e ntly s o uth o f a r i v er K h a tv rm g i
’

a n d nor th o f G om an t a h i ll (x cv i . 5 32 5
I f Gom an ta w a s th e m o d er n Goa , th e s e i nd i c a ti on s ag r ee f air ly w e ll w ith
’
th e K r auiic ala y a f or e s t m en ti on e d i n th e Ram a
y .
(Ar a n -K , l x xi v
. .
. w h ich
a pp e ar s to h av e b e en s i t uat e d b e tw e e n th e Go d a v ar i an d B hi m a r iv er s

( Jour n a l R A S 1 8 9 4, pa g e B ut th e t o w n B a n a -v as i B a na w és i,
. . .
, ,
or

w hi ch was c i ty of no t e
t i m e s , i s i n th e N or th Kanar a d
a in e ar ly
i s tr i ct, o n
t h e R W ar d a (t ri b uta r y of th e T u ng a b h a d r a , 1 4 m il e s f r
.

) om S i r s i , in lat .
° ° '
1 4 33 N , lo n g 7 5 5 E (I m p
’
. G a z o f I nd i a , A r t
.
B an av a s i ; A r c h
. .
.
.

S ur v o f W I nd i a , N o 1 0 , pp 6 0 n o te an d an d th i s i s s o uth o f
. . . .

G oa T hi s w as th e c oun tr y o f th e V a na -v é s aka s s e e a e
.

( p g 3 33 no te
 CO UNT RI E S AND RACE S I N SO UT H I ND I A . 36 5

Ris h y a m uka , ilk

an d th o s e wh o ar e ca lled Nés ikyas fi and

th os e w ho w an d e r by th e b or d er s of th e
’
S an h a k a nd

S uk ti l an d o th er hi lls a nd of th e V a i d ur ya m ount ai ns , §
‘

”th
'
an d th e V ér ic ar as , e K ola s fll th o s e , wh o i nh ab it
'
C H
”
th e Gana -v éh ya s ,
ar m a pa tt a, H th e P ar a s , II t h os e w h o
“ “

h av e th ei r d wellin g s i n K ri s h na an d th e p eo ples
w h o li ve by th e S ur y a h i ll H ” a nd th e Kum ud a h ill, 1HT

S ee p age 2 8 9 n o te I .

t
“
T h es e ar e , n o d o ub t, th e p eop le of Nas ik s ee p a g e 339 n o te

T h e t e x t i s S a n kha -s a kty - aid i -va i d zir ya -fa i l a , w hi c h m a y be r end er e d

’

I so
'
as t o m ak e S a nk h a a nd S uk t i tw o of th e h ills w h i ch co m p o s e th e V ai d fir y a
c h ai n . I h a v e n o t m e t w i th th em el s ew h e r e , an d ne i th e r i s i n th e d i c tion ar y
S uk ti ca n h ar d ly b e ’
t h e n am e of hill f or t h e S uk ti -m at
'

as a . an er r or r a ng e

(s e e p a g e 30 6 n ote

T h i s i s th e S a tp ur a r an g e, fo r th e P anda v as in th eir p i lgr im a g e w en t

fr o m V id ar bh a an d th e R . P a yo s h n i (th e P ur n a and T ap ti , s ee p ag e 2 9 9
n o te f) ,
a cr os s th e s e m o unta in s , to t he R . N ar m a d a (V an a P -
.
, c xx . a nd

c x xi ) . T his r a ng e w as p l a c e d i n th e S o u t h e r n re ( i bi d , l xmz v i ii
g io n . .

a nd al s o a p p ar e ntly , as Va i d d r ya -s’i kha r a , i n t h e W es te r n r eg i o n ( i bi d .

,

lxx xi x . 8 35 9 a nd i n t h e f o r m er of th es e t w o p a s s ag es i t is c all ed

m a ni -m a y a .

1 h av e no t f ound thi s na m e e l s ew h er e , n or is i t in th e d ic tio nar y .

S e e p age 3 31 no t e 1T, b u t th e p a s s a g e s ci te d th er e w i t h r e f er e n ce to t h i s

e op le ap p e ar to r e f er to t h e K ol a g ir as ; s ee p a g e 36 3 n o te II T he Ko ls
p .
ar e

a c oll ecti o n of ab or ig i na l tr ib e s , w h o ar e s aid to h a v e d w e l t i n B eh a r i n

an cie nt tim e s , b ut wh o now i n h a b i t th e m o un ta i nous d is tr i cts and p la te a ux

of C h uti a N agp ur a nd ar e t o b e f o un d t o a s m all er e x te n t i n th e T r i but ary

S tate s of O r is s a a nd in s om e d i s tr i ct s of th e C e n tr al P r ovi n ces (I m p . Ga z .

of I nd ia , A r t K ol ) . .

T h is i s n ot i n th e d i cti o n a r y and I h av e n ot m et it el s e wh er e . I s it

t o b e id e n ti fie d w i th S al e m i n M a d r as ?

I h av e not m e t th i s el s e w h er e D oe s i t r ef e r to th e G a n a p ati d y nas ty

+1 .

wh i ch fl our i s h e d on th e e as t er n co a s t d ur i ng t h e 1 3 th c en t . A D . .

T hi s i s n ot i n th e d i c ti o n ar y and I h av e no t f oun d i t e ls ew h er e .
It
I h av e n ot m e t th i s n a m e el s e w h er e , b ut i t o b v i o u s ly r ef e rs t o th e R .

f th e d oab s ( s ee p a g e 3 6 4
K r i s h na o r K i s tn a , an d p r o b a b ly m e an s o ne o

n teo b e s id e th a t r i ver , e i th er b e tw ee n th e Ki s tna an d B h im a or b e twee n

th e Ki s tn a an d T ung ab h a d r a .

no t m e t th i s na m e e l s ewh er e
[1 1 h av e .

'

f o un d th i s na m e el s ewh e r e C o m p ar ing th e v ar io us r ea d i n
gs ,
fir1T I h ave no t .
 366 CANT O mm .

th e Aukh é v anas fi“ and th e P iéik as gl '

an d thos e w ho a r e ca lle d
27 K ar m a -
nayak as g : l an d th os e w h o ar e ca lled th e S ou th er n

K aur us h as , § th e Ri s hik as " ,

th e T ép as é sr a m a s fil t he
i h b h “ and the S irixh alas and th os e wh o i nh ab i t
R s a as , fif

it s e em s to h av e s om e connexi o n wi th th e Ka s um as of canto l vu v er s e 46
s ee p ag e 332 n ote I .

T his i s no t in th e d i ctionar y, an d I ha v e not f ound it el s e w h er e . P er

h a p s it i s to b e connected wi th th e Okh a laki yas m enti on ed i n Ar c h S ur v . . of

W . I nd i a , no. 1 0 , pp 84 -35 . .

1 Or as th e text m ay b e r ead , S ap i fi kas . Piéika i s i n th e d i ctio nary , b ut I

h av e n ot m e t w i th ei th er nam e el s ew h e r e .

I I h av e no t foun d this n am e e ls e w h er e an d it i s not in th e d i ctio n ar y .

P er h ap s t h e rea d ing s h oul d b e K a m ba -

nd ya ka s or Kom bu-nd ya kas , an d m e an

th e p eopl e of C oor g . A ccor d i ng t o t ra d i t ion, C oor g w as at th is p er i o d

( l 6th cen tur y A D . . d i v i d ed into 1 2 kom ba s or d i s tr i c ts , each r ul ed by an

i nd e p e nd ent ch i ef tain, call ed a n d y ak (Im p . Gaz . of I nd ia , Ar t . C o or g ) .

T he s i m i l ar i ty of th e nam e s i s v er y r e m ar k ab l e .

T hi s nam e is n ot i n th e d ic tio nar y a nd I h av e not m et with it el s e w h er e

P e r h ap s i t s h oul d b e Kair a s ha s (s ee p a g e 34 1 n o te and t h e p eopl e i n ten d e d

a r e a s o uth er n branch of th a t n atio n .

I] T he s e ar e th e p eopl e m enti on ed i n th e Ram éy ( Ki s hk -K x li 1 6 ) an d . .

, .

M -E h ( Ka ri m-R , viii 2 37 ) an d H ar i-V arh éa (cxix 67 24

. . . T h er e w a s al s o .

a r i v er call e d th e E i s hiké ( LL -E h V an e R x u 49 3) wh i ch m a y b e co n ne c te d -
.
, , .

w i th th e s am e p eople . I h ave f oun d no f ur th e r d a ta f or fixing th e i r

p os iti o n
S e e p ag e 332 note ? t h e M as hika s m e ntio ned th er e m a
y p erh a p s b e th e
o l e d w e lli ng o n th e R M us -
J, t h e tr i b utar y of the Ki s tna on w hi ch
p p
e .

H aid ar ab a d s tan d s (I m p . Gaz . of I n d i a, Ar t Kis tna) . .

no t m et th is n am e el s e w h er e n or i s i t in the d ictionary
“

11 I h av e . P er h ap s
it r e fe r s t o th e d e s cend ants of as ce t i cs , s e e
pa g e 3 39 n ote

T hese ar e, no d oub t , th e i nh ab itan t s of B i s habha-p a'r va ta m e nti one d in

th e M . Eh
- .
(V erna -R , l xx xv 8 1 6 3 4 ) .
-
and pl ace d th er e b e t w e e n
’
S r i -p a r v ata
S r i-p ar va ta i s
’
a nd th e Kav er i on t h e K i s tn a i n th e K ar nul
.
d is tr i c t ( see
p a g e 2 9 0 , n ot e I ) T h e B i s h abh a h i ll s
. a re th e ref or e p rob ably th e s o uth er n

p o r tion o f th e E as ter n Gha ts , b ut n one of th e rang es th er e a ppe a r s t o h av e

a ny n am e res e m bli ng th is .

11 T h e p eople of C eylon T h ey ar e n am e d in th e M Bh
-
i t is sai d
.
. .
; t he
S imb ala RaJa -s fiya
’
kin g attend ed Y ud hi s h th i ra s s acrifice
( S ab h a P -
.
, x xx i ii .

1 27 ] a nd V an a -P H 1 989 ) an d t h e S irh h a la s b rou h t t o h im of

g p r e s e n ts
. .
,

la p i s l az uli , which i s th e es s e nce of th e s ea (s a m u d r a an d a b u n d a n ce of

h ous ing s ( S a bh a P
’
a n d el e ph ants -
li . 1 89 3 T h ey ar e a ls o na m e d

th e Kaur avas
’
as h tin g on s id e in th e g re at war ( D ro na— P , xx .
 CO U NT RI E S AND RACE S m SO UT H m um . 36 7

28 K6iic’i * , th e T ila ng as T an d the peo pl es w h o d well in

K unj ar a d ar i i -
an d K ac c h a, § an d T am r a -p ar ni , — s uch is
th e T o r toi s e l
’

gh t fl a n
ri k .

A nd th e co n s te ll at i o n s , t h e L as t Ph élg u nis , H a s taan d C i tr a

’

nk
’
ar e in t he T o r toi s e s r i g ht fla .

T his n am e is not I b eliev e g i v en to C e ylon i n th e Ram ay .

, b ut th e nam e

S 'i 'rh h'i kd is g i v en t o a ter r ible f e m ale Ri ks b a s a w h o d we l t i n th e m i d d l e of

th e sea b e t w e en I n di a an d C e yl on, a nd w h om H a nd m an k il le d as h e l eap t

acr o s s t o th e i s l a n d ( Ki s hk -K . xl i . 38 ; an d S u nd . K
-
.
, v iii . 5
d no ¢ p ur am
'
K d fic zm a r a m , th e m od e r n C onj e v ar am ,
'
i“ T h is is
’ ’
- or ab out

37 m il e s s ou th -w es t of M a d r as . I t is n ot , I b eli e v e , m ent ion ed in th e

’

Ram ay th e K a ni c y a s w h o
’
Eh ar e n am ed as fig h ting in th e g r e at
’

. or M .
-
unl es s

w ar ( Kam a-R ,
x1 1 . 459 ) ar e t h e p e op l e of thi s t own , b ut th e p rop e r r e ad i ng

th er e s h oul d p r o bab ly b e Kd éy a s , t h e p eo pl e of Kaéi or B e nar e s . C on j e v a r am ,

n ev e r th el e s s , is a p lace of s p eci a l s a ncti ty , a nd is one of th e s ev e n h o ly

c iti e s of I nd i a . H w e n T h s an g s p e ak s of i t i n t h e 7 th ce n tury AD . as th e

c ap i t a l of D r av i d a . I t w a s th e n a g r e a t B ud d hi s t cen tr e, bu t ab out th e 8 t h

c e nt ur y b eg a n a Ja in e poch , a nd th a t w a s s uc c ee d e d by a p eri od of H in d u

p r e d o m in an ce ( Im p . Ga z . of I n d i a , Ar t C o n j e v a r am ) . .

1 T h i s f or m i s n ot i n th e d i cti o nary ; b ut i t i s n o d oub t th e s a m e as

T a i l a fnga or T r t- li 'nga , th at i s T e ling a , th e m o d er n T el ug u count r y . It coi n

ci d e d m or e or l es s wi th th e a nci ent k in g d om of A n d hr a p ag e 337 no te

( s ee
I h a v e n ot f o un d th i s na m e in any s h ap e i n th e i m ay or M -E h ; A n d h ra
Rz . . .

i s th e n am e w h i ch o c cur s i n th os e b ook s .

th e Ku rij ara hi ll s ,
’

T hi s p r ob a b l y m th e v alle y s of a nd th e
I e an s re

f er e n c e m ay b e t o m o un t K un ar a, w hi c h i s m en t ion e d i n th e R am ay a s j .

nn er (K i s hk - K , x li I h ave
s i tua t e d in th e S outh , b u t n o t i n a cl ear m a . . .

n ot m e t th e nam e e l s e w h er e , b ut as th is p la ce is j oi n e d wit h Kac

'
c
’
h a in
of
o ne c om p o un d ( s ee ne xt n ote ) i t m ay m e an p ar t t h e T r a van cor e h ill s .

Kunj ar a -d ar i i s g i v en i n t h e d i c tionary a s t h e n am e of a p la ce .

T h i s i s Kochchi , th e m o d er n C och in , i n T r av an cor e I t is . no t I b eli ev e

m en ti on e d i n th e Ram ay . or M .
-
Eh .
, e xcep t on ce i n t h e l atter b ook i n th e

co nq ues t s i n t h e S outh ( S abh a P B oth

’ -
a cco unt of S ah a d e v a s .
, xxx .

and Je w s ar e s aid to h av e s e ttl e d h er e e ar ly i n th e C hr i s ti an er a,

C h r i s ti ans
and th e y w er e fir ml y es tabli s h e d h ere b y th e s th cen tury .

n am e of t h e m o d er n r i v er C h ittar i n th e extr e m e S outh

M T h i s i s th e
30 3, not e an d al s o o f th e d i s tr i ct n ear i t It a pp ear s , m or e ov er ,
(
.

s ee p ag e
t o be th e n am e of a h ill in th e ex tr e m e S o uth ( B h is h m a -R, vi . I t is

t h e n am e of t own i n C eylon , af ter w hi c h th e n am e w a s e xt e n d ed to

al s o a

T h e i s lan d s e em s t o h e m eant by th e w or d s
th e wh ol e i s lan d ( d i cti o nar y ) .

T d/mr d hc aya obvip af in th e M . Eh

- .
( S ab h a-
P .
, xx x.
 36 8 C ANT O L vm .

A nd n ex t i s th e o ute r foo tfi“ T h e Kém b oj a s j an d P ah

l a v as ,
1 an d th e B a d a v é -m u kh as , and th e S i n d h u s Hand S an
31 v i r as fil th e A na rtas , “ th e V a ni ta-m ukh as , fl t h e D r av a nas j '

i
S é r g ig as , S
’

”
H th K ar na -p r ad h eyas fiHT
’

th e t he ii d r as , e

’
t g a p a d as
-
th e r ig ht hi nd f oo t i s m e an t as is s t at e d e x p r e s s ly in
v er s e 33, b u t ( be cau s e p er h ap s th i s w or d is v ag ue ) th e n a m e s t h a t f oll ow ar e

s ad ly co nf us e d a n d b e l o ng t o a ll r egi o n s i n th e w es t a n d n o r th -w es t .

1 S ee pag e 3 1 8 , n o te th e y ar e o ut o f p la c e h e r e
‘
.

I S ee p a g e 31 4 , n o te t h es e a ls o a r e o u t o f p l a ce .

'
T hi s s h ould p er h a p s b e c on nec t e d w i th B a d a va , a t ir th a a pp ar en tl
y in
Ka s h m ir ( ML -E h .
, V a na -P .
,
lx xx ii 5 0 34
. A r i v er of th e s am e n am e is
m e nt i on e d (i d .
, cc x xi . b u t th a t s ee m s f r om i t s c o n te x t to b e r a t h er in
S ou th I n d i a . B a d av a-m uk h a ( wh i c h m e a n s
‘
s u b m ar i ne fir e m ay al s o m e an
’

h avi n g f a ce s li ke m ar es a nd a p eo pl e c all e d A s v a -m u khas ar e m e nt ione d

in M a t s ya P ur i na , c xx . 58 , as d welli ng n or th of t he H im al ay a s s ee a ls o

v er s e 4 3 b el ow .

I] S ee p a g e 3 1 5 , no t e t h ey ar e h a r d ly in p l a ce h er e .

'

11 S ee p a g e 31 5 , n o te 1
'
th e s e ar e o ut o f p la ce h er e .

S e e p ag e 340 n o te T he n am e i s d er i ve d f r O m an e p ony m ous king

’
S ar y éti
'
Anar t a, w h o w a s t h e s on of o ne of th e s on s of M a nn V a i v as vata ,

( H ar i V - .
,
x . 613 an d 642

11 T h o s e w h o h av e f aces li ke w om en . I h ave n ot m e t thi s n am e els e .

w h e re . It s eem s , h o w e ve r , t o b e a p r o p er nam e a n d n ot an a d j e cti ve .

11 T h is as a n am e is n ot in th e d i cti onar y , a nd I h a ve n ot f ound i t els e

wh er e .

Or an d th e A r gi gas or Kr g i g as , as t h e te xt m ay b e rea d . T h es e
n am es a r e n o t i n t h e d i c ti on ar y an d I h av e n ot m et wi th th e m el s e wh er e .
’ ’
P e r h ap s t h e cor r ect r ea di n g s h o uld b e S a r yafita s . T h ey w e r e a t r ib e , s o-call e d

chi ef S ar y at a t h e M ana v a , w h o
’
f r o m th e ir s e tt le d d o w n ne a r w h e r e th e xi s hi
'
C y av ana d w e lt , an d ga v e hi s d a ug h ter S u-k a ny a t o th e r i s hi to a pp ea s e h is
w r a t ( at a -P B r éh , I V i
S
’
H e i s calle d S ar y ii ti i n th e M -E h Va na -P
’

h . . .

,
.
. .

c xx i . 1 0 31 2 ; a nd cx x ii .
) w h er e th e S a m e s to r y i s to l d r a t he r d iif er e ntly ; and
'

al s o i n th e H ar i -V axnéa , w h er e h e i s s aid to be a s on o f M a nn and p r og eni tor

'
of
'
Anar ta a nd th e ki ng s of A n ar ta (x . 6 1 3, a nd 6 42 F r om all th es e p as .

s ag es it a pp e ar s
’
th e S ary é ta s w er e i n th e W es t , in Gu j ar a t ; an d C ’ y a va na . as a

B h ar g av a i s al w a ys p la ce d i n th e West , n ea r th e m o u t h s of th e N a r b a d a and

T ap ti . B ut per h ap s th e m os t p rob a ble r ea d i ng i s B h ti rg a v a s ; th e we r e in

y
th e W e s t ( s e e p a ge 3 1 0 n o t e ,

” II S e e p ag e 31 3 n ote it .

fil1T T h i s nam e i s n ot i n th e d ic ti on ar y and I h av e n o t f oun d it el s e wh er e

'

I t can h av e noth ing t o d o wi th Ka m a o ne o f th e h er o e s o f th e M E h , f o r h e -

.
 C O U NT RI E S AND RAC E S IN W E S T E RN I ND I A . 369

a nd V a r va r a s ,
* th e Kir é tas , f th e P é r ad as , 1 th e
32 P andya s § a nd th e P arasav as , ” th e Kal as fif th e
t r tak as , t he H ai m ag irik a s , fl '
t he S i nd hu - ala k k a

r ei g ne d in An g a i n t h e E as t . P r aid he ya m e a ns a d es c en d ant of P r éd h é , o ne

of
’
D ak s h a s d a ug h t e r s , a nd t h at al s o is i na d m i ss ibl e . It s u gges ts Rd d heya,
w hi ch w as a m et r o ny m i c of K ar na , b ut th at is eq u ally un s ui ta b le . It s ee m s

th er ef or e t h e w or d s m us t b e ta ke n as a wh o le f or m i ng o n e na m e , and th e n i t
'
s ug g e s t s c o m p ar i s o n wi th Ka m a- p ravd r a wh ich would b e th e s a m e as Kar na
p r avar a na (s ee p a g e 3 4 6 , n o te
S ee p ag e 31 9 , n ot e T h is w or d i s c om p ound e d w ith th e pr eced i ng
na m e ; i t h ar d l y s e em s to b e in p l a ce h er e .

1'
S ee p a g e 3 2 2 , not e II; th ey s eem to b e o ut of pla ce h er e , un le s s any

Ki r ata s i nh ab it e d th e s o uth e r n p ar t of th e A r av a lli b ills or th e e xt r e m e

w es ter n p ar t of th e V in d h ya m oun tai ns , an d th a t s e em s i m pr ob a b le . S ee

Kir afta s
’
al s o Ad h am a- ka i r a ta s i n ve rs e 4 4 b elow , a nd ar e m e n ti on e d ag a in in
v er s e 50 .

I S e e p a g e 31 7 , no t e t h ey s eem to b e o ut o f p la c e h er e .

T h e s e p eop le ar e o ut o f pla ce h e r e s ee p a g e 33 1 , n o t e they s h o ul d

b e p r o p er ly i n th e r i g h t a nk fl .

H I h av e n ot m e t th i s n am e e ls e w h er e ; b ut, n o d o ub t, i t d en o t e s s om e

p e op l e , wh o cl a im e d d e s ce n t fr o m P ar a su-Rém a a nd w h o w oul d th e r e f o r e be
s o m ew h er e on t h e w e s ter n c oa s t b e tw ee n B o m ba y a n d th e Na r m a d a; s ee

p a g e 310 , n ote f . I t is s aid th e r e w a s a d y nas ty of P ar a éava ki ng s af ter th e

ana , 1 7 3— 7 6 ) b u t i t d o e s no t
g r e at P a ur av a li ne ca m e to an en d ( M a t s y a P ur .

a pp e ar w h e re .

11 T hi s i s n ot i n t h e d ic ti o na ry , an d I h a v e no t m e t i t e l s e w h ere . It s ug

a co nn ex i o n wi th t h e Kd li ba la s of can to l v ii , 4 9 ; b ut Ka la als o
g e s ts v er s e
”
m e a ns , e m i tti n g a l ow or i nar ti c ula te s o un d ,
an d it w a s an o ld fa b le th at

e x i s te d wh o c o ul d no t s p eak ar ti c ulat ely , b ut h i s s ed li ke s e r p e nts ,

a p e op le ,

s ee M a n d e vi lle
’
s T r a ve ls , ch a p . x v ii i . an d xi x . Ka la oc cur s a g a in in

v er s e 36 .

I h a v e n ot f o un d th is e l s e w h er e a s th e nam e of a pe op le . T h e w or d

h ow ev er m ea ns a r o g ue a nd m ay b e an a d j e ct i ve to H a i m a -g ir ik a s .

T h l f H m a -g ir i T hi s i s n ot g i v en a s th e na me of a pla c e i n:
fl e p peo e o e .

i m b m f H m -ka e
l H em e -fr in ge It
th e d i ctio ar y ,
n b u t t ay e a s yn o n y or e e o r .

is s ai d i n th e M . Eh
- . t h e l atter i s th e p or ti on of Hi m a v at f r om wh i ch th e »

G an ge s i s s ued f o r m er ly ( Ad i P
'
- .
, c lx x 6 4 5 4
. an d H i m nya -s’r i n ga i s p r ob a b ly
Hem k fita w a s near th e r i v er s N a n d é and
‘

th e s am e (B h is h m R, vi. a-
'

a-

A p a r a -n an d é . and b et w e en th e s our ces of th e Gau g e s an d R ans i k i ( V ana

cx. 9 9 68 and it i s a llud e d to i n o th er p a s s a g e s b u t th e y ar e no t clear

id . c lx xx ix . 1 2 9 1 7 ; B h is h m a -R , vi 1 9 8 , 20 2 , 2 36 a nd
. T he las t of
,
37 0
'

C ANT O L VI H .

v a ir a tas ,
* th e S a ur é s htr as fi d th e D ar a d as , 1 d the
‘
an an

33 D r av i d as , § th e M ah ar nav as - th es e p eo p le s ar e s i tu a te d in
t he g h t h in d foot
ri .

A n d th e S v ét is fil V i s é kha M a itr a * *
’
a nd ar e th e th r e e
cor r esp ond i n
g cons t ella ti ons .

T he hills M a ni-m eg h a d f an d K s h ur ad r i rti ‘

and

th es e p a s s a g e s s ay s th e Guh ya ka s d well on H em a -k fita . T h e M at s ya P ur i na .

sa y s H em a srin ga i s
- s ou th -e as t o f Kailas a , an d th e R L auh itya, . or B r ah m a

p ut r a , r i s e s at i ts f oot ( cxx . 10 an d th at tw o r i ver s r i se in H e m a -kuta

Whi ch fl ow in to t h e e a s tern an d w es ter n s ea s (i bi d ,

T hi s s eem s to b e er r on e ou s , y e t i t i s no t ea sy to s ug g e s t an a m e nd m e nt .

T h e fir s t p a r t , no d oub t, r efer s t o th e R S i n d h u . an d th e S in d h u p e o p l e b ut t h e

lat t er p ar t a p p ear s un in t ellig i ble . P er h ap s t h e r ea d in g s h o uld b e S i n d hu

' ’ ’ ’
ki cla -s u vi r a kd k an d th e
’
'
or S i n d hav a s '
c c s ur l r a ka z l m eanin g th e S i n d h u s

S uv ir a s ( s ee p ag e 3 1 5 , no tes an d b ut t he s e two p eop l e h av e b e en m en t

t i o ne d alr ea d y in v er se 30 .

1 T he p eo pl e of S ur é s htr a ; s ee pa g e 340 , no te I .

I S ee p ag e 3 1 8 , n ot e ll . T h ey ar e q uite o ut o f p l a ce h e r e .

T h e D r av i d a s ar e o f t e n a llud ed t o in t h e M .
-E h . S a b h a- I’ x xxiii .

1 27 1 V a na -P . 11 1 9 8 8
. K ar na P a
.
, xi i . 4 54 ; but ar e n o t m e nti o ne d in th e
ti m e
ly , I b el i e v e , exce pt in th e g eo gr a ph i cal c ant o ( xli . T hey ar e

s om e ti m e s cl os ely co nnect e d w i th th e P andya s ( S abh a P - .

, xxx . b u t th e
na m e w a s appli e d in a g en er al way to d en ote the s ou th er n br an ch es of th e r a ce s

no w clas s e d a s D r av id i an, a nd i t i s th e s am e a s T am i l (C a l d w ell Gr a m m a r of

’
s

th e D r a v i d i a n L a ng ua g e s , p p 1 2 . T h ei r terr it or y i nclu d e d th e s ea co a s t

in e ar ly t im e s (V an a -P .
, cxv ii i . I t is al s o s a id th e y w er e k s h a ttr i y a s

and b ecam e d eg r a d e d f r o m th e ab s e nc e o f b r ah m an s a n d th e ext i n cti o n o f

s ac r e d r it e s ( A nuéé s -
P . .
, x xxiii . 2 1 04 - 5 ; M ann , x . 43

I] I h av e n ot m e t thi s n am e el s e w h e r e . I t m e a ns d w el ling b y th e
o cea n , an d i s p r o b ab ly an e i th e t o f
p D r ai v id as , f or th e y b or d er e d on th e s ea

as m e ntio ned i n th e l as t note .

H
i T h e pl ur al s eem s p e culi ar .

“ l“ O r A n n-r ad h a .

H “
I h av e n ot m et thi s e ls e w h e r e . I t m ay b e th e s am e as M t M a ni -m a t
.

( D r o na ‘
P q l xx x 2 8 4 3) . w hi ch ap p ear s to b e al s o i nt e nd e d i n V ern a -R , l xxxu .

0 4 3, and if w o ul d d e n ot e th e r ang e of b i lls e n cl o s i ng Ka s h m i r

"

so on t he
s ou th , a cc or d i ng to th e co nt ext . I t m ay al s o b e th e s am e as t he j e w elled
m oun tai n S u -m eg ha m enti one d in t he Rém z
iy .
( K i s hk -
K . .
, xliii .

11 T hi s i s n o t i n th e d ic ti onar y , an d I h a v e n o t f o u nd i t e l s e w h er e .

T h i s i s no t in d ic tionar y as t h e na m e of a m o unta i n, an d I have

not f ound i t el s e wh er e .
 CO U NT RI E S AN D R AC E S IN W E ST E RN I ND I A .

a nd A s ta -g i r i ; *
th e A p ar é ntika p eo pl e, 1 '
an d H aih ayas I ,

T his d oe s n ot a p p ea r to b e th e na m e of a ny p ar ti cular m o un tai ns ,

b ut r ath er d e n o te d in a v a g ue w a y m o un t a i n s i n t h e w e s t b e hi nd wh ich t he

s un s e ts . iy
I t i s m en ti oned i n th e R si m z . as A s ta -g i r i ( K is hk K .
- .
, x xx v i i . 22

a nd a s A s t a -p ar v a ta (i d .
, xl ii i .

1 S ee
'
n o te to A p ar anta s , p a g e 3 1 3 , no te T h i s h a l f lin e Ap a r d nti kd
’
H a i h ayd fc a is a s yll ab l e t oo l o ng ; i t w o ul d b e b e tter to r ea d e i th e r Ap a rd ntd
’
o r om i t th e c a .

I T he H ai h ay as w er e a f am ous r ace , th e d e s cend an ts o f a n e p o nym o us

ki ng H a i hay a , w h o i s s a id to h ave b een a g r an d s on or g r ea t g r an d s on

-
of

Y a d u, t he eld e s t s o n o f Y ay at i ( H ar i -V .
,
x xx iii . 1 8 4 3-4 ; an d M a ts ya P a r an a ,
x li i i . 4—8 . Y ad u is s a id t o h a ve b ee n ki ng of th e nor th -ea s t re
gi o n ( K a r i -V , x xx .

1 60 4, b ut th e r ef er e nc es to t h e e ar li es t m o v e m en ts of th e H ai ha yas

a re h a r d ly c o ns i s t e n t . M a h i s h -m a t, w h o wa s f o ur th i n d es ce nt f r om H ai
h ay a , i s s a id to h a v e fo un d e d t h e c i ty M ahi s h -m a t i on t h e Na r m ad a see p ag e
3 33 , n o te i ; an d id .
,
x x x iii . 1 846 an d h is s on B ha d r a -érenya is s a id to

h a ve r e i g ne d i n K asi or B e n ar e s , w hi c h t h e V ita h a v y a b r an ch of t h e Hai

h ay a s h ad p r e v o u s lyi c onq uer e d f ro m i ts ki ng H ar y a sva , b ut H ar y asv a 's

gr a nd s on D i v o d as a d ef e a te d th e m a n d r e g ai n e d hi s c a p i ta l (M .
- Eh .
,
A nus as .

P .
, x xx . 1 9 4 9 — 6 2 ; Har i -V .
, x xi x . 1 5 4 1-6 ; and x x xn . 1 7 36 — 40 ) T he g r ea t
k in g A r un a K a j
i r tav ir ya , w h o w a s n i nth in d e s ce nt ( H a r i- V .
,
X X XI I I . 1 8 5 0— 9 0

and M a ts ya P .
, x l iii . 13 r e ig n e d in A n fip a a nd on th e N a r m ad a an d h ad
t h e g r ea t co n fli ct w i th Ram a Jam a d a g ny a, w h i c h en de d i n t he ov er th r o w of

10 1 89
'
t h e Ha ih a ya s (M .
-E h .
, V a n a -P .
,
c xv i .
—
c xv ii . 1 0 204 ; and S an ti P - .
,

x li x . 1 7 50 —70 ; a nd p a g e s 333 no te an d 344 n o te T h e H a i h ayas a nd

'
T é la j an g h a s i n a ll ian c e w i t h S a k a s , Y a v an a s , Kam b o j a s and P ah la v a s ar e

s a id t o h av e d r i v e n B aih u ki ng of A yod hy é o ut of his r ea lm ,

b u t h is s on

S a g a r a d r o ve t he m o ut a nd r e co v er e d th e ki ng d o m ( V ans -R , c vi . 8 8 31 -2 ;
a nd H ar i V -
,
x i ii 7 60 —
xi v .

T he H a ih ay a r a ce co m p ri s e d th e f o llow i n g tr ib e s , V iti h otr a s ( or V ita

i ta s , B h o j a s ( or Kun d i ker as )
'
h a vya s S ér y z ,
A vantis , T a u n d ike r a s , a nd

T é la j aii g ha s ; th e B h ar a ta s , S uJa ty a s an d i d a v as
Yz a re ad d ed , and t he
'
Si
'
i r as en a s , An ar tas a nd C ’ed i s a l s o a p p e ar to h a ve s p r ung f r om th em Har i -V .
,

x x xi v . 1 8 9 2 —6 ; a nd M ats y a -R , x li ii . 46 C o m p ar i ng t h e te rr i t o r i e s

o ccup i e d b y th e s e tr ib e s , i t a p p e ar s th e H ai h ay a r a ce d o m i nat e d n e ar l
y a ll

th e r eg i o n so uth of th e J um na a n d A r a v a lli hi ll s as f ar as th e v a lle y o f the

T a pti i n cl u s i v e of Gu j a r a t i n a n ci e n t ti m e s ( s ee p a g es 33 3 n o te I , 335 no te

34 0 n o t e 34 2 no te it, 344 a ll th e n o te s , 3 5 1 n o te 35 2 n o te an d 368

no t e a nd C unn i ng h a m s ays th a t t w o g re at H a i h ay a S tate s i n la te r

t i m es h a d th e ir c ap i t al s a t M an ip ur i n M ah é K os a la .
(or C h h a tti s g ar h ) a nd at

the Nar ba d a ( A r ch S ur v Rep ts IX 54

T r ip ur a ( or T e we r ) on . . .
, .
37 2 CANT O mm .

'
V i p r a sa s ta kas , 1 t he K ok anka nas , 1 P aiic
’ *
35 t h e S ant ikas ,
‘
'
a

da k as , § th e V a m an as , “ a n d th e A v ar as fll th e T ar aks h ur a s ,

I h av e n ot m et thi s e l s e w h er e , a n d it is no t i n th e d i cti o n a ry as th e n am e

t h e S d fi kas B h is h m a -R i x 354
’
of a p eop le . I t m ay b e th e s am e a s (M .
- Eh .
, ,
.

p er h a p s th e S a s’c ha s i n V a n a -P ) th e r e ad in g
’
.
, ccli i i . 1 525 7 ar e th e s am e or m ay
'’
(s e e p a g e 31 5 , I)
’
b e S a ka la s , th e p eo ple of S ékala , th e c ap i t al o f M ad r a n ot e , .

1 T hi s i s n ot i n th e d i cti o n ar y a nd I h av e no t m e t it el s e wh er e . It app ear s

to b e a p r o p e r nam e an d n ot a n a d j e ctiv e .

I T hi s i s n ot in t h e d i cti o na r y and I h ave no t f o und i t el s e w h er e . P er h ap s

th e r e a d i n g s h o uld b e Kokan a d a s , f
a p e op le i n t h e nor th w e s t
-
c l as s e d w it h

th e T r ig ar t as an d D inr v a s (M .
- Eh S abh a-P .
, xx v i . or Koka r a kas wh o
s eem t o b e th e s am e ( B h is h m a -
R , ix .

5 T h i s i s g iv en in t h e d i c ti o na r y as th e n a m e of a p e op le , b ut I h av e n ot
' ’ '
m e t it e ls e w h e r e . P erha ps a b et te r r ea d ing w o uld b e P a fic o d a kas or P a ai c a

’ ”
na d as ,
“
th e p eo p l e livi n g b e s id e th e It P afic . anad a , w h ich a pp ear s t o be

th e s i ng l e s t r ea m f o r m e d b y th e co n flu e n ce of t h e fiv e r i v er s of th e P an j ab
(M .
-
Eh .
, V a na -P .
, lx xx ii 5 02 5 ; B h is h m a -R
.
, l vi . 24 0 6 ; an d d i c tiona ry ) ; b ut

th is n a m e s ee m s to b e a l s o a pp li e d t o th e fiv e r iv er s c ol lecti v e ly ( V an a -
P .
,

c cx xi . and t o th e c o u ntr y w a ter e d b y th os e fiv e r iv e r s ( Sa b h a-P .

,

x xxi . 1 1 9 3 ; U d yo g a - P ii i 8 2 ; an d x v ii i . 5 9 6 - 60 1 ; K ar na -P xl v . 2 1 00 an d

2 1 1 0 ; &c . H ar i V - .
, x cu . 5 01 8 ; a nd Ram fly .
, K i s hk -K . .
, x lii i . an d t o th e

i nh ab i ta nts of it ( B h is h m a -R , lvi 2 406 ;

. and K ar na -P .
, x lv . s e e al s o

A lt )
'
L ass en s m ap (I nd . .

M T hi s i s g i v en i n th e d ic ti ona ry as th e n am e o f a
p eop le , b ut I ha v e not
f ou nd i t el s e w h e r e . P er h a p s a b e tt er r ead ing w o u ld b e Vd n a v ns , w h o are

m enti one d i n th e M Eh ( V a na -P ix Va na y a vas

’

.
- . .
,
.
or . T h er e w as a

Va n d yu , w h ich
’ ’

d i s t r ic t c a ll e d Va n a y u or a p p ear s t o h a v e b e en s i t ua te d in th e
nor th - w e s t , an d w hi c h w as f am o us f or i t s br e e d of h or s e s lM . -E h . B h is h m a
P .
, x ci . 39 7 4 ; D r o na -R , c x xi 48 31 K ar na - P v ii 200 ; an d R am a} ,
'
A d i -K , .

vi It app e a r s t o b e th e m o d er n B unn u i n t h e nor th -w e s t o f th e P an j ab .

”
1T T hi s i s not g iv e n as th e n a m e of a
p eo p le , an d th e w o r d m e ans , “
l ow ,
”
and w e s ter n T his nam e m ay b e c o m p ar e d w i th Ap a m st a p eo p le m en
.

ti on e d i n t he Ram ay .
( K is hk K .
- .
,
xli i i and s ee pag e 3 1 3, no t e 1
'
a nd

A p ar ii n ti k a s in v er s e 34 . B ut a b e t te r r ea d in g f o r th e t e xt lay -awar d s i s

p er h a p s Va r 'v a'r d s ; s ee p a g e 3 1 9 , no t e an d p a g e 36 9 , n ote

W
‘
T hi s i s no t i n t h e d ic ti on ar y , an d I h a v e n o t m e t w i th i t e l s e w h er e b ut
T oim ks h a ti an d T d r a ks hi ti ar e g iv en as t h e na m e of a d i s tr ict to t h e w es t of

M ad h y a -d e éa . T h e r e w as a ls o a k ing d om call e d T a r a s hka in l ater tim es

( Ar ch . S ur v . of W . I nd i a , M e m o N o 1 0 , . .
p . T he T ur us hka s ar e th e
T ur k s , an d th e i r co untr y T ur k e s tan .
A p eo ple c all e d T d r ks h'ya s ar e m en
ti o ne d i n M .
-E h .
, S a b h é -P .
, Ii 1 8 7 1
. .
 C O U NT RI E S AND m es s in WE ST E RN I ND I A . 37 3

'
th e th e S alm a-v eém akas J
’
S a r kar as , + th e
36 th e G ur u-s va ras , § th e P hal g unak as , ” and the p eo p le wh o
d w ell by th e r i ver V e nu m a t i, -
1l a nd t he P h alg u
lu kas ,
“
th e G hor as , an d th e Gu ruh as , II a nd t he

I h av e no t found th i s els e wh ere , and it i s not i n th e d icti o nary . A.

place call ed Anga -loka i s as s i g ne d t o th e w e s t in th e Rém fiy .

( Kis hk -K . .
, xlii i .

a nd An ga s and Anga -loky a s ar e m en tio ne d t o the nor th of I nd i a i n t h e

M a ts y a P ur i na ( cx x . 44 an d

1 T hi s
'
is n ot i n th e d icti ona ry , and I h av e not found i t el s e w h er e .
A
S afir kar d va r td i s m en ti one d
'
r i v er (B h ag av ata P a r ana-V xix . but a pp ear s

t o b e i n th e s outh . Ag r eat h o us e -h old er an d th eologi an Ja na S é r k a r ak s h y a

’

'
is a llu d e d to ( C h énd ogya-U p -V . xi . P er h aps th e r e ad i ng m ay b e S tika las ,
S akal a t h e (s ee
’
th e p eop l e of ca pi tal of M ad r a p ag e 31 5 , not e I) .

I T h is is n ot i n t h e d iction ar y , an d I h av e n ot f ound it el s ewh ere .

”
‘
’

It s ugg e s t s s d la -ve m a kas , th os e wh o li v e in h ous es w ith s paci ou s roo m s ,

a nd it m ay b e a n ad j ec ti v e t o S ar kara s
'
. P e r ha p s we s h ould r ead fid le as as th e

fir s t p ar t of th e w or d ( s ee p ag e 34 9 , n o te but, if so, the latter p ar t s ee m s

unr ec og ni z ab l e .

I h av e n ot m et wit h th i s els ew h er e , and it i s not i n t h e d ict i ona ry .

I t m a y b e a n a d j ectiv e , d e ep -v o i ce d , d es cr ibing th e P halg una ka s . P er

h a p s th e r ea d ing s h ould be G urj a r as T h ey app ea r to h a v e b e e n s e ttl e d in
th e P a n j ab or U pp er S in d h , an d t o h a v e b ee n d ri ven o ut by the B al e s ab out

5 00 A D . .
, an d p us he d g ra d ua lly s outh wa r d , t il l a t leng th th ey occ up i e d t h e
c ou n t r y a r o un d th e p eni ns ula o f K at hia war , t he nce calle d Guj ar at af ter
th e m ( C unn i ng h am , A rch . S ur v R e p t s
. .
, I I 64—7 2 ) O r p er h aps th e r ead in g
’
m i g h t b e Gur u s tha la ; a r i v er Gur w na d i i s m enti o ne d i n th e w es t r eg io n, b ut
,

with out d ata t o i d entify i t c lx vii i . 95 1 6

ll O r be tter , P h a lgunakas . I h av e not m et wi th it else wh ere . A s im il a r na me

P ha lg ul uka s o c cur s j us t b elow .

qr T hi s i s n ot i n th e d ict io nar y, an d I ha v e not m e t with it el s ewh er e . It

oc c ur s a g a i n in v er s e 39 . Ap e op le ca lle d Veni lcas ar e m entione d i n th e M .
-B h .

( B h i s h m a-R , li .

T h is r es em bles P h alg un aka s a b o v e. I h ave not f o und it e l se wh ere .

Am o u nt a i n ca lle d P hena -g-

ir i or P ha la -gi ri is m e ntioned i n th e Ram ay . as

s i t ua te d i n the w es t near th e m o uth of th e I n d us Ki s hk -K , . . xlii i . 1 3— 1 7 , and

A nn o ta ti o ns )

1 1 T he s e a r e no d oub t th e sa m e as t h e Ghorc kas m e ntio ned i n th e M . Eh

-
.
,

S a bh a-P .
, li 1 87 0 ; b ut I h av e
. n ot f o und a ny d a ta to fix th e i r pos i t ion .

13: I h a ve not m et t hi s el s e w h er e , b ut it i s s tated i n th e d i cti o na ry to be

th e na m e o f a p e op le i n M ad hya d eéa, an d th e wor d i s a ls o wr it te n Ga du ha,

-

Gu la ha a nd Guluha .
37 4 C ANT O L vm .

K al a s f th e E lt ek s h ana s , 1~ th e V aji -lcesas , 1 th e D i r g ha

'’
37 g i va s ,
r a nd the C i i l i ka s , I] and th e A sva -k esas If thes e ,

p e o p l es a re s i tuate d i n the T or toi s e s ta il .

An d s o s i tua ted a ls o ar e th e th r ee cons tella ti o ns Ain d r a ,

M d la, and P firv é Ks li i d hé .

'
T h e M é nd a vyas fi f a nd C a nd a k har as fii

T h is h a s o c cur r e d b e fo r e i n v ers e 31 .

”
f “
T he o ne -e
ye d . I t w as an ol d b e l ief th a t s uch p eo ple e xi s te d . M en
w ith o nl y o n e eye i n th eir f or eh e a d ar e m e nti one d in th e M .
-
Eh .
( S ab h a P - .
,

1 1 8 37 )
. th e C yc lopes are f a m ou s i n Gr ee k and L at in li te r a t ur e an d a.

o n e -ey e d r a c e is s p ok en o f a s d wel li ng s o m ew h er e i n the I nd i an O c e an by

M a n d e v ille ( T ra v e ls , C h ap X I X ) .

I T h os e w h o h ave h air or m a ne s , l ik e h or s e s . I h av e m e t no s uc h n a m e
'
th at th e
’

el s ewh er e , e xc ep t S yno ny m o u s na m e Asva -kei a e occ ur s in t he n ex t

li ne of th i s v er s e . Nei th er i s it in th e d i c tion a r y .

"
T h e l o ng -n ec ks . I h a ve m e t n o s uc h na m e el s e w he re .

’
[I T h is n am e i s t he s am e as t h e C u likas m e nti o ne d in ca nt o l vii . v er s e 40 ,

b ut th e p os i tion d oes no t q ui te ag r e e t hes e a re in th e w es t an d t he o th er s

in th e n or t h . A p eople Vi n d ha -
’
c u la ka s ar e nam e d in th e B hi s h m a -P li s t .

(i x . 369 ) an d app e ar to b e i n th e n or t h A dy nas ty o f king s calle d C ulika s

'

is s aid to hav e r ei g ned af t er th e gr e at P a ur av a line cam e to an en d ( M ats ya

P ur ana , l 7 3 .

1[ T h os e w h o h a v e h air , or m anes , like h or s e s . I t i s th e s am e as

Vd j i -kei as m e ntio ned ab ove .

F or Ai n d r a -m 'fl lam read Ai nd r am m ti l um . Ai n d r a i s the s am e a s Jye s h th é .

m enti oned a g ai n in 46 T h ey m ay b e a tr ib e w h ich

11 T h ey ar e v e rs e .

c l a im ed d e s ce nt f r om th e ri s hi M d nd m rya , to wh om Jana ka kin g o f V id e h a

'
is s aid t o h av e s ung a s ong ( M -B h .
, S sin ti -P .
. ccl xx vu ) , and wh os e h er m i tage

is a ll ud e d t o , as s i tuat e d s om e w h e r e p e r h a p s b et we en O ud h an d N or th B e h ar
-P
cl xxx v ii b ut M and a vy alp ur a i s s ai d i n t h e d ic ti on a r y to b e
( y g
U ii o u .
,
. .

s it ua te d o n t h e R God a va r i
. . Ap eo pl e c a l le d M a ndi ka s ar e m e n ti o ne d i n th e

NL B h
-
.
( V a n a-P .
,
ccli ii . T he V i m and a v ya s are nam ed in v er s e 6 a b ov e .

11 I h av e n ot m e t t h is na m e e ls e w h e r e , n or i s i t i n th e d ic ti onary ; b ut
it s ug g e s t s Kan d a har , an d th e p os i ti o n ag r e e s . A p eople C ’a m a -kha ud ikas
ar e m e n tio ne d in canto l vi i . v er s e 36 .

T hi s s ee m s a com p ound . T h e fir s t p ar t ap p ear s to b e th e As‘va ka s

t h ey ar e m en ti one d in th e 151 - Eh .
( B h is h m a-R , ix . and ar e
p lace d in
th e nor th - wt es and id entified wi th th e A s p a s ii As sak ani by L a s s e n ( I nd
and .

Alt .
,
M ap ) T h e la tt er par t h ow e v er i s
.
ver
y d oubtf ul p e op ]e L a li tthaa . A
m en ti one d in th e M -Eh ( D r 0 9 3 P XV ii . 692 ) and a pp ear
“
'
-
a re . .
f r o m th e c om

te x t to h a ve b ee n a no rth -wes ter n r a ce .

 CO UNT RI E S AN D m os s I N NO RT H-W EST I ND I A . 37 5 ,

39 a nd th e K unyatala d ah as , *
th e S tr i-v ah ya s pl
'
and th e D 6 .

lik as , I and th e N ri - s imb as § w ho d well on th e V enu

40 m at i an d t he ot he r p eop le w ho d well in V a lav a fll, and the
D h ar m a t h e A l fi kas , H' the e op le w h o occupy
'
p
'
T hi s app ears to m ea n th e s am e p eople as the Kanya kagunas of the
B h is hm a-P . lis t ( ix . It s eem s to b e a c om p ound , but the com p onent

nam es ar e v ery unce r ta in . T h e la tt er p ar t m a y b e L ada ka s ; th ey ar e m enti one d

'

in th e M .
-E h .
( B h is hm a ‘
Pq 1 . t h o ug h th er e are no d a ta t o i d en ti fy
’
t h em ; b ut L a da ha. i s g iv e n in th e d ic ti o n ar y as the na m e of a. p eopl e . As
r egard s th e fir s t p ar t Ka il a/p a a nd Kun a h a . ar e g iv en in th e d ictio na ry as t he
nam e of a p eop le ; a nd Ku latthas ar e m en ti on e d i n th e M .
-Bh .
(B h is hma?
i x 37 3)
. an d M a ts ya Pur i na . (c x x . 4 4) as a p eo ple to the nor th of I nd ia . A
c ountr y Kolaka i s p l ac e d i n t h e w e s t in t h e iy
Rani z .
, a nd Kolti ta
’
s ee m s to
be ano th er na m e f or it ( K i s h k -K . .
, xl iii . 8, a nd A nno ta tio ns ) . A co untr y

Ku l'fl ta i s al s o m en tio ne d i n t h e M .
- Eh .
( Ka m a -P , xii . 4-7 5 a nd

1' I h av e not m e t th is e l s ewh er e , an d i t i s no t i n t he d i ctio nar I t m ay

y .

p er h ap s m ean th os e w h o l iv e a p ar t f r om w o m e n b ut th e r ea d i n
g is
m or e p r ob ably S tr t-r agy a T hi s w as th e n a m e o f a .
country a nd
p eop le ,
m e ntio ne d in th e M . Eh
- . a nd s it u a te d a pp ar e n tl
y north of th e Hi m alayas ,
’
n ear th e H ii nas an d T an g a nas ( V a na -P .
, H . 1 9 91 ; a nd
'
S é nti -P .
, iv .

S tr 't-loka i s m en ti oned a pp ar e ntly as a p la ce n o r th -we s t of I nd ia in an

alte r nati v e read ing t o Ram ay .

, K is h k -K . .
, xli i i . 20 ( G or r i ’
e s o s E d ition, A nno

tatio ns ) .

I T hi s i s not in th e d ic tio n ar y , a nd I h av e n ot f ound i t el sewh er e .

”

T he
read ing s h o uld i h li ka s , s ee p ag e 31 1 , no te ‘i
pr ob abl y b e B afihlika s or V a .

5
“
T h e m en -lions I h a v e n ot m e t t his el s e w h er e , and i t i s n ot in the
.

d ict ionar y a s the n am e o f a pe o ple .

T h is i s no t i n t h e d ic tio nar y a nd I h av e no t f ound any ri ve r-of thi s

nam e in th e nor th -wes t . I t h a s b e e n m e n ti o n e d i n ver s e 36 a b ov e .

Ye ld o u-s tha ; th i s m ig h t a ls o be d Va l a + a e a s th é I hav e

ll r ea as . not m et
e i th er w or d el s e w h e r e . At o w n o r r iv e r B a ld ké is m e ntione d i n th e M -E h . .

a s s it uated in Nor th I nd ia (A nuéas .

- P .
, x xv .

4“ T ho s e w h o fir m ly a tt ac h e d to t he L aw p er h aps D har m a
“
are or
”
bud d ha , th o s e wh o ar e en li g h te ned i n th e l aw . It s e em s to b e an ad

j e cti ve r ath e r th an a pr o p e r n a m e , a nd m ay q ua l ify A lfik as . I have no t m et

w i th i t el s e wh ere a s a p r ope r n a m e , a n d t h e n e a re s t r es em b lance to i t i s
B d hu-bd d ha of th e B his h m a -P l is t ( i x . .
pag e 31 7 , note
s ee T he
M ad hum atta s of th e s am e li s t ( ix . 36 0 ) ar e pr ob a bly th e s am e p eop le .

+1 T h is i s not in t h e d i c ti o n a r y , an d I h a v e n o t found i t el s ewh er e . T he

'
d o ub t t h e U ltbka s , an d th e te xt s ho uld r ead
p eople inte nd ed are
no ta thold kd
i ns tead o f tathd td kd . F or th e U lii k as s ee p a g e 34 6 , no te
37 6 C ANT O L VI I I .

U rn - k ar m a —
these peop les ar e i n th e T or to i s e s
’
l ef t hind ?

f o ot [
I
W h er e
'
S r av ané d D h an is hgha
’
a ls o As h z
i d h zi and , an ar e

s i tua te d .

T he m o un ta i ns K a i las a, a nd Hi m a -v a t, D h a nu s h -m a t, Ha n d
V as u-m a tfil th e Kr a ufié as ,“ and t h e K uru s ff and Va k as , 11

I h av e no t m et t hi s e l s ew h e r e a n d i t i s n o t i n th e d i ctio na r y . I t i s p er

h ap s t o b e conn ec te d w i th th e Um as s ee p ag e 32 4 , n o te l
‘ ‘
. A p e op le ca lle d

Ur d a/m ar us ar e p l a ce d in th e n or th i n th e M a ts y a P ur i na ( cx x .

’
’
p d r s ve
’

1 F or
‘
r ea d p a sc e

I T hi s v er s e cl o s e s w i th t h e w or d bhafigwr e it i s no t in th e d i cti on ar y and

s ee m s to b e er r o n e o us . S h ould th e r e ad i ng b e bhd s ur e, b r illi ant , a n e p i th e t

'
S ra v a n a
'
t o A s h é d h ti an d

T hi s m o un tain i s of c o ur s e co ns t ant ly m enti on ed th r ough out S a ns kr i t

li ter a tur e . and th e r e f er e n ces ind i ca te th a t i t w a s on th e nor th of th e m id d le

p or ti o n of th e Hi m al a ya r an g e . T h e nam e i s g i v e n i n m o d e rn m ap s t o t h e

r an g e of m o un tain s w hi ch i s s itua te d im m e d i a tely n or th o f th e M ana l a l akes ,

a nd i n wh i ch th e I nd us r i s es .

NT hi s i s g iv e n i n t h e d ict ionary , b ut I h a v e no t m e t wi th i t els ew h er e .

I t m a y p er h ap s r ef er t o H i m av a t s ee cant o lv ii v er s e 5 9 , wh er e th e r a ng e is

com p ar e d t o a b ow in s h ap e .

1[ I h a v e n ot f o und th i s e ls e w h er e a nd it is no t i n th e d i c t i o n ar y as th e

n am e o f a b ill . I t m ay p er h ap s m ea n a b o und in g i n w ea l th a nd q ua lif y

H im ava t .

T h es e ar e no d oub t th e p e op l e w h o d wel t n ear th e Kr a ufic ’a g r o up of

m o untai ns T h i s g r o up i s calle d t h e s on o f M a in ék a , wh i ch i s c alle d t h e s on

.

o f H im av a t , an d th e r e f or e a p p ear s t o h av e b ee n a p o r ti o n o f th e M ain éka

-

m oun ta in s i n th e g r ea t H i m a v a t m o un ta in s y s tem ( Ha r i -V xv iii 9 41 It .

i s m e nt i o n e d i n th e R am ay . as h av i ng l a ke M f ma s a on i ts s um m i t w ith M ai

nak a lyi ng b e yon d ( K i s hk -K x li v b u t i n t h e M e g h a - D ii ta Kr auii c'a

'
. .
, . 32

i s p l ace d s outh of th a t la ke , a nd th er e i s s ai d t o b e a
p a s s th r o ug h it le a d ing
t o th e l a k e (I 58 an d 5 9 wi t h com m entar
y) T h e p a s s m us t a p p ar en tl
y be
.
.

th e v a lley o f th e s our c e of th e S ar u j or Gh og r a , an d t he Kr a uii c

’
a m o unt ai ns

w oul d th er ef or e b e th e p o r tion of t h e H i m al a ya ch a i n b oun d ing N ep al at th e

e xtr em e nor th w es t
- .

H T h e s e m us t b e th e U ttar a Kur us , s ee p a g e 34 5, not e T h e Kur us i n

M a d h ya -d esa h av e b e en m e nti on ed i n v er s e 9 ab ov e .

T h es e ar e m en ti oned in th e d icti on ar y , b ut I h a ve no t f oun d th e m

e l s e w h er e . A p e o ple call ed Varv as ar e a llud e d to i n t h e M a ts y a P a r ana
( O xx .
 CO UNT RI E S AND m as s m N O RT H m um . 37 7

and th e p eople wh o ar e ca lled Ks hud ra-vinaa “ the Ras alayas fi ’

an d th e Kai ke a s , h B
y 1 t e h o a
g p
- r as th a
s § a n d th e Y am unas , ,

3’ “
T h os e w h o h a v e s m al l lu tes . T h is i s no t in t he d ic tio nar y an d I h ave
no t m et w i th i t e ls e wh e r e . Ap eo p l e c alle d Ks hud ra ka s are m enti on e d in t h e
M - E h ( Ka r na -P 1 37 ) th ey li ved i n n or th I nd i a a nd
v. ar e g en erally na m e d
. . .
,

in j
c o n unc ti o n w i th t he M ala va s ( S a b h a-P .
, li 1 8 7 1
.
; B hi s h m a -R , l i 2 1 0 6 ; .

l xxx v iii 38 5 3 ; D r o na - P . l xx . a nd ar e s a id to b e t h e Gr eek O xy d r aci .

1 [ h av e no t f oun d thi s e l s e wh e r e .
I t m ay m ean “ t hos e w h o d well nea r
'

th e r i v e r Ra s a" w hi ch i s m e nti o ne d i n th e B ig -V
( x 7 5, I h av e m e t
'

. .

wi th n o o t h e r a ll us i o n t o i t, b ut D r M ui r thi n ks i t i s p r o bab ly are amue nt of .

th e I n d u s ( S a ns k . T e xt s , I I . 35 6 an d

I S e e p ag e 3 1 7 n o te ll .

5 I h av e not m et wi th thi s w o r d el s e wh e r e , th o ug h i t i s g iv e n i n th e
d i c tio nar y as the n am e o f a p e o pl e . P e r h a p s th e r e a d i ng s h o uld b e B hoj a

p r a s th a , a s a s yn on y m o f B hoj a -n ag ar a , w hic h i s m e ntio n e d i n t h e M .

- Eh . as
'
th e c ap i t al o f king U éina r a or U s h inar a , f athe r o f king S i v i ( U d yog a-P .
, c x vn ) ,

b o th of wh om w e r e f a m o us m o na r ch s an d ar e o f ten allu d e d to i n t h e M . Bh
~
.

'
V a na - P .
, c xxx i . 1 058 2- 9 4 ; c x c v i 1 32 7 4 ; D r o na-R
.
, lv iii ; a nd S anti -P .
,

xxi x . 9 32 A ccor d i ng t o t he g e nea lo g ie s g iv en ( H ar i-V .

, x xx i . 1 674 —9

an d M at s y a P ur an a , x l v i ii . 1 5— 2 1 ) v ar ious P an j ab r a c es claim e d d e s ce nt
f r o m U éi nar a , b ut t h e n am e U éinar a s w as e s p e cial ly a pp r op r iat ed to t he

T h e U si nar a s
’
d es cend ant s o f S iv i ( V an a - P .
, cx xxi . a r e a l l ud ed to

o cca s i on al l
y K am a -R , v. 1 37 ; A i tar . B r ah , v iii . 3, 1 4 ; an d Ka us h it .

’ '
Up -
.
, iv . b ut S i vi or S i bi i s t h e na m e whi c h i s g e ner ally us e d i n th e

M .
-E h . F r o m th e s e p as s ag e s and o th er s S ab h é -P .
, xxx i . 1 1 89 ; li 1 8 7 0 .

V a n s -R , c xc i v 1 324 9 - 5 5 ; c clx v ;
. ccl xx . 1 57 1 8 and 1 57 4 3 ; B h i s h m a -R , x v ii i .

wit h th e
’
6 8 8 9 0 ; an d li 2 1 04 ) i t
— . a p p e ar s t h e S i vi s w er e g r o up e d T ri g ar ta s ,

M a d r a s , a nd o th er P an j ab n ati o ns on on e s id e
'

and wi t h t h e K ur us , S
’ ’
ii r a s en as

an d M a ts ya s on th e o t her s id e, th a t i s , wi th all th e n a ti o n s wh i c h s u r r o un d e d

B r a h m ava r ta and t h a t t h eir ter r i tor y w as ne ar th e J um n a a n d cl os e to T r i

v i s h tap a or T r i -p is h tap a w hi c h w a s pa r t of B r ah m aV a r ta ( V an s cx x x .

1 0 5 56 —
cxx xi . 1 0 59 5 wi t h l xx xiii 60 54 -5 . an d 7 0 7 3— 8 a nd p ag e 2 9 0 , note
T he
’
S ivi s or U éinar a s th e r e f o r e a p pe ar to h a ve pos s es s e d t he co unt ry

of th e S ar a s vati, D r is h a d -v a t i an d Ju m na, f ro m S a h a
at th e u p pe r p ar t
to P a ttial a ; with th e A m b a s hth as to t h e n or th w e s t (s ee p ag e 37 9
-
r an p u r

no t e I) . I n l ater ti m es th ey s h ar e d t h e d e g r a d a ti on w h ich th e b r a h m a ns
n a tion s of th e n or th -we s t b ecaus e of th e a b s ence of
p r o no u nce d on th e

b r ah m a ns a m o ng th e m (A nus as -P . .
,
x xxii i .

m e nti o ne d in th e B hi s h m a -P li s t ( i x 35 8 ) and were the

Il T h es e are
‘ . .

wh o inh a bi te d th e Y am un a h ills T he P an d a vas in r e tur ni ng fr o m

p eople
.

th e i r vi s i t b eyon d th e H i m a la y a s ca m e t o th e Y am un a hill s , and the n to

48
37 8 CANT O mm .

43 the A ntai -d v ipas , * '

a nd th e T r ig ar tas fi th e A g n i as th e

S ar d an a p e o p les , § th e A sva -m u h a s al s o , t he P r aptas fil k ”

44 th e lo n g - h a ir e d th e D é s er a ka s fi f t he V at a
'
d hén as , I I an d th e S av a th e

the S ar a s v a ti ( V ana-P .
, clx x v n . 1 2346 T h e h os ts co ll ec te d on th e

K a ur av a s
’
s id e b e f ore t h e g r e a t w ar o v e r s pr e a d a ll th e c o un tr y fr o m P a ii c ’a

P an j ab ) to A h i c c h a tr a
' ’
nad a ( th e ( s ee p ag e 3 5 3 , n o te i nc l ud ing th e

Y am un a h ills ( U d y g P
o a -
.
,
x vii i . 596 H e nce i t a pp e ar s th e s e b ill s w e r e

t h e p or ti o n of th e Hi m alayas , in w hi ch t h e J um n a h as its s o ur ces , a nd

w hi ch s e par a te i t f r o m th e S utle j .

D v ip a i n th i s co nn e x i o n c a n n o t m e an a ny i s la n d , a nd m us t m e a n a d od b
'

(s e e p ag e 3 64 , no te f) . I he A n ta r -d v ip a s t hen w o uld m e an th o s e

w h o d we ll w i t hi n th e d oab s . I have no t m e t w i t h thi s w o rd e l s e w h e re ,

and h e r e i t is p r ob a b ly .
an j
a d e c ti v e to th e T r i g ar tas , t o w h om i t is v ery

a p p r op r ia te .

1 S ee p a g e 37 4 , n o te

I h av e f o und th i s e l s e w h er e , a nd it is n ot i n th e d ic ti on ar y
I no t ,

'
T h e p r op er r ea d i ng s h o uld n o d oub t b e A gn ey as . T he y a re m e n t ione d i n th e

M .
- Eh .
(V a na - P .
, ccl i i i . A ris hi or m a n c a lle d
'
Ag n ay a S u-d ar sa na
is s p o ken o f w h o d w e lt i n K ur u-k s h e t r a -P .
,
ii . 1 02 and t he
'
Ag ne ya S alya -k ir tan a i s d t o i n th e
’
a ll ud e s a m e r e g io n ( R am ay .
, A y o d h -K . .
,
’
l xxiii . It s eem s p r o b ab le th er e f o r e t h at t h e Ag ne ya s w e r e a s m al l tr i b e

i n h a bitin g th e nor th e r n p ar t of Ku r u-k s h e tr a .

“ "
O r p er h ap s an d th e A r d a n a p eop les . I h a ve no t m e t wi th eith er

n am e el s ew h er e , n or a r e th ey i n t h e d i cti on ar y .

l| T h es e ar e m e ntio ne d in th e M a ts ya P ur éna (c x x . T he s yn on y m ous

n am e B a d a ud -m ukha s occur s in v er s e 30 ab o v e . I t m ay b e n o t ed h er e t h at i t
w as b eli e f th er e w e r e p e op le w h o h a d h ea d s like d og s , C ynoceph ali
an O ld
’
( P li ny , v i 30 ; M a nd e v i l e s T r a v e l s , ch a p xv iii )
. l . .

QT I h av e no t f oun d th is el s ew h er e I t m ay p er h ap s m ean th e p e o p le c alled .

Va d hr a s or B a d hn a s in th e B h is h m a ~ P li s t (i x . .

w T h i s i s n ot i n th e d ic tio nar b u t O 'tua ka

:
Or
’
C zbu ka i s gi v e n I h av e not
’

y, .

h ow ev er a ny o f th es e n am es e l s e w h er e
’
m et T h e w or d c ap i ga m ea ns “ fia t
'

”
no s e d .

i t S ee pag e 32 1 , n ot e

It S ee p a g e 3 1 2 , not e
T h i s i s no t in th e d ictio na r y , an d I h av e no t f o un d it el s e w h er e . It
s eem s t o b e f or m e d on th e s am e pl a n as Vd pa -d h d na a nd F é tu -d hd n a . I t m ay
“
p erh a ps m e an th os e w h o p lace th e ir d e ad in r ec ep ta c le s
, y et i t s eem s

r at h er to b e a na m e .

IIHS ee p ag e 32 0 , n o te 1 .
 cous r s m s AND m os s m s om e men . 379

and Ad h am a a nd thos e who ar e se ttle d

45 in Ta ks ha si lé 1 -
,
‘
th e A m b é las , 1 th e M ailavas , § the

M a d r as , [I the V e nuk a s fil and the V and a ntika s ,” the

46 P ing a las , fl '

th e M an a -k al a has , 1 1 th e a nd the

T he b as es t or r ud es t r a ce s o f Kir ii tas ; s ee p ag e 32 2 , no te I) .

1 T h e Gr eek T axila . I t i s m e n t i on e d i n t h e 31 -E h
. T h e na m e is generally
.

w i th T ak s h a ka ki ng N ag a s i t is sa id he ki lle d Arj una s

’
c o nne cted of th e ;

g r a nd s o n ki ng Par iks hi t i ng t o t ha t king Ja nam ej uya

’
a cc ord a c ur s e an d s s on

inv ad ed T ak s h a -éi lé and con q uer e d it ( Ad i P .

, i i i 68 2 — 3
. an d xl-xli v ;

a nd x li x. 1 9 5 4 ; l 1 99 l ) . . It ap p ears h o we v e r to h av e b een nam e d fr o m the

T akkae, wh os e ca pi tal i t wa s , an d C unni ng ham h as i d e ntified i t near th e

m o d er n S ha h -d h er i or D h er i S h a h an i n th e P anj a b . I t wa s a lar ge and

fa m ou s ci ty a nd t he T a kka s h e l d a ll th e c o untr y ar o und (Ar ch S ur v Rep te ,

. . .

I I 6,
. 1 1 2 ; XI V . It a p pe ars to h a ve c ont ai ned a great B ud d hi s t uni
v e r s i ty a ls o .

I T h e s e would b e the p e op le o f A m b ala T h is na m e i s a la te one I t m ay . .

'

p r ob ably be d er ived f r om th e o ld Am ba s h gha , th e na m e of a p eop le of ten m e n

'
ti o n ed in the M .
-Bh . T h ey ar e s a id to h a ve b ee n d es ce nd an ts of king U si
’
na r a an d to h a v e b een cl o s e ly r el nte
-
d to th e S i vi s ; s ee p age 37 7 , no te
( Ha
-
nLV .
, xxxi . 1 6 7 4—9 ; M a ts ya P ur ana , xl v iii . 15 T h ey we r e i n th e

no r th-we s t and a re g ener al ly m en ti o ne d al o ng w i th nor th -we s tern na tio n s

and T r ig ar ta s (M -E h S a b ha-P xxxi . 1 1 89 ; B his hm a -P ,

’
e s pe ci a lly th e S ivi s . .
, .
,

x v iii . 6 88 - 9 0 ; cxvi i i . 5 48 6 ; cxx . 5 649 ; a nd D r ona-R , vi i . It s ee m s ,

n Am b ala,
p r o b able th ere fo r e th a t t h ey o cc up ie d th e co unt y b e twee
v e ry r

a nd t h e S utlej w i th th e S i vi a o n t h eir e as t a nd s o uth a nd the T r ig ar ta s o n

'

th ei r nor th -wes t .

S ee p ag e 34 1 , note b ut t h ey a re q ui te o ut o f p lace here .

I] S ee pag e 32 9 , note

1) T h i s is no t in th e d i ct io na ry , a nd I h a ve no t fo un d i t els e whe re. A

eop le cal le d Veaikas m e ntio ne d i n M - Bh B his hm a-R , li 2097

p ar e . .
, . .

I h a ve no t m et wi th th is e l s e w h er e .

1 1 T hes e peopl e ar e m e n tio ned i m éy,

in th e Rz as s it uate d i n the We s t
'
al ter na ti v e r e a d in g ; G o rre s io E d i tion , A nno ta tion s )
( Ki sh k -K . .
, xli ii . 2 3, s .

A r i v er P i iig a la. i s i nclu d ed i n t h e B his hm a -P

' '
li s t (i x . B ut p erh a ps

P ingala i s an a d ecti ve j h er e , q ualifie s E d na s ; for th e

li g h t b r o wn, a nd

H uns ap pear to h ave been a lig h t-co m ple xio ne d p eo ple s ee no t e belo w .

It I h ave no t m e t thi s as a. n am e el s ew h er e. I t m ay be a n ad ec ti ve ,j
q ualify th e H finas
”
an d
q ua rrel s om e th rough pr id e ,
.

T h e H ans . T h ey ar e m e n ti one d a s a n ou ts id e p eop le to the nor th alo ng

'
'
li 1 991 ; B his h m a -P ix 37 3 ; a nd S anti-P
w ith C inas , &c .
, (V a na- P .
, . , . .
,

c cc xx vii . b ut ar e no t of te n all ud e d to at fir s t . I n the Ra g li u-Varhj a .

3 80 C A NT O L vm .

K o h a lakas th e M é nd a v y a s fi th e B h li ti -yuvak as , 1 the

H ”t h
'
Y as o -m a tyas fil a nd th e
'
S é tak as , § t h e e m a - t ér ak a s , e

47 th e K h ar a s ég a r a r ééis fi j
- - th e Y a u d h eya s , I I
'

th e S yam a kas fifil

’
a nd th e t he a nd

th e y are pl a c e d on t h e no r th e r n m o s t pa r t of th e I nd us , an d th e co m m en ta tor

c a l ls t he m M uj j un ap a d ci khyd ll ks h a ttr i yd lz ( iv . 67 T h ey a pp ea r t o h a ve

b e en of a lig h t co m p le x io n, f o r t h e ir w o m e n ar e p i ct ure d as h av i ng m ad e
th e ir c h e e ks pa l e r ed (p aga l a ) b y b e a t i ng th e m i n g ri e f ( i bi d ) . F o r t he

E ph th a li tes or W hi te Il uns , see C un ni n g h a m s

'
Ar c h . S ur v . Re p te .
,
I I 7 5— 7 9
. .

All t h e v a lle y o f the U p p e r S u tle j is c alle d H un d e s . Ap e op l e cal le d E dm

hana s a r e a l s o a llud ed to i n t he M .
-Eh . as an o u ts i d e p e o pl e t o t h e n or th

w es t ( S a bh a P - .
, xx x i . 1 1 94 ; an d l 18 M
.

) .

‘
l' I ha v e not f o und t hi s e l s e w h er e , b ut i t s ee m s t o b e th e s am e a s t he

Koka r a kas ( B h is h m a -
R , i x 36 9 ) . a nd Koka n a d as ( S ab h v , xx vi . bo th
of who m a pp e a r
_
to h a v e be en a tr ib e t o th e n th or of th e Pa nj ab .

1 S ee p ag e 37 4 , no te H '
.

I I h av e n ot m et thi s e ls e w h er e . P e r h a p s i t s h o uld b e co nn ected w i th B hati .

la ya , w hi ch w a s p la ce in th e n o r t h
a of t h e P unj a b ( Ka m a -R , xli v . 2 06 2
I ha v e n o t f o und th i s el s e w h e r e .

NT his is no t i n the d i c ti o na r y a nd I h av e n o t m e t wi th i t e l s e w h er e .

1 I h av e n o t f o und t h is e ls ew h e r e ; it s eem s to m ea n a p eop le w h o li v e

O n a r iv e r Y a so- m a t i .

4“
S ee p a g e 3 1 4 , n o te 12 .

H I h av e not m e t thi s e l s e w h e r e a nd i t is no t in th e d i c ti on ary . C er tain

Kha r a -p atha c o un tr i es ar e allud e d t o i n t h e M a t s ya F uni na (c xx . but
the na m e i n th e t e x t s ho uld p r o b a b ly b e s p li t up int o t w o na m e s .

T he s e p eo p le ar e g e n e r ally m en ti o ne d a l o ng w i th t h e T r ig ar ta s , M a d r as

a n d o t h er P an j a b n a ti o n s ( S a bh a P - .
, H 1 8 70. an d K am a-R , v . an d th e
e p i th e t a d r i -
ja , m o unt a i n e er , s ee m s to b e a pp li e d to t h e m ( D r ona - R, clx i .

T he y ar e s ai d t o h a ve b ee n d e s c en d e d f r om ki ng U éin ar a , lik e t h e
A m b a sh th ns ( H ari
'
S iv is a nd -V .
, xx x i 1 67 4 I h av e n o t f o und a ny t hi n g
.
m ore t o i nd i ca te th ei r p os i ti o n , b ut j ud gi ng f rom th e p or ti o ns of th e P a n j a b
o cc up i e d by o th e r n a tio ns t h e Y an d h ey a s m ay p er ha p s b e p lace d nor th of
th e M a d r a s n ea r L a h or e .

O r D d s am i yas , as t h ey w ere al s o c al le d
( S ab bfi P - .
, l . T h ey w e r e
a p e o pl e in th e P a n l
j ab ; th ey a r e cal le d o u t-c a s t es a n d ar e d enounc e d i n th e
K a rn a-P . of th e M .
-
E h li ke t h e
. ot h e r P a nj ab n a t i o ns ( x liv . 2 0 54—6 , a nd 2 06 9 ;
an d 11 l b ut I h a v e f o und no d a ta t o fix t h e i r po s it ion .

Raij n y a,
a' m e a ns a ks h a ttr iy a or no ble ,
"
b ut h e re i t s e em s t o b e th e
n a m e of a p e o pl e . I h av e n ot f ound i t as s uch e l se wh e r e .

1M L h av e no t m et w i t h thi s e lse whe re an d i t is no t i n th e d icti onar

y
.
l

,
 COUNT RI E S AND R AC E S I N NO RT H-E AS T IN D IA .

th e Kah e m
'
an d a- d h ii r ta fi ha v e taken up their posi tio n in
’
t he T o r to i s e s lef t fl ank .

A nd th er e i s th e con s t ell a t io n V é r unafi th er e t he t wo

cons tella ti ons of P raus hth a -p a d ai .

A nd the kin gd o m of th e Y enas § and

‘

K innar d s ,
the co untr y P r aénp ala fil a nd the country

1 h av e not found thi s e ls e w h er e . A ki ng of R uhi ta

'
na m e d E eham a
d htur ti i s m en ti on ed i n th e M -E h ( Ka m a 475 ,
’
. .
- R,
'
1 O r S a ta -b hi s ha j
“
.

1: T h ey ar e Purv a-b had r a -p ad a and U ttar a -b h ad r a-pad a

‘
.

T h e w or d Yen a m us t b e a m i s t ak e , an d th e na m e m eant s h oul d , n o d oub t,

be j oi ne d wi th Kinm r a -r d j yam . T h e p r o p er r ead i ng m ay b e e i th er Ya wn a

'
ki vm a r a -r d j yam , or b e tter p er h a p s , C tna - kin na r a , ra ij yam . F o r C 'in a s , s ee

p ag e 3 1 9 , n o te I . Y a una appe ar s to b e an ab b r e v i ated form of Y a va na an d

S én ti-P
’
is r ar ely m e t wi th ( s ee 16 -B h . .
, .
, cc vu . th e Y a v a n a s w e r e i n
the n o r th -w e s t s ee p ag e 31 4 , n ote y e t th ey ar e m e ntion ed ag ai n in v er s e 52 .

I! T h e Ki nnar as ar e s aid
i n th e d i ct ion ar y to b e m ythic a l be i ng s w ith a
-

h um a n fig ur e a nd the he ad o f a h or s e ; s uc h cr e atures h av e b e en a l r ea d y
.

a ll u d e d to , s ee B a avé -m ukh as
d in v ers e 30 , and Aév a -m ukh as in v er s e

T h ey w er e p la ce d on M ount G an d h a m é d an a -
(V ana P
-
.
, c xl iii . 1 0 96 4
on M o un t M a n d ar a ( D r ona -R , l x xx . 2 84 8 an g e ner ally in th e c e
d ntr a l

r eg i o n of th e Hi m al ay a s ( Ra g h u V - .
,
iv . a nd th ey a r e p r ob ably m ean t
by th e Kiri- kar a t i n Ri m ay , Ki s h k -K , xli v 1 3 T he Ki nnar ns w e r e t o
. . . . .

s om e e x t e nt id e ntifie d wi th th e Ki m p ur u s has , t houg h b o th ar e m e nti oned

s ep ar a te ly i n th e M at s y a ~P ur a na , c xx . 48 -4 9 . I t is s t ate d i n th e d i cti on
ar y t h at thi s o ccurr e d in la t er ti m e s , b ut th e chi ef of th e Ki m p ur us h as i s

s ai d i n th e M - Eh . t o h av e d w elt at Ga ud ha -m ad ana ( U d y og a -P .
, clv i i .

5 35 2 ) wh i c h w as th e Ki nn ar a s
’
t err i to r y . T h e Kim p ur us h as ar e d e s cri b e d
f or m i ng a ki ng d om i n the P and av a s t i m e a nd ow ning t he c o untr y b e y on d
’
as
'
S ve ta -p ar v at a ( S abh é -P , xxv n 1 0 38 -9 ; H ari-V , x cii 5 01 3— 5 ; an d x cix
. . . . .

5 49 3 T h ey ar eallud ed to as b e ing m en of an infer ior typ e ( Ai tar B r ah , . .

c lxix), and a l s o as s kille d

’
II . i . a nd as b eing f or e s t m e n -
( S én ti -P .
,

i n th e u s e of th e b ow ( U d yo ga - P .
, olv n .

T h i s i s , no d oubt , m is tak e f 0 r P a i u -p d la w hich i s s tated to b e th e nam e

’

fil a

of a c o un tr y and p e op le t o t he nor t h -e a s t of M ad hya-d e sa (d i c t ) . T he y

ar e m ent io ne d al ong w ith Kir ata s an d T anga na s and ar e pl ace d a m o ng t he

low er H i m alayan r ang e s in t h e Ré m éy .

( Kis h k -K . .
, xli v . A noth er
i n that p as sa ge i s P d rhs ap ai la s ( se e Anno tations )
’

r ea d in g
'
.

T h e t e xt is eu T h i s s e em s to b e th e reg ion of th e r e e d s or
'

line th e b anks of t h e R S a ilo d a

’
s a id
’
b a m boo s c a lle d ktc a kas ; they ar e to .

i n th e N or th ( R6 m éy , Ki s hk -K ,
. . . xli v . 7 6 79
—
M .
- Eh .
, S abhi -P .
, li 1 8 58 -9
.
 382 C ANT O mm .

49 and t he coun tr y of Ka s m ir a fi‘ an d th e p eop le of A bhi

s ér ay th e D a v a d as J a nd th e T § the K nla tas , ”
’

l
'
v a rxga nas ,
'

50 the V a na -r é s h tr ak a s fil the S a i ri s hthas , M th e B rah m a

and Rag hu-V .

, iv . I t is no t c l ear w h er e th is coun try w as . T he
i i s place d b etwee n M om a nd M a nd ar a in th e p as s ag e fro m the
R S ai lod z
.
’

M E h a nd t e
- . h K h as as , P ar a d es a n d T a n g n
a a s d w e lt n ear i t T e
h R
'
S ailo . .

d ak é i s . s a id to ri s e at th e f oo t of M oun t Ar una , we s t of Ka ilasa, i n the M a ts ya

P ur i na (on . 22
Ap eo pl e call ed Ktc’a ka s ar e m ent io ne d i n th e M .
-B h .
, as be ing n ear th e
M ats ya s , T r ig ar ta s an d i . e .
, in M a d hya -d e sa ( Kd i -P .
, cl vi . 6 084
Kic aka w as t h e V ini ta king
’
nam e o f th e g e ner a l of of
and M a ts y a .
( Vini ta
P .
, xi v . 8 76 -7 T he d ic tio na ry s ta tes th a t t hey w er e a tri be of th e Ke kaya s

H
’

(s ee p ag e 3 1 7 , n o te ) and th a t E ka -c ak r a w as o ne of t h eir tow ns ; b ut

( Kd i
'
E ka e e kt é s ee m s
- . r a th e r t o h av e b e en i n M ad hy a -d e sa P .
, ol v n . 6 1 0 4— 9 ;
c l x. 6 207 cl xi v . 6 306 g a nd V a n s -P , xi 38 8 and Ar r ah in B eh ar cl ai m s

t o b e th a t town . P er h a ps th e re m ay b e s om e c o nfu s i on with Kika ta, the ol d

na m e of B eh ar , i n th i s .

m fr a kam m s h tm m ; i t i s
’ ’

d c a ll e d Kaém tm ka -m a nd a la ( DL -E h
’
.
, V ane -R ,
cxxx . 1 0 54 5 -6 an d Auuéés -P . .
, xx v . 1 69 5 ) s ee p ag e 32 3, no te I . I t is q ui te
out o f pla ce h er e .

T hi s w as a coun tr y i n th e nor th of th e Pa nj a b and i ts cap i tal was

1
S ab h é -P 1 02 7 ; B h is h m a -R , i x
’
x xv i an d
Abhi s d r t '
(M .
-Eh .
,
.
,
. . I t is no t

o fte n m enti on ed ( Kar i e -R ,

r xiv . 5 40 - 1 ; and s ee a l s o p e r ha p s D ro na x c ii i .

unles s th e A bhi s hd ha s
'

337 9 or A bhzs h aihas ar e th e s am e p eop le ( B h is h m a

P .
,
x viii . 6 88 cxviii . 5 48 5 D r o na -R , clxi . B ut Abh is ara i s q ui te o ut

of l ac e h ere i n th e nor th -e as ter n r e g io n .

p
I T his i s not in th e d i ct ion ar y . I ha ve m e t w ith it el s ew h er e o nly in
H ar i -V arhéa , xci x . 55 03-4 , b ut th er e i t i s a m i s ta ke f or D ar a d a . co m p ar e

xc n . 5 02 2 -3, a nd xc i. 49 6 6 - 7 0 . T h e D at ad a s are o u t of
place h ere ; s ee p ag e
31 8 , note, T h ey ar e m e nt i o n e d in ve rs e 32 a ls o .

No d o ubt a m i s ta k e f or T a ng e ne s , s ee p a g e 32 3, no te 5.

i n th e d i c ti on a r y , b u t p e o pl e Ku la ti
HT hi s i s n ot a calle d ar e m e ntioned
t h ere . I h av e n ot f ound i t el s e w h er e . T h e w ord r e s e m bl es Ka l ti t a Kama
'

P m l 47 5 . a nd 48 5 ) a nd Ko ld ta . a nd Tl olaika ( Ré m ay , K is h k -K , . . Xliii . 8, a nd

Annotations ) w h ich s ee m t o b e th e m o d e rn Kul u n ea r th e s o ur ce o f th e .

R B ia s , b ut i t is
.
o ut o f pl ac e h ere .
A s i m ila r n am e Ku ru gas i s m entione d
in v e rs e 51 .

fll T h is i s m ention e d in
'
th e d ic ti o nar y , b ut l h a v e n o t f ound i t el s e wh ere .

”
th e of f or es ts w o ul d
“
fish tr a countr y ap p l
V an a -r as y w ell to th e d ens e ly
w oo d ed tra cts of A s s am .

as I h av e no t m et wi th this e ls e w he r e an d i t i s no t in th e d ic ti ona r
y
A
 384 CANT G L V I I L

a nd th e and t he Y a v an a s fi and those wh o

'
ar e

C ira -p 1~av ar a nas , I th e T r i-ne tr a s , § and the P a ur a v as ,

’
ca lled

and the G and h ar v a s , ? O b r ah m an . T hes e p eopl e ar e

’
s i tu a te d i n t he T or tois e s no r th - e a s t foo t .

A n d th e t hr ee co ns tella t io ns , t he Revat is , “ Aév i -d ai v atya ff

an d Y am ya , 11 ar e d ecla r ed to be si tuated in th at foo t a nd ten d

to th e co m ple te d e ve lop m e nt of 0 bes t of m an a i

A nd thes e v er y co ns t ella ti o ns a r e s i tua ted i n thes e p lace s

I have no t f ound any th ing like i t e l s ew h er e . As an ad ecti ve j i t m i g h t m ean,

”
f aultl e s s as S va r g a and th e pl a net M ars , b ut that s ee m s in ap pr o pr iate .

I h a ve not m e t wi t h th is e l s e wh er e a nd i t i s no t i n th e d ictio n a ry .

1
'
T he Y a va na s w er e i n th e Nor th -we s t , s ee p ag e 31 4 , n ote 5 ,
and a ls o

ca nto l v ii , v er s e 8; but th ey s e em to h av e s p re a d w id ely and h ere th e y ar e

m e n ti o ne d i n th e N or th -ea s t .

1: T h o s e wh o w ea r b ar k cloth ing . I h av e not m e t with i t els e wh ere

as t h e nam e of a p eop le .

“
T he t h r ee -eyed p eople . I t wa s b elie v e d ther e wer e s uch p eo ple , see

M .
-Eh .
,
S a b h a-P .
, l 1 8 37
. .

I] T h e P a ur ava r ace w as d escen d e d f r o m P fir u, one o Y aya i s

f t
’
s o ns (M .
- Eh .
,

37 6 2 — 4) w ho i s
'
A d i -P .
, l x xxv 35 33-4. a nd xcv . s aid to h av e go t M a d h y a -d e éa

( H ar i -V .
, x xx. 1 6 04 a nd a nd t h e P aur a v as s pr e ad in va r i o us d ir e c
tio ns . AP a ur ava ki ng d om i s p lace d in th e N or th reg io n, in t h e acc o un t of

S a bh a-P xxvi 1 0 2 2 -5 )
’
Air a na s c o n q ue s ts th ere .
, . and th at m a y b e th e n atio n
'
i n te nd e d h e re . T her e we re al s o P a ur a v a s el s ewh e re ( e g .
, S é n t i -P .
, xli x .

1 7 9 0 -2 ; a nd Kd i -P .
, cl xxxvi . 69 9 5 ; b ut S a bh é -P .
, x xx. 1 1 6 4 is p r ob a bly a

m is take ) .

1[ T h e Gan d har vas wer e f able d to b e h eav enly m us ici ans , bu t th ey a re al s o

sp o ke n o f a s a p e ople d wel ling b e y o nd la k e M anas a , and it i s s ai d A r j una

co nq uer e d th em an d br o ug h t back a tr i b ut e of fine roan h or s e s ( ti tti/ri

kulm ci s ha ) fr om their countr y ( S abh zi -R , x x vii . 1 04 1 I t is s aid th e G an

d h ar v as m ore p ower ful by n ig h t ( Ad i-R , cl xx
ar e I t i s a l s o f ab le d .

tha t th e g od s ob ta ined S om a f r o m th e m b e ca use th ey lus t a fte r w om en

and they w e r e s ai d to pos s es s or i ns ire

( A itar B rah , I v . . . .
p p e o pl e (i d s
V . v. 29 ; a nd B rih . Kran U p , I I I iii
. . . . 1 an d v ii .
’

F or Revatyé c read Revatyas th e p lur al i s som eti m e s use d

’
H
; .

11 O r
“
A svini .

II O r B ha r a ni .

P d kd ya .

T h er e d o no t a pp ear to b e a ny p ar tic ular r e as ons why th e lun ar COD !

s te lla ti o ns a r e as s ig ne d to th e r e s pe c ti ve po r t io ns of th e T or tois e ’ s b o d y .
 AST RO L O GI CAL AP PL I CAT I O NS . 385

O b rahm an T hes e places , which h ave been m entioned i n

.

or d er , und erg o calam i t " wh en th es e thei r cons tella ti ons are

y
occul ted , f and
g ain O br ahm an, § al ong wi th
the plane ts which ar e fav o ur ab l s ituated O f whi chev er con
y .

pl anet i s l or d , both the constella ti ona nd

s tellation whi ch ever

the p ond ing country ar e d om in ated by i t ; II at its a s cend

corres

anc fl
y l g ood for tune accru es to th at country, 0 bes t of m unis
S i ngly a ll countr ies ar e alike ; fear or ros er it ” com es
p p y
to p eople accor d in
g as ei ther ar is es out o f th e p ar ti cular
con s tellation a nd
pl anet, 0 b r ah m an T he thought, th a t m an .

kind ar e in a com m on
p r ed i cam ent w ith th eir o wn p ar ticular
cons tellati ons wh en th es e are u nfavo ur able, ins p ir es f ear .

A long with the p a r ti cu la r planets th ere aris es fr om their

occul tations an unfav our able i n uence whi ch di s coura es e x er
fl g o

ti o n . L ikewi s e the d evelopm ent of th e cond itions m ay be

f avo urable ; and s o wh en th e p l ane ts ar e b ad ly s ituated i t tend s
to pr od uce s ligh t b enefit t o m en and t o them s el ves wi th the
wis e who lear ned i n g eog r ap hys fl
ar e
'
W hen th e p ar ti cular

p lanet i s b ad ly s ituated , I I m en even of s acre d m eri t h av e fear

f or th eir g ood s or c at tl e -p en, th ei r d epend ants , fr i end s or

chi ld r en o r wife . Now m en of l i ttl e m er it f eel f ear i n th eir

s o uls , v ery s i nf ul m en f eel i t ev er ywh er e i nd eed , b ut the

s inles s nev er in a s ing le p lace
good or evil ,
. M an exp eri ences

whi ch m ay ar is e fr om com m uni ty of r eg ion, place and p eople ,

or which m ay aris e f r om h av ing a com m on king , or whi ch
m ay ar is e p eculi ar ly f rom or which m ay ar i se

fr om com m unity of cons t ellation and

plane t . A nd m utual

preser vation i s prod uced by t he non-m ali gnity I of th e p l a

P i dyan te . f P i dd .

p ram r ead mp r a
’

:t A bhy-ud aya .
F or va .

b etter to tak e th e whole

'
T he te xt i s tad -bhavi to bhag am ; but it s ee m s as

o ne word .

”
’
S obhana, ri
b g h tenin u
g p.
1 Utkars ha .

fl T h es e v er ses s eem r ath er obs cur e

‘ .

1 1: F o r d u -s the read du ll -ethe .

F or d tsagam d t/ma-j am
'
r ead .

III) F or gr ahd d austhyena r ead gr ahd d auhs thyena .

49
 s as as os mi ui 38 7
‘ ’
j
or r nn Z O D I AC .

tati on, each resor tin to his ownconstellation: T hus,in i ts

’
’

s
g
mid d le are Agni , the Ear th and the M oon 0 brahman ,
In ,
.

i ts m id d le are Ar ies and th e nex t two constellations , "f i n its

mouth ar e Gem ini a nd the ne x t Constellation , an d i n the
s out h eas t foo t cancer
-
an d L eo s i td ated and in its
‘

ar e ;
s id e
placed the three Signs of the z od iac , L eo, V ir go
ar e
,

and L ibraz and b oth L ibr a and Scorpio are in its sbuth
' '

Wes t f oot ; d its hi nder parti i s s tationed S agittar ius

"
an at

along wi th Scorp l o ; and in its nor th w est foot ar e the

'

th r ee igns Sagittarius and the next two and A quar ius a nd

s

P is ces hav e r esor ted to i ts n0 1 th ei n s id e ; P i s ces and Ar ies

" '
'

ar e
placed i n its north t foot, 0 br ahm an;
’
-ea s

T he countries ar e p laced in the T ortois e, and th e co nstella

tions inthes e countries , 0 br ah m an, and th e
'

Si g ns o f th e z od iac
i n t he cons te llatioii s , th e p la nets i n th e s ig s o f th e od i a c : n z
‘
' '
"

T h er efor e o ne s h oul d i n d icate cal am i ty to a c oun try Wh en

’

i ts p ar ticular planets and cons tel lati ons I n t hat

g i 17 e alms a nd pe1 for m the hom a

'

event one s hould bath e a nd

|
oblatio n and the 1 es t of the 1 it ual .

T his v er y foot of V is h nu , wh i ch i s in the m i d st o f th e

planets , is B rah m a .

C ANT O L IX .

D escr ip ti on o f the E ar th co nti nued .

'

M d i kanqleya tells f
o the conti nen ts B had ré s‘oa atnd Ketnm a la ,
a nd the coit/ntry of the Nor ther nKuhus , and d es cri bes thei r
m ountains , ri ver s and p eop le .

M érkand eya s p oke

‘

co nti nent B har ata a cur ate ly

T h i s th en h av e I d e c l ar e d t h i s c ,

K T t a d D vap ara, and Kali a ges

'

i
'

0 m u n i , an d th e r ,ta r e a ,
n

2 i
wh ch a r e t h e f ou r ag es A n d now in d eed th er e w e f our f old .

c overlap
'

i ? the s igns od ia th e d ifierent

urus Gemin of th e Z 1n
'

and
"
T a

but puoc hewould be

'

’ ’
s tations
"
1 P fi shthé better :

F or gra ha rd aislw read grahdi rd i i shh

’ ‘
-

I o

F or wa i s h
'
ca m
m flghaa read tat lui ti s hya
'
m
uo ai us h
m am .
38 8 CANT O

cl as s ification
* i n thes e ag e s , 0 br ahm an .
.
F our , thr ee and
3 two hund r ed s a nd one hund r ed of autum n s ,
m en li v e her e in

th e Krita, T r eta and two o th er ag e s r es p ectiv ely, 0 br ahm an .

H ear fr om m e of th e continent B had r ésva , w hi ch i s s itua ted

4 eas t of th e m ag nificent eas ter n m ountain D eva-k nta .

’
B oth S v e t p ar na, and N i la, and th e lofty m oun tain S aiv ala,
’
a-

5 Kaur afij a, P arna-salag r a — th es e i nd eed ar e th e fiv e m ountain

r ang es . T her e ar e m any s m all m ountai ns b es id es , whi ch ar e

6 ofis h oots of th os e r an es
g ; th e countr i es ther e ar e d i s ting ui s h ed
by th em , th ey ar e of v ari ou s p es and occur in th ous and s
s ha .

M or eov er th ey ar e like whi te w ater -lilies and ar e au s pi cious

7 wi th th eir pur e s um m i ts . S uch -lik e and di v er s e a ls o ar e
'
oth er hills by h und red s and th ous and s . T he S i ta, th e
' '
8 S ankh av ati , th e B had r a, an d th e C akr avar ta a n d m any o th er

r i ver s S p r ead abr oad th er e, b ear ing d ow n v olu m e s of cold

water . I n th is co untry m anki nd ar e lus tr ou s a s s h ells an d

9 like pur e g old ; 1" th ey as s oci ate w i th th e celes ti als ; th ey ar e

h oly ; th eir li v es las t a th ous and year s ; n either i nfer ior nor
10 s up er i or e xi s ts am ong t hem ; th ey ar e a ll o f e qu al a
pp ear
ance th ey ar e en d ow e d natur ally w ith p ati ence a nd the
s ev en o th er g ood qualiti es .

And th er e t he g od J amar d ah a h as a hor s e s h ead and four

’

11 ar m s ; wi th h e ad , ch es t, p enis , f eet and for ear m s r es em bli n

g a
h e h as thr ee eyes
and A nd thus th e obj ects
’
hor s e s , . o f s ens e

ar e p er ceptible by h im , the lor d of th e w or ld .

No w h ear fr om m e about th e continent Ketum ala which

is on th e wes t .

V isala, K am b ala, Kri s h na, Jaya nta , H ar i p ar v ata, V i s oka, -

a nd V ar d h am a na — th es e s ev en ar e th e m ountain r an es
g .

T h er e ar e other hills by thous an d s , am ong wh ich a m ultitud e

1 4: of p eopl e d we ll T h os e p eop le d w ell ther e i n hu nd r ed s th e
.

M auli s }: h uge in s tatur e, th e S akas , P otas

’
and Karam bhakas,§
11: o
'
at wrm ar nyo, a m as c . abs tr act noun.

S tinkha -sa d d ha-hem a s am a p r a bhcih

’ - -
1 .

:t T hi s an d the f oll owing w or d s s eem to b e the nam es of p eople ; m oun

t ain s a nd r iv er s i n th e s e c ontinents ar e nam ed , and it s eem s m os t .
natur al
and r e as onab le t o take thes e wor d s as nam es .

s akap otakar am bhd kd lz ; or p erhap s Po takas and Ram bhakas .

”
 KE T UM AL A AND T HE NO RT HE RN KURU S 389
‘

and thos e wh o d istinguish ed by their thum bs fi“ who d r ink

are

of th e gr eat r i v er s , th e V anks h u th e S sm a th e S v ak am bal a

’
, y , ,

th e Am ogh a, the Kam i ni, th e S yam é , and of other s in

’

th ousand s . And her e lif e i s equal to th e ab ov e-m enti oned

lives i n B ha d r é sva . And h er e th e ad or ab l e B ar i wear s a
’
b oar s s h ap e a nd r esem bles a boar in feet, face, ch es t, b ack and

fl anks . A nd the lunar cons t ell ations ar e b eau tiful i n tha t

countr y whi c h e n oys j thr ee cons tellations only . S uch i s thi s
conti nent o f Ketum ala, wh ich I h av e d es cri b ed to th ee, 0 bes t
of m uni s .

Next I wi ll tell thee of the Nor thern Kur us ; hearken to

m e now .

T h er e th e t r ees yield s weet fr ui t, they bear bl os som s and

fr uit i n cons tant s ucces s i on ; a nd th ey pr od uce g ar m ents and
’
or nam ents i ns id e th ei r fr ui ts ; v eri ly th ey b es tow all one s
’
d esire ; th ey yi eld fr ui t accor d ing to all one s d esir e T he .

gr ound ab ound s with pr eci ous s tones ; th e ai r i s fr agr ant and

always d elig h tf ul . M anki nd ar e bor n ther e , w h en th ey qui t
the world of the god s . T hey ar e bor n i n pair s ; the p airs abid e
akas
’
a n e qu al ti m e, and ar e as f o nd of each oth er as c akr av .

T h ei r s tay there i s fourt een and a half th ous and s o f years

i s th e ch i ef o f th e m ountains ,
’
i nd eed . An d C and r a -kan ta.

and S urya-k énta i s th e n ex t ; th ey ar e th e t wo m ountain

r anges in th at A nd i n th e m i d s t th er eof th e g r eat

continent .

ri v er B h a d r a-s om a flows th r ough th e ear th w i th a v olum e of

s acr ed and water And ther e ar e oth er r i v er s by th ou
p ur e .

s and s in t hat nor th er n continent ; and s om e fl ow wi th m ilk

and oth er s flow with gh ee And th er e ar e l ak es of cur d led

.

m ilk ther e, and other s lie am o ng the v ar ious hills A nd fr ui ts .

of v ar ious k ind s , whi ch tas te r ath er like am rita , ar e p r od uced

by hund r ed s and th ous and s i n th e wood s i n th os e continents .

And th er e th e ad or able V is h nu has h is head tur ned to the

e as t and w ear s a fish s s h ap e
’
A nd the luna r cons tellations .

i t t h nd th r ee, an d th e re ions
ar e d i vi d ed ? i nto n ne p ar s ,
ree a g
of th e s ky ar e d i vid ed i nto nine par s ,
t 0 bes t of m unis .

Angula-p mm uhhé i .

1 F or cibhakto read vibhahti r

396 ch ino mi .

And in the Oce

an are thei slan s; asah ext
ds canard -even
B had r a-d v ipa and there al so with in the ocean is the famous
‘

la nd P unya, 0 great m uni

‘

T h us I have d es cri bed this north ern continent o f t ur n ,

0 br ahm an . Hear ken whil e I tell thee of Kini -pm‘ush a and

th e other continents .

C ANT O L X .

T he d escrip tion of t he E ar th conctwde d .

M é r ka z
q ye a bri efly d es c
r i bes the conti nents , Kim - ur us ha
p
Hart-earshot, I td vrita, Rahrtyaka a nd H e m p-mage , and thei r
i nha bi tants .

Mar kandeya s poke

n
'

1 will tell thee, o brah man what the conti ent Kim
‘

pur us h a i s ; W h er e m en wi th r ea l bod ies live ten thousand

years ; wh er e m en and wom en ar e ind eed free fr o m s i ck nes s

"

and f ree fr om sorro w, and t her e the fi g -tree * is called s h and a ;

it g r ows v ery high, it 18 like a g r ove 1 T hos e m en ar e al ways
.
‘

d ri nki ng the Juice of i ts fr ui t ; and th e women ar e bor nwi th

‘

la s ting youthfulness and are frag r a nt as th e lotus 1 . .

Nex t to Kim -pur us ha i s mentioned Hari -var s h a Th ere

“

m ankind are b orn of the appearance of gold ; they all d e

s cend th er e fr om the wor ld of the g ods, and are s haped like
th e g od s in all r espects I n B ari -varsha all th e m en q uaff
.

fine sugar -cane j ui ce ; nei ther old age amicts them th er e , nor
'

d o they s uff er fr om d ecay at all ; and they live in tr uth for

th e w h ole of their tim e fr ee fr om k
s i c n ess .

1 h a ve m entioned I lav ri ta, which is i n th e sed ate, th e

continent of M er u T he s un d oes not burnthere, nor d o m en
.

s uffer from decay ; a nd they do not g rasp at s elfis h g ains .

§
P taJcs ha . 1 m aesm m ap .

I Utp a la- gand h/tkd h3 this »

word , n euter, als b m eans a sp ecies o f s a
'
nd al of
the colour of br as s and very fr agrant .

word s with
'
i tma
L abhante ne ca it seems im pos sible to take these
' '
’
r a am ayaa c and ra-sd r' h
'
yayo .
 w i vnrm , nAnr AxA AND ni nAN-M AYA . 39 1

The ra s
y o f the m oon and th e sun, o f the cons tellations an d

planets ther e are the s ublim e lus tr e of M er u M ankind ar e .

bor n ther e br ig ht as the lotus fl ower , fr agr ant as the lotus

flow er ; t hey f eed on th e j ui ce o f the j am bu fr uit ; and
their e es
y ar e as wid e as th e lo tus l eaf . A nd their li fe
ther e las ts for thir teen th ous and yea1 s . T he 1 e i s a s aucer

Sh aped e x ans e in the m id d le of M er u * i n I laV ri ta ; th er ei n

p
is the g reat m ou ntai n M 6 1 11 ; th us 1s m ad e kno wn I lavri ta .

Nex t I will tell of th e co ntin e nt Ram yaka ; hear ken ther eto .

And ther e th e gr een-leav ed I nd i an fig -tr ee f i s th e lo fty tr ee .

And the p eop le there p as s th eir tim e d r i nki ng th e j u ice of i ts

f r ui t. T h er e th e m en who eat i ts f r ui t li ve for ten thous an d

year s ; th ey ar e p r e -e m i nent for s e x u al pleas ur es and ar e

p ur e t h ey ar e f ree fr o m o ld ag e a nd i ll od our s .

A nd n or th of that i s th e continent fam e d by n am e as

Hira n-m aya ; w h er e th e r i v er H ir an -

v ati g leam s w ith ab un
d a nt l otus es
.
. M a nkind th er e are bo r n w ith gr eat s tr en g t h ,
full o f v i g o ur , wit h lar ge b o d ies , e m ine ntly good , w ealthy and

b enig n of look .

C ANr o L X I .

’
T he S tory o f the B r ahm a n i n the S vd rac i s ha
M a nva ntar a .

M d r ka nd eya begi ns the r ela ti on f the S ci r oc i s ha M a nvan

o

o a m agi c oi nt ment app lied

tar a — A young br ahma n, by vi r tue f
to hi s vi s i ts the H i m ala ya m ounta i ns i n ha lf a d ay — T he
feet ,

scener y ther e d es cr i bed — H e wi s hes to r etur n hom e, but the m agi c

oi ntm ent has been d issol ved by the s now, a nd he loses his wa y

T he Ap s ar as Va r uthi ni m eets him , and fa lli ng i n love wi th hi m

begs hi m for hi s love — He r efus es a ll her entrea ties , and a t
length app ea ls to the geir hap a tya fir e to help hi m hom eward .

Kraus h tuki s p oke

T h ou h as t d uly r el ate d w hat th ou w as t as ked , 0 gr eat m uni ,

F or m er u-ma d hye r ead m eru-m ad hya .

1 Nyag-r od ha,
‘
F icus ind i ca .
39 2 CANT O L XI .

na mely, th e cons ti tution of th e ear th , ocean, &o , th eir d im en

.

s i ons , al s othe pl anets and th eir d i m ens ions , and th e cons titu
t ion of t he cons tellati ons , a nd th e b hli r-loka and th e o ther
wor ld s , an d all the Lower Reg ions A nd thou has t d eclar ed
“

th e S véyam bbnva M anv antar a to m e, O m uni . Next I wis h

to h ea r about the M anvantara s which s ucc eed e d that, th e
d eities w ho r uled ove r th e M anv antaras , the ris his , and the
ki ngs wh o wer e their s ons .

M ar kand eya s poke

I h av e m ad e known to th ee th e M anv antar a which i s

c alle d S v éyam b h uva . Now n ex t to that hear about a nother

which i s nam ed after S v aroéis h a fi‘

T h er e lived a cer tain br éh m a n em inent am ong th e d vij as

i n th e to wn Ar unas pad a on the bank the V aruné ; a nd h e
of

s ur
p as s ed the As vi ns f in beauty o f for m He was g entle
.

in d i s p o s i tion , upr ig ht i n cond u ct, h e h ad s tud i e d all th e

V ed as V ed angas ; a lways gr acious to g ues ts , h e w as

and

th e r efuge o f all pers ons wh o arri v ed at nigh t N ow h e .

h ad thi s i ntention, I wi ll s ee th e ear th whi ch h as m os t

char m i ng for es ts and gard ens , and i s em bellish ed wi th m any a
”
to wn .

N ow a g ues t once arr ived at h is ab od e, wh o was

cer tai n

a cq uai nted wi th t he power s of var i ous m ed icinal h er bs , and

s kille d in th e m ag ic ar t Now being r eques te d by th e form e r,

.

w h os e m ind was pur i fied by fai th , h e d escr i bed to him both

cou n tr ies and ch ar m ing towns , f or es ts , ri ver s , i and m oun

tai ns , and h oly s anctu ar ies . T hen th e f orm er filled wi th

a s to ni s h m ent s ai d to tha t b es t of br ah mans , I n that th ou
“

has t s een m any countr i es th ou ar t not wor n wi th e xcess iv e

toi l, tho u ar t not very old i n l if e, nor h as t thou lon

g p as s ed
thy youth ; h ow d ost th ou roam the ear th in a short ti m e,

0 br ahm an

' ’
'
F or sva r oc i s hii khyam r ead s vaxroc i s hd khyam
'

one wh o s ur p ass es th e two Asvins

1 Aty-aivi n ca , 13 m g S ir
.
s ee

M M onier W i l a s Gr amm ar, r ule 1 2 6 i

’
.
- l i m .

I F or nad yah read nad i h .

 nr scni rn or or run HI M ALAYAS . 393

T he br ahm an s poke

B y th e power of s pells and m ed icinal h erbs m y cours e i s

r end er ed free, 0 brahm an ; v eri ly I tr avel a thousand yoj anas
i n half a d ay .

M ar kandeya s poke

13 T h en the br ahm an m ad e him thi s ans wer in r eturn with d ue

1 4: r es p ect, believing th e w or d of that wis e brahm an, Ad or
able S ir , gi ve m e the fav our th at com es from the power of
”
15 s p ells I ha ve an intens e d es i r e to s ee th i s earth A nd.

th at br ah m an of i ntell ect gave him an ointm ent

exalted

f or th e f eet ; and ofier ed car efu l counsel 1 r egard ing th e

r egi on which th e other m enti oned .

Now th e br éhm an, with hi s feet anointed by the oth er ,

w ent to s ee the H im a-v at r ang e , wh ere m any a cas cad e
17 p ou r s d ow n, 0 bes t of d v ij as , f or h e thought, S ince I can

i nd eed tr avel a thous and yoj anas in h alf a d ay,1: I will cer
”
18 tainly r etur n in the oth er h alf of i t He r each ed the top
.

of Him a-v at, not m uch fatig ued in bod y, 0 brahm an . T h en

he r oam ed ab out th er e o v er th e s urf ace of the snowy m oun

19 tai n . Now th e ointm ent on his feet, which was extr acted

fr om the ch oices t m edi cinal h er b s , b ecam e was h ed off by th e

20 m elti ng s now which a ccum ul ated on hi s feet T hereup on .

h e g r ew sl ack i n hi s walk , as he w and er ed about hith er and

thither H e s aw th e p eaks of th e s nowy r ange wh ich m os t
.

21 fascinate th e mind . z
Ga ing at those p eaks which ar e lov ed
of the S id d has and Gand h ar vas , and where the Kin-naras
d is por t th em s elv es , whi ch ar e d eligh tful here and th er e for
th e g od s and other heavenly bei ngs ,
pl ay and p asti m e am ong
and whi ch wer e th rong ed w it
h hund red s of bevies of heav enly

A s ar ases the br ahm an, whos e h air s tood erect wi th d elig h t,

p ,

23 was not s atiated , O m uni . Filled with h e g az ed

rap ture

atth e m igh ty m ountai n r ang e H i ma -vat, whi ch in one place

captiv ated hi m with the f all of th e br oken water fro m a

n
F or fi d -d had hd no r ead fi nd -d ud ki no .

1 Abhi -mwntraydmd sa ; this m eaning is not given to the verb i n the

d i ctionary 1: F or d ini d d hana read d indr d d hma,
39 4 cs N'
ro

torrent, and whi ch in a noth r lace was m ad e r esonant with

e p
th e cr ies of p eacocks ;a s
.
,
they d anced , and which was thr onged
here and ther e with p ied cres ted euckoosfi lapwings and
other p retty bir d s , and with cock koils and humming b ees ,
w hich cap tiv ated t he ear , and wh i ch w as fanned by br ee z es
p erf um ed w ith s cents fr om t rees th at wer e i n ful l blos s om .

A nd atter v ie wi ng th e m igh ty m ountai n Him a-vat as i t

thus w as , the yo ung br é h m an r es olv ed t o g o h o m e war d s ,
i ntend ing to s ee i t aga in th e next d ay Now h e h ad los t th e .

o i ntm ent fr om hi s feet , hi s s tep w as s l ow by r eas on of h is

long walkin g, h e p ond er ed “ W hat i s thi s acted I h ave
un wi s ely, if the oint m ent i s d es tr oye d , h avi ng d is s olve d off

m e b y th e m el ted s now ; and this m ountain i s ver y d ifficult

of acce s s , and i t is a lo ng d i s tance that I h av e com e he r e . I
s hall s ufier lo ss i n m y r i tes . Ho w s h al l I kind le a fir e and do
m y d utif ul ho m age an d all e ls e tha t is needful I have fallen
into a terr ible s tr ai t . T hi s is ch ar m in
g ! th a t i s ch ar m ing
with m y s ig ht s o engr os s e d on this fine m ountai n, I s h all not

be sati ated e ve n i n hu n d r ed s of year s . T h e m elo d io us talk o f

th e Ki n-nar as rav is h es m y ea rs a ll ar ound , a nd m y nos e ea er l
g y
s e eks th e s cents f ro m the tr ees that ar e in full b los s om , and
t he b r e e ze i s d elig htf ul to the tou ch , and the fruits
’
ar e full of

j uice ,
and th e ch ar m in g lakes for cibly cap tiva te th e m i nd .

I n th es e ci r cum s tances th en if I ma y ch ance to s ee s om e

”
a s ceti c, he m y po
a i n t out the r oad for m e to go hom e war d .

M ér kandeya s p oke

T he b rah m an, reflecting s o , w and e red

yet on th e s nowy
m ountain ; h av i ng los t th e efficacy of the m ed icinal her b s
f rom h i s feet, h e s ank i nto i ntens e fatig ue And V ar ut hini .
-

s aw him , th at g ood ly m u ni, as he w as wand eri ng ; s h e a

ch oi ce Ap s ar as , of h igh s tati on, the d aug hter

of M filid j and
b eauteous i n s hap e A s soon as s he sa w h im V ar lithini
.

pag e 2 9 note 7
‘
O d taka s ee .

1 M au leyd . T he d ictionary g ives M auleya as the me of

na a people, but that
meaning s ee m s in appr opr iate h ere . As a pa tronym i c M auleyi would
ap pear
.

m or e cor rect S ee v er s e 4 6 b elow .

 A ARIN E AND AN APSARAS 395
‘
’

M .

f elt her h eart

:
d rawn tti vvard s that n ob le brahma n by l ove,
‘

in tr uth sh e was innned i ately filled w ith affection: S he

though t, Who th an is th i s , of mast fascinating appearance ?
‘ '
‘

M y birth m ay reach its r ewar d if h e d o not d espi se me. How

h and s ome hi s s h ape ! H ow g raceful hi s gai t ! How d eep his
'

z
g a e ! W her e i s th er e hi s equal on the ear th I h av e s een

th e g od s a nd th e D aityas , th e S id d has, th e Gand h ar vas nd

‘

th e Nagas ; h ow is it ther e i s not even one wh o r iv als th is

high -s ouled m an in fig ure I f h e s h ould fall i n lov e with
me as I have fa llen i n love with him , th e s tor e of m er it
which h e has acqui red m ay be attainable by m e h er e . I f he
r eall y l ovin -d a
y, then there
" ‘

s h ould cast a g g l ance on m e to

would b e no o th er w om an in the three wor l d s , who h as
”
g ai ned more meri t th an I .

M ar kandeya s poke

Se refl ecti ng th e h eav enly m aid en, wh o was s ick for lov e ,
“

s h o wed h er s elf in v er y lovely f or m . No w on s ee i t'

g
'
h er ,
l -forme V ar fithin i , th e young br ahm an appr o ach e d
g racef ul y d
with d efer ence and s poke thi s wor d Wh o ar t thou, O
m aid en bri g ht as the lotus -cup Or on wh om d os t tho u

attend i
" I am a br ahm an, I h ave com e her e f rom the cit y :

'

Ar uné s pad a
-
. T he by th e p ower of
o intm ent on m y fee t, . i -

whi ch I cam e her e, has p er i s hed being d is s olv ed by th e

melting s now h er e, 0 m ai d en of f ascinat ing glance

V ar ii thini s poke
‘

of high s tation ; I well

’

I am the d aughter of M 111i , am

known by nam e as V ar fithi ni .

I roam h er e at all ti m es .

i nd eed on thi s ch arm ing m ount ain B eing s uch I am com .

.

ll d b th i h t of th ee, O br ahm an, to d eclar e m y love

p e e y e s g .

D o thou enj oin m e wh at I m us t d o, I am now s ubm is s i ve

”
to th ee .

T he brahm an s poke

O benign s weet-s m iler , tell m e th e m eans whereby I may .

o to my o wn h om e L os s i s befa lli ng us in all our ac tions ,

g .

and los s befalls br ah m an iii the perpetual and

49 g rievcus
a -
39 6 CANT O L XI .

o ccas ional ceremonies . T herefor e, O l ad y, d o thou d eliver m e

fr om the Him alaya m ountains . A bs ence from hom e is nev er

comm end ed i n brahmans . I have not s inned , O ti m id one ;

i t was my curi osity to s ee other countries All actions and .

th e per petual and occasional ceremonies are accom pl is h ed by

a br ahman wh en h e s tays at hom e ; so they ar e los t if h e
d wells away from h om e . S uch as thou ar t, why s h oul d

I s ay m uch . D o then, 0 i llustr i ous lad y, so that I m ay s ee

my own abod e ere the sun sets .

V aruth ini spoke

S p eak not s o, illus tr i ous S ir ; l et not th at d ay com e for m e,

in which aband oning m e th ou sh al t r esort to th y o wn ab od e

Ah ! s ince h ea ven i s not m or e ch ar m ing , 0 young br ah m an ,

the gods ab od e we
aband oning wi ll s tay h er e S p ort
’
then .

i ng with m e on this beloved s nowy mountai n, thou th ys el f,

O my beloved , wi lt not r em em ber thy m ortal kinsm en S ei ed . z
and r end ered s u bm is si ve by love, I too will g ive th ee her e
g ar land s , g ar m ents , ornam ents , lo ving and d ai nty f oo d

and ung uents . Charm ing i s th e s ong of th e Kin -nar as ,

accom p anied with the s tr ai ns of the lute and fl ute the
br eez e bring s gl ad nes s to th e b od y th ere i s war m f ood , th e
water i s pure L onged for by the m ind i s the bed , fr agr ant i s
. .

th e ointm ent. Whi le th ou r em ai nes t h er e, illus t rious S ir ,

what m or e wilt th ou have in thi ne own h ouse W hi le thou
r em a ines t h er e, never will old ag e li g ht on th ee . T his i s th e
land th e thir ty god s i t g iv es f ullnes s to youth !
of H avi ng
S poken thus , the lotus -eyed m a id en, ful l of afiection, excl ai m

i ng sweetly B e thou gr acious s ud d enly embraced him

i n th e eagerness of her m ind .

T he br ahm an spoke
'
T ouch m e not go to s om e o th er m an wh o i s lik e thys elf,
O wor thless one I have been wooed 1 11 one way, thou ind eed
.

appro aches t m e in a very d ifierent way T he oblation to .

th e g od s , ofiered evening and m orning, sustains the eternal

a B hoksha, not in the di cti onary ; read bhpg w

 A B RKHM AN AND AN APSARAS . 39 7

world s the whole of these three world s is established on the

o blation to th e god s , O foolis h one !

V aruth ini s p oke

Am I not d ear to th ee , O br ahm an ? I s not th e m oun
t ain ch arm ing L eaving as id e the Gand har vas , th e Kin
n ar as and the others , wh om d os t th ou d es ir e ? S ur ely, Sir ,
th o u sh alt
go away fr om h er e to thy own abod e w ithout
d oubt ; enj oy wi th m e for a Very little while the d elights
th at are h ar d to be won .

T he br ah m an s poke

I conti nually d es ir e th e gar hapatya and th e two other

fir es the fir e-pl ace i s ch arm ing to m e ; m y d ear wife is th e
god d ess wh o d iff us es her self a bout m e "t .

V aruthini s poke

C om pas s ion, O br ah m an, is th e for em ost of th e good eig h t

qualiti es of the s oul ; wh y d os t th ou not d is play i t towar d s

m e, O cher is h er of truth and r ig h teousnes s ? F or saken by
th ee, I do not liv e ; and I am f ull of afieoti on for th ee ;
I s ay not this fals ely ; b e gr acio us , O glad d ener of thy fami ly !

T he br ah m an s poke

I f thou ar t in tr uth ful l of aff e ct ion , and d os t not s p eak to

m e out of m er e politenes s , th en t ell m e the m eans by whi ch

I m ay go to my own h om e .

V ar uthi ni s poke

S urely, S ir , thou sh alt g o away fr om here to thy own abod e

w ithout d oubt enj oy w ith m e for a v ery little while the
d elights that are hard to b e won !

T he br ah m an s poke

S trivi ng after d elights i s not at all com m end ed i n brahm ans ,

O V ar uth ini 1
‘
ea ch s triv i ng i n br ahm ans tend s to wearines s in

this worl d , and yi eld s no fr ui t after d eath .

Vistarasi . not in the d ictionary . 1 F or Vamithini read Vartthini .

39 8 CANT O L XI I .

V ar fithini s poke
'

I f thou s aves t m e who am at th e point of d eath , than wilt

h ave th e fr ui t of m erit it s elf in the nex t wor ld , and d elights
in anoth er life ; andth us the two thi ngs will p rocur e thee

pr os per i ty i n thi s wor ld ; if thou d os t refus e, I s hall d i e and

th ou wi lt i ncur s in .

T he br ahm an spoke
M y spiritual pr eceptor s have told m e that one s h oul d not
covet anoth er s w ife ; ther ef or e I l ong not for thee ; bewail
’

thy lov e or be thou with er ed

M ar ka nd eya s p ok e
H avi ng s poken thus , th e i llus tri ous br ahm an, s elf-contr ol le d

and pur e, touched water and pr os tr ating hi m s elf ad d r es sed

th e g ér h ap atya fire with this m utter ed p r ayer , O ad or able
Garh apatya fir e tho u ar t th e s our ce of all r i tes ; f rom thee
and th ee alone com e the ahav aniya fir e and th e d aks hi na
fire ! B y th e nour is hm en t
g iven by th ee the g od s s ubs is t
who caus e th e r ain, the cr op s and oth er benefits by th e cr op s ,
and them alone, th e wh ole w or ld s ubs is ts T h us thi s w or ld .

s ubs is tsth r ough th ee— by thi s tr uth I a dj ure thee that I m ay

s e e m y h om e to-d ay, er e s e ts the s un B y thi s tr uth I adj ur e
thee that I m ay b ehold th e s un to=d ay whi le I s it in m y
h ouse, so th at I m ay not neg lect the V ed i c r i tes a t the p r op er
tim e ! A nd that, as th e th ough t of and th e l ong ing for
'
good s and anoth er s wi fe h ave never
’
another s occur red to
m e, so this virtue m ay be per fected in m e

C ANT O L XI I .

About the S vé roc i s ha M anvanta ra

’
.

T he young br ahm an i s s uccoured by Agni a nd r eturns ho me

A Gan d harva Kali sees Varuthi ni d i sconsolate and in the guise

f t he brahman gains her

o love .

M ar kand eya s po ke

No w as th e yo ung b r ah m an thus s p oke , t he Gar ha at a

p y
F i re in s ooth app eared at hand up on his bod y ; and with i t
 T HE nxscousom r s APSARAS '
39 9
'

s urm ounti ng brim , h e s tood a m id a c ir cle of ligh t, and illu

m ined that place asif he wer e Ag ni in bod ily for m Now .

vehem ent l ove s ei ed upon th e heav enly m ai den as sh e b eh eld

z
the br ah m an, wh o s tood th er e in glori ous a form T h en so .

th e y oung br ahm a n}? S ur m ounted by that F ir e, i m m ed iately

s tar te d to g o as b ef or e ; a nd h e d epar ted in h as te while the

s lend en-s h aped h eav enly m ai d en g a ed after him as far as z

h er eye co uld r each , h er thr oat q ui ver ing with s i gh s T h en .

in one m om ent fr om that tim e th e br ah m an re ach ed his own

ab od e and p er form ed all th e r i tes a s h e h ad m entioned .

Now s h e, the b eauteous i n ev er y lim b , r em ai ned with s oul

and m ind clin ging fas t to hi m , of th e

pas s ed th e r em aind er
and

d ay and th e nig h t in
als o alm os t ceas eles s s ig hi ng . And
”
t he faultles s lya s hap e d ma id en s ighing a nd cryi ng
“
Ah ! A h !
continually , re p r oach ed h ers elf , O l uckles s one tha t I am
though h er eyes wer e f ascin at ing . Neith er in s por t, no r in
food , nor yet on d elig h ts om e for es t, nor o n the ch ar m ing
g l ens d id s h e th en fix her j oy S h e turned her d es i r e to
.

war d s a. pair of billi ng éakr avakas . F or s aken by hi m th e

finely-s h ap ed m aid en r epr oach ed her o wn youthful w om an

h ood , H ow happ ened it 1 th at I cam e to thi s m ountain,

‘

for cibly attracted by ev il fate ? A nd h ow h app ened it t hat

b e, s uch a m an as th at, cr oss ed th e r ang e of my eye If
that gr and m a n sh all not com e to m e to-d ay, ver ily the i ntoler

ab lefire of m y love for h im w ill cons um e m e a way . T he s ong

of the cock-koil wh ich w as s o d eligh tful , th i s s elf s am e s ong

wh en d i s united t fr om hi m is bur ning enough , as it wer e,

"
to m e to d ay - .

M ar kand eya s poke

T hus s he po ured for th h er wor d s , 0 bréh m an, § absor bed in

l ov e, and her p as s ion for him g rew e v er y m om ent the n .

F or d u and anah read d mga nand anah

a-n
- . 1 E va
‘
.

rh for hinani , to ag ree with mam

'

R d i f e hind '
I e a n p re er e nc

i -s atta mam b ut thes e wor d s s eem meaning

5 T h e te x t rea d s , J ag m
é a m u n

le ss fpomt hegc ontext .Jagd d a W i t-s ati am a s eem preferable, and I have
ventur ed to ad opt th e m i n the translati on .
400 CANT O L XH .

No w a Gandh ar va nam ed Kali w as enam oured of her , and

h ad been re ected
j by h er b efor e H e b eh eld h er i n that
.

condi ti on. T hen he p ond er ed , W hy now i s this V ar uthin i,

w ho m ov es gr acefully as an elephant, fad ed by th e hot
as

bla s t of sighi ng on this m ountai n ? H as sh e b een wo und ed

’
by s om e m uni s curse, or h as any one treated h er wi th d i s
h onour , s ince s he keeps on bed ewi ng her face cop i ous ly wi th
tear s T h en Kali thr ough cur i os it
y m ed i tated on th at
m atter f ull long , p er cei v ed th e
and truth by the p ower of
co ncent r ated th ought C om p r eh end ing th at m atter of th e
.

m unifi ? K ali p ond er ed ag ain, I h av e well accom plis h ed this ,

by r eas o n of for tunate a ct ions d one b efore . T hou gh o ften

e ntre ate d by m e who l ove h er , s h e, this v ery ma id en, r ej ected

m e ; t o-d ay I s hall g ai n her S h e i s in l ove wi th a h um an
.

b ei ng ; by v ir tue of that f act sh e s hall all-uns us p ecting ly

b es tow h er lov e on m e whi le I ass um e his s hap e . W hy
th en d o I d el ay

M arkand eya s p oke

T her eupon h e as s um ed th a t br ahm an s sh ape by hi s inher ent

’

p o wer , and m ov ed t o w h er e s its V ar u thini d is cons ol ate .

S eei ng hi m , a li ttle w id e g r ew th e eyes of the finely-s h ap ed

m a id en . In h er s lend er f or m s he approached h im and ex
”
cl ai m e d
“
Be kind ! ag ai n and ag ain ;
“
B ereft of th ee I
s h all as s ur ed ly aband on m y lif e ; th er eby thou wilt i ncur
v ery s or e un rig h teous nes s , and thy s acr ed cer em o ni e s will
com e to rui n. Joini ng w i th m e i n this char m in
g gl en
a m ong th e gr eat gl ens , th ou wi lt cer tai nly acquir e r i ht
g .

eous ne s s b y s aving m e L if e verily h as som e r em nant

.
f for
m e, O wis e br ahm an ! S ur ely th ou h as t r etur ned for that
”
r eas on , and bringest glad nes s to m y heart .

Kali s pok e
W hat am I d oing My cerem oni es s uffer har m while I
l ing er h er e . D os t th ou tell m e s uch a tale as thi s , 0 s lend er .

O r b etter perh aps, f or M a nell read M wne, 0 M uni .

'
1 F or s d vafes ham r ead c d vai es ham ? Av a-fiesha m ay apparentl be neuter
y
s ometim es .
 m ann er: or r e s Ar s m As wrr a A car ne li an .

wai s ted m aid en T her e for e I am fallen into a st rait . T hat) .

mus t d o " wh at I s ay, a nd n ot oth er wis e, if ther e i s to be

uni o n be t ween m e and th ee, l ad y, to-d ay -
.

V a r fit hi n i s poke

B e ki nd I W hat thou s ayes t , th at I wi ll d o for th e e without

fal s e h ood — I s ay t hi s wi tho ut f ear— wh ate ver I m us t d o no .
w
fo r t h y s a ke .

K ali s
po k e
T hou m u s t not ga z e on m e w hil e we m eet i n union in th e
wo od to d a y ; th o u m u s t clos e th ine eyes , 0 la d y wi th beauti
-

ful br o ws , th e w h i le th o u d os t uni te wi th m e .

V ar uth i ni s
poke
’
S o be i t as t is g oo d to th ee As thou w is h es t, so let it be
T r uly I m us t r e m ain s ub m i s s i ve t o th e e no w i n e v er y way .

C ANT O LX I I I .

A bout the S vd r oo i s ha M a nva ntar a

’
.

T he Ap s a r a s Va n ana s ha d by the Ga nd ham K a li a s on who

wa s na m ed S va r oo t s — H e d eli v er ed a m ai d en M ano r a m and her
' ' ‘ ’

- -

f a ther the t yd -d har a I nd i va r a

f r om a. curse— a nd m ar ri ed her .

M ar ka nd ey a s poke

T h e n w i th he r he s p or te d on m o un tai n t o ps , whi c h
c h ar m e d t he h ear t wi th t hei r b l os s om i ng for es ts , an d m id s t
ch ar m i ng l a kes , and in pl ea s an t gle ns , a nd on s a nd b a nks hr -

th e r i ver s , and in o t her d e li g h ts o m e p laces , w i t h m err y

h ear t, 0 br ah m an . W i th eyes clos ed fas t d uri ng th ei r e m .

b r aces , s h e th oug ht by r e as on of h is ar d our th a t h is fo r m wa s

th at o f the young br d hm a n s ur m o un ted with fir e T h en af ter a .

ti m e s h e co n cei ved a ch i ld , 0 b e s t of m uni s ; i t took i ts for m

fro m t he Ga n d h arv a
’
s e ne r g y an d her d welling i n though t on

F or kar os hi read kur us h va 3

402 CANT O L XI I I .

'
th e b r ahm an . T h en h e ha vin g s oo th e d V ar li thi ni in h er
’

p re
g na nt con d i ti on d e p a r ted , s ti ll a s s u m i ng t he b rah m an s

s hap e ; she g a v e hi m a lov i ng d is m i s s al .

T he chi ld w a s b o r n a b oy, w it h a S p l e nd o ur li ke th e b la i ng z
or b o f li g h t, illum i n a ting all th e o f th e s ky w i th h i s
g io ns re

own lus tr e like th e su n . B ecau s e h e s h i nes w i th hi s o wn

lus tr e, * like t h e s un , by t he
th e b oy b ecam e th e r efor e f a m ed

ap pr o pr i a te nam e S v a -r o é is A n d t h e noble boy g r e w d ay.

b y d ay i n ag e a n d w i th a m ulti tu d e of g o o d q ual iti e s , j u s t

as th e n ew m oon i n cr eas es w ith its d a ily i ncr em en ts ; h e
ac q uir e d s kill in ar c h e r y, a n d lear nt th e V e d a s in d ue or d er

a nd th e s ci e nces ; t h en t h e n ob le boy e nt er e d on th e p er iod

o f ear ly m an h oo d .

O n ce up o n a ti m e , w h i l e h e w h o w a s f a s ci nati ng in h i s
w ay s w as r o am i n g on .
M o u nt M an d ar a , h e s aw a l on ely
S eei ng
’
m a id e n h el pl es s w i th fe ar on th e m o un ta i n s s lo p e .

hi m , a t o n ce s h e u tte r e d t he w o r d s S av e m e F ear n ot !
he e xc lai m e d to h er w h os e eyes w er e fl o od e d wi th f ear ;
W hy i s th i s s ai d t h e h ig h - s o ul e d yo uth i n h er oi c s pee c h .

T he re up o n she
g a v e hi m . thi s a cc ount, i n w or d s broken by
h er p al pi tating b r ea th .

T h e m a id en s
p o ke
I am in d eed th e d au g h ter of the V id ya- d h a r a I n d i v ar a ,
M m aby n a m e I was b o r n of M d h a nv an
’
a n o -r a ar u -
s d a ug hter .

V i bh a-v ar i d a ug h ter of t he V id ya-d h a r a M an d ara w as m y

K ala at i , th e m uni P ar a
’
f r ie nd , and -v d a u g h t er , w a s m y o th er
s

f r i end . W i th th em I w e nt t o Kail as a s lofty i s 10 p e

’
T he r e '
.

I s aw a cer tai n m uni e x c e ed i n

gly thi n w as hi s face t h r ou g h
h is aus te ri t ies , w a s t e d was hi s n ec k t hr ou g h h ung er , v i g ou r
l es s w as b e, d eep s u nk w er e th e pupils o f hi s eye s I l au g h e d .

at hi m , an d t h en h e g r ew enr a g e d an d c ur s e d m e, i n a ver
y
i n fir m v oi ce and w i th hi s s h oo t-l ik e lo w er lip s o m e wh a t

q ui v er ing I S i n ce th ou h as t l aug h ed a t m e, O i g n o bl e a nd
ba d as cetic m aid en , a Raks h a s a s h a ll th ere for e o ver com e thee

'
S va -r oc ibhir .
i F or a tta m a m r ea d u tta m a m .

' '
1 F or kir mi t-ha lp i td d ha r a -p allaoal_
‘

z read kw o i t ka m i td d har a - a lla va

'

p h
-
p
 M ANO -RAM KS ’
sroar . 403
'

in no l o ng ti m e i n d eed B ut w he n th e cur s e w as p r o
‘

no u n ce d , my t wo f r i end s up b r a i d ed the m u ni F ie !
th r o ug h th y W an t f or b ear a nce , d o ne i s th y b r ahm an h ood ,
of

d o ne all th in e a us ter i ti es ! T h o u ar t vi o late d th r ou g h t hy

wr a thf uln e s s , th o u a r t not g r ea tly w or n o ut t h r o ug h a us
te ri ti es . T h e d we ll i ng - pl ace of f o r b ear ance i s v er il
y b r ah
m a n h ood
-
th e con tr ollin g of w r ath i s th e
p erf or m a nce of
au s te r i ti es . H ea ri n g t hi s t he gesa o f m eas u r e le s s
g lo ry
cu r s ed b o th of th e m al s o , L epr os y i n th e lim bs s ha ll lig ht
‘

o n o ne o f
yo u , a n d co ns um pti o n o n th e o th e r . E x ac tly as

he s a i d , i t b e fe ll t he m b o th i m m e d i at e ly .

So on my tr a c k a ls o a m i g h t ly Rék s h as a i s a
p pr oaching .

D ost th e n no t h ea r hi s lou d r o a r , as h e th u n d er s f or th, e v en

clo s e at h a nd ? i s th e th ir d d ay th at h e qu its no t m y
T o -d ay

b ac k . N ow o u t of a ll th e m ul ti t ud e o f w e ap on s I g i ve th ee
t h e w eap on w hi c h s tr ik es to th e h ear t ; s a v e m e f r o m thi s
R ak s h as a , O hig h - i n d e dm yo u th ! R ud r a
, w ho w i e ld s t h e

b o w P in é k a , him s elf g av e i t to S v ayam b h uv a o r ig inally ;

S v aya m b h uv a g av e i t to V as i s h tha th e chi ef o f th e S i d d has
’

h e m or eo ver g a ve i t to C i t r ayud ha , m y m o th er s f a th er ;
’ ’

h e ag ain, as fa t he r -in -l aw , h im s e lf g a v e i t to m y fa ther as

a w ed d ing g i ft . I , t h o u gh a m aid en , l ea r n t, 0 h er e fr om m y
f ath er how to us e thi s H ea rt of all w e ap on s , w hi ch d es tr oys

ev er y f ee . T his i s i t, t ak e i t qu i ck ly , the es s en ce o f all

w ea po ns , th e n s l ay th is v il e -s o ule d R éks ha s a wh o h a s
. com e

i nto co nfli ct w i th s acr e d s p el H '

M ar kandeya sp ok e
”
Y ea ! q uo th h e , a nd s h e s p r ink ling water on i t
th en

g av e hi m th e H e ar t o f w ea pon s tog e th er w ith th e s p ell for

s to pp i ng i ts s e cr e t v i r t ue .

I n this i n ter va l app ea r ed that Raks h as a T h en w i th ap a ll .

i ng as p ec t, a n d r o ar i ng w ith a l o ud r o ar , he c am e ha s tily on .

H e looke d a t t h at d em on w h o w as e x clai m i ng O v e r p o we r e d
by m e, to w h at d o s t th ou r es o r t for d eli v e r an ce C om e

Ati -kar s hi ta h or , th ou ar t n o t g r ea tly at trac ted by aus ter iti es .

1 B r a hm a -s am d ga tam .
404 CANT O L xm .

s p ee dily to m e W ha t good i s i t to d elay thy bei n g d e v oured

S eei n g hi m at h an d , S va -r oé is th ough t, L et hi m s ei e her , z
’ ”
so will th e g r eat m uni s w or d beco me tru e with r e g ar d to her .

T h e R ak s ha s a ap pr oachi ng w i th h as te s ei ed z the m a i d en of

b eau teou s w a i s t, as s he w a s p i teous ly b e w ailin g , S a ve m e ,

S av e m e T hen S v a -r o éi s e nr a
g ed look ed a t th e acti v e a nd
m os t ter ri ble w ea pon , an d
p lun g i ng it int o th at Raks h a s a
looked on i t wi th un w ink i ng e ye s . V anq uis h ed ther eby t he

ni g h t-s talki ng d em on th en quitte d h er an d s aid B eg r a ci ous !

l et t he w ea p on b e k ept i n p ea ce , a nd h ea r k en I h av e b e e n
d eli v er e d b y th ee , 0 m os t g lor i ous her o f r om a v er y g r i ev o u s
cu r s e, w h i ch w a s i nfli c ted b y wi s e a nd e x ce e d i n g ly fie r ce
B r ah m a -m it r a . I t is a b en efit ( no n e ot her g r ea te r can I
r ece i v e fr om th e e, O illu s tr i ou s her o I ) , w h er eb y I h av e b een
”
d eli ver e d fr om a gr eat an d m os t s o r e cu r s e .

S v a-r oéi s s p ok e

W hy w e r t th o u cur s e d
f or m er ly b y th e hi g h -s ou le d m u ni
B r ahm a -m i tra , . and w ha t kind of cur s e w as i m p r e cat e d on thee Z

T h e Raks ha s a s p ok e

T h e br ah m an B r ah m a -m i tr a ha d m as ter e d th e t hi r t e en
s e ct i ons o f t h e A t h ar v a V e d a , a nd had j us t s tu d i ed t h e Ayu r
v ed a w hi ch i s d i v id e d i n to ei g h t p ar t s A n d I w a s we l l
.

k n o wn b y th e na m e I n d i var a I wa s t he f a t h er o f thi s m a i d en .

I w as t he s on o f th e s w or d s m an N ala -n abh a k ing of th e

V id y a-d har a s . A nd at fir s t I b es o ugh t th e m uni B r ah m a

m i tr a ,
“
D ei g n , a d o r abl e S i r l f to co m m uni c a te to m e t h e
’
w h ol e o f t h e A ur v e d a B ut th o ug h e ntr ea t e d o ft e n b
y me
-
y .

r e m ai n e d b e n t w i th
w ho pe ct , h e d id n ot bes to w on m e th e
r es -

s ci e nce of th e A yur -v e d a , O h er o : t h en i nd e ed I g a in ed th e
'
s ci e n c e of th e A yur -v e d a , as h e w as c om m un i ca ti ng i t to h i s
d i s c ip l es , b y r en d e r in g m y s e lf i nv is i b le I O s i nl es s
, m an .
§
N o w w h en th e s ci en ce w as g ai ned a f ter a s of ei g ht
p a ce

'
F or tad a bhi bh d ta h r e ad ta d abhi bhni tah

f F or bh a g a v d n r ea d bha gav a n O r , f or a r ka s i r e a d a r ha ti
’

I F or a n tar d ha y a -g en a r ea d a n ta r d hd na -g ena
F or a na d ha r ea d an ag ha .
 r un e s uns
.
m vl m ni vAs A s
'
sr os r . 405

m onth s , I gav e way to ex ces s i ve and re peated fits of la ug ht er

o ut o f m
y g r ea t d e lig h t R ecogni i ng m e by the lau gh ter ,
. z
th e m u ni , e nr ag ed a nd w ith q u iver i n g neck s p ok e thu s to
m e i n h ar s h wo r d s S i nce th ou i n i nv i s ible form ,
like a

R aks ha s a , has t s na tch e d th e s ci e n ce fr o m m e , O e v i l- m i nd ed

on e , a n d d es p i s i n g m e h as t in d ulg ed in la ug h ter th er efor e

t ho u s h al t be a s s ur e d ly cas t o ut as a ter r ib le Ra k s h as a b y
my cu r s e , O w i ck e d o n e , a fter s e v e n n i g h ts . O n h is utter
i ng t hi s , I pr o p i ti a ted hi m b y p r os t r a ti ng m ys elf befor e him
a nd b
y oth e r a c ts of d e fer e nc e ; t h e b r ah m an w i th hi s m in d
i m m ed i a tely s o ft e n e d , s a id to me ag a in W hat I h a ve
u tt e r e d w ill a s s ur e d ly co m e to p a s s , 0 G an d ha rv a ; i t can no t

ha pp en o t h er wi s e ; b ut a f ter b eco m i ng a Rak s has a , tho u

s h al t r e g ai n th y ow n f or m , wh en with m em or y d ead and in

a n g er th o u s h al t w i s h to d e v o ur thy ow n child T h o u s h alt .

b e t u r n ed i nto a n ig h t -s ta lki n g d e m o n w h en s m ar ti ng wi th
’
t h e fir e of t hy child s w ea pon, t h ou s hal t ag ain o btai n t hy
o wn co ns c io u s n e s s , a nd r e co ver t hy own b o d y, a nd like wi s e th y
"
o wn s ta ti o n in th e Ga nd h ar v a w or l d . S i nce s uch I a m an d

I h av e be en d el i v er ed by th ee, O i llus tr i ous h e r e , fr o m

s i nc e

t his m os t f ear f ul d em on-co nd i tio n , t her efo r e p er for m m y r e

qu es t . T hi s m a i d e n g i v e I th e e a s w if e , accep t h er ; an d
tak e , 0 h i g h -m i n d e d m a n , t he w h ole o f th e Ayur -v ed a wi th
i ts e i g h t p ar ts , w hi ch I a cqu i r ed fr o m bes i d e th a t m u ni .

M ar kand eya s p oke

H av ing so s poken h e , g l e am ing in h eaven ly r ai m en t , be

d ecke d w i th g a r l a nd s an d or n am e n ts , an d b ear i ng hi s p r is

tin e h ea v enly b o d y, b es tow ed th e s ci en ce . A f ter b e s tow ing

th e s c i e nce , he n ex t pr oceed e d t o g i v e h is d aug h ter . T h en

th e m ai d en s p oke to h er fa th er who h a d g a in ed h is o wn for m , re

A lth ou g h lov e 1 h as s pr un g u p ex ce ed in g ly w i th m e , ev e n a t
“

fir s t s ig ht , for th is hi g h -s ou led m an , w h o i s e s p ecia lly m y

b en efa c tor , O fa th er ; y e t this m a i d en is m y f r i en d and th at on e al
s o, th ey ar e afflic te d w ith p a i n f o r m y s ake hen ce I d o no t d es i re

F or rd ks ha sena i va re a d r dh s has en ev a H e was a Gand h a r va th e n .

1 F or a nar d g o r e ad a nu r a g o
'
4 06 C ANT O mm .

to g ratify m ys elf i n d elig h ts wi th th i s m an . S uch bas enes s

c a n not b e d i s p l aye d ev e n b y m e n h ow s h all a. w o m an li ke m e

be hav e so w i th t hi ng s p le as i ng to h er d is p os i ti on . S i nce s u ch

I am a nd s i nce th os e t w o m aid en s ar e a ffl icte d w it h p ain f or

my s ak e , O fa th e r , I w ill li k ew i s e r e m ai n in t h eir p a i n, bu r n t
w ith th e fir e of th eir g r ief .

S v a -r oé is S p oke

B y th e fav our the Ayur -v e d a I w ill m ake thy tw o fri e nd s

of

f r es h a g ai n, r em ov ing th y g r ea t g r ief , O m ai d en w i th b ea uti

f ul w ais t .

M ér k and ey a s p ok e

T hen S v a r oc i s m ar ri ed th at b e au te ous -eye d m ai d e n , w h om

h e r f at h er hi m s elf g av e , a ccor d i n g to t h e r i t es o n th at m o un
ta i n A n d h a v i ng co m for ted
. th e p r o ud m ai d en th en g i v en
a wa ,
y th e Gan d h a r v a d ep ar t ed t h en t o hi s o wn ci ty b y a
h eav enly co ur s e .

'
al s o , acco m
A n d t hen S v a is pani e d by th e s len d er m a i d e n,
-
r oc

w e nt t o th at g ar d en , w h e r e th e p air o f m a id e ns d welt s p eech

l es s a nd d i s e a s e d 1 th r ou g h t h a t cur s e . T h en un co n q u er e d

S v a -r oé is , kno wi n g t h eir c on d it io n a ccur a tel

y , b r ou g h t t h em
b oth back t o h e alth y b o d y b y m eans of
a m e d i ci n es an d po

ti on s w hi ch cu r e d i s ea s e T h e n th e t wo m aid ens , m ost

.
re

s p l e n d e nt , fr eed fr om d i s eas e , b e au tiful, r e nd er e d th a t m o u n

ta i n m or e l um i n o us i t ha n t he re
g i on s of th e s ky b y th eir ow n

b eau ty .

C ANT O LXI V .

'
Abou t the S v d r oc i s ha M a nvan ta r a .

Vibhd - var i a nd K a ld -va ti then tell S va -r o

'
o is thei r s tor — a nd
y,
he m a r r i es them both .

'
d ntya i
’
F or a bhi -s r ea d a bhi - a ntv a
y
’

1 A g a d a tu r am a c om p oun d ad j ectiv e f r om a -ga d a a nd d tur a .

x Uj j yoti
- no t i n th e d i c tionary .
 r ns
'
S PE E C H or T HE MAID EN S TO SVA-R
'
oo i s . 40 7

M ar kande
ya s poke
No w th e m ai d en , b e i ng t hus f r e ed fr om h er d i s eas e an d

fill e d wi th j oy , s p ok e th us to S va -r o éi s r
'

H e ar m y w or d ,
0 lor d . I am th e d aug ht er of th e V id ya-d h a r a M an d ar a ,
f am e d by n am e as V ib ha-v ar M O m y b e ne fac to r , I off er thee
"

m y v ery s elf , d o t ho u . ac ce t m e
p A n d I w il l g i v e t hee
.

k no wled g e , b y w h i ch th e u tter an ces of all cr ea te d thi ng s s hal l

b ecom e m an if e s t t o th ee . B e th ou f av o ur ab ly i n cli ne d

M ark a nd ey a s p ok e

S o b e it I s ai d S v a -ro m s , w i s e i n r ig h teou s nes s . A n d th e n

th e s e con d m aid en s p oke th e s e w or d s
“
A you th ful br ah m a - o ar i n w as m y fa ther , by n a m e Par a ,
a b r ah m ar s hi , e x c ee d i n gly i llus tr iou s , th or oug hly le ar n ed i n
t he V e d a s and V e d é rl g as . For m er ly in a s p r in
g
éti m e whi c h
,

w as ch ar m i n g by r ea s on of th e s ong s of th e m al e k oi ls ,
an A p s a r a s k n ow n as P ufij ika~ s ta n a ap
p r oa ch e d n ear hi m .

T h e n th e n ob l e m uni w as m o ve d so th a t h e c ou ld n o t b ut

s pe ak o f B y th ei r uni on I w a s b or n of h er on th i s g r e at
lov e .

'

m o un ta i n M y m ot her ab an d on ed m e , a g ir l, all a l o ne , i n thi s

.

’
d es o l a t e f or es t o n th e ear th s s ur fa ce , w hich s w a r m s w i th
s n ak es an d w i ld an d w en t a w ay . S i nce t h e n b ei n g
’
n o ur i s h e d d aily by th e m oon s i n cr e a s i ng p ha s es , w h i c h c a us e
w an e t o w a x a g a i n i , I h av e g r o w n u p, 0 b es t of m en H e n ce .

K al é -v a ti § i s th e n am e w hi ch m y h i g h -s oul e d f a th er g a v e m e

w h en h e t ook m e . M y h i g h -s o uled f a ther , w h en s oli ci te d by a

G a nd h a r va , d id no t g iv e m e w h o a m b ea uti f ul of f ace “ in
m ar r i a ge to him th e n , h en ce h e w as c ur s e d fif by A li th e foe of

F or wv d c
’
e d a. r e a d uva c ed a m
'

”
1 T he r e s p l e nd ent
'
.

I K ald bhir r a r d d ha 'n tz bhtr a v a -ks hay am . T he a ll us i on a p p ear s to be to th e

w ax ing of th e m o on a ft e r i ts w aning .

th e m o
’

P o s s e s s i ng th e d i g i t s of on .

’ '
F or s u bhdm an d, r ea d s ubhd n a na.
H
fir F or s a p ta s r ea d 5ap ta s .

3“ O r , A lt, as t h e tex t m a y b e r e ad . T hi s n a m e i s not in t h e d i cti o nar y,

’

and I h a ve not m e t wi th i t e l s ewh er e . A lt m ay h o we ver be ta ken as an

40 8 C ANT O L xl v .

th e g o d s p er is h e d
an d I w as a b out to d es tr oy m ys elf th en
f r o m ex c es s i ve d esp ai r S am bh u
' ’
. s w if e S a ti w h o i s tr u e t o
h er p r o m i s e s pr e v ented m e , by s ayi ng, Gr iev e no t , b ea uteo u s
b r o w e d m ai d en ; t h ou s h alt h av e an i llus tr i o us h u s b a nd by
n am e S v a -r oéi s , an d thy s on by hi m s h al l be a M a nu . A nd
all th e N i d h i s f s h a ll s ub mi s s i v e ly ob e
y thy com m a nd , a nd
s h a llg i v e t h ee w ealth acco r d ing t o th y d es i r e , O b eau teou s
on e ! T a k e , m y ch ild , th e kn o wl e d g e b y th e p ow er o f w hi c h

thou s ha lt s u cceed ; th i s k n o w l e d g e i s ca ll e d P a d m i n i, i t i s

gr e a tly w or s h i pp ed b y M a h a p a d m a S o s pa ke to m e
’
- .

D a ks h a s d au g h ter S ati, w h o i s d e v o ted t o tr uth

’
T h o u a rt .

S va ro
-
é is i n s oo th — th e g od d es s wi ll n o t s p ea k am is s . I no w

o ffe r th a t k no wl ed g e a nd m ys e lf i n m y tr ue f or m to thee wh o

h as t g i v e n m e life ; d o th ou r ece i v e them w i th favour

”
beam i ng fr om thy fa ce on m e
‘

M ar kand eya s p oke

S o be it s a id h e to t he m a i d en Kala-v a t i . T he lo v i ng

g l a nc e s of V i bh a-v ar i an d Kal a-v a ti ur g e d him on to j oy;

an d h e , l us trou s as t he i m m o r ta l s , t hen took t he h a n d s of b o th
in m a r r iag e , whil e hea v enly m us ical ins tru m e n ts s o un d ed

o ut and th e A p s ar as e s d an ced .

C ANT O L X V .

'
A bout the S v d r oc i s ha M a nva ntar a .

'
S va -r oc is li ved i n p lea s ur e wi th hi s wi ves ti ll a r ous ed by a

i betw een two bir d s , d by

’
co nve rs a t on an a d eer s r e m ar ks .

M é r kand eya s p o ke

T h e n h e , lus tr o u s as th e i m m o r tals , acco m

p a nied by hi s
w ives , liv e d i n p lea s ur e on th at hi g h m ou nt ai n w h er e w ere

ad j e cti v e m e ani ng
“
id le , w or th le s s and t h e t ex t r e nd er ed
“
by a W o r th les s
”
fo e o f th e g o d s , b u t th i s ca nno t r e f e r to the Ga nd ha r v a .

a
s T hi s p as s ag e s e em s e rr o neo us . Gau d ha r veua canno t be taken with
p i tr d (se e ve r s e 5) nor wi th d evd r i ua .

1 S ee
‘
c anto lxv iii .
 H APPI NE S S IN wnnnnn L I FE . 4 09

ch a r m i ng " b ein
w oo d s an d ca s ca d es . T h e Nid hi s fi g s ub ect
j
t hr o ug h the knowled ge P a d m in i , b roug h t g em s for ev er y ki nd
of j
en oym e n t, s w ee t s a nd m elo d i e s , g ar la n d s , r ai m ent,

or n a m ents , r ich ly s c e n te d un g ue nt , m os t b r illi ant g old en

g to h is d e s ir e , g ol d e n thing s ( illus tr ious S i r l) ,

s e a t s acco r d i n

po ts a n d v es s e ls , an d als o b ed s of d iv e r s ki n d s ar r ayed with

h eav e nly co ve r in g s T h u s accom p ani e d by th em , h e li ve d i n
.

p l e a s u r e a t hi s ow n l iking on th a t fine m ountai n , p e rf um e d

w i th h eav e nly o d o ur s a nd o th e r fr agr an ce ,

an d i l lum in at ed
w i th hi s l us t r e . A n d th e y j
e n o ye d s upr e m e d e li g h t , f or th at
they w er e w i t h h im , s p or ti ng on t hat h ig h m oun tai n ev e n as

i n S v ar g a .

A gre l a - o os e ? s aid t o a h en - (Sa kr a -v a ka w h o w as i n

y g g
s om e w at er , b ei n g m ov e d to d es i re a t th e d all ia nce a nd un ion
b e t w ee n hi m a nd t ho s e t wo wi ve s H ap py i s t hi s m a n,
e x cee d i ng m e r i t has h e , wh o i n th e h eyd ay of you th enj oys
ea
g er l
y d es i r e d d el ig hts w ith t h es e d a r li ng w i ves Y ou ng
- .

m en a r e w or th
y o f p r a i s e , t heir w i v es ar e no t of e xcee d in
g
b eau ty ; f e w ar e th e w iv e s a nd h us b a nd s of e x ce e d i n
g b eauty
i n t h e w or l d A m an d ea r ly l ong s for th e w om e n h e lo v es
a w om a n d es i r e s to ob t ai n a lo v er ; m o s t r ar e i s i t to fin d a

w ed d e d p a ir r ich i n m utu a l a ffe cti on H ap py i s thi s m a n .

w h o m hi s d a r li n g s lo ng f o r ; th es e wom en ar e in d ee d v e ry

d e ar t o h i m ; v e r i ly , i t i s am o ng th e h a ppy t h a t m utual
a fiec ti on e x i s ts H e a r i ng thi s pee ch
s u tt e r ed b y t h e g r ey
l ag -g oos e, t he h en- cak r a-v aka s ca r ce ly s ur p r i s e d i n m i nd
s p ok e to he r T h is m an i s no t h appy, b ecau s e m od e s ty
sp r i ngs n ot fr o m p r o xi m i ty w i th o t h er w o m en ; h e i s e nj o y
ing o ne or o the r o f t h e w o m en , hi s m in d d o e s n o t d well o n
’
a ll S i nce th e h ear t a ff ec ti o n h as o n ly o ne
o
f them . s b as is ,
m y f r i e nd , h o w th e n w i ll thi s m an b e aff ecti o n a te to s ever a l

w iv es T h e s e wom enbe lo v ed by t he i r h us b an d , n or
a re n ot

i s thi s h us b a nd b elov e d b y th e m ; th es e wom en a r e on ly j us t

an a m u s e m e nt as an y oth er a tte n d an t m i ht be
g A n d if h e .

i s d e s ir e d by th es e w om en, w hy t h en d oe s h e no t quit h i s

See ca n to lxvi ii . 1 Ka la hams i -

; see p ag e 30 no te

52
4 10 CANT O L XV .

lif e He e mbr aces s om e l ov ed w o m an , th e while h e i s in th e

'

t h o ug h t s of s om e o th er lo v i n g w om an . H e i s b ar ter e d at

t h e p r ic e of th e b es to w a l of k no wl e d g e , as i f h e w er e a s er

v an t . B ecaus e o f th e e x ci te m e nts fi afi ectio n

“ v e r i l y e x i s ts n o t

equ a ll y t ow a r d s m a ny w o m en 0 g r ey l ag -goo s e ! m y h u s
.

b a n d i s h appy, an d I i n d ee d a m h appy ; b e , f or h i s mi nd i s
fix e d s t ead f as tly on me a l on e , an d I , for m i ne i s on h im
”
al on e .

M ér ka nd eya s p o ke

S v a-r o oi s th e u n co n q u e r e d ,
un d e r s t an d in g th e s p eech of

all li v i ng cr e a tu r e s , on h e a r i ng th i s w a s a s ha m e d an d p on
”
d er ed , “
i t i s i n d eed t r ue , w i tho u t an
y f al s eh ood .

A f ter a h un d r ed ye ar s h a d p a s s ed f r om th a t t i m e , w h ile
s p or ti ng on t he g r e at m o un ta i n, w hi l e s p or ti n g wi th hi s w i ves
a r oun d hi m , h e s a w a bu ck i n f r o n t o f h i m , w i t h v er y
g l os s y
an d p l u m p li m b s , p layin g am ong a h er d o f d o es , an d s ur r o und e d

w i th d oes s h ap e d l ike he w a s , w hi ch w er e in th e
g ti m e t r u t ti n

T h e b u ck t h en s ai d t o t h e d oes w h o w e r e s ni ffi ng w i t h o ut
s tr e t ch e d n o s t r i ls , O y e char m in g d oes o ne s h o ul d b e ha v e w i th a

out b as hf uln es s ; b ut I am no t S v a - r o c is , n or a m I li ke h i m i n
d i s p o s i ti o n , O p r e tt y
-e
ye d d o e s ! M an
y h av e n o m o d es ty ; d o
No w a s o n e f e m al e w h o f o llo w s
ye , w h o go a r e s u ch , t o h im .

af te r m an y m al e s i s a l au g h i n g -s tock am on g m a nki n d , j us t

s o i s o ne m a l e , w h o i s g a z e d o n by m a ny f e m al es w it h l us tful

g la n ces He . s n fie r s lo s s f r o m d ay t o d ay i n hi s d eed s o f
r i h t eo us n es s an d h e is a l w ay s a tt a ch e d t o s o m e o t h er w ife ,
g
an d a d d i ct ed to o th er lov es D
.
y e l ov e s om
o e o th er , wh o i s
like th a t, w h o h as th at d i s p os iti o n, w h o t u r ns y fr o m t h e
aw a

f utur e w or ld ; i t wi ll be w el l f or y ou ; I a m n o t a r i v al o f
”
Sv a -r o éi s .

P ravar ta to .

1 thi s r ef er r ut ti n
’
'
Va s i ta bhih ap p ear s to t o th e g s e as on .
 '
T H E T H RE E SO NS or SVA Roo i s -
. 41 1

C ANT O LXV I .

A bout the S vd r oc'i s ha M a nva nta r a .

S
’
v a -r o c i s h ad thr ee s ons whom he s ettled in se
p ar a te ki ng
d om s , Vij aya i n a ci ty Vij a ya i n K a m a r itp a , M er u na n d a i n ’
‘ -

N a nd a va ti i n the N or th, a nd P r a bhci va i n T ci la i n the S outh

-
.

O ne d a y he m et the god d ess of a for es t , a nd ha d by her a s on

'
B ya ti m a t S vé r oc i s ha , who beca m e
’
-
a M a nu. — S va r oc i s , bei ng
-

a ga i n ad m oni s hed by a conver s a ti on between two d ucks , gi ves

hi m s elf up to a r eli i ous li e a nd d i es
g f .

M ar k and eya s p ok e

T hu s w er e t hos e d o es d i s car d ed by the bu ck S v a -r o c i s , .

h ear i n g i t , th oug h t h ow h e m us t h a v e f al l en ; a nd h e s et
h i s m i n d on qu i t ting thos e hi s wi ves , 0 b e s t of m un i s , s p oken
of a s h e h ad b ee n by th e h en - ca k ra -v ék a an d th e b u c k , an d
d es p is ed as he w a s for h i s a ni m a l beh a v i our fi“ Y e t o n ag ai n
m e et i n g w i th t h em , hi s l o ve i ncr ea s ed . C as ti ng a s id e th o s e
d i s p ar a g i n g s p eech es he s p or te d for s ix
h u nd r e d ye ar s B ut .

w h i le p er for m i n g th e w o r ks of r i g h teo u s n e s s w i t ho u t h in d

r ance t o r i g h t e o us n es s , w i s e S v a -r o éi s con ti n u es to j
en o
y
th e p l eas ur e s of s en s e wi th t h o s e w i ves .

A n d th en t h r e e s on s w er e b or n to S va-r oc i s , V i j aya , an d

an d m ig h ty P r a b hav a ; a nd I n d iv ara s d augh ter

’
M er u -
n an d a ,

M an o -r a m a g av e b i r th to V i j aya , V i b h a-v ar i to M er u -n an d a ,
an d K a la-v at i to P r abh év a A nd
by t h e p o w er of th e
.

k n o wl ed g e nam ed P a d m i n i d w hi c h a cco m p li s h es a ll p le a s ure s ,

‘

b e th e ir f a th er b ui lt thr e e ci ti es f or t he m . N o w h e g av e a

no bl e ci ty n a m e d V ij aya on a hil l i n K é m a r up a i i n t h e
-

E a s t er n re
g ion to hi s s on V ij aya at firs t ; an d he m ad e

M er u na nd a
-
’
s ci ty t h e fa m o us o ne i n t he n or th , calle d Nand a

M r i ga -c’ar yd .

1 S ee
‘
c anto lx v ii i .

I T h e we s ter n p or ti on of A s s am . A to w n on a hill th e r e can onl

y b e in
t h e H im alayas in th e N or th , or i n th e G ar o and Kh a s i a h i lls on t he S outh ;

n ei th er s eem s a like ly s i tuati on for a n ancie nt H i nd u cap i tal.

414 C ANT O v i .

t im e to r el in qui s h th e m h as co m e to m e an d th ee als o , 0
w ater -r o a m er I

T h e f em al e d u ck re
pl i e d
W h at tim e i s unfit f o rp leas ur es T h e w o r ld i s a ll co m p ose d

of p le as ur es . s o ul s s ub d ue d p e r f or m s a cr i
B r ahm a ns w i th
fices i n or d er t o g e t p lea s u r es M or e ov er p e op l e of d is cr i
.

m i n ati on , b ei ng e a g er for p l ea s u r es ex p er i e nce d a n d n o t yet

ex p er i en ce d ,
b o th g iv e a l m s an d p er for m t h e full r ou nd o f
r i g h teo u s a c ts . W h y th en d os t t h ou n ot wis h for p l e as u re s
P le a s u r e i s th e r e w ar d Of e fior t a m o ng m en w ho h av e d i s

cr im i n at io n a nd a m o ng br ute an i m a l s , h o w m u ch m o r e a m on
g
t h os e w h o h a v e s ub d ue d th e ir s o u ls

T h e d u ck s p o ke

T he m in d of th os e who ar e n ot a ttach e d t o p l ea s ur es i s
w i th th e S upr e m e S ou l A n d w h en w i ll it b e s o a m o ng th os e
.

w h o h a v e con tr ac te d a tt a ch m e n ts t ow ar d s r e la t i v e s C rea
tur es p er i s h wh en a ttach ed t o s on , fr i en d a nd w if e , j u s t a s
a g e d w i ld e l e ph an ts w h en s unk i n l a ke o r m i r e or s e a Or .

d os t th ou no t s e e , l a d y , h o w S v a -r o é i s , i n w h o m att ach m e nts

h av e g r own u p a n d wh o h as b e e n d ev o te d t o h is l us ts
f r o m hi s b oyh ood , h as s un k i n t h e w at e ry m i r e of aff ect io n

éi s
’
S v a -r o m i nd w a s e x cee d i n g ly s un k i n hi s w i v e s i n h is

you th , n o w i n hi s s on s a nd g ran d s o n s w h e n ce w ill i t O b tai n

d eli v e r an ce I a m n ot t h e e qu a l O f S v a -r o é i s , n or a m I on e
to b e d i s tr es s ed b y f em al es , 0 w at e r -r oa m er ! I p os s es s a l s o
d i s cr im in ati on i n p lea s ur e s , a nd I h ave d es is te d ther ef r om n ow .

M ar k a nd e ya s p ok e

S v a -r o éi s he ari ng th i s s p e e ch f r om a bi r d f el t d i s tur b ed i n
m in d ; t aki ng h i s w i v es b e d e pa r te d t o a n o th e r
g r ov e to p r ac
ti s e au s ter iti es . Af ter p er f o r m i n g s ev er e au s t er i ti e s t h e r e

w it h h i s w iv e s , h e , l o f ty i n m i n d , r e a ch e d th e p u r e w o rld s
w i th e v er y s tai n r e m ov e d .
 '
41 5
’
s aoc i s uA s M ANVANT ARA .

C ANT O L XV I I .

T he S tory o
f S vér oc i s ha conclud ed .

'
M d r kandeya m enti ons the god s , r i s his a nd kings tu the S var oc’i s ha
M a nva nta r a .

M ar k and eya s p ok e

T h en th e a d or abl e g o d m a d e th e P r aj ap ati n am e d S v ér o
éi sh a D yuti -m a t a M a nu . L is te n t o hi s M a nv - an ta r a ; w ho
2 w e r e the g od s d ur i ng th a t p er io d , wh o w e r e th e m un is an d
th e ir s o ns , wh o w e r e th e p r in ce s , lis ten wh il e I tell of them ,
0 K r a us h t uki .

T h e g o d s i n t hat p er i o d w er e t he P ar av a ta s a nd als o th e
a in S v o é s a s p er io d t he
’
h
T u s i as
t O b r. h m a n ; a d
n a i i h ’

U r j a, T a m b a
’
4: I nd r a w a s f a m e d as V ip as ci t - . a nd P r éna ,
' '

D a tto li an d Ri s h ab ha , Nis ca r a an d C ar v a -v ir at w er e th e s e v en

5 r is h is
i n t h a t p er i od A n d s ev en . s on s had t h a t hi g h s ou l e d
'
M a nn , C a i tr a , K im - pu r u s ha , & c .
, v e r y v a li an t , g u ar d i an s of
6 th e e a r th . S o lo n g as hi s M a n v -a n ta r a l as t e d , a ll t hi s e ar th

w as e n oy e d j am o n g th e o ut s o r ea d in s
g of hi s f am ily . T h at
w as t h e s ec o n d M a nv - a n t ar a .

S
’
N o w th e m an w h o h ear s of va -r oc i s d ee d s an d S var e
an d b eli ev es th em , i s d eli v er ed f r om h is s i ns
’
é is h a s bi r th , .

C ANT O LX V I I I .

A d es cr i p ti on f
o the N id his fi“

the knowled ge ca lled P a d m i ni ,

M d r ka nd eya tells f
o of the ,

ight N i d hi s connected wi th i t, a nd f
o the i nfluences whi ch the
e y
exer ci se over m en .

K r au s h t uki s p ok e

l A d or able S ir ! t h o u h as t r el a te d it a ll f ully to m e, b oth

S v ar o cis h a b i r th N o w t e ll m e
’

S v a -r o éis d eed s an d
’
s .
at

"T h es e ar e d e m i- od s w h o p r es id e
g ov e r a nd fl ’
i n ue nce m en s p r op ens ities ,

p u r s uits , p lea s ur e s , tas t es , &c .

41 6 C ANT O L XV I I I .

2 len g t h ab ou t th e kn owl e d g e
,
na m e d P ad m i ni w h ich co m p as s es

al l p l e a s ur es , a nd ab out th e N id his w h o ar e al li e d th er eto ,

3 an d a bout th e natur e of th e e ig h t Nid hi s w ho exi s t, a n d the

co mp os i ti on o f their w e alth . I d es ir e to h ear i t e x p ound e d

by thee thor oug hly, O g ur u !

M ar ka nd eya s poke
T h e k now led g e whi ch i s nam e d P ad m ini h a s L ak s h m i for
i ts d e ity, a nd th e N id hi s f or its su
ppo rt er s Li s ten w hile I
.

5 t el l th e e of it . T he Ni d hi s th er ei n ar e P a d m a a n d M a h a

p a d ma , a nd M akar a , an d K aéé h ap a , M uk un d a and N a nd ak a ,

N i la , a nd S a ri kh a i s t h e e ig h th Ni d hi
’
T hes e li v e in r ea l
'

g oo d f o r t une "
- v er il
y p er f e cti o n s p r i ng s fr om th em T he s e .

ei g h t N id h is ind eed hav e b e en p r o cl ai m e d to t he e , O Kr aus h

B y m eans of t he g o d s f a vour and by attend an ce on

’
t uki f .

g ood m en a m an s weal th i s al wa
ys w atch ed ov e r by th em ,
0 m uni . Li s ten W hi le I t el l th e e wh at th ei r natur e i s like .

F ir s t , th e Nid hi nam ed P a d m a b elo ng s , O br ah m a n, to

M ay a , 1 to hi s s on , and t o th e s o n s and
gr and s ons o f hi s s on
p er p etua l ly A nd a . m a nd om in a ted ther eby m ay b eco m e the

p er f e c ti on o f pol i tene s s , s in ce t hi s Ni d h i i s s upp or te d b y g oo d

n es s , yi el d s g r eat e nj oy m en t a nd is s i ncer e A nd h e a m as s e s .

i m m en s e q uanti ti e s of g ol d , s ilv e r , cO pp er and o t h er m et als ,

a n d b u s an d s ells t h e m
y h e a ls o m ak es s acrifices , an d be
s to ws t he s acr ed fe e and he caus es a p alace to b e bui l t a nd

te m pl es f or th e go d s , pp lying hi s
a m ind th er eto .

And an ot her Ni d hi w h o i s s upp or te d b y g oo d nes s i s

kno wn as M ah a-pa d m a H e h as g ood nes s for
. h i s ch i ef q ua lity .

A nd a m an d om i na ted t h er e by am as s es r ub i es an d o th er
g em s ,
p ear ls a nd cor al , a nd bu ys a n d s ell s th em ; and h e g i v es to
t h os e wh os e d is pos iti on i s towar d s r eli g io us d evoti on, a nd
h a s d welling s cons tru ct e d f o r t h em and h e hi m s elf d ev elo s
p
i nt o t ha t d i s pos iti on . A nd fr om him are bor n o ther s of s im i

O r , p r o s per i ty ; s a tyd m ri d d hau .

1 T a v a kr os h tuke
. this v i o lat e s th e m etr o r ead ins tead kr au s h gu ke ta m
it M ay a w as an As ur a, th e g reat ar tifice r of th e D é nav al , and co ns tr ucted
a m a gn i ficen t C our t for th e P én d a v as ; s ee M ahi -B har ata S ab h a-P
, .
,

i a nd ii i .
 ns sc mr n on o r T H E m um s . 417

lar d i s p os iti on in th e d es cent o f s o ns a nd g r and s ons T hi s .

'

N i d ht com es o nl y
fr om pr i or g ood -for tu ne and d o es no t d ep ar t

fo r s ev e n g ene ra tions .

T h e Ni d hi w ho is co m p os e d of d ar knes s ? i s na m ed

M akar a . And a m an on wh o m h e l oo ks i i s in d eed bor n

ch ar a cte r i e d z ch i e fl
y b y ig nor an c e, t ho ug h g ood i n d i s p os i
ti on . H e gath er s tog eth er ar ro w s , s wor d s , s pea r s an d b o w s ,
and s hi eld s and ro p e, a nd a ttai ns to fr ie nd s hip w ith king s ;
a nd h e g ives to k ing s w ho o cc upy th e m s e lv es w i th he r oic
d ee d s , and t o th o s e w h om th ey es tee m ; a nd he fin d s plea
s ur e i n buy ing an d s elli ng w ea p on s an d in noth ing el s e .
'

T hi s N i d ht b e lon g s to a m a n s i ng ly, and d o es n ot d es ce nd to

hi s p r o g eny S uch . a m a n m ay m ee t § d ea th f or t he s ake o f

w eal th at t he ha nd s o f r o b b er s a nd al s o i n b attle .

A n d th e m an on w h o m th e Nid h i , w h o i s ca lled Kaéé hapa,

cas ts hi s i s d om i na ted by i g nor an ce , b e ca us e th at Ni d hi
eye

is z
ch a r a cter i e d by d ar k nes s ; and h e per f o r m s a ll t he r u les

of life "alo ng w i th m en wh o h a v e q ui r e d m er it, a n d m a kes

ac

a ll thos e r u les co n s i s t i n m er e a c ts ; h e co nfid e s i n no o n e .

Jus t as a to r to i s e d r a w s all i ts li m bs i n , -s o d r awi ng i n a ll his

th oug hts w hile un h ar m e d he r e m ai ns w ith d iff us e m i n d fif
H e g i ves n ot nor d oes he en j oy, b e i ng a fra id of d e s t r uct io n
th er eb y ; he m ak e s h i s r e s ting p la ce on th e e a rth T h at - .

N id h i a ls o i s li m ite d t o m e n s i n g ly .

A nd a no th e r N i d hi , w h o is n a m e d M uk un d a , is p o s ed
co m

H‘
“

of th e quali ty p as s io n
of T h e m an on w h o m h e look s b e .

co m e s o f th e s a m e q uali ty, 0 br ahm a n H e g a the r s tog ether .

l utes , flut es a nd d r um s, a nd a ny m us i ca l i ns tr u m e n t o f p
c us s i on h e b es to w s weal th on s in ger s an d d a nce r s , and on

an d th o s e w ho s kille d in
m i ns tr els , b ar d s , sc p h a nts ar e

F or p d r vé r d d h md tr a h th e B om b ay E d iti on r ead s p é rv a r d d hi -m d tralt,

'

a-

which I h av e ad o p te d .

1 O r i g noranc e
'
; td m a s a .

It Ava -toki ta fr eq uently us ed i n th i s can to .

s a v r a e r e ad s o. vr q j et Vya va hd r a
F or j .

'
A yata -m d n a s a h ; b ette r d ya tta -m d n as a h wi th s ub m is s i ve m i nd
1T or
418 C ANT O v m
"

27 d r a m a ; he bes to w s :
p leas u r es on
-
them d ay and ni ght, an d

j
en oys life a lo ng w i th th os e comp a ni ons , O brah m an ; and he
find s no d eli g ht i n w o m e n of lo os e c h ar acte r , nor with o ther

28 folk of t ha t k in d H e fo r m s a s ng l e un o n ,
i i th e m an to whom
'

this N i d hi r e s or ts .

A nd com p os e d of p as s io n a n d d ar kn es s is a noth er g r eat

"

29 N id hi called Na nd a T h e m an on w h om h e l ooks a ttains to

'

em ine nt H e g athe r s tog eth er al l ki nd s o f m inor

30 s is and p recious s ton es and tr a d war e s ,1 grai n an d oth er e-
'

ar ticl es , a nd als o buy s a nd s e l ls the s a m e ; h e is th e s uppo rt

.

3L of h is own fam ily g ue s t ; h e d oes not

an d o f ea ch v i s i tor a nd

br ook d i s r es pectfu l lan g u ag e alth ou gh i t b e v er y s light,

0 gr ea t m uni ! and wh en p r ais e d he ente r ta i ns s t ro ng affec
“

tio n a nd
pr offer s i t and w h a te ve r ob ect, of
j d es ir e h e wan ts ,
he has r ecour s e to te nd er n es s to o bta i n it . He h as m any
33 w ives , who pr o lific a nd
ar e v er y b eau tif ul to hi s d elig ht And
th e Nid hi Nan d a p a s s es d o wt n o s eve n g e ner ations , a nd wh en
s tr o ng lyd ev elope d p a ss es on to th e nea t d e s c end ant w ith an

341 eig h th p or tio n, 0 bes t of m en ! an d h e bes tow s l engt h of

life on a ll m en . N a nd a v er i ly pr o vi d es s up por t to ki ns m en
35 i nd eed , and to th os e gu es ts wh o h a v e a rr iv ed fr o m afar ; and
h e is not h eld i n h o nou r i n th e n ex t wor ld ; aff ection d oes
n ot b el ong t o h i m , but i s b or n am on g t hos e wh o d wel l tog ether _,
36 he caus es lax i ty a m on g th o s e w h o w er e for m er fr iend s , and

affec tion wi t h o th ers .

M or eover th e g r eat Nid hi who g oo d nes s a nd

co nt ains

37 pas s i on i s ter m ed Li la i A m an unite d w ith h i m m ay be co m e

of th at di s p os iti o n H e l ea d s a m a n to
i

. col lect cl o th ng , co tton

38 gr a in a nd
clo th , o th er f ru i t an d flo w er s , al s o p ear l s , co ral ,
and s h ells , a nd
,
s m all s he ll s and o th er si m ilar thi ngs , tim b er
and o th er m a ter i a ls and w h a tev er e ls e i s p r od uce d in w at er ,
39 '
O m u ni ; h e le ad s hi m to b uy an d s e ll oth er thi n s
g In .

no thing els e d o e s hi s m ind d e li g ht ; and he co ns tr ucts

p ond s

Or s olid ity s tam bha .

1
‘
F or p unya -d hd ny ad ika s ya r ea d p a ny a -d han/yad i kas ya ?
li la -s a n
j ii as ? He i s
’

I F or s a- li la -sa figii a s r ead so al s o calle d Ni ta in v er s e 5

ab ove and v er s e 4 1 belo w .
 ns scm rr i on or r un m om s 41 9
’

a nd tank s p la ce s for p le as ur e ; and s uch a m an m akes

an d
"

e m ban k m e nts acr oss r i ve r s an d p lants tr ees ; a nd a fter

e nj oyi ng u ng u en ts , fl o wer s and o ther o bj e cts of d e lig h t he i s

b or n g ai n
a . A nd t his Ni d hi n am ed Nila p ers is ts for thr ee
.

g e ne r ation s .

A nd com p os ed of p a s s i o n and d a rk nes s is ano th er Nid hi

S a nkh a
’
wh o i s na m e d A nd t he m a n who i s lor d of this
.

N i d h i i s le d by him to p os s es s t he s a m e qual itie s , 0 br ah m an .

H e e x is ts i n a m a n s i ng ly, a nd d oes n ot p ass o n to anoth er

g e ne r at io n Li s ten , 0 Kr au s h tuki , to th e ch ar ac ter of a m an
.

'
w h o p o s s e s s es t he N id h i S a nkh a I t i s when q ui te a lone tha t .

he en o j
y s fo o d a nd cloth i ng s u ch as h e h im s e lf h as m a d e ;
his f a m ily e a t w r e tch ed f oo d an d w ea r no b r ig h t cl o thi ng ;
h e m a ke s no g if t to f r ien d , w if e , b r o th e r, s on , d a u gh ter -i n
la w an d o th er r ela ti ves A lw ay s i nt ent o n his o w n n ou ri s h
.

m e nt i s t h e m an w h o p os s es s es S au
’
k ha .

T h u s th es e Ni d hi s h a v e b ee n d es cr i b e d , th e d eiti es of w eal th
a m o ng m en . W hen the ir loo ks ar e ble nd e d , t h e ble n d ed
N i d his p r o d uce r es ult s a cco r d i n g to th ei r na t ur e s , j us t as ea ch

n a tu r e d es cr i be d a b o ve s p r i ng s i nd eed fr om th e as p ect f
o a

p a r ti cu la r N i d hi A nd i n s ov er e ig nty ov er th e m all s its

.

La ks h m i , wh o i s this knowled ge ca lled P ad m i ni o f th e d vij a s .

C ANT O LX I X .

Abou t the Au ttd na * M a nv- a n ta r a .

K ing Utta ma ba ni s hed hi s queen to a

for es t becaus e f
o her
er s i s ten t un ovi ng l beha vi our —
A br ahm a n whos e wife ha d been
p .

hen — T he ki ng in
’
ca r r i ed o f i n vokes the ki ng s help to r ecover

cens ur ed
’
s ea r chi ngfor her r ea ches a m uni s her m i ta ge, a nd is

by the m uni hi s cond uct to the queen

f or .

Kr au s h tuki s po ke
l . O br ah m a n, th ou has t d e s cr ib ed to m e th e S v ar oc i s h a

T hi s s h o uld b e Au tta m a s ee ca nto liii, v er s e 7, an d l x xii , v er s e 39 . It

Uttd
’

b y t h e fac t th a t U tta m a w a s so n of
s ee m s to b e a m i s ta k e ca us e d na- p ad a ,
3 It occur s i n th e ne xt ca nto , b u t is correc te d in ca nto lxxi
s ee v er s e .
.
420
"

C ANT O L X IX .

2 m anv -antar a a t le ng th and al s o th e ei gh t Nid hi s , whom I

as ked ab out . T hou d id s t t el l m e of th e S v éya m bhuv a m anv

a ntar a b efor e th at . T ell m e of th e thir d m an v-antar a whi ch

is nam ed a f ter U ttam a “ ’

M ar k and ey a s p ok e

T h er e was a s on of U ttama-p ad s . nam e d U ttam a, s on of

S u-r u éi,1 fam o us , g rea t i n

‘
s tr eng th and v al our , a nd r ighte ous

o f s oul, and m ag nani m ous , a m on ar ch r i ch i n val our . E xce ll

5 i ng all cr eated beings h e s hone i n v al o ur l ike th e s un. He
w as the s am e bot h to f oe an d fr iend , to h i s city and to hi s
“

s o n, bei ng one wh o und er s too d r i g h teo us n es s and h e w as like

Y a m a to t he w icked , a nd like S o m a to th e g ood , 0 g r eat m uni
kno wer U ttana p ad a s s ou U ttam a
’
6 A of r i g h te o us ne s s , -

m ai d en B ab h r u s d B a hulé, a s s up r em e
’
m ar ried a of r ace n am e

7 I nd r a m ar r ied fam ou s S a t?i

’
. H i s m i n d w as al ways exceed i ng ly
’
affecti onat e to her , G uob l e b r ahm a n ; j us t as i s the m oon s
8 m i nd which h as fixed its ab od e in R ohi ni . V er ily h i s m i nd
f el t no attach m e nt to any o th er j
ob ect in s l eep als o tha t
m i nd th e y s i g ht
’
ki ng s r es te d o n h er . A n d th e ki ng at v er

9 of h er , w ho was m os t b e au tifu l i n y li m b , w as
ev er cont in ua lly

t ouch ing h er b o d y, an d at th e t o uch of her bo d y h e b ecam e

with h er § T he ki ng s w o r d s , al th ough ki n d ly, cau s ed

’
one .

a nnoyance to h e r ear s , an d s h e d e em e d hi s s p eci al r es p ect as

h um ili ation fr o m h im . S he co nt e m n ed a
g arl and wh en g iv e n
by hi m , and his b eau ti fu l o r nam e nts and s h e aros e as i f

p ained i n b od y w h en h e d ra nk th e ch o ice nectar of her hip s

a nd only a m o m en t d i d th e ki ng h ol d h er by th e h and wh en
h e e nj oyed h er S h e a te v e ry little fo od , 0 br ahm a n, and
.

t hat wi th g re at d eli g h t
no T h us s h e wa s no t f av our abl e to
.

th e m agnani m ous ki ng w h o w a s fa v ou r able to h er ; yet m or e

ab un d ant and e x ce s s i v e lo v e d id t h e ki ng s h ow .

Now once th e ki n g , w h en engag e d i n d r i nkin , r e s pectfully

g

Auttcma would be p r ef er able , as h e w as th e M ann, s ee canto l xxn, ver se

read th en kathay a utta ma -s a n

j fi/itam for ka thayottam a-s aflgfii tam
‘
89
'
1 O r Bu-r uc i ,
‘
a fem i nine na m e .

I F or d vij a -vary d r ead d vij a -varya

T an-mag s .
 KI NG U T ’I ‘AM A B AN I S HE D H I S Q UE E N . 4 21

c aus e dth a t w ilful queen to hold a d r inking cup wh ich

h a d b een cleans e d w ith w ine, h e bei ng then s ur round ed wi th
‘

*
a ccom
plis h ed a ttend a n ts wh o wer e m elo d io us i n thei r s ing in g ,
a nd w h o we r e as s i d uous ly s i ng i ng and ch an ti ng w hil e king s
look e d on ; b ut she d o es n ot w i s h to ta ke that cup , t ur ning
h er f ace a w ay fro m it, i n th e s igh t of t he ki ng s . T her eat
th e ki ng w as enr ag ed . B r eath ing h ar d lik e a s e r p ent, w h en
s e t at noug ht by h i s d ear q ue e n, as if a h us b an d no t d eal: -

to her , h e ca lle d th e d oor -k ee er an d s ai d , O d oor -keep er

p
T ake thi s l a d y of e v il h ear t to a de s olate for es t and ab and on

h er f or th w i th ! D elib er ate thou not on thi s m y co m m and

M ar k andeya s p o ke

T h er e up on th e d oor -k eep er , d ee m ing th e king s w or d w as

’
.

n ot t o b e qu es t ion ed , m o un te d t h e b e a ut iful-b r ow ed l a d y i n a _

ch ar i o t an d left h er i n a fo r es t A nd s h e, wh e n ab an d on e d
.

t hu s by th e ki ng i n th e f or es t a nd b ei ng . a way f rom h i s s ig h t,

h eld h e h a d d on e h er th e g r eate s t f av o ur And ki ng A u tt a .

n a -pad i , w i th s o ul a nd m in d b ur nin g w ith th e a ng ui s h o f lov e

for h er , t oo k no o th e r w ife . He r em e m b er e d h er w ho w as

b eauteo us i n lim b , d ay a nd n ig h t b er eft of

ev er y ea s e, an d

r ule d his k i ng d o m , g ov er n i ng h i s p eo p l e r i g h t eou s ly .

W hil e he r ul e dhi s p eop le, as a f a ther hi s o wn ch ild r en,

a c er tai n b rah m a n s uff er ing i n m i n d arr i v e d and sp oke

th us

T h e br ah m an s po ke

O M ah i - r aj a i n g r i e v o us s uff er i n g am I hear ken wh ile I

d eli v e r a nce fr o m p ain fr om
’
S p eak . M en s co m es no wh e r e
b ut th e k ing ! S o m e on e car r i e d ofi my w i fe b y n ig h t w h ile
I s le p t, w i th out unlocki ng th e hous e d oor D e ig n to br in
.
g
h er b ack to m e .

T he king s p oke

Knowes t th ou not, 0 br ah m a n , w ho car r i ed h er off or

w h er e h a s sh e b e e n t ake n W i th whom s ha ll I s t r iv e in
s ha ll I br i ng her b ac k
‘
figh t P or w h ence

Vri ra -m u khy ai h ; th e d ic tio nar y g i ve s only th e fem , ud r a -m ukhud,

”
r oyal cour te z an .
42 2 CANT O i x .

T h e b r ah m a n s p ok e
W hile I s le pt j us t as I was , w ith t h e d oor fas tened , 0 king ,
w hy and by w h om m y w i fe wa s car ri e d o ff — thi s thou, S i r,
kno w es t T h ou a r t o ur
g uar d ia n, 0 kin g , w h os e d ue i s th e
“

le vy o f a s i x th
p ar t o f our wea lthfi“ T h er e for e m en s l eep
a t ni
g h t, fr eed fr o m a nx i e ty ab o u t j us tice .

T h e k in g s p o ke
I hav e not s een t h y wif e T e ll m e w h a t i s
. sh e like i n
b o d y, an d wha t i s her a
ge ; an d of wh at d is p os i ti on i s th e
br ah m an lad y

p ok e T h e br ah m an s

S har p -eyed i s s h e; v er y tal l , s h o r t- ar m ed , thin -f ace d ,

ung ai n ly in f or m , 0 k i ng I d ef a m e h e r n ot b y t hi s d es cr ip ti on ;
.

v er y h ar s h i n s p ee c h , an d un g e ntl e i s s h e i n d i s p o s i ti o n,

O kin g — th us ] h av e d es cri be d m y w if e sh e is a d o -no th i ng ,

unpl e as an t i n look , a nd sh e h as s li
gh tly p as s ed e a r ly w om an
h oo d , 0 ki ng . S uch i s m y wif e i n for m ; t ru e i s t hi s I h av e
s p o ke n .

T h e kin g s po k e

E n o ug h h a s t th o u h ad of h er , 0 b r ahm a n . I wi ll g iv e
th ee an oth er w if e An wif e ten d s t o
’
. ex ce lle nt o ne s h a p pi n es s ,
s uch a o n e a s th at i s v er il y a s o ur ce o f
p ain B od i ly b ea u ty
“

co n s i s ts i n h ea lthfuln e s s d ' O b r ah m an , i ts ca u s e is a no ble

’

d is p os iti on . S h e wh o h as n e i t h er b ea uty n or g o o d d is p os itio n

s h o u ld b e ab a n d o n ed f or tha t v er y r ea s o n .

T he b rah m a n s p ok e
”
A w i fe m us t b e gu ar d ed , O ki ng —
. s u ch is ou r h i g h es t
d iv in e teachi ng . W h en a wife i s g uar d e d , th e ofi s
p r ing is g ua r
d ed . F or the S oul I is b or n in h er , h e nce s h e m us t be
g u ar d e d ,
0 kin g . W he n th ep r i ng i s g u ar d e d , th e S ou l i s g uar d ed
o ffs .

W h en sh e is n o t g uar d e d , th er e w i ll ar i s e c onf us i o n am o n
g
for efath er s
’
th e c as t es th at w i ll hur l one s d o wn fr cim
S v ar g a , 0 kin g . A nd I m a y h a v e lo s s of r i
g h teo us nes s fr om

F or s hadd gd d d na r ead s ha d -bhagd i na

dc See v er s e 39 .

nd kal ye
’

1, T h er e i s a pl a y on wor d s h e r e , ka l ya ni , a n e xcelle n t
(w if e ) , a ,

in h enlth f ul nes s .
"
I O r,
’
o ne s s elf
’

a tm d .
 I NG A '
K U T T AM A s s s us L O ST B RAHM AN WOM AN . 423 .

d ay tod ay, wh ile I r e m ai n wifeles s ; an d th at, thr oug h t h e

d es tr uction of th e p er p etua l cer e m oni e s , wi ll tend to m y d ow n
fall . A n d i n h er w i ll b e m y offs p r i ng , 0 k in g S h e w ill .

giv e thee th e s i x th p ar t ; s h e w ill b e a ca u s e o f r ig hteous ne s s .

F or th a t r ea s o n I h av e d e clar ed thi s to t he e . B r ing b ack m y

w i fe w h o h a s b een carr i e d ofl , m y lor d , s i n ce your h o nour is
placed s up r e m e for o ur p r o tec tio n .

M ar kand eya s p o ke

T h e ki ng, on h e ar i ng h im s o s p e ak, took th ough t, a nd

m ou nte d hi s g r ea t ch ar i ot w hi ch w as fur n i s h ed w i t h e v er y
'

u s eful r e q ui s it e H ith er a nd th i th er h e w a nd e r ed o v er th e
.

e a r th w i th th at br d hm a n , and s aw a fine h er m i ta g e of a s ceti cs

in a l ar g e f o r es t a nd alig h ting th er e h e e n ter e d an d s aw a

m uni , s e ated o n a s i lken cus hi o n , an d z

bla i n g a s i t wer e wi th
s p le nd ou r . S eeing th e ki ng ar r iv e d , h e r os e i n ha s t e, a nd
w elcom ing hi m w ith fu ll r es p e ct co m m a n d e d hi s d is ci ple to
b r i ng th e ar g h ya o ff e r ing . H is d i s ci ple s ai d to h im q ui etly
s h o uld b e g iv ento h i m , 0 m uni
th e a r g hya T h in k
,

w e ll of it and com m an d m e, f o r I car r y o ut thy co m m a nd

T h en th e b rah m a n b ei ng acqu ai ted w i th the king s h is tor y,
’
n

w i th s el f-p os s es s i on d id h i m r es p ect in conv er s ation and by

g i v ing hi m a s eat .

T h e ri s hi s p ok e

W hy h as t th o u c om e h er e, S ir ; an d w ha t d os t thou wi s h
I k no w th ee, 0 k ing , to b e U tta pé d a
’
to d o na - s s on U tta m a .

T h e king s p ok e

A br ah m a n
’
w ife w as car r i ed off fr om hi s hous e by s om e
'

o ne w h o s e p er s on i s unk no wn , 0 m u ni : t o s eek h e r I h a v e

com e h e r e D ei g n, a d o r able S ir , i n co m p as s io n to tell m e , wh o

.

h ave r e ac h ed t h y h ous e and am pr os t r ate befor e thee, w h at

I as k th ee

T he ri s hi s p oke

A s k m e, 0 kin g , wi th out fear wh at th ou m us t as k . I w i ll

tell thee tr uth ful ly if I ough t to t el l it thee .

T he king s poke
W hy i s th e ar g h ya oflier i ng kep t b ack , whi ch th ou was t pr e .
 K ING UT T AM A F I ND S T H E B RKHM AN WOM AN . 42 5

M ar kand eya s pok e

A z
g a i ng -s tock w a s t h e king whe n thus ad d r es s e d by th e
w i s e r i s hi ; a nd s a i n S b i t !
”
he enquir ed a b out th e
y g o e

b r é h m an’ s wif e w h o h ad been carr ie d ofi Ad or abl e S ir ,

w h o h as tak en a way th e b r ah m an
’
s w ife , or w h er e i s she ?
T h ou S i r kno wes t unerr in g ly th e p as t and th e f utur e in
th i s w or ld .

T h e ri s h i s p o ke

A Raks h asa nam e d V alak a , s o n of A d r i , has cap tur e d h er ,

a nd t ho u s h all s e e h er
i n U tp alav ataka for es t, 0 k ing
n ow .

65 Go, un i te th e br ah m an wi th h i s w ife qui ckly L et h i m n o t .

b ec o m e a s eat of s i n as th o u ar t d ay after d ay
'

C ANT O L X X .

A bout the A u tté na " M anv-a ntar a .

K i ng Uttam a find s the br d hm a n

’
s wife i n the for es t an d is
co ur teo us l
y r ecei ved by the R d hs ha s a , who s ays he ca rr i ed her
’
of in o d er o i
r t m p ai r the br é h m an s r eli gi ous m er it —
A t the
'
Raks hasa
’
k i ng s r e ues t
q the . cons um es her evi l d isp osi ti on a nd

r es tor es her to her hus ba nd .

poke M ar ka nd eya s

T h en the ki ng p r os tr a ted hi m s el f b efor e th e g r e a t m uni ,

an d m ounte d h is ch ar i o t, a nd w e nt to th e fo r es t U t al av ata
p
m en t io ned by h i m A n d th e ki ng s aw 1 th e br ah m an 's w i fe ,
.
’

in s uch a s h er h u s b a nd d e s cr ib e d h e r , ea ti ng th e
ap
pear ance
f r ui t of th e b el tr ee ; I an d a s k ed Ho w d id s t thou co m e to

T hi s s h o ul d b e Auttam a , s ee p ag e 4 1 9 , note
’
1 F or
‘
d a d d ri a r ead d a d ar au .

'
'

I S ri -p ha la , th e fr uit of th e bilva o r vi lva tr ee, E g le m arm elos , an d al s o th e

'

tr e e i t s elf . I t is a p re tty lar g e tr e e , a n a tiv e of th e m o untaino us pa r ts of

th e E as t co as t , a nd als o f oun d in t h e low land s i ts f r ui t i s con s id er ed

nutr i t i o us , w arm , cath ar ti c ; i n tas te d e licious ; in f ragr ance ex q ui s i te

Ro x bur g h
’
e F lora I nd i ca , v ol II . 57 9 -80 . S e e p ag e 2 5 note b ut I h av e
m ad e a n e r r or th er e in a s s ig ning th e n am e bet-p ha t t o th is tree . B e l-p hat

i s t he n a m e of th e d ouble A r ab i an j a s m i n e , Jasm inum Z am ba c, Ro xb .

(I . 88 )
or J S am ba c, O li ver
. . T his j as m ine is a s h r ub with d elig htf ully fr ag rant wh ite
5 4:
42 6 C ANT O L xx .

t hi s f or es t , la d y ? t e ll m e p lai n ly ; ar t th o u th e w ife of

S u -s ar m a n V ai s é li at
’ ’

T h e b r ah m a n w om an p o ke
s

I am d au g h ter of th e b r ah m a n A ti r atr a , w h o d w e lls i n th e

-

V i éal a
’
f or es t, a nd w i fe of s s on w h os e n am e t h o u h as t u t ter e d .

B e in g s u ch , I w a s car r ie d off b y th e e v i l -m in d e d R aks has a

V a l ak a , w hi le as leep at th e ex t r em i ty of m y h ou s e , and
p a r te d
f ro m m y b r oth e r s a n d m o th er M a y th at R ak s h a s a b ec om e
.

a s h es , b
y w h o m I h a v e b e en p a r te d t h u s fr om m y m o th er ,
b r oth er s and oth e r r ela ti ves H er e I r e m a i n in g r eat affl i c ti o n .

B ri n g in g m e t o th is v er
y d ens e f or es t h e h as ca s t m e off .

I k no w no t wh at i s th e r e a s o n he n e i th e r h a s i nt e r co u r s e w i th

me n or d ev our s m e .

T h e ki ng p o ke
s

P er c han ce th ou kn o w e s t , w h er e h a s th e Rak s h as a g on e
a ft e r le a v i ng th e e ? I h a v e b een s en t h er e by th y h us b an d
i n d ee d , O b r ah m a n la d y .

T h e b r ah m a n w om an s o k e
p
T he nig h t-s tal k ing d em on s tan d s at t he ed ge of t hi s v er
y
f or es t . E nt e r an d s ee h i m , S i r , if th ou d o s t no t f ea r h i m .

M ar k and eya p ok e
s

T he n h e e n t er ed b y th e p a th th at s h e s h ow e d ,
an d s aw th e
Raks h as a a t t en d e d by hi s r e ti nue . T he n th e R ak s h as a h u r r y
i n g , t h e m o m en t h e s aw h i m , to uchi n g th e e a r th w ith hi s
h ea d fr o m a fa r i n d ee d , a ppr oac h e d h i s f ee t .

T h e R ak s h a s a s p o ke

T h o u h as t d o ne m e g r ea t fa v o ur i n t h at th ou h a s t c om e
to m y a b o d e h er e . G i v e m e thy c o m m a n d W h at s ha ll I d o , .

s u ch as am h er e I d w ell w i thi n t hy c o un tr A c ce pt t h o u
y .

th i s a r g hy a off er i n , an d l e t th i s s e a t b e We
g p la ced f or thee .

ar e s er v a n ts , t h ou , S ir , ar t m a s t er co m m a nd m e firm ly .

fl ow e r s , a n d i s in com m on culti v a ti on . I t s S an s kr i t n am e i s m a lli kd , a n d als o

s ap ta lo.
’
an d bet-p hat i s t h e com m on m o d e r n n a m e b ot h f or t h e fl ow er a n d

f or th e p l an t i t s elf I t h as nu m er o us o th er v e r nacular
.
na m es , an d Ro xb ur g h
s ay s beta i s o ne o f th em , b u t t hi s s e em s d oubtf ul .

S on of Viéél a s ee nex t v er s e .
 42 7
’
KI NG UT T AM A C O NVE RS E S W I T H A RAKS HASA.

T h e ki n g s p ok e
T h o u h as t d on e e v e r y t hin g , e v e n ev e r y r ite d ue to a
g ues t .

W hy h as t th o u b r o ug h t th e b r ah m a n
’
s w if e her e, 0 n ig h t
s ta lk e r ? S he i s n o t co m e l
y ; th e re ar e o t her s com ely, if th ou
d id s t y h er ofi for a w if e
car r i f t o d ev o ur h er , w hy h a s t th ou
n o t e at en h er ? T ell m e thi s .

T h e R aks h a s a s po ke

We do no t f ee d on m en s uch ar e o th er R ak s h as as . B ut w e
ea t t h e f r ui t t h a t s p r i ng s fr o m a g oo d d e ed , 0 ki ng ; a nd w e
co ns u m e th e n atur al d i s pos i ti on o f m e n an d w om en , b ei ng
tr ea te d w i th d i s r es p ect , an d yet h on ou r e d ; w e ar e n ot e at er s

of li v i n g cr e at ur es . W h en w e h av e e at en t h e p at ien ce of

m e n , t h ey b e co m e e nr a g e d ; an d w h en w e h a v e eat e n th ei r

e v i l n atu r e , t h ey al s o b eco m e v ir tu o u s . We h av e R aks h a s is

w ho ar e f a s c i n a ti n g , g t h e A p s ar as es in b eauty, 0
r i v all in

ki n g ; w h i le t h ey ar e wi th us , h o w s hould w e d eli g ht i n

t h e f e m a le s of m a n ki n d

T h e k i ng s p o k e
If s he is no t for s en s u al en j o ym en t n or fo r f oo d , 0 ni
gh t
t h e b r ah m an
’
r oa m e r , w hy th en d i d s t th ou en ter s h ous e an d
ca r ry h er oif

T h e R aks h a s a s p oke

T hat e x c ell en t b r ah m a n , lear n e d in s p e lls , k e e ps o n e x p e lli n

g
m e , w h en I g o t o s a c r i fic e af ter s acr i fic e , by u tter ing s p ells t h at

d es tr oy Rak s h a s as , 0 ki ng . By r eas on o f hi s s p e ll s an d ex

r i t es w e w er e a -h u ng er e d ; w h er e s ha ll we g o ? th a t
p u ls i ve
b r ah m a n i~ i s th e pr i es t at ev er y s a cr ific e ,
T h er ef or e we

i nfl i c te d t his d a m ag e i o n h i m ; W i th o ut a w i fe a m an b ecom es

unfit to p er f or m s ac r ifices .

M ar k a nd eya s p ok e

h ig h m in d e d br ahm an
’

A t h is ann o un ce m e nt of th e -
s im

to b e m i s tak e in th is lin e , r ea d kr i tavoin eva tr am i ns tead

T h er e ap pe ar s a
’

e l s e s ar voi ev d ti thi kr i yd h for s ar v d m eva ti thi -kr i yd m

tvay d P o r
-
of kr ita m e va

und er s t oo d i n th e s e co n d h alf of th e line

u nle s s kr i ta vé n. is
- .

p r e fer ab l e t o v j
D vij a h s e em s d i a
1 .

Va iha lyam ,
“
i m p ai r ed or m utilate d cond it ion
I
.
428 CANT O L xx .

ai r e d c on d i tio n th e ki ng b ec am e e x cee d i ngly d ej ec ted th en,

p
W h ile
’
thi n ki ng he s p eak s o f th e b r ah m an s i m p ai r e d co nd i

ti on , i t i s m e i nd eed h e ce ns ur e s . T h at b es t of m un is als o

s ai d I was unw o r th y o f th e g ha off er i ng

ar A s th e R i ks ha s a
.

o f t ha t b r ah m an s i m p ai r ed c on d i tion, I
’
a ls o
h as s p ok en to m e
bei ng in like p li g ht a m p laced in a g r ea t s tr ai t, b eca us e I
am w ife l es s .

M ar kand eya s p oke

W h il e he th us thoug h t, 0 m un i, th e R ak s h as a s p ok e ag ai n

to t he king , bo w ing in p la cing h i s h a nd s to

o b ei s ance an d

g eth er r es pectf ul ly 0 king , fav ou r w i th thy co m m and

m e , th y s er vant, p r os tr ate b efor e thee a d well er wi thi n thy
”
r ealm .

T he ki ng s p oke

S i nce th ou ha s t s aid , O g h t r oam er

ni- W e f eed on a p er
’ ”
s on s d i s pos i ti o n, h ear th en f r o m m e w h a t d eed w e s olicit .

thi s b r ahm an w om a n
’
D o th ou co ns u m e s ev il d is p os i ti on this
d ay s in ce s h e w ill h ave h er ev i l d i s p os i t ion eate n by th ee,
sh e m ay th en b ecom e g oo d i n beh av io ur . T ake h e r to his
h o us e w hos e w if e she is , O nig ht-r oam er . W hen t hi s i s d one,
th o u has t d one a ll f or m e wh o am com e as a gues t t o thy
h o us e .

M arkand ey a s poke
T h er eup on th e Raks h as a , e nteri ng wi thin h er th ough his
ow n fa c ul ty of illus ion, d ev our ed h er evi l
d i s p os itio n b y h is
th e king
’
o wn p ower at s co m m and . B eing r i d en ti r ely of
th a t ve v i ol en t ev i l d i s p os i ti on th at b r ah m an’ s w ife s aid
ry
t o th e king B y th e m atur ing of th e fr uit of my own

a ct io n s I w as s e p arated f r om
th at m ag nani m ous m a n, m
y
h u s b a nd ; t h i s ni g h t-r o am in
g d e mon w a s th e ca us e th er eof .

H e is not i n f a ul t,
th a t m ag nani m o u s m a n, m
nor
y h us b and ;
m in e i n tr ut h w a s th e fa ul t, no one els e ’ s A g oo d d eed i s .

v er i l
y enj oye d I n s om e for m er life I s e p ar a ted m s el f from
.

y
s om e hus band ; th at s am e s ep ara ti on ? h as b een e n co u nter e d

i F or tr arh r ead us e i
1
'
O r p er h ap s d os ha , fault,” s h ould b e und er s to od .
 T HE B RAHM AN W O M AN RE ST O RE D T O H E R HU S B AND . 429

a
ga i n ev en by m e .
*
W h at fault i s there i n thi s m agnanim
ou s m an 7 .

T h e R ak s h as a s p oke
I will cau s e h er t o r ea ch h er h us b a n d s h ou s e
’
at thy co m

m an d , m y lo r d . E nj o in m e w ha tev er el s e s h o ul d be d one for

th ee , 0 ki n g !
T he kin g s p o ke

W h en thi s is d one , th ou h as t d one a ll f or m e , 0 ght

ni

r oam e r . A n d t h o u m us t com e , 0 h er o , at th e tim e of acti on

w hen I r e call th e e t o m i nd .
1
‘

M ar kand eya s p o ke
”
So be it ! th e n qu o th the Raks has a , and taki ng th e
b r ah m an w o m an conv ey e d h er , p ur ified th en by th e r em o val

e v il d i s p os iti on , to h er h us ba nd s h o us e
’
of h er .

C AN T O LX X I .

A bou t the A uttam a M a nv-a n tara .

Ki ng U tta m a vi s i ts the r i s hi , lea r ns hi s queen has been ta ken

to P d td la by a n a ki n g, who then curs es hi s d a ughter for
hi d i ng the queen f r om hi m —
a nd he i s a ls o told hi s unhapp y

m a r r i ed life was ca us ed by a d ver s e

p la n etar y i nfl u ence .

M ar k a nd ey a p ok e s

N ow th e kin g , a f ter d e s p atch i ng th e w om a n to h er h u s b an d ’ s

h ou s e , s i g h ed a nd th ou g h t,
“
W hat g oo d d eed m ay th e r e b e
in thi s ? T h e hi g h -m i n d ed m uni d ecla r e d I w a s w r etch e d
b eca u s e of m y un fitnes s f or th e a r gh ya off er in g ; and th is
‘
ni g h t -r oam i ng d em on s p ok e of i m p ai r e d con d iti on wi th
'

r efer e n ce to th e b rahm a n . B ei n g s u ch , w ha t s h all I d o,

for I ab a n d on e d h er , m y w ife Or s ha ll I e n qu ir e o f th at
b es t of m u ni s w ho h a s th e eye of kno wl ed g e

T h us p on d er ed th e ki ng , an d m oun ti ng th e ch ar iot went

w h e r e d welt the g r eat m uni, r ig h teo us in s oul , w h o k new th e
th r ee p er io d s of tim e . A nd d es cend ing fr o m the c h ari o t he

O r p erh ap s f or m aydp y -up aga ta h w e s h ould r ea d m a yy -ap y-up aga ta h

F or c a te r ea d tv a y d , i n or d er to m ake a p r o noun agr eeing with
’
1"

s m r i ten a ? S ee canto lxxii , v er s es 15 and 16 .

4 30 CANT O L XXI .

a pp r oach e d p r o s tr a te d h i m s elf b efor e th at m uni ,

and a nd

r e l at e d h o w h a
ppened h is m eeti n g w i th the Raks h as a , an d

hi s i nterv i e w w i th t h e br ah m an w om an, and t he r em ov al of

d is p o s itionfi “ a nd her d es p a tc h to h er h us band ’

h er e v il s

h ou s e , an d w h a t w as h i s bu s i n es s i n co m i ng ba ck .

T h e ri s hi s p ok e

I k ne w thi s b efo re, w h ich th o u h as t d one , 0 ki ng , a nd

th e w h ole of th y bu s i nes s i n c o m in g back t o m e . As k m e

h er e wh at m u s t I do ? w it h a nx i ou s m i nd ; an d s i nce

th ou ar t 0 kin g , h ear wh at th ou m us t d o
co m e , A w i fe .

is a
po tent caus e of r i g h t eo us nes s , w ealt h a nd l ov e a m o ng
m en ; i n p ar ticular on e w h o f o r s ak es h er h as i n s oo th
an d

ab an d o ne d r i g h teo us nes s A wi f el es s m an, 0 ki ng , i s not

.

fit f o r h i s own w o rk s , be he b r ah m an or ks h atri ya , v ai sya or

e ve n sud r a , 0 ki n g No b ri lli an t d e ed d id s t th ou d o, S i r ,
.

w h e n th o u d id s t a b an d on th y wi fe ; f or a s w o m en m us t n o t
f o r s a k e a hu s b and , s o m en m us t no t for s a ke a w i fe .

T h e ki n g s p ok e

A d or ab le S i r , w h at s ha ll 1 d o , s uch as I am I t w a s th e
m a tur i n
g of my act ion s , th a t I ab and on e d her b ecau s e s he

w as n ot fav ou r ab ly d i s p os e d to m e w h il e I wa s f av o ur ab le

to her . W hatev e r One d o es , t h a t o ne e n d ur e s w it h o ne s

’

th at w i th
’
m i n d bur ni ng , even on e s inm os t s o ul t er rifie d at

th e p ain of s ep ar at ion th er e by , a d o r ab le S ir . B ut now I know

n ot wh er e s he wh en ab an d o n e d in th e f or e s t ha s g o ne , o r
w h eth er sh e h as b een d e v o ur ed by lions , ti g er s a nd ni g ht
r oa m i ng bea s ts in th e fo r e s t .

T he r is h i s ok e
p
S h e h as no t b een d ev ou r e d by lion s or tig er s or nig ht
r oam i ng beas ts , 0 king , b ut s h e i s n o w i n Ras atala wi th um
bl e m is h ed c h ar a ct er .

T he kin g s p o ke
W ho co nv eye d h e r to P atal a H ow d wells
uncor ru pt ed M os t w on d er f ul i s th is , 0 b r ah m an
t el l m e of it as i t ha pp ene d .

F or d oh-i i lyd p ag am am r ea d d a uh-si lyd p aga m a rh 1°

 P LANE T ARY I N F L U E NCE S AGAI NS T KI NG UT T AM A. 431

T he ris hi s po ke

I n P atala i s a Nags ki ng . an d h e i s f am ed as Kap otaka .

He s aw her wh en a ba n d o ne d b y th e e sh e w as w an d eri n g
i n th e g r eat for es t E na m our ed of h er th en h e d eclar e d h i s
.

o bj e c t a n d carr i e d th e b ea ut if ul
young queen to P atal a , 0
k i ng Now th a t w i s e N ag a kin g h as a be aut iful -b r o w e d
.

d au g h ter nam ed N a nd a , 0 ki ng , and a ch ar m ing wi fe . T ha t

d a ughter th y b eau ti f ul queen , a nd thinking ,
saw th i s br i g h t
”
l a d y w ill becom e a r iv a l w ife t o m y m oth er , br ou g h t h er t o
h e r ow n h ous e an d con ce a le d h er in th e w o m en s ap ar tm e n ts
’
.

B ut N and a, w h en entr eat e d , con ti nua lly r ef us es to an s w er th e

king th en th e f a t he r cu r s e d h er h i s d aug h ter t hat s h e s h ou l d

b e com e d u m b . T hu s d id h e c urs e h is d a ug hter ; and s he ,

thy wife, r e m ai n s th e r e , 0 kin g , c ar r i e d ofi by th at N ag a ki n g ,

d e ta ined b y h is d aug ht er , a n d s ti ll c ha s te .

M ar k and eya s p oke

R ej oi ci ng gr e atly th e r eat , t he ki ng as ke d th e e m ine n t
br ah m a n wha t wa s th e r eas on of h is ill-for tune w i th r eg a r d
t o hi s d ar ling wi fe .

T he ki n g s p o ke
A d or ab le S ir ! I m eet w ith t h e utm os t affecti on fr om al l

th e w or ld ,
w ha t t h en i s t h e r ea s o n , w hy m y o wn w if e i s n ot

v er
y ten d er ? O n th e o n e h and I d ear ly lo ng f or h er e v en
be y o nd m y ow n life, 0 gr eat m uni , a n d on th e o t he r s he
is i ll-d is p o s ed tow ar d s me . S ay, wh at is th e r e as on , 0
b r ah m an .

T he r is hi s
p oke
W h en th ou d id st ta ke h er h an d i n m arr iag e , the S un a nd

M ar s an d S at ur n looked on t h ee , an d V enus an d Ju p i t er
l o oke d on th y w if e . A t t hat m om ent the m oo n w a s fa vour
a ble to thee, an d M er c ur y to h er . T hos e t wo gr o up s of
m utu ally h os ti l e ; h e nce they ha ve been ex c e e d
p la ne ts ar e

i ngly a d ver se to th ee, 0 ki ng . G o th en ; at te nd e d by thy

T h e t ex t read s d vij a -varj y am . B ut d uij a -b a rg ai n , w h ich th e B om ba y e d iti on

r ea d s , i s m uch b et ter and I hav e a d o p te d it ; s e e r aga -va i y ya in ca n to l xxii ,

”
v er s e 2 . T h e tr ans l ati on of th e te xt w oul d b e p ut ting as id e br éh m ans .
432 CANT O L XI I I .

w if e, r ul e th e ear th i n th y r igh te ou s nes s , and p er for m

e v e ry r ite that p er tains to r ig h teou s nes s

M ér kand eya s poke

At thi s exh or ta ti on k ing U ttam a pr o s tr ated him s elf b efore
th e m uni , a nd then m oun t in g hi s ch ar i ot w ent to h is o w n city .

C AN'r o LX X I I .

A bout the Au tta m a M a nv-a nta r a .

'
T he br d hm a n p erfor m s a s a cr ifice w hi ch turns the queen s
he ar t to the ki ng, a nd the d s hasa br i ngs her ba ck fr om P d té la
T he brahm a n fr ees the n a p r i ncess fr om the cu rs e, a nd s he

com i ng to tha n k the ki ng p r om i s es hi m a son who s ha ll be a

M a nn — Accor d i ngly a s on i s born who was the M a nn A uttam a .

M ar kan d ey a s poke

T hen a rri vi ng a t hi s ci ty, t h e ki ng s aw th e j oyful br ahm an

accom panie d by h i s w ife al s o wh o w as s w ee t-d is po s iti oned .

T h e b r ah m an s poke

O n oble king , s uc ces s ful a m I i nas m u ch as r i gh teo us ness

h as b een pr es er ve d b y th ee , w h o ar t w i s e i n r ig h teous nes s

h er e and who b r ing es t back m y wi fe .

T h e k i ng s p ok e

S ucces s ful ar t th ou , O br ah m an, becau s e t h ou o bs er v es t thy

o wn l a ws of r i gh t e ou s n e ss . I am in a s t r ai t, w ho h a v e no

w i fe at hom e, 0 b r ah m an .

T he br ah m an s pok e
0 king , if s h e , thy queen, h as ind eed b ee n d evo ur e d by wild
b e as t s i n the for es t, aw ay w i th h er W hy d os t th ou not
h a nd i n m ar r i ag e P
’
tak e another s F alli ng un d er th e d om inion
o f a ng er th ou d i d s t no t p r es er v e r i ghteo us nes s .

T h e ki n g
p oke s

M y d arling w i fe i s not d e v oure d by w i ld b eas ts ; ind eed

s h e i s ali ve , w ith char act er u nblem i s h e d H ow s hall I act .

i n thi s m a tter
 KI NG UT ’I ‘AM A RE GAI NS HI S Q UE EN . 433

T h e b r ah m an s p oke
I f thy w i fe li v e s a nd h as n ot g on e as tr ay , w h y th e n d os t th o u
co m m i t a s i n whi ch will r e n d e r t he e w ife le s s i n an oth er bir th

T h e king s pok e
In s o oth , al th o ug h s h e w er e b r o ug ht b ack, sh e is ev er

o
pp o s e d to m e , O b r ah m a n , s he would tend to unh a pp ines s , not
t o h a p pi n es s ; en oug h ! h er fr ien d s hi p is n o t at all t o w ar d s
m e . D o th ou s o s t r ive for m e tha t sh e m ay b eco m e s ub m i s

S i V e un to me .

T h e b r ah m an p ok e
s

"
T h e V a ra s a c r ific e is b e neficia l fo r m u tual a ffe ctio n

b e tw e en t he e a nd h er . I wi ll p er for m th e M itr a -vi n d af

s a c r ifice w hi ch t h o s e p er for m w h o w is h f or f r iend s ; for it

p r o d u ce s a ffecti on b e tw e en t w o p er s o ns w h o lo v e not ea ch
o th e r ; i t cr ea tes i th e w ar m e s t § afiecti on b et ween w if e a nd
h u s b and , 0 wi ll per for m th a t s acr i fice f or th ee
ki ng . I .

F e tc h th y b eau t if ul- b r ow e d w i fe f r o m w h er e v er s h e i s no w,
’

0 ki ng ; s he s h a ll fe e l t he w a r m e s t lo v e for th ee !
M ar kand ey a s pok e

T h us ad m on i s h e d , th e ki ng th en co llec te d all th e m ater ials

r eq u i s i te , an d th e br ah m a n p e rf or m e d th at s acr ific e . S e v en
ti m e s th en t h e b r ah m an p er f or m ed th e s acr i fice in r e pe ti ti o n

in to p r ocu r e f or t he king h is w if e
o r d er W h en th e g r eat .

m u ni d ee m e d tha t h e h ad ar o us e d f r i e nd li n es s w i thi n h er t o
w ar d s h er hu s b a n d , t he n h e , th e b r ah m a n, ad d r es s e d th e

ki n g F e tch h e r , O king , who i s d ear to th ee, cl o s e t o th y

s o ul ; j
en o y j
a ll e n o ym en ts w i th h er , a nd o ffer s a cr ifices ,

b ei ng d u ly r e s pecte d .

M ar k and eya s p oke

T h us ex h or t ed by t h e br ah m a n t he king a ~w on d e r i ng th e n
r e cal le d to m in d th e v er y v a liant, tr u thf ul , ni ght -r o am i ng

Var es h ti . f
“
Fr i e nd -fin d ing .

I S an-j a nani : no t i n th e d icti onar y . S an-j a na na i s g iv en o nly as a

neuter n o un .

P a r a/m a nu -r d ga m o r s om e s i m i lar no n -f em ini ne no un m us t b e und ers tood

u nle s s we r ead p ar d m to ag ree with p r i ti as i n th e ne x t v er s e .

55
 r un B I RT H or M ANU AUT T AM A . 435

b eh alf , a nd u tter e d th e hym ns a d d r es s e d to S ar a s -v a ti, w ith

com
pos ed m ind .

T h e r eupon G ar ga i“ s p ok e to th e m a i d e n, wh o h a d r eco ver ed

h er s p eech , i n R as at a la — “
T h i s m os t d i mc ul t b ‘

enefit h as
b een eff e cted b y th y fr i e n d hu s ban d
”
’
s .

H av i n g g ai ned t hi s i nf o r m a ti on Nand a s ped i n h as te to the

T hen t h e N aga 's d au gh ter , e m br a ci ng h er fr i e nd t he
"

ty
'

q ueen p r ai s i ng th e ki ng w ith a u s pi ci ou s w or d s ag ai n and

a nd

y
ag ai n, s pok e s w ee tl , s he, t h e Nag a m a i d e n pl a cin
g h ers elf
up0 n a s ea t ,

B y thi s b e nefit, th a t t h o u, O
“
n o ble h er o , h as t d on e m e
n o w , 1 m y h ear t i s d r a wn o ut
'
. Li s te n to w h a t I t ell t h ee .

T h ou s h a lt h av e a s on
g r e at i n " v alo u r , 0 k in g ; h e s h a ll

w ield th e d i s cu s un r e s i s te d on t hi s e ar th . H e s h a ll be s k i lle d
p
i n t h e p r in ci le s o f a ll t h e u s e ful s ci e n c es , I d ev ot e d t o th e

prac t ic e o f r i g h teo u s n e s s , i n tr uth a M a nn , th e w is e lo r d o f

”
a m an v -a n t ar a .

M a r k an d eya s po k e
H av in g th us b es to we d b oon h im , the Na g a ki ng s
’
a on

d au g h t e r t h e n clo s ely em br ace d h er fr i e nd a n d d e p ar ted to

P atal a , O m .
un i .

W h i le th e ki n g liv e d I
pl e a s ui e th e re al on g w ith h er a n d
n

r ul e d hi s j
s u b e ct s , a v er y lo ng ti m e p a s s e d b y T hen t he s o n .

w a s b or n of h e r to the hi gh s o ul e d king , lik e th e lo v el y f ul l

or b e d m o on at th e p er i o d of f ull m oon . A t t he b ir th of t hat

h i g h -s o u l e d chi ld al l th e p eop l e r ej o iced , h eav enly d I um s

s ou n d e d f or th , and a s ho w er o f fl o w e r s f e l l .

S e ei ng th a t his b o d y w o ul d b e lov ely an d h is d is po s iti on

a ls o , a n d ec ti ng th a t h e w a s th e s o n of U tt a m a , the a s s em
re
fl
ble d m u ni s g a ve h i m a n am e s a yi ng , He 1s b or n i n a n ex

an d at a n e x c e ll en t t im e i n it h e h as e x cel
c ell en t “ fa m ily .

l ent l im bs h en ce h e s h a ll be

S ee ca n to l xx v , v er s e 13 . Ga r g a w a s t h e m am e .
of an o ld ri s hi, a d e s ce u
’
o f B h a r a d -v a an d A ng i r as ( M —
Eh S a lya -P li ii ) ; a nd als o
d an t ja s ee . .
,
. .
0

v a r i o us o th er p ers o ns .

1 F or m am d g hu nd r ea d m a m d d h un a It T h e A r th a -sfis tr as .

A u tta m a ,
Uttam a .
4 36 CANT O L xxm .

M ér ka nd eya s p oke

S o h e w a s U tta m a
’
s s on an d wa s fam ed as A ut tam a by
n am e . H e w as a M a nn, p os s es s i ng th e m aj es ty of s uch ;
h ear k en to m e, O
B hag ur i .

H e wh o lis te ns cons ta ntly to the ent ir e s tor y of U ttam a

a nd al s o th e b ir th of U ttam a p r n ev e r e x p er i e n ce s e nm it
y;
no r s h all th e m an w h o li s ten s to i t or r e ad s it ev er i n c ur
s e p a r ati on fr om h i s l o v e d w if e o r s ons o r kin s m en . H ea rk e n
w hi le I tell th ee , O b r ah m an , ab o ut h is m an v -antar a ,
a nd h e ar wh o wa s the I nd ra i n it and wh o wer e th e g o d s
and ri s h i s .

C ANT O LX X I I I .

E nd o f the Au tta m a M a nv - a nta m .

M d r ka z
zd e a
y n a m es the g od s o
f the A u tta m a M a nv- a ntax
ra a nd

thei r lor d , a nd m enti ons the ki ngs an d ri s hi s .

M ar k and e ya s p oke
Lis te n whi le I s peak of th e g o d s , th e I n d r a , th e r is hi s , the
k i ng s i n thi s t hi r d m a nv -a ntar a of t h e P r aj a-p ati A u ttam a .

T hus th e fi rst gr ou p f
o g od s w as t he S v a - d ham ans , I who
acte d a ccor d i n
g to th e i r
n a m e ; a nd a n o t h e r al s o , t h e s econd

g r ou p of th e t hi r ty god s , w a s t h e S a tyak h ya s § N o w the .

g od s i n th e th r d g r o p w er e th e S i vakh ya s , H 0 bes t of
’
i u

m un i s n ow t hey w er e pi ciou s by na tur e ; th ey a r e d e

a us

cl a r e d to h a v e d es tr oyed s i n A nd th e f ou r th g r o up of t he
.

g o d s th e r ei n w as t h e P r a tar d a nak hya s fif 0 b es t o f m uni s ,

i n t h e p er io d of A u ttam a M anu . An d th e g od s i n t he fifth

g r oup t h er e i n w er e th e V a sa O br ah m an ; now

B hé gur e s ee can t o lv iii , v er s e 4 0, n o te I . I t is s ai d to b e a p atro nym ic

of K ra us h tuk i .

'
1 B ut Au ttam a s ee m s pr e f er ab le : r e ad c a i va/utta m as f or '
”
ya c a i vottam as ya

D e itie s w h o r e s id e i n th e ir d w e l li ng s
I ow n .

"
“
Na m e d a f t er tr uth , or n am ed a s tr ue .
"

”
H N am ed aus p i c io us
“
as .

1T
“
N a m ed Pr atar d ana s .

ob ed ien t t o
an
» a
T h o s e wh o a noth er s
’
are w i ll . T h is ha lf line ha s a s ylla
bl e too m uch .
 437
’ “

AUT T AM A S M ANY ANT ARA - .

al l of th em i nd e ed had nat ur e s c or r es pond i ng to th e i r

n am e s , 0 gr eat m un i A nd th es e fi ve g r oup s of g od s ar e
.

r e or te d to h a v e fe d o f th e s acr ifices A ll th e gr ou ps w er e
p .

t wel v e i n t he m a nv -a ntar a whi ch a pp er tai ned to t h at b es t

of M anu s . T h ei r was ill us tr ious ; m ay h e becom e th e
s p i r i tual
p r ec epto r i n the th r ee w or ld s ! H av i ng off e r ed a
h un d r ed s acr i fices , h e w a s v er ily na m e d S u sé nt ixf
-
No w
a s on g , w hi ch is e m b ell i s h e d w i th th e w or d s co m p os in g
his na m e in or d er to a ve r t p or ten ts em a na ti ng fr o m hi m , i s
s ung by m en on th e ear th e ve n to t hi s d ay, S w ee tly s er en e
”
i s th e ki n d ly r u er l of th e g o d s , h e b es t ow s s w e e t s er eni ty He .

S atya s
’
is att en d e d b y th e S i va s a nd i an d oth e r gr oup s of

§ W i th ou t
'

god s an d al s o b y t h e V as a -v ar ti us . bir th “ wa s
he, ab s o l ut el y pur e, s u p er n atur al .

V er y p o w e r ful a n d v ali a n t w er e th at M ann s

’
s o n s , r e n o wn e d ,

like u n to th e thi r ty g o d s . T h e d es c en d an ts of hi s s o ns r u l e d

ov er th e e ar th as ki n g s d ur in g th e m an v - an tar a of t ha t
M anu o f s u p r e m e S p l en d our . O f h i s f o ur a g es w er e r e ck o ne d

i n tr uth an d h alf , Kri ta

s ev en ty-o n e a o f the a g es ca ll e d ,

T r e ta an d s o on , w hi ch I h av e d ecl ar e d in th e a cco un t o
f
the A g e . B y th e i nn at e s pl en d o ur of th e au s ter i ti e s of tha t

m os t e x ce ll ent h i g h -s oul e d M a nu hi s s ev e n s o ns b eca m e th e

s ev en r i s h i s in th a t p er i o d .

T h i s th i r d m an v -a n ta r a I h a v e d eclar ed to th e e . N o w t he
f ou r th i s c a ll e d th e p er i o d of M an u T am a s a , w h o b o r n of a n

w om b illu m i nated th e w or ld w i th hi s f a m e ; h ear ke n

’
a ni m al s

to th e b ir th of th a t M a nu , a s I te ll th e e , O br ah m an . A nd
th e ex p lo i ts of a ll tho s e fll M e nus tr ans cen d t he z
c o g n i an ce

of th e s e n s es a nd t h e bi r th of th e hig h -s ou led M a nus i s to b e

k no wn a s su ch, an d thei r m a j es ty a ls o .

I nd ra .

1'
S w e etly ser ene .

it S e e v e r s es 2 and 3 ab o v e .
’
r ead a r tinai h
’

F or va sa -var tin a h va aa -i '

Aj a or a lead er .

'

1I F o r a m i tnd m r ead am i s hd rh
 ’
438 C AN T O i .x xi v .

C ANT O LX X I V .

A bout the T d m a s a M a n v -a n ar a .t

K i n g S va-r é s htr a bei ng d ri ven fr om hi s ki ngd om by enem i es

beca m e a n as ceti c, a nd m et hi s d e cea s ed queen i n the s hap e of a
d oe
“

d ur i ng a g r ea t
flood H e begot a s on by her who beca m e the
—

M a nn T d m asa . T he go d s r i s hi s a nd ki ngs of tha t m a nv a nta r a

,
-

a r e nam ed .

M arkand ey a s poke

T h er e li v ed on t he e ar t h f a m ous king , by n am e S v a
a

r as h t ra , v al i ant, an off e r er o f m an
y s acri fices , w i s e, i nv i n cible
'

i n b a ttl e s . T he s un b ei ng i nv ok ed
g a ve by h i s m i ni s ter s
h i m a v e r y l ong lif e ; an d h e h a d a h und r ed h ap p y w iv e s ,
O b r ah m an T h e w iv es o f t hat l ong -li v ed king w er e not
“

v e ry lo ng -liv ed , O m u ni an d i n ti m e h i s s er va nt s , m i nis ter s

an d p eop le ca m e t o t h e ir en d . A n d h e, b ei n g b er e ft i" of h i s
W i ve s a nd hi s s er va nts who w ere hi s e quals in a
g e , w as
d e j ect ed in m in d and d wi n d le d in v i g our d ay a nd n ig ht .

A n e ighb our ing kin g n am e d V i -m ar d a ou s t e d h i m t h e n f r om

h i s k i ng d o m , faili ng as he w as i n v i g ou r, d e pr i v e d of h is
d ev ote d a d h er ents , g r eatly a ffl ic te d . A nd b ei ng o us te d 1
fr o m h i s ki ngd o m , h e w en t to a f or es t , d es p air i n g i n m i n d ,
a nd t a ki ng up his ab od e on a s a nd b ank in th e V i tas t d,
illu s tr ious as he was , h e p r a c ti s e d aus teri ti e s U n d erg oi ng .

th e fiv e fir es i n th e h ot s ea s o n, 1 ex p os ing hi m s e lf n a ked to
s h ow er s § in th e r ai ny a nd lying i n w a ter in
'

th e s e a s on ,

th e cold s e as o n, h e li ved a b s tain i n

g f r om fo od , s tri ct in h is
d e v ou t r it es .

A fter w ar d s there w h i le h e pr ac ti s e d h i s a u s ter i ti es

occur r ed ,
,

a g r ea t fio o d d ay a fter d a y i n th e r ainy s ea s o n , w i th th e
’

cl o ud s p ouri ng d ow n r a in i n ces s a ntly T h e ea s t co ul d ot be . n

F or yukto r ead tya kto ( s ee v ers e 5) P T he B o mb ay ed i ti on r ead s m ukto .

'
yu tarh r ead c y utah
’
1 F or c

1 F o ur fir e s aro und and th e s u n ov er -h e a d ; s ee M ann vi . 23 .

a bhr d va ka é i ka h, which i s t he w or d
’

F or a bh r a h has hd ai kah r ead i n M anu

vi . 23 .
 K IN G “ Am i e/ur ns i t em s A DOE . 4 39

d i s tin gui s h ed , nor th e s o uth , n or th e w es t , nor th e nor th

e v er
yt hi ng l ook ed as i f bes m e ar e d wi th d ar kness . T h e king ,
f or c e d th en i n the e x ce s s i ve fl oo d to s e ek th e r i v er b ank ,

no t re ach it alt ho ug h car r i ed

could s eeki n
g i t, b eing a w ay

b y the e x ce ed i ng ly N ow t he ki ng , afte r
f ur i ou s c ur r en t .

bei ng ca r r i ed a long w ay by the s w ollen water , ch an c ed up on

a R auh a d oe i n th e w at er a n d s ei e d h er b
y h er tai l B or n e z .

al o ng b y th at fioo d h e p a s s e d ov er t he s ur f ace of th e l and

hi th er an d thi ther in th e d ar k nes s at length h e r each e d a

b ank . C r os s i ng an ex p an s e of m u d , w hi ch w as e x tr e m e l
y
h ar d to b e cr os s ed , th e k i ng b ei ng d r awn along by h er s ti ll ,

g ai ne d anoth er ch ar m ing f o res t T h e R a uh a . d oe d r ag g ed

t h e il lu s tr i ou s king al ong i n th e d ar knes s th er e , w hil e h e

c l ung to h er ta il , e nf e e b le d th r ou gh out hi s n er v ous s ys te m

“

A nd h e e x p er i ence d an i n ten s e p l eas ur e w h i ch ar os e fr om

t ouchi n g h er , as h e w and er e d con tinuall
y in th e d a r kn es s ,
w i th h i s m i nd d r a wn o ut i n l ove to her . P er ceiv ing th at
t h e kin g was enam o ur e d o f h er , a nd was eng r os s e d i n t ou ch
in g h er b ack , th e d o e v er il
y s p oke to h im w ithi n th at
f o r es t :
“
W h y d os t th ou tou ch m
y b ack w i th tr em b li ng h and P

Quit e o th er w is e h as t hi s a ffair t ur n e d out, 0 ki ng T o no .

un ui t
s a ble j
o b ect h as th y m i n d g one for th n ot un a pp r o a ch
ab l e a m I to t hee, 0 ki n g ; b ut t hi s L ola cr eat es an ob s tacl e
”
t o m y u ni on w ith th ee .

Mar ka nd eya sp ok e
A n d the ki ng on hear i ng t h e d o e s ay th us
, , w as ar ous e d to

c ur i os i ty a n d sp oke thus t o th e R a uh a d oe .

“
T ell m e, w h o ar t th ou ? H ow d os t th ou , a d oe , s p eak
lang u ag e* like hu man b eing s A nd wh o i s th i s L o la who

cr e a t e s a n o b s tacl e to m y uni on w ith th ee

T he d oe s p o ke

I w as for m er ly th y d ar l ing U tpalé vati, 0 king , thy

d d other s , D i h
r d h d an a ns
’
w if e , t h y q ueen ab ov e a h u n r e a - v

d au g h ter .

M r i gi -vakyam s eem s pr efer ab le as t wo w or d s a nd not a com p ou n d .

440 C ANT O L XXI V .

T he kin g s pok e
Wh a t d eed then d id s t t hou d o,* that th ou h as t r eac h ed this
a ni m a l cond i t i on A nd tr u e to thy h us b and , d ev oted to
r ig h teo us nes s , s uc h as thou wer t, h o w h as t thou th us b eco m e
lik e t hi s i’

T h e d oe s p oke
W h ile
’
a gir l in m y f ath er s h om e I went wi th m y com
a w ood to p lay , a nd s aw a d eer uni te d
p an ion s to w ith a
d oe . T hen ap pr oachi ng c lo s e I s t r uc k t he d oe . F r i g h ten ed
by m e she fl ed aw ay, an d t h e n th e d eer en r ag ed s ai d to m e,
S illy g ir l ! w hy a r t th ou s o i ns an e F i e o n this th y e v il
d i s pos iti on, b y wh i ch t ho u h as t r end e re d t hi s p e ri o d o f
i m p r eg na ti on frui tles s for m e F r igh tened th en at h e ar i ng
hi m s peak ing l ang ua g e as o f a h um an b ei ng , I s ai d to h im
W ho ar t th ou who h a s t r each e d this a ni m a l co nd iti on
T her eup o n h e r e plie d I a m s o n of t he ri s hi Nir vri ti - d e ks h ne,

by na m e S u -ta pas , b u t b ei ng e na m our ed of this d oe I b eca m e

a d e er , a nd follo wed h er in lov e , a nd s he l ong e d for m e in

thi s w ood . T hou h as t p ar te d us , 0 naug h ty g ir l, t h er ef or e ‘

”
I infli ct a cur s e on t hee A nd I s aid
. K no win g th ee n ot,
I h av e s inne d , O m uni ; b e gr aci ous d ei gn n o t S ir t o ca s t a .

”
c ur s e o n me . A nd s o a d d r e s s ed th e m u ni g av e m e t h is
r e p ly, 0 king ,
— “
I do no t i nfli c t a c ur s e on th ee , if I m ay
IAn d I s ai d
“
i v e m ys el f t o th ee am not a d o e, no r —
g
.

o f d eer -l ik e for m ; i n thi s w oo d t hou wi l t find an o th er d oe ;

f
m e an wh il e let th y e e l i ng to w ar d s m e b e r ep ess ed
r
”
W h en .

th us ad d r es s ed h e e x cl ai m e d ,
hi s eye s r ed w ith ang er , a nd

u iv er in d oe 1 ’
hi s l ow er li p q g am s a id s t t ho u !
”
th ou s ha lt b e com e a d oe , O s illy girl T hen ex c e ed i n l
.
g y
ag i ta te d I f ell p r os tr a te b ef or e the h ig h ly-e nr a g ed m u ni ,

w ho h ad r es um ed hi s ow n f or m , a nd ex cl ai m e d “
Be
r a c io us
-
l ag ain an d a gai n g ir l is uns ki lle d i n wor d s ,a
g
h en ce I s pok e as I d id ; a s s ur e d ly wom en w h o h av e no
f a th er ch oo s e a h us b a nd t h e m s el ves ; and s i n ce I ha v e a
fat h er , how can I ch o os e , 0 b e s t of m u nis , o r d o wr ong

F or ki ntu yd va t kri taw r e a d him te a/yd vai lap-ite m

 mars or M ANU r i nAsA. 44 1

at th y fes t I b ow, b e g r acio us , m y l or d ! ”

W hile thus I l ay
r o s tr ate exclaim in
g rep eate d ly, B e gr acious ! be gr aci ous ,
“
p ,

O hig h-m i nd ed king, th a t lo r d ly m uni s poke M y utter ed

wo r d nev er goes am is s After t hy d eath th ou s h al t b ec o m e a
.

d oe i n th i s v er y wo od in thy next bi rth ; and in th e d oc

con d i ti on thou s h al t conceiv e w ith in the e th e m uni S i d d h a

v ir ya s
’
m i gh ty-ar m ed s o n n am ed L ol a, O p r oud la d y ; and
wh en the em b ryo is concei ve d w ith in th ee, thou s hal t r e
m e m b er t hy for m er life ;
g ai ni ng thy m em or y,
re th ou
s h al t al so utter hum an languag e After hi s bi r th thou
. s h alt

b e f r eed fro m th e d o e-con d i ti on and b e h onoure d by thy

h us b and ; th ou s hal t attai n to th e wor ld s which it a re nu

a ttai nabl e by thos e wh o com m i t s in A nd b e, L ola, m ighty .

s h all i nd ee d s tr ike d own his fath er s fo es , an d

’
in v al our ,

con q u er th e wh ol e ear th a nd th en b ecom e a M ann .

I n curr ing th i s cur s e I d ied and r each ed thi s br u te con

d iti onfi thr oug h thy tou ch th a t em br yo h as com e i nto

a nd

b ei n g in m y wom b H en ce I s ay — T o no uns uitable o bj e ct

.

h a s th y m i nd g o ne f or th i n co mi ng to m e, nor am I unap

pr oacb able ; I but thi s L ola w ho is conceived wi thi n m e

cre at es an ob sta cl e.

M ar k a nd eya s p oke
B ei ng th us ad d r es s e d th e k in g al s o e xperi ence d i n tens e

then, thinking , My w ill conquer my en em i e s an d be

j oy s on
”
co m e a M ann on th e ear th .

After war d s th e d oc b roug h t for th that s on m ar ked with

th e a us picious m ar ks ; and at hi s bi rth all cr eated thi ng s

j
r e oi ced ,
and es p eci a lly th e k ing . A t th e bir th of th at

m i gh ty s on t h e d o e w a s fr e ed f r om th e c ur s e an d a t tai ne d

t o th e s ub lim e wor ld s . T hen all the ri s hi s as s e m bl e d , 0

b es t of p e r c ei vi ng th e f utur e p r os p er i ty o f th at
m uni s , a nd

high -s ouled chi ld g av e h im a n am e H e was b or n of h i s

m o th er while sh e ex i s ted as an ig norant ani m al, § and the

F or ya read ye.

F or ti r yakt v m read tir yahtvam

1
'
.

F or agum g a r d agam yd s ee ver s e 18

I .

T d m a s i m bhaj a mli nd yd/rib yoni rn .

56
4 42 C ANT O L XXI V .

Wo r ld was env e o p e
l d i n d ar kn es s ,
*
hen ce h e s h a ll b e T am as a .

T h e n T am as a w a s b r ou g h t up b y the f a ther i n th e fo res t .

W h en h e r each e d t he a ge o f i n tel li g en ce h e s p o ke th us to hi s
f a th e r , 0 bes t of m uni s , W ho ar t t hou , d ear f a th er
an d h ow am I th y s on a nd wh o w as m y m o th er an d w hy
”
h a s t th o u com e her e T e ll m e th is tr uly .

M ar ka nd e ya s p oke
T her e up on his fath e r , th e l a r g e - ar m ed ki ng , n ar r ated to
hi s s on h o w h e w as f rom h i s ki n g d om a n d a ll oth er
ou s te d

even ts . An d on h ea rin g all th a t, h e i n vok e d th e s un a nd

ob ta i n e d c el e s ti al w e a p on s to g e th er w i t h t he s p ells th at
cont r oll e d th e m in th ei r com p le te nes s H a vi ng m a s ter ed
.

th e us e of th e w eap o ns he v an q ui s h e d thos e ene m i es , and

b rin g ing t hem n ear h i s f a t he r r el e a s e

d th em , w h en th ey w e re

p er m i tte d b y t h e f a ther to d ep a r t, o b s er vi ng thus h i s o wn

“

r i h t eo us ne s s A n d hi s f a th er , a f te r s eei ng h is
’

g .
s on s f ace
h app y, q ui tt ed his bo d y a nd a tt ain e d to t he w or l d s , w hi ch h e
h a d w on fo r h i s o wn by a us te r i ti e s an d s acri fices .

H e h av i ng con q uer e d th e w h ol e ear th a s k ing b y th e n am e

T am a s a , b ecam e a M anu by n am e T am a s a . H ear a bo ut hi s

m a n v-antar a : w ho w er e th e g o d s , w h o wa s th e ru ler , f and w ho
w as th e lo r d f t he g od s , an d w h o w e r e t he ri s hi s ,
o a nd w ho
th a t M a nu s s on s , th e g u ar d i ans o f t he w or ld
’
w er e .

'
T h e S atyas an d n e x t th e S u-d h is , th e S u -r ii
pas , a nd t he
of
H ar i s , th es e w er e th e cl as ses go d s th er ei n, s e v e n an d
'
t wenty i n n um be r , 0 m u ni . A n d S ikh i I nd r a , m i g h ty, g r eat

in v al o ur ,
d is t in g ui s h ed b y a hu nd r ed s acr ifices , b eca m e th e
Jyotir d ham a n , P ri th u, K av ya , C a itr a,
’
lor d of th o s e g o d s -.

A g ni , an d V al ak a , a nd a ls o P i va r a , thes e s e v en, w er e th e

s ev e n ri s h i s ,
'

O b r ah m an . A nd Na ra , Ks hauti , a nd S é nta,
'‘
D anta , J 51 1 11 , J a ng h a l é m as a
’
an d o ther s wer e s s on s , v er y

m igh ty ki ngs .

T a m as a .

1 F or ya t p a ti r
- r e ad ta t-p a tir , acco r d ing to th e B om b ay ed i tio n .
 ' '
m om or T HE R I SE ! R I T A VA C
-

C ANT O L XX V .

R a i va ta
’
s M a nv-a nta r a .

T he r i s hi R i ta - mi d ha d a s on w ho wa s ba d becaus e bor n und er

the cons tella ti on B evuti , an d the r i s hi m a d e the cons tella ti o n.

f a ll wi th hi s ca r s e. — A d a ug hter wa s bor n therefr o m w hom the

pted
'
fi sh ? P r a m a c a ad o a nd na m ed B er a t i ,
—
K i ng B a r gum a
'
vi s i ted P r a m nc a a nd m a r r i ed Reva ti , a nd the cons tella ti on w as
’

r es tor e d to i ts p la ce at t he m a r r i a ge —
T hey ha d a s on , the M a na

R a i va ta . T he god s , r i s hi s a nd ki ngs i n hi s p er iod a r e n a m ed .

M ar k and eya s po k e

M o r eove r the fifth M anu w as t he fa m ous o ne na m e d

R a i v a ta . L is te n I te ll th e e f u lly ab ou t h i s b ir th .

T her e wa s an ill us tr io us and fa m o us ri s hi n am e d Ri ta -v ari .

T o tha t hig h - s oul ed r i s hi w ho h a d no s on a s o n w as b or n a t

t he ter m i n a ti on of th e co ns te lla ti o n R e va t i . H e p e r f or m e d
th e bi rt h ce r e m o n
y a nd a ll o th er r i te s fo r th at son a cc or d ing
t o the or d ina n ces , a nd als o th e i n ve s ti tur e w i th th e s a cr e d

th r ea d an d o th er cer e m oni es . A n d h e w as of b ad d is pos iti o n ,

l

O m u ni A nd
’
. ev en f r o m hi s s on s v er
y b i r th th e ri s hi , t ha t
l ord ly m u ni , b ecam e a fil i ct e d w it h a l i ng er i ng d is e as e ; h i s
m o th e r s uff e re d e x tr e m e p a in , b e i ng a tt a ck e d w i th lep r o s y
an d o th e r d i s ea s es . A n d h i s f ath er i n h i s affli cti o n
p on d e r ed
W h y is t hi s A n d th a t hi s son al s o , b ei ng e x ce e d in l
g y
wife w h om h e m et
’ ’
w i ck e d i n m in d , took an oth e r m uni s s on s .

'
T hen d ej ected i n m i nd Rit -
a vz c i s po k e thu s B ette r i s i t
for m e n to h av e n o s on t h an a ba d s on I A ba d son is al w a
ys
’ ’
c au s i ng t ro ub le t o h i s f a t he r s a nd m o th e r s h ea r t ; an d c a s t s

d o w n w ar d s hi s a nces to r s w ho d w e l l i n S v a r g a . H e b e n e fits
no t h i s f r ien d s , h e s ati s fie s n ot hi s an ces tor s , he cau s es s uf

f e r in g to hi s p a r e nts —
fie on th e bir th of t ha t s on wh o
com m it s ev il d eed s ! H appy are th ey w h os e so n s ar e co m .

th e w or ld , wh o be n efit o th ers , w ho
m en d ed by al l ar e
peacef ul ,
who d ev ote d to g oo d wor k
ar e U nea s y a nd d ull, av e r s e to
th e n e x t w o rld , te nd i ng to war d s h ell a n d n o t to w ar d s b ea t itud e
is life wh i ch d ep e nd s on ou r A b ad s on b r ing s
"

o ur s on .
4 44 C ANT O L xxv .

a nd hi s ad ver s ar i es , a nd he
m is er y on his fr i e nd s j oy to
”
as s ur ed ly br i ng s unti m ely o l d a g e o n hi s p ar e nts .

M ar kand eya s pok e

W ith h is th oug h ts th us bu r nin g t hroug h th e cond u ct of

h is e x ce e d ing ly p er ve r s e s on, t he m u ni q ues t io ned Gar g a ”

as to wh at h a d h ap p ened .

Rita w é é s p ok e

K eepi ng m y g io us v o ws s tr i ctly I le ar ne d th e V ed a s
r el i

for m er ly acco r d i ng t o pr ecep t ; af ts r a c quir i ng th e V e d as -

I m ar r ie d a w ife accor d i n g to p r ece pt A lon g w i th m y w i fe, .

th e r it e s to b e p er f o r m ed , th os e j
e n oin e d by r e v e al e d r e li
g i o n,
th os e j
e n oi n ed b y t ra d iti o n , t he ob l a t io n s m a d e i n fir e w ith
th e excla m a ti on v a s h at , I h av e nev er failed to p er fo r m to t he full
un to th i s d ay , 0 g rea t m uni F ollow i ng th e or d i n ances
.

p res cr ib e d concer ni ug co n cep t ion , w i th out gr a ti fyi ng -

r m y lu s t
a nd in or d er to h av e a s on , I b eg ot thi s son, I w h o fea r the
hell n am e d Put 0 ,
m un i . I s it th r oug h h is o w n f ault or
th r ough m y f ault, th at this son h as been b or n , br i ng i ng
s ufi er in g on us an d ca us m
g gr i ef to h is kins m en by h i s
b ad d is p os it io n, O m un i

G ar g a s p oke
0 b es t of m unis , thi s th y s on w a s bor n at th e ter m in atio n

of the cons te lla ti on Rev ati ; the r e fo r e he c a us es th ee s uff er in g

s ince he w as b orn at a n ev i l ti m e T hi s i s no tr a n s gr es s i on
.

by t hee n ory et b y hi s m other , nor by thy f am ily ; b t u

th e te r m i n ati o n of Rev ati b efe ll a s th e caus e of hi s b ad .

d i s p os i ti on .

Rita-v ac s p o ke
thi s m y
’
B e cau s e on ly s on s
b ad d is p os iti on s p rang fr om the
ter m in ati on o f R ev ati , le t th at R e vati t her efor e f a l l
quickly

M ar ka nd eya s p o ke
W h en he u t te r e d t hi s c ur s e , t h e c on s te ll ati o n R ev at i v er ily

f ell, w h ile a ll th e w or ld b eh el d w i th m i nd s er vad ed w ith

p as

S ee can to lx x u , v er s e 27 .

1 F or
“
anur und lryatd r ead annrn d hyatd .
 RE V AT i F RO M 445
"

B I RT H or T HE CO NST EL L AT I O N
'

toni s hm en t A nd th e co ns tellati on Rev ati , falling o n an d

'

*
ar o und t he m o un tai n Ku m ud a, s ud d e nly illum i nated i ts
wo od s , r a v i n e s an d c a s ca d es . A nd th e m o untain K um ud a,
by r eas o n o f h er d ow n -fall , b e cam e fam o us as Rai vatakad '
a m ountai n gly ch ar m ing th r oug h th e wh ol e ear th
e xcee d in .

B ut th e b ea u ty of th at cons tella ti o n b ecam e t he l a ke P anka

j in i ; I ther efr o m a m aid e n w as b or n th en exce e d ingly
br illiant in for m . T he m uni P r am uéa saw h e r wh o w as
b or n f r om R evat i
’
s b ea uty, g a ve h er a n am e , the n am e
an d s o

R ev ati , O B h ag ur i . A nd illu s tr i o us P r am u é a n our is h ed h er ,

w h o had b een b or n near hi s h e r m itag e , in that s am e lan d ,
N ow ing t h e m a id e n gr own to th e b lo o m
s ee ofy outh , a nd
b e au tifu lly f o r m e d , th e m un i b e th o u gh t W h o m ay be
;

h e r h u s ba n d W hi le h e thus p on d e r e d a long tim e p as s ed

b y , O m un i ; no r d i d th e gr eat m uni li g h t upon a brid e g r oo m

e q ual to h er . A t le ng th th e m un i P r am u éa en ter ed h is r o om

w her e th e s acr ed fir e b ur n ed , to as k A g ni a bo ut a b r id eg r oo m
fo r her . Ag ni r e pl i e d to th e q ues t ion er , Gr ea t i n s tr eng th ,

g r ea t i n v al our , k i n d of s p eech , f ond of r ig h teous n e s s , th e

”
ki ng nam ed D ur g a m a s ha l l as s u re d ly b e h er h us b a n d .

M ar kand eya , s pok e

A nd i m m ed iately th er e r ea ch e d h is 1h erm i tag e , O m uni ,

th e c ou r s e of hun ti ng th at W i s e ki ng D ur g am a , w h o w as
’
s pr un g f r om P r iy a v r ata s lin eag e , g r e at i n s tr e ng th a nd
—

p r o wes s , V ik r am a sila s s on , b or n of Kalin d i s wo m b

’ ’
-
T he .

ki ng en ter e d th e h erm ita g e an d , not s eeing th e ri s h i , h aile d

s l end er ai d wi th the wor d D ear an d as k ed
“
t he m en

T h e k i ng s pok e

W hi th er h e g o ne f ro m thi s
has h er m it ag e, t h e a d o r able

l or d ly m uni ? I wi s h to p ay him m y aff e ction h ere . T ell hi m

s o , 0 br ig h t m aid e n !

M ar k a nd eya s p oke
T h e b r ah m a n , w ho w as in t he r o o m wh er e th e s acr ed fir e

' '

F or bhd s ha yd mé s a r ead bhd sa yd m d s a .

1 S e e p ag e 2 8 9 no t e
‘

1 O r, a lake of lot us es .
44 6 C ANT O L XXV .

bur n ed , h ear d th a t his s

p ee ch an d th e ha iling h er as D ear !
an d ca m e o u t in h a s te . T he m hi g h -s o ule d king D ur g a
un i s a w

m a , b ear i ng t h e y a l i n s i gn i a ,
ro bo wi ng r e s pe c tf ully befor e h i m .

N o w o n s e ei ng hi m h e s p ok e a t o n ce t o his d is ci ple G autam a

Ga uta m a ! b r ing qui ckly th e ar g h a off er ing for t hi s king .

A t l en g th h e h as com e al o ne after a long t i m e , th is ki ng a nd

in p ar ti c ular m y s on -i n-la w ; I d ee m h i m w or th y of th e ar g h a.

M ér k and eya s p ok e
T her eat th e kin g p o nd er e d on th e r e as on f or hi s us i ng the
ter m s on -i n- l aw an d un d e r s too d it no t t h er e fo r e ke ep ing
s il en ce th e k i ng accep t e d th e ar
g ha W h e n th e king h ad
.

tak en a s ea t an d accep te d th e ar h a th e b r ah m an , t h e
g g r eat
m uni , ad d r es s ed h im a w elco m e I tr us t th ou fa r es t w ell
i n thy h o m e , i n t hy tr e as ur y, i n t hy fr i en d s , i n
a nd ar m y,

t hy s er v an ts an d m ini s ter s , an d i n t hy o wn s el f w h er eon

r e s ts e ve r y thi n g , 0 ki ng o f m i g h t
y ar m ! A n d thy w ife f a r e s
w e ll s in ce s h e i s i nd ee d a t h a nd , I a s k n o t t h er e fo r e a b o ut
h er , but I hop e t hy o t her W i ves f ar e w e ll

T h e ki ng s p ok e
T hr oug h th y f av o ur I hav e n o i ll- for tu n e a ny w h er e , O
s t r ic t ob s er v er o f v ow s ; an d m y cur ios i ty i s a ro u s e d , w h a t

w ife h av e I h er e, 0 m u ni 9

T he ri s hi s
p ok e
M os t nob le R ev ati , b ea utif ul ev e n thr ou g h th e th r ee w or ld s ,
i s th y W ife of e x qu i s ite fig ur e d os t th ou not know h er , 0
k ing 9

T h e kin g s p o k e
S u bh a d r a, S an ta s d a ug h ter , K av e r i
’ ’
M y l or d -
s d aug hter ,
an d S u j ata b or n in S u -r as h tr a , and V a r ii th a
’ ’
-
.
s d a ugh ter
Ka d am b a, V ip é t h a, a nd N an d i ni — thes e I kn ow as m y w i v es ,
O br ahm a n they r e m ain a t m y h om e I kno w .
no t Rev ati,
a d o ra ble S ir w h o t h en i s she P

T h e ri s hi s p oke
S he i s th is m ai d en of b ea u tifu l com p l ex i o n, W h om th o u
”
d id s t ad d r es s j us t no w as
“
D ea r ! H as t th o u for g otte n ,
0 ki ng W orthy of p rai s e i s th is lad y of thy h ou s e
 IN G
K D URGAM A m am as ri
REVA' .

T he king s p oke

I n truth I s ai d s o , b ut no i m p r o per f eeling h ad I , O m uni .

D ei g n not to b e angr y w ith m e for this , I bes eech thee,

Sir !

T h e ris hi s p oke

T hou s peak est tr uly, O k ing ; no i m prop er feeli ng h ad s t

th ou T ho u d id s t u tter thi s wor d , being i m pelled by A g n i ,
.

0 i g
k n k
I as ed
. Ag ,ni “
W ho s ha ll be h er h usb and ? 0
ki n g ; and he re
pl ied th at th ou t hys elf , S ir , s h ould s t v er i ly
b e her b r id eg room t his d ay T ake h er th en ; I g i v e th ee
.

”
th e m aid e n, 0 ki ng , and th ou d id s t h ail h er as
“
D ear !
H ow d os t t ho u d e cid e

M ar kan d eya s p ok e

A t hi s ad d r es sth e king th en kep t silence ; and th e ris h i

pr e par ed to p erf or m her w e d d i ng cer em ony . T h e m ai d en

s p o k e a li ttle t hi ng to h er f a th er w ho w as pr epar ed for th e
m ar r i ag e , h er co unten an ce be nt d o wn war d wi t h r es p ect
I f th ou lov es t m e, d ear f ath e r , d eig n to g iv e m e a fav our ;
e r for m the n m y m ar ri ag e i n th e con s tellati on Reva ti , s i nce
p
”
I h ave w o n thy fav our .

T h e ri s h i s p oke

F air m ai d en th e co ns te lla ti on R ev ati is n ot d eclar e d to b e

on e th at unites wi th th e m oon . T he cons tellati ons ap

pr o
r i at e to thy m arr iag e ar e o th er s , 0 b eautiful-br owe d !
p

T h e m a i d en s p ok e

D ea r fath er with o ut that cons te lla ti on the tim e a pp e ar s

to m e unp r ofitable . H o w m ay the m ar r iag e of s uch as me

t ake pl ace a t an n
u profit a b l e ti m e i’

T he r is hi s p ok e

T h e fa mous as cetic n a m ed Ri ta-vac was enrage d a ains t

g
R e v ati ; in h i s anger b e caus ed t h e cons tella ti on to fall d ow n
'

A nd I h av e pr om i s ed th ee as w if e to t his king, 0 m aid en

w ith in toxi cating eyes a nd if t hou d es ires t no t th e m arr iag e ,

w e h av e f allen into a s tr ait

448 CANT O no w
.

T h e m ai d en s p ok e
D ear f a th er W hy d id th a t m uni Ri ta-V 51 6 p er for m aus
ter i ti es i n t h at fas hi o n H a ve I no ug ht to d o w ith th ee a s
f ath e r A m I th e d au gh ter of a n un wor th
y br ah m a n
T h e ri s hi s pok e
T hou ar t no t th e d a ug hter of an un wor th y br ah m an,
.
nor of

an as ce ti c, O m aid en T h ou ar t d aug hter to m e w ho am

“

s tr i v i n
g to m ake o th er fl‘
go d s
T he m aid en S p ok e

I f m y fath er i s a p r a ctis er o f a u s ter ities , w h y th en d o es

h e not r a is e th is cons t ella ti o
n t o th e s ky and
p er fo r m m y
w ed d i ng und e r the c ons tellatio n

T he ri s hi p ok e s

B e it so ! p r os peri ty b e thi ne, f a ir m aid en

be th ou affec
I rai s e th e co ns tellati on R ev ati to the m oon s p ath
’
tiona te
a
y for th y s ake .

M ar k a nd eya s p oke

T h en by the p ow er of h i s au s ter i ti e s th e g r e at m uni p l a ced

th e cons tellatio n Rev ati as befor e i n j
co n u ncti on w i th th e

m oo n , D br ah m an . A n d full of aff e ction be cel e b r at e d hi s

d a ug h ter
’
s m ar r i a g e ac co m p a ni e d with s acr e d t ex ts a ccor d i n
g
to r ul e , a n d s ai d to h i s i
s o n- n -l aw a
gai n ,
T el l m e , 0 k ing ,
w h at sha ll I g iv e th e e as a w ed d i n g g ift I w ill g iv e e v e n
th a t w h i ch i s h ar d to b e ob tained , f or i r re s i s ti bl e ar e m y
”
aus ter i ti es .

T h e ki n g s p o ke

O f M ann S v ayam bh u v a
’
s lineag e 1 I am s
pr ung , O m uni .

I g ift a s on w h o
ch o os e as s h all r eig n o v er a m anv-antar a
th r ough thy fav o ur .

T he ri s h i s
p ok e
T h i s thy w i s h s h a ll b e f ul filled A s a M ann t h y s on s hall .

enj oy th e whol e e ar th , and s h all b e w i s e i n r i ht e ou s nes s

g ,

0 k i ng .

D evd n thi s s ee m s e rr one ous

, but th e B om b a y e d i ti on r ead s the s am e .

t F or s anta to r ead s antul an

 ’
RAI VAI ‘A S M ANV
’

M ar k and eya s pok e

T he n taking he r th e ki ng W ent to h i s o w n city F ro m h i m .

was b or n of Rev at i a s on , th e M a nn R aiv a ta , p os s e s s e d o f

al l r i g h teous nes s , u nconq uere d by m a nkind , wh o un d er s too d

th e m ea ni ng o f ev er
y s a cred bo o k, w ho kne w th e V e d as , the
s ci e nce s and th e b o ok s of
p r a ctica l a r ts .

H ea r m os t c o m p os e d ly, O brah m an, a b o ut th e go d s th e

m u ni s , the l or d of t h e go d s a nd the kin g s i n his m an v -a ntar a,
as I m en tio n th e m . T h e g o d s th er ein we r e t he S u- m e d h as es .

A n d th e ki ng s w er e V a i kunth a a nd A m i tab ha , f o ur te en a nd
four tee n, 0 br ah m an . A nd no w th e lo r d of th o se v ery fo u r
c l as s e s o f
go d s w a s nam e d V ibh u , w h o w as the r eg a r d e r o f
H i r anya - lo m a n V e d a-s ri , a n d
’
a h un d r ed s acr ifice s , 0 k in g .

’
a ls o U r d d h v a -b ah u, V e d a -b ah u , a nd S u -d ham a n an d t he
g r ea t m u ni P a r j a ny a , an d illu s tr ious V asi s hth a w h o Wa s
t ho r o ug h l y v ers e d i n th e V e d as a nd V ed an ta —
th e s e w er e

p e r i od B al a —b an d hu
’
th e s e ven ri s hi s a ls o in M an n Rai v at a s .

m i g h ty in v a lo ur , a nd als o S u - ya s h ta v y a , a nd S a tya ka a nd
’
o t he rs w e re M a nu R a i v a ta s s o ns .

N o w thes e ar e th e M an u s d ow n to R ai va ta , w h o m I h a ve

to ld th ee ab ou t ; th e y w e r e i n d eed c o n necte d w ith S vaya m

b h a va , e x ce p t M anu S var oci s h a rr

C ANT O LX X V I .

T he S i xth M a nv-a n ta r a .

C a ks hus ha w he n an i nfa nt wa s ta ken by a ha g fr om hi s

king Vi -h'r d n ta , a nd
p a r en s t a nd cha nged f or the son of wa s

br o ug ht p up a s a r i n ce —
Oh r eachi ng boyhood he revea le d the

r a ud , a nd a ba nd on i ng his p r i ncely s ta te beca m e an a sceti c

f .

— B r a hm d m a d e h im the s i xth M a na
f .
—
T he d eities , ris hi s a nd

ki ngs f
o his per i od are m enti one d .

e d i ti o n
F or r i ter r ea d ri te w i th t h e B o m b a y .

1 T h e B om b a y
“
e d iti o n ad d s a v er s e w i th i n b r acke ts . He w h o ma y
h e ar o r r ea d th e s ub li m e s to r y o f t he s e M an as c o nti nu ally, i s d eliv e red from

I
a ll S D S a n d a ttai ns to th e wor ld tha t is ear nes tly d es ir ed .
4 50 ? CANT O L xxvi .

M ar ka nd e ya s
poke
fi ve m anv -antaras to th ee iii
l

T hus I ha v e na rrated t h es e .

'

H ear ab o ut th i s p e r io d , tha t of t h e M a nu C ék s hus h a

s i x th .

In a n o th e r bi r th h e w as b or n f rom t he eye 1 of th e s upr em e '

d ei ty, h e n ce in th is b i r t h a ls o h e r e tai ne d th e co nd i tion i of

‘
-

O b r ah m an § H is ly m akes h i m
’
C ak s h u s h a , . m oth er r e p e a te d

p r attle "as h e li es i n h er l ap after hi s

.

b ir th , a nd em br aces
'

hi m lov i ng ly and th en a g a in m ak es h i m p r attle fil B e ing

in d ee d b o r n w ith a r ecollec tion of hi s p r ev io us ex is ten ce s , h e
H i s m oth e r s a id to
’
l aug h e d h e lay o n hi s m ot h er s lap
as .

h i m angr i ly th en I a m fr ig ht ene d ; w h at i s thi s , m y ch ild ,

t h a t th er e i s la ug h ter in t hy m outh ? T h o u ar t b or n with

p r em at ur e in te llig ence P e r h a ps thou s ees t s o m eth ing .

br ig h t l
T he s o n s p o ke

D o s t t hou n ot s ee, a cat i n fr o n t w is h es to d evour m e ?

A nd a n o th er ,
the ha g w h o z
s ei e s n e w ly - bo r n h as
7 v a ni s h e d . A nd s i n ce th o u , lad y, loo ki ng on m e lov i n g ly i n
thy a ffe cti o n fo r th y s o n, d os t keep on m aki ng m e p r attl e an d

8 d os t em br ace m e m uch , w h ile th y h a i r r i s es u p an d t hi ne

e ar e s ufifus e d w i th t ear s s p r ing ing fr om l ov e , th er ef or e
yes
9 I ch an ced to l a u g h . H ear a ls o th e r ea s o n of it . T he cat

i nte nt on i ts o wn ob ect j looks __on m e w ho am a ttach e d to

thee ; a nd th e o th e r al s o , _
the ha g w h o s ei z es n ew l
y b o rn
-

10 ch i ld r e n , h as v an i s he d . Jus t as th ese t wo , w it h h ear ts s olic i

tous for th ei r o wn s e lf w e r e b us y ov er m e, e ve n

F or tav a r e ad ta thd T h e B om b a y e d i ti on r e a d s m uy ci .

1: O r
’ “
1 C a ks h us h ah a p p ella ti on .
‘
.

T h e B om b ay e d i tion i ns erts an e xp l ana t or y v e rs e h er e B h ad r fi , wif e of

t h e hig h -s oule d r o yal ri s hi A n a m i tr a , g av e b ir th t o a s o n, w h o w as wi s e ,

-
v ery

p ur e , w h o r e m em b er e d h i s f or m er li v e s , a ver y s o v er e i g n .
"
S ee v er s e 27
U l -l d p ya
'
. 17 1-lap is no t g iv en as a v e rb i n th e d i ction ar y ; a l- Zap a is

g i v en voice
“
as a n oun m e a ni ng calli ng o ut in a l o ud v o i ce ; chan g e of in
,

g r i e f, s i ckn e s s , &c .
; b u t t h o s e m e a ni n g s s eem i na d m i s s i ble h e re . S ee
’
u l-l a41 an a in ca n t o x x v , v e r s e 10 .

fir Ul tap ay a ti .
’
H
Ja ta - hcir i m’ ;
- ’ ‘
s e e cant o li , v er s e 102 .

ff F01 s n igd ha -hr td a y d r e ad s ni gd ha -hrid a ye to ag r ee with ete p r a -vri tte, as

th e B om b ay ed i ti on read s .
 r un CHI L D HO O D or MANU c
’
KKs no s uA . 45 1

so thou ap
p ear es t t o m e to b e eng aged in thy ow n s elf -ih
tere s t . B u t th e cat a nd the ha g w h o s ei es new ly-b or n z
c h il d re n a i m ed a t enj o in
y g m e ; t h ou o n th e oth er h and d e
s ir es t to obt ai n g oo d r es ul ts fr o m m e w h ich s h al l be j
en oye d

g r a d ually . T h o u d os t no t k now m e w ho I am , nor th e b enefit

th at I h av e c onf er r e d . O ur m eeti ng i s for n o v er
y long ti m e,
a p er io d of fiv e a nd s ev en d ays . N ev e r th eles s th o u lo ves t
an d em br aces t m e e x c es s i v e l
y w i th te a r s i n thi ne eyes ;
”
s incer e ly th ou call e s t me d ear ch ild a nd l o vely d ar l ing .

T h e m o th er s p o ke

I t is n ot f or th e s ak e of a b ene fit th a t I em b r ace th ee

lo v i ng l y , m y d ar lin g , n or s h al l I b e d epr i v ed o f th ee, if thi s

*
s h a ll b e f o r t h y p le as u r e I h av e now r e li n q ui s h ed a ny
.

s elf -int er e s t w h i ch s h a ll a ccr ue to m e fr o m

So s ayi ng sh e l ef t hi m a nd w e nt o ut of th e lyi ng -i n h o us e .

T he ha g J at a -b ar ini t h en s ei ed hi z
w h en left, hi s b od y an d m
e x t er n a l o r g a ns o f s e n s e b ei ng a p a th e ti c, hi s h ear t a n d s oul

pur e .
z
H av in g s e i ed th e b oy s h e pl ace d him th e n as a ne w
king V i kr anta
’
b or n chi ld o n th e b e d of - s w if e, a nd to ok h is

n ew -b o r n s on and car r i e d h im }: t o a n o th e r h ou s e , and t ak

i ng a s on f r o m th at hou se s h e , J ata -h ar ig i , i n r eg ul ar co u s e r
d ev o ur e d thi s th i r d chi ld . No w c ar r yi n g child r en o ff in s u cce s

s i on sh e d ev ou r s t h e th i r d chi ld ,
t o tal ly d e v oid of
pi ty ; b ut
sh e m ak es a s ub s ti t utio n thus w i th the o th er t w o d ay a f te r d ay .

A n d t h en k i ng V i -kr enta p er f or m e d th e p ur ifica to ry r i te s ,

whi ch ap pe r tain to a pr in ce , for th at v er y s on ; an d as fath er
k i n g V i -k r anta g av e h im th e n am e A na nd a a ccor d i ng t o r ule ,
’

b ei ng hi m s elf fill ed T w i th i nten s e j oy N o w wh en a s a yo uth .

h e h a d d onn e d th e s acr e d th r ea d , hi s s p ir i tual g ui d e o rd ere d

hi m A p p r oa ch b efor e th y m o th er r es p e c tful ly an d s alu te
H ear i ng th at h i s g ur u s s pe ech , h e s m iled a nd s p oke
’
l ”
h er
th u s — “
W h i ch o f m y m o th er s s h all I p r ais e, h er who g ave
m e b ir th or h er wh o h as n ou r i s h ed me

s eem s a li ttl e i nv ol ve d , but both e d i tions r ead alike .

T hi s
F o r ta tto r ea d tva tto
1 .

read tam ? but b oth ed iti on s r ead tvam.

I F o r te am
 4 53
'
C AKSHUSHA i r rom rrn "
t o 13s A M ANU .

ex i s tence ? O r wh o i s a k i ns m an for e ver ? I s th y m ind

b e w il d e r ed ? I h ave h a d t w o fath er s ind eed i n thi s v er y
b i r th , a nd t wo m other s ; i s i t w ond er ful th at it s hould be
oth er w i s e in the r ecur r i n B ei ng s uch , I
g b ir th o f th e b od y
’
w i ll p r actise au s te ri ties D o th en br i ng here C a itr a , wh o i s
.

i nd eed the s o n o f th i s ki ng , fr om th e v illag e V i sale .

M ar kaud eya s po k e

T h er eu pon th e king w a s a s to n i s he d with hi s wi v es an d

kin s m en ; withd r aw i ng h i s f e e ling of o w ne r s hi
p fr o m that
’

b oy , h e p er m i tted hi m to d ep ar t to the f ores t . F e tch in g h i s

’
s o n G a it r e h e m ad e hi m w or thy o f the k ing d om , a f ter

h o n our ing th e b rahm an w h o b r o ugh t h im up i n t h e b eli ef

t h at h e w as h is s on .

An d h e , Kn and a , a m er e b oy , p ractis ed a us ter i ti es i n th e

gr eat for es t, i n o r d er t o co ns um e aw ay hi s a ctions whi ch

w er e a d v ers ar i es in th e p a th to final e m anci pat io n. A nd
to him t h en as he p r a c ti s e d a us ter i ti es s p o ke t he d i v in e
P r aj a-p ati W hy ar t th ou p er for m ing s eve r e a us ter i ti e s

my ch i ld ? tell m e that .

An and a s pok e

D p ur i ty of s oul I p erform aus ter i ti es , a d or abl e

e s ir ous of

l or d ! s et ting m y face towar d s cons um ing th e ac ti on s whi ch

tend to fe tter m e .

B r ah m a s poke
H e w ho is lor d over c o ns um e d actions is fit fo r final em anei

p ati o n, n ot h e wh o eng a g es in a c tio n. H ence S ir th o u s h alt

o b tai n final em an ci pa ti o n , w h en th ou has t the lo r d s h ip of

g ood nes s T hou m us t b e th e s i x th M anu ; g o ; d o a cco r

.

d i n g ly ! E nou g h o f a u s teri ti e s f or th ee ! W hen t hou h as t

d o ne th at, t hou s halt o btai n final em ancip ation .

poke
M ar k a nd eya s

B ei ng th us ex hor te d b y B r ah m a, h e th en th e h ig h -m i nd e d
”
r e li e d ,
p
“
So be it ! a nd w e nt d i recti ng h i m s e lf to th at

46 p ur s u i t H e ceas ed i n d eed f r o m aus ter iti es

. . T ur n i n g h i m
a way fr om aus ter ities B rah m a a d d r es s ed hi m
’
as C aks h us h a
4 54 CANT O L XXVI .

fo r m er ly h e w a s known by that n am e ; h e b eca m e fam ous as

'
M C ak s h us h a
'

an n .

H e m ar r ie d V id ar b h é d au g ht er , of k in g U g r a , an d b egot
by h er s on s ce l eb r a te d f or v a lour .

H ear O b r ah m an , w h o wer e th e g o d s o f th e p er i od , w hile

,

h e r eig ne d o v e r th e m a n v -a ntar a ; a nd w h o w e r e th e r is hi s ,
a nd w ho wa s th e I n d r a , a nd wh o w er e hi s s o ns . T h e g od s
’
t he r ei n wer e n am e d Ar yas ; th ey f o r m ed on e
g r ou p of ei g ht
p er s o ns ; i t wa s com p os ed of th o s e who h ad d on e fam o us
d eed s , wh o p ar took of th e o bl ati on s a t th e s acr i fice , O b r ah
m an, of t hos e w h o w e r e f am o us for s tr e ng th an d v al ou r ,

w ho w er e har d ly to b e ga z ed at b e cau s e of th ei r h a lo of

s p l e nd o ur . An d the s eco n d cl as s o f
go d s w as ca lle d P r as u
tas , con s i s tin g of
p er s o n s e i gh t
T h er e w a s an oth er cla s s .

of
g o d s al s o called B h avya s , con s i s tin g of j u s t e ig h t p er s on s
a n d a f o ur th clas s th er e i n w as ca ll e d Y u th a -g as , w hi ch als o

co ns is ted of ei gh t p er s o ns . T h er e w er e , m or eo v e r , oth er

g o d s c alle d L e kh a in a fif th cl a s s al s o i n th at m an v -a ntar a ,
O b r ahm an ; th o s e so n am e d f e d in d eed on am r i ta . An d
t h e I nd r a w a s M a no - av a , j w ho o ff e r e d a h un d r e d s ac r ifices

a nd b ec am e th ei r lo r d ; he was r e ck one d th e eat er o f a p or

t io n o f th e s ac r i fice s A n d S u -m e d h a s , a n d V i -r aj a s , H av is h
.

m at , U m-u ata , M ad h u, A t i -n am an , an d S ah i s h nu w er e th e
'
C ak sh u s h a
’
s e v en ri s hi s . M a nn s s on s , ch i e f o f wh om w er e
'
U r uj “
P ur u , an d S ata - d yum n a , _
v e ry g r eat i n s t r en
g th , w er e
th e ki ng s o f th e ea r t h .

T h us I h av e n ar r at e d t o th e e t h e s i x th m a nv -antar a , O

b r ah m an , b o th th e bi r th an d th e ex
p l o i ts of h ig h -s o ul ed
C ék s h u s h a
’
. He who s u b s i s ts at t h e pr es e nt ti m e is na m e d

M anu V a iv a s v at a ; h ear fr o m m e ab ou t th e god s an d oth er

chi e f p er sonages i n hi s , th e s e ve n th, p er i od .

F or Umt Ui
’
r ead u.
'
 S T O RY OF T H E S UN AND H I S W I FE S ANJNA.

C ANT O LXXV I I .

T he Va i vas va ta M a nv-a ntar a

T he S un m ar r i ed T vas htr i u d , a nd their chi ld
’
s d a ugh ter S a nj
r en wer e M a nu Va iva s va ta a nd Yam a — M d r ka ndeya nar ra tes,
’
how the S un s sp lend our wa s p a r ed d own by T vas htr i beca us e s he
could n ot end ur e i t .

M ar kand eya s p oke

l T h e S un M ar ta nd a s w ife w as V l s va kar m an s illu s tr i ous ;
’ ’
-

2 d au g h ter , b y nam e S afijfia T h e S un be g ot . of h er a s on, a

M a nn , of cel eb r ate d fam e , l e ar ne d i n m a ny s cie n ces s i nce

'

h e w as V i v a s v at h e w as
’
s s on , call e d V a i v a s v a ta i n s oo th .

A nd S afij fia us e d to sh ut h er e ye s w h en th e S un g a z ed on

h er , and the S un i n ang er th er ea t s p ok e s h ar p ly to S afij fia

B eca u s e th o u d os t al w ay s i m p r i s on th in e ey es w h e n t ho u
s ees t m e, O s i ll
y on e, th ou s h alt th er efor e g i ve bir th to Y am a ,
”
t h e im p r i s on e r * of m ank i n d .

M ar k a nd eya s p ok e

T h er e up o n th e g o d d es s , unn e r v e d by fea r , b ecam e w ild

ey ed ,
an d th e S un s ee in g h er g it ate d g lan ces a d d r es s e d h er
a

6 a g a in S in ce thi ne ey e -s i h t h as
g b e com e a g i tat ed , 1 n o w
th at th o u h as t s ee n m e, th ou s h alt th er e for e g i v e bi rth to a
”
d aug h t er , th e r i v e r V i -l ol a .
i
M ar ka ud eya s p ok e
H ence thr ou gh th a t h er hu s b an d s cur s e Y am a
’
v e r ily w as
b or n of h e r , a n d al s o Y am un a thi s f am o us an d v er
y g r e at
'

8 r i ve r An d i t w as w i th p a in tha t S a fij fia, th e n obl e l a d ,

y
-
.

S un s p l e nd our ; a nd th en un ab l e t o b ear th e
’
e nd u r e d th e
'

9 s pl e n d ou r s h e f ell i n to t h o ug h t W hat am I to do W h er e
am I to g o W h er e
I g o th a t I m ay fin d eas e
s h a ll A nd
10 h ow s h a ll th e S un , m y h u s b an d , contr o l hi s w r ath ? So
er i ng i n m any w ays , t he Pr aj z
i -p a ti s ill us tr ious d au hter
’

p on d g
3“ A pl ay o n th e w or d s s a rh -y a m a, y am a and s a rh -ya m an a .

Vi -lolita .

T h i s m ean s th e Y a m uné , th e n e xt T hi s na m e is
I s ee v er s e no t g i ven
.
,
.

i n th e d ic tionar y and 1 hav e not m e t wi th i t e ls e wh er e .

456 C ANT O L XXV I T .

th en th ou g ht m u ch of g e with h er father
ac tu al ly t a ki ng r ef u .

T h er eup on th e f am ous l a d y h a v ing r es o lv ed to g o to her

fa ther s h ous e fas hio ne d h er b od y, th at the S un lov ed , in
’

ow -f or m , an d ad d re s s ed h er s ha d ow-sel — Rem ai n thou

“
s h ad f
h er e in th e S un h o us e I ; a nd b e hav e th ou becom
’
s e ven as

ingly to th e chil d r e n e v en as to th e S un A nd though ques

.

t ioned s ay no thin g of th is my g oi ng aw ay ; s ay al ways this ,

’
I am s h e ind e ed , S a fij fia by na m e .

T h e S h ad o w - S afij fia s p oke
O lad y, I w i ll o bey th y o r d e r a nd will so d ecla re, as far
as waf er-
i ng m y h air to b e s ei z ed an d as fa r as un d er goi ng

cur s es p
i t is er for m ed ind e ed as fa r as d r a wi ng cur s es d own
”
up on m yself .

T h e g od d es s ”, r ecei v m g th is a ss ur a nce, th en w ent to h er

f ather s ab od e S h e s aw T va s ht ri th er e cl eans ed fr om s tain
’
.

b y m eans of aus te ri ti e s . A nd b e i ng hono ur ed by h im , V isv a

’
k ar m an, w ith m u ch r e s p e ct, s h e r e m ai n e d i n h er fath er s
hou se s om e tim e , unr e pr oa ch e d . T h en h er fa ther s p oke to
th e b eautif ul lad y, hi s d aug h ter , w h en s h e h ad d wel t there
not v er y long , p r ai s i ng
after h er an d p r efaci ng his sp eech
with lov e an d m uch res p ect
“
No w while I hav e b een s eein g th ee m y child , the d ays
th ough m any m ay b e r eckoned a s equal to
v er y h al f a m o
m ent ; ne ve r th el es s r ig h teo us n e s s s uff er s l os s D welling a .

long t im e a m ong ki ns m en b r i n g s n o g o od r ep ute to wom en ;

’
kins m e n hold a wo m a n r es i d enc e i s i n her h us ban d ’
s
p r op er s

h o us e . S uch art t h ou , a nd th ou ar t m a ted to a hus b and , the

S un, th e l or d of th e th r ee w or l d s d e ig n no t m y d augh ter
to d wel l lo ng ti m e in thy f a th er 8 h ous e
a B eing s uch , go .

’
t han to thy h us b a nd s h om e I a m p leas e d ; thou has t b een
.

h ono ur ed by m e T h ou m us t com e ag ai n to s ee m e, m
y
.

”
beau tiful one .

M ar k a nd eya s p ok e
T hus was she ad m o ni s h e d by h er fa th er th en, and s h e

ag r eeing s al uted h er f a th er r es
p e c tful ly a nd w e nt to the

F or d a m? r ea d d evf.
 '
YAM A s UN F I L I AL B E HAV I O U R . 45 7

Nor th er nKurus , O m uni d is liki ng the S un's h eat,

'

,
a fr a id of

his s ple nd o ur ; an d th e r e s he pr ac tis ed aus ter i ti es , ch ang ed

'
i nto a m ar e s s hap e .

T h e lor d of d a y thinki ng the s ha d ow-form w as S afij fia,b eg ot

of that o th er t wo s on s an d a ch a r m i n g d a ug h ter . No w th e
S h a d ow -S afij fia w as ver y affect ion a te to t h e other child ren
ju s t a s to h er o w n S a nj i a d i d n o t u s e to s h o w s p ec ial atten
tion to h er d a ug h ter a nd two s o ns d aily by c ar es s es
“
an d
o th er m ar ks of affecti on fr o m a c ce pte d th a t
p l e a s ur e M ann .

h er Y am a d id no t b ear i t p atie n tly fr om h er , a nd i nd ee d h e

lifted hi s f oot in an g er to k ick h er , b ut, aga i n m o v e d w ith
f or b ea r an ce to w a r d s h er , d id not g ai n s t h er b od y
s tr ik e it a .

~
T h er eup on, O b r ahm an , th e S h a d o w - S afiJna i n a ng er c ur s ed
Q ’

Y a m a , h er u pperq ui v e r i ng s lig h tly, a n d h er d e lica te

lip
h h
’
h and s h a ki ng — “
B ecau s e t o u sp u r n es t m e, t y fat her s
w ife , d i s r es p ec tful ly w i th thy foot , t hi s thy f oot s hall th er e
.
-

"
for e f all thi s v er y d ay to th e e ar t h .

M ar k and eya s p oke

Y am a, terr ifie d on h ear i ng th e cu r s e th a t h i s m o th er h a d

p r o no u nc e d on him , w e nt t o his fa the r and falli ng pr os tr ate

b efor e h i m s p ok

Y am a s p ok e

O fa th er , thi s g r eat m ar v el w as n ever . s een by any on e ,

th at a m o th er ca sti ng l ov e a way i m p r ecates a c ur s e on h er

s on . S h e is not mo
t her to m e i n th e s am e w ay ,
as M an n c al l s

h e r h i s m other ; no m o t her wo uld ab a n d o n h er g ood qual ities

e v en to wa r d s s ons d e vo id of g oo d qualities .

M ar kand eya s p oke

H ear i ng th i s s p eech fr o m Y a m a th e ad or able D is peller o f .
,
-

d ar k ne s s ca ll e d th e S h a d o w-S anl na a nd a s k ed h er W here

h a s s h e g on e ? An d s h e an s wer e d I g
“
T v as h tri
’
—
am s d a u h ter
S afij fia, 0 g od of fir e , t hy w i fe thr o ug h th ee th es e ch i ld r en

N ow w h en ,
"
w er e b eg ot ten of me . as V i v a s v at w as thu s

q ue s ti oni ng h er ly , s h e d i d not s peak f ur ther , the S un

r e p ea te d

enr ag e d th er eat p r ep a r ed to cur s e h er T h ereup o n s he told .

F or n a li nd d i r ea d ld la na d i , wi th the B om b ay e d i tion.
4 58 CAN T O 1 11 a
. .

t h e S un w h a t h a d h a pp e ne d , and t h e go d kn owi ng t h e truth

’
w en t t o T v as h t ri s a b o d e .

H e th en p a id h on o ur to th e S un , th e god h ono ur e d by th e
th r ee w o r ld s , w h o h a d v i s i ted his h o us e , w i th s ub li m e f a ith .

V i s v a —k ri t on b e in g a s ked ab o u t S afij fia, th en told hi m

“
S he i nd e ed h er e to m y h ou s e , s aying s h e h a d been
ca m e

v eri ly s e n t by th ee A n d th e S un , collec tin g h is m ind i n

.

’
m ed i tati on, p er cei v e d h er i n m ar e s s h ap e p r a ctis i ng aus teri
ti e s a m on g th e No r ther n K ur us , a nd t h e S un u nd er s too d th e

p u rp os e of h er au s teri ti es , n a m e ly, M a y m y hus b an d b ecom e

’
m i l d i n b od y, b eau t i f ul i n f o r m . P ar e d o w n m y s plend our
'

quo th th e S un al s o to S afij fias fat h er V i s v a -kar m an ,

’
no w

O br ahm an A n d V i sve -k ar m an t he r eupon p ar e d d o wn the

.

s pl en d o ur of th e year -r ev olvi ng S un , a nd o b tains th e pr ais es

of the g o d s .

C ANT O LXX V I I I .

T he B ir th of Va ivasva ta i n the d a r ni ka M a nv-antdr a .

’

M d r ka nd eya l how the god s p r a is ed the S un , wha t be

r e a tes

the sp lend our

ca m e o f p a r ed of fr om the S un , a nd how the S un
r ega ined hi s wif e — H e m en ti ons the p osi ti ons a ss i gned to the

chi ld r en
’
S un s .

M ar k a nd eya S p oke

T h en th e g o d s a nd t h e d e v a r s h is as s em b lin g p r ais ed in
w or d s t he S un, w h o i s w o rthy of b eing pr ais ed by th e enti re
t hr ee w or ld s .

T h e g od s s p oke
"
A d or ati on to th ee w h o h as t th e n atur e of th e Ric !
a d o ra ti o n t o t he e w h o h a s t th e n atu r e of th e S é m an a d o r ati on

t o thee w h o s e f or m h as th e n atu r e of th e Y a j u s ! to thee wh o

3 h a s t th e g l or y of t h e S ém a ns ! A d or a tion to thee w h o h as t
be co m e th e s ol e d o m ai n of kn o w l e d g e , to th e cleans er of
d ar knes s to th ee w h o h a s t t h e n at ur e of p ur e lig h t to th e

T h i s ti tl e is a m i s ta k e as th e ca nto s h e ws . It s h o uld b e th e V a i v as v ata

m auv -antar a .
 HY MN T O T HE S UN . 459

p u rified , to th e s tainl es s S oul ! Ad or a ti on to th e m os t ex cel

le nt, to t he d e s ir ab le on e to th e utm o s t o ne, to th e s up r em e
S oul ! A d or ati on to thee wh os e n atur e p er v ad es th e e nti r e
”
u ni v er s e , t o th e e m b od i m e nt of S oul ! ( T hi s fine d eli g ht s

s o m e eul o gy m us t b e h ea r d by m en w i th fa ith . H av i ng b ecom e

a d i sci p l e an d h a v ing g i v en a ls o t h e g ur u his fee one m ay hea r
it pt i n
ra m e d itation I t m us t not b e hea r d by th os e w ho
.

hav e be co m e e m p ty -h a nd e d .Now m ay th is becom e f r ui tfu l ! )

Ad or a tion to th e be ing w h o i s th e uni v e r s al caus e, to
the " of w is e i ntellect ! A d o r a ti on t o thee
g o al of m en
wh o ha s t the n a tu r e of th e s un , w h o h a s t th e natur e of

the b r ill iant S ou l ! A d or ation to th ee , th e illu m inator , a nd

ad or a ti o n to th e m ak er of d ay ! A nd a d or at io n t o th e ca u s e r

of n i g h t, to th e m a ker of t wili g h t an d m oon-li g h t ! T h ou

ar t thi s un i v er s e , thou ar t th e ad o r ab le ! W ith th ee , as t ho u
r evo l ves t a bo v e th e wo r ld , th e e nti r e e g g of B ra h m a, d e v oi d
of i nte l lig enc e d w i th '
ever ythi ng m o v ea bl e and i m m o v eable ,
tur ns r o un d ! T hi s un i v er s e w h en t ouch e d by thy r ays
com e s p ur e ! W a ter a nd o th er obj ects
t o life , a re c le ans e d

by conta c t w ith th y r ays ! O b la tio n s , al m s -g i vi ng a nd th e

o th e r d e ed s w hi ch co m p os e r ig h teo us nes s t en d to n o be nefit

so l ong as thi s w o rld h as no co nt ac t w i th th y r ays ! A ll

'
t h e s e Ri c e s v e r ily ar e th i ne th es e Y aj u s he s o n th e o th er ha nd
ar e thine al s o ; th e S i m e n s d r op fr o m th y b od y ! S in ce
a nd all

t ho u ar e co m p o s e d o f t h e Ki d , 0 lor d o f t he w or l d , a nd th ou

i nd eed ar t co m p os e d of th e Y aj us , an d co m p os e d al s o of

t he S é m an, t h e r ef or e, 0 l or d , th ou ar t co m p os ed of th e
ra hm as f or m ;
’
th r ee ! T h ou v er i ly art B thou art the

hi g h e s t a nd th e low e s t al s o M or eo v e r thou ar t m ate ri al a nd

n o n-m a ter i al ; thou ar t m i nut e a nd yet thou d os t e x is t in

m as s i v e s h ap e ! T hou h a s t t he f or m of T i m e, com
pos ed of
m o m e n ts , k é s h t has an d o th er d i vis i ons of ti m e, yet s u bj e ct
to B e g r a ci ous ! O f thi ne
d ec a y ! o wn w i ll m i tig a te th e

i nna te s plend our o f thy fo r m

N i s h thd ya i .

1 O r , i ll us ory; d -vi d d ha
‘
.
 460 CANT O 1 .xxv m .

M ar k and ey a s p ok e

B ei ng ex toll e d t h u s by th e g o d s an d d ev ar s h is , th e i m

p er i s h ab le gl ob e o f s p l e n d o ur s h e d hi s s p le nd o ur th en
'
.

T ha t p or ti on of
’
o f th e S un s s ple n d ou r w hi ch w as c o m p os ed

b eca m e the of
’
t he Ri c ea r th , a n d o f tha t p or ti on co m p os ed
t h e Y aj u s wa s mad e th e sk a nd tha t p or ti on co m p o s e d of
y,
t he S é m an becam e h eav e n fi“ O f t he fifteen s hr e d s of his
s p len d o ur w h ich w e r e p ar e d off b y T v a s htri , th e hi g h -s o ul ed
T va s h tri v e ri ly m ad e S a rv a
’
s f tr i d e nt , th e d i s cus of V i s hnu
'
and th e V a s u s , th e y t err i ble weap on of Sa nkar a , d
"

v er an

K u v e ra
’
A g ni
’
s s ear an d
p s
p a lk i an d all th e fie r ce w e a p o ns

of the
’
o th e r s w ho th e
ar e
g o d s foes , a nd of th e Y a k s h as a nd
V id y éd li ar a s — t hos e V isva -k ri t m a d e . And th er efor e the
a d o r a bl e lo r d b ear s on ly a s i x te en th p ar t . H is s p l e nd our

w a s p ar ed by Vi sva -k a r m an i nto fif te en p ar ts
o fif .

as s u m i ng a h o r s e s fo r m the S un w e nt to th e Nor th e r n
'
T h en
K ur u s , an d s a w S afij fia t he r e d is g uis e d i n m ’
ar e s s h a p e . A nd
s h e , s ee ing him a ppr o ach i ng an d r
a f ai d of a s tr a n
g e m al e ,
w en t to war d s h i m fa ce to f ace , i n te t n on g uar d ing h er r e a r .

A nd ther e u p o n as th e t w o m e t th e r e an d j o in ed th e ir n os e s ,

is s u e d f r om t h e m ar e m ou th , N é s atya
’
t wo s o ns s an d D as r a ;
a nd at th e t er m i n ation of th e fl ow of s e m en R ev anta w a s
b or n, b ear in g s w o rd , s h i el d and ar m o ur , m o un te d on h or s e
b a ck , f ur ni s h ed w ith a rr o w s a nd
q ui v e r T he n th e S u n d is .

p l ayed h is o w n p eer l es s fo r m , a n d s h e g a in g up on h is tr ue z
f or m fe l t a k een j oy and th e S un , the r ob b e r o f th e w a te r s ,
b r o ug h t h om e t his h i s lov i ng w ife S afij fia r es tor e d to h er
o wn s h a pe .

H er eld es t s on then b ecam e V a i v as v a ta M an n ; a nd h er ,

Y a m a b e ca m e th e r i g h teou s -ey e d
s ec o n d s o n j ud g e b ecau s e
of th e c ur s e H i s f a th er hi m s elf m a d e -

an e nd of t he cur s e

by s a y in g I n s ects t ak i ng fie s h I fr o m h is f oot s h al l f a ll to
th e e a rth .
” A nd becaus e h e is r ig h teou s of eye , i m p arti al

S v ar g a .

’
1 S iv a
' ’
s.

I F or tr i tty o m d rii d
s a m afi d ya, w hi ch is e rr one o u s . th e B o m b ay e d i tio n

r e ad s kri m a yo m arh s a m ad d/ya w hi c h i s i n tellig ib le ; b ut p a ti s h ya ti ti whic h

b oth ed itions read i n th e next line m us t th e n b e ch ang ed to p a ti s hya ntm
‘

.
 461
’
'
r ns s un s s ons AND r n s VAW AS VAT A M ANY-ANT ARA .

to fr i en d an d foe, ther efor e th e D is peller d ar knes s

'

oi ap

p oi nted h im o ver th e s o uth er n g

rei on ) “ A n d Y am uné he
cam e the r i v er whi ch flo w s fr o m th e r eces s e s of m ount
Kalind a T h e A svi ns w er e m a d e th e g o d s p hys ici ans b y
’
.

th eir hi gh -s oul ed fath er A n d Revanta al s o w a s appointed

.

k ing of the G uhyak as . H ear als o fr om m e th e p laces as s i g n

'
ed to th e S h ad ow S afij fié- s s ons . T h e e ld es t s on of th e
S h ad ow-S afij fia w as e qu al to M anu t he e ld es t- bor n ; h ence
thi s s on of th e S un ob ta i ne d t he t itle S av ar nik a . H e als o
s h all be a M ann when B a li s ha ll becom e I n d r a . H e wa s
ap p oi nt ed b y h is f ath er as t he p l ane t S a tur n am on the
g
planets T h e thir d of th e m , th e d augh ter n a m ed T apati ,
.

h ad a s on K ur u, ki ng of m e n , by kin g S am bar ana i

T hus I d es cr ib e the s e v e nt h p er io d , t ha t o f M anu V ai va s
v at a , h is s ons , th e ki ng s , th e ri s his , th e g od s a nd th e king of

th e g o d s .

C ANT O LX X I X .

T he p r a i se o f Vai vasva ta i n the d a r ni ka M a nv-a n tara .

t
the d ei ti es , m uni s
'
M a r ka n d eya na m es a nd ki ngs f
o the Va i
vasva ta M a nv- a nta ra .

M ar k and eya s poke

T he Ad itya s , th e V a s us , th e Rud r as , th e S é d h as , th e
y
V isv e-d ev a s , th e M ar uts , t h e B h rig us , a nd t he A ng ir a s es ar e

th e e igh t w h er e of t he cl as s e s of g od s ar e tr a d i tion ally h e ld

to be comp os ed . T he Ad ityas , t he V a s us , th e Ru d r as ar e to !

K asyapa a nd th e S z
i d hya s , the V as us , §
’
b e kno wn as s s o ns ;

1 S he m arri e d
'
th e P aur av a ki ng S am b ar ana and w as the t welfth ance s .
'
tr e ss of th e P andav a s ; s ee M ah i —B h ar a ta, Ad i -P . z ei r i 37 38 -9 ; m y. 8 79 1
and clxxi . 65 2 1 —
clxxiii . 66 1 6 .

T hi s i s m i s tak en ti tle th e can to s h e w s .

I a as

5 T h is s eem e n m i s take f or M ar nts ; f or vas avo rea d m a r uto ? B ut both

e d itions r ead alike .
 46 2 om r o L xx1 x .

No w
’
t h e V i s v e-d evas ar e th e t hr e e g r o up s of D h a rm a s s ons .

th e B h r ig n cl a s s of g o d s a r e th e s o ns of B h ri gn , and the

Angi r as es ar e th e s o ns of A ug ir a s . A nd it is th e p r es ent
'
cr ea tio n. M ar i c a is to b e k now n as th e lo r d at p r es en t .

'
A n d th e I n d r a i s n am ed U r jj a s vi n, hi g h - s oul ed , t h e con

s u m er of a s h ar e of th e s acr ific e s N o w all t h os e lor d s

. of

t h e thi r ty g o d s , w h o h av e p as s e d aw ay , a nd wh o h av e
n ot yet c o m e , a nd wh o r ei
g n n o w , a r e t o b e k no w n a s h avi ng
e q ual ch ar act er i s ti cs —
all i nd e ed ar e t h ou s a n d - e ye d , wi e l d e r s

of th e th un d er -b ol t, s mi te r s a s u nd er of c i ti es ; all ar e

b e s to w er s g if
of
t s , p r e -e m i n e nt
,
b ear er s of cr e s ts , w a l ki n g
lik e e l e p h a nt s t h ey ar e a ll recei v e r s o f a h un d r ed s acr ifices ,
d o m inatin g cr e a t e d th ing s w ith th ei r s p l e nd o ur p os s e s s i n g
,

t h e g ood qual i ti es o f s o v er e i g nty w i th r i g ht eo u s n es s and

o th e r p ur e actio n s , m as ter s o f the p as t, th e f utur e a nd th e

p r es en t .

H ear a l s o ab out thi s tr i p le wor ld , 0 b r ah m an . B hur -l o ka

i s tr a d i ti o n a lly h e l d to b e t hi s ear th ; an t ar iks ha is h el d to

b e t he s ky ,* a nd s v ar g a i s call ed h ea v en f — s uc h is s p o ken

o f a s t h e tr ip l e -w o r ld .

A nd A tr i a nd V a si s hth a a nd th e g r e a t ri s h i Kas ya p a , and

Gautam a , B h ar a d vaj a an d V isv a- m i tr a K au sik a , an d a ls o

th e a d o r a bl e s on of th e hi g h - s o ule d Ri c nka , n a m el y J am a d
ag ni — thes e s ev e n a r e t h u s th e m u ni s in t h e p r es e n t p er io d .

I k s h v é k u, I and N abh ag a , § an d D h ri s h ta - éar m ati , " and

'

D ina h , r ead d iva ni , n eu ter

'

1 D i v ya
'
.

I I k s h v é ku w a s th e el d e s t s on of M a nn V a iv a s va ta . H e g ot M a d h y a
d e sa a nd w as th e ance s t or o f s ev er a l d y na s ti e s , th e ch ie f o f w h ic h w as the
S ola r d yn a s ty t h a t r e ig ned i n Ay o d hy a ( Har i-V axhéa, x 6 3 44, a nd x i 66 1 — 8 ; . . .

M E h , S ab ha— P x i ii 5 68— 9 ; Ram a

'
. .
d a , A d i K lxxii an d A y o d h — K c xi x)
.
. .
. . .

O r N ébhég a H e w a s f a th er or anc es tor o f f am o us kin

g A m b ar is ha
.

( B a r i -V ,
x . 6 13 an d 641 ; M .
—E h .
, D r o na -P . lxiv ; S a
i nti -P . x xix . 9 9 3— 7 , a nd

c c xxxi v . 8597 a nd An u éés -P . . c xx xv ii .

II T his i s g iv en a s a s i n g l e n am e , b ut s h o ul d b e t w o ; t h u s f or D hri s hta

'
D hri s h ta h S a r yd ti r ,
’

ca r m d ti r r e ad D h r i s h ta a nd
’
S ar y zi t i a c c or d i n t o t he
g
B o m b ay ed i ti o n . D h ris h ta or D h ri s h nu w a s a n c e s to r of t h e D h ar s lm a ka
ks ha ttr iy as ( Har i -V 613
’
.
, x. a nd S ar m é ti s h o uld be S at yati
'
or
 ra n s K
vm m KA M ANW AN’I ARA
‘
. 46 3

famous Nar is h yanta , D i s h ta , 1 and Kur us ha , §

'
*
N abh ag a f and

and P r us h a d h r u , ” wo r ld r e no w ne d V as u-m at flT— th es e ar e

th e n in e ce le br ate d s on s o f M anu V ai v as v ata .

I h av e d eclar e d th is V ai v as va ta p er io d to th ee, O b r ahm an .

W h e n h e b ear s an d r ea d s thi s , a m an fo r th wi th is fr ee d fr om
all s ins a nd g ains g r eat m er it , 0 b es t of m uni s .

C ANT O L X XX .

T he S é oar naka M a nv-antar a .

M d r ka nd eya na m es the ri s hi s , god s a nd ki ngs of tha t p er i od .

Kr aus h tu ki H ‘
s p ok e

T h o u h as t t ol d m eH ab o ut th e s e ' ‘
s e v en M anus , S vayam bh uv a
a nd the r es t, th e g o d s , th e kin g s an d m un is w h i ch r uled in
th ei r p er iod s . T el l m e , O g r ea t m uni , o f th e s ev en o t her
M an us w h i ch s h al l fo l lo w i n t hi s ka l pa , an d th e g o d s a nd

S ar yata h e d wel t in th e coun try ar oun d the G ulf of C a m b ay , and f ound e d

’
;

a d y na s ty wh ich r e i g ne d in Kn ar ta ( H ar i - V .
, x . 61 3 and 6 42 — 9 M .
—E h .
,
'
V a ne —
P cxxi 1 0 3 1 2 ,
. . an d cxxii ; A n use s —
. P . xxx . 1 94 5 ; S at a- p . B r ah . iv , 1 .

5 ; and p ag e 36 8 n o te

Or N ar i s h y a ; he is s aid to h av e b ee n th e p r ogenitor of th e S ahara

an d
( H ar i— V .
, x. 614
and t he n e xt na m e s h o ul d app ar e ntly be r ea d vi z . , f or
1 T hi s
' as o ne ,
'
b e tte r , N a bhd gd r i s hta
'
'
Nabhag o d is h ta r e ad Na bhagd d i s kta , or . He is s aid

t o h av e h a d t wo s on s , wh o w er e v a i sy a s and b eca m e b r ahm ans ( Har i— V .

, x.

61 4, an d xi .

I S ee th e p r ece d ing not e .

T h is s h o ul d h e Kar u sh e as th e B om bay ed i ti on r e ad s . H e was t h e

th e Ka r ii s h a s , w h o w e r e r e cko ned ks h a tt r iy a s ( H ari— V
p r og e nitor o f
as . x.
,

xi t h ey occup i e d th e cou ntr y of w hi ch Re w a i s th e c ent r e ,

6 1 4, an d .

see p ag e 3411 n ote

O r b e tte r , P ris h a d h r a as t h e B o m b ay ed i ti o n r ead s ; it is s ai d h e w as

c ur s e d by his g ur u a n d b eca m e a sudra (B ar i— V , x . 6 1 4, a nd xi .

{ I H e m us t be t he s am e a s P r érhéu ( H ar i-V
,x . . b ut I h av e f o und

no cl e ar a l lus io n s to h im e ls e w h e r e .

“ t F o r Kr os htu ki r r e ad Kr a u s htu ki r .

T r ays? wo uld be be tt er th an m a y d th e B om bay r ea d i ng m am a is p r e fe r ab le

fl
“
.
 464 C ANT O L xxx.

Oth er r ulers, whoever th ey m ay be , who s h a ll cha ra cter ze thei r i

M ér k and eya s p oke

”

I h av e told th ee abo ut S é v a rn i a l s o who was th e s on of th e

.

S h a d o w-S afij as ; eq u al to h i s el d es t brother M a nn, he s h al l

b e t he eig h th M ann . V yas a Gal av a ,1 D ip ti matJ:

and
'
fi

a nd Kri pa ,§ Bis h yasri ri g a , "and D r onifl! wer e " th e s ev en

‘

ri s his fl o f th at p er i od
'
.

A n d th e S uta -pa s .
an d A m i tab ha s and M ukhya s s h all be
th e g o d s in th r ee d iv is i ons ; an d ea ch gr oup o f t h e s e thr ee
is s aid II to b e co m p o s e d of t w en ty, a nd to h av e t h e th r e e
-

T ap a an d
i
’
a nd S ak r a, B ya t i, Jy o ti s ,
g oo d qua lit es .

Pr ab hé —kara, P r ab h as a, D ayi ta, Gh ar m a, T e j as ,

V a kr a tu, and so for th ar e th e S uta-p a s , th e twe nty-f ol d

Jam ad ag nya .

f T h e na m e of a s on of V iév é m itra ,
-
an d a f am ous ris hi : s ee M .
—
B h, .

Anusii s .
—P . iv 2 49 - 59
.
; B ar i— V . xx v n . 1 4 6 0 — 6 3, x xxii . 1 7 6 7- 7 6 , a nd xi i . 7 2 4 —9 .

A s tor y of h im is tol d in canto s xx a n d x xi a n te a nd a long s to r y in M .

—E h .
,

and cxiii— cx v i ii . He is ’
U d y og a— P
. . cv . al s o r e ferr e d to i n S é n ti — P . c cl xxx i x ;
but th e G i lav a m entione d in H ar i— V . xx . 1 04 7 - 50 b elong ed to a later p er i o d
and w a s p r ob ab ly a d es cen d a nt .

t I h av e n o t m et w ith t hi s na m e e ls ew h er e as th e na m e of u ri s h i,
nor is i t as s uch i n th e d ictiona ry .

5 T h e na m e o f o ne of D h rit a -r és h tra's counci llor s , a w el l-k no wn fig ur e

in th e M ah i -B harata . H e w as s on or d e s c en d ant of
’
S ar a d -v a t .

II T he nam e f am ous ris h i , w h o w a s br ough t up i n s e cl us i on i n a

of a

f or e s t ; h e p ut a n e nd t o a l ong d r o u g h t i n A ng a d ur ing k i n g L o m a - éd a
p
'
s

re ign , and by s a cr ifice o b tai n e d

’

f o nr s on s f o r king D a sa -r ath a of Ay o d h yfi ;
'
s ee Ram ay " Ad i—K . v iii . 7 — i x 69 .
; x xi v a n d x v ii and x vi ii
—
M .
-B h .
, V a n a— P
'
cx . 99 9 1 — cxi ii . 1 00 9 4 ; S anti— P . c x xi v . 8 60 9 ; and A na sas .
—P . c x x xv ii . 6 26 9 .

1! T hi s is not th e n am e of an y ris h i , and th e n am e s h ould a p p a r en tly be

D rona or h is s on D r auni Aéva tth am an . B o th ar e le ad i ng fig ur e s i n t h e
M ah i — B h ar a ta .

A bha van ; th e p as t f or th e f utur e .

11 All th e s e na m es ar e th e n a m e s of p as t ris his , and this m anv -antar a , th e

S évar nika, i s
. s till f u tur e ; s ee ca n to li i i . v er s e s 7 and 8 .

11 F or ka thitd i r ead kathita i

'
’
T ap a s tap aa c a ; th e tw o w o r d s m u s t b e d ifferent, i t s ee m s ; a nd t ap as ,
n e uter , is s up p or te d by th e f ollo w i ng j yoti s , n euter .

[III O r T e o-r a ami , as one

j
’
nam e .
 r un s tvm mm M ANV-ANT ARA . 465

gr oup of go d s P r abh u , V ibh u, V ibh as a and oth ers ar e like

.

wis e ano th er group of t w e nty H ear als o f rom m e th e thi rd .

group of A m ita go d s D am a , D ante , Ri ta, S om a, and V in ta

and t h e r es t a r e th e g ro up o f twe nt A nd th es e s hall be
y .

cel e br a t ed a s M uk hya s , r ule r s of the m anv -ant ar a

*
g o d
’ '
th ey ar e v e r ily t he s o ns of M ar ic a and of th e P r aj a-p ati
K asyap a, a nd th ey s h al l be i n th e f utur e d ur in g S év ar na
M ann p eri o d Now th e lor d of th em , 0 m un i , s h al l be B ali
’
s .

'
V ai r oc a ni , th e D aitya who d we lls in P etal s at p r es ent, bound
by a com p ac ts?
Kriti,
’
A nd V i r aj es , an d Ar v avir a , Ni rm oh a, S aty a -v éc ,

V i s h nu an d o th er s , th e s o ns of S aver na M ann, s ha ll be
ki ng s .

CANT O LX X X I .

Co mm encem ent of the D evi -M d hd tm ya .

T he s la ug hter f
o M ad hu and Ka i ta bha
i n the a cco unt o f the S d o arniha M anv-a nta r a .

King S u -r a tha bei ng d ef ea ted a nd d riven from his kingd om took

f
r e uge i n the f o r es t wi th a m uni — H e m et a va i sya who ha d been
d ri ven f r om h i s ho m e by his r ela ti v es , an d both a s ked t he m uni a bout

the se lfi fsh ee li ngs w hi ch s ti ll p oss ess ed them — H e a scr i bes thos e f eel
i ngs to the g o d d es s M a hd -m d yd or Gr ea t I llus ion, a nd r elates how
B ra hm d la ud ed the god d ess at the end of a f or m er ka lp a i n
.
or d er to
s eek d eli v er a nce f r om the d em ons M a d hu and Ka i ta bha, and how
Vis hnu a wa king s lew the d emo ns .

'
Om R ev er en ce to C an d iké .

M ar ka nd eya s p ok e
S flr ya
’
s s on S év ar ni i s he w h o i s called the g h th M anu ei .

H ear ab ou t his b ir th, as I t e ll i t at f ull l e ng th , h ow by

r eas on o f th e au th ori ty of the Gr ea t Illus ion }: th at i llus tri o us

”
1 B a m aya b an d ha nah ; b ound f or
it "
a
P ri nci pal, chief.
' - or a s eas on.

I M ahd -m d y d .
 CANT O L XXXI .

s on of th e S un , Shv arni , b e ca m e the king of th e ei ghth

m anv -antar a .

I n t im es i n the S var oc i s h a p er i o d , a k i ng nam ed S u

ag o

r a th a , s pr ung of t h e r a ce o f C a itxa , r ei g n e d o v er th e w ho le
’ ’

ear th . An d wh ile h e g uar d e d hi s s u bj e cts d uly as if they

w er e h i s o wn ch il d r en, t h er e a ros e h o s tile king s , w h o d i d
not d es tr oy th e Kola s fi“ H e th e b ear er o f a v er y p ow er f ul
s ce p tr e h ad war wi th th e m , and was d efe ated i n w ar b y
th e m , inf er io r t houg h th ey w e r e, those non-d es tr oyer s of th e
K olas . T h en co m ing t o h is o wn ci ty he r e ig ned as king ov er

hi s o wn cou ntr y. T ha t i llu s tr i ous ki ng w a s a tt a ck ed th en b y

th o s e p o wer f ul en em i es H i s p ow e rf ul an d co r r u p t m i ni s t er s ,
.

wh o w er e ev il-d i s p o s ed t o a w eak p er s on , th er e up on r ob b ed
hi m of tr ea s ur y a n d ar m y ev en th er e in h i s o w n ci ty. Hence
th e ki ng d ep r iv e d of hi s s ov er ei gnt d e par te d al o n e on h o r s e
y
b a ck to a d ens e for es t un d e r th e p r e tence o f h untin g T h er e .

he s aw th e h er m it ag e of th e no bl e d v i j a M ed h a s , i nh ab ited
by wi ld an i m al s w h ich w er e p eaceful , gr a ced by th e m u ni s
’

d i s ci pl es ; an d h e d w elt th er e s om e ti m e , h on our ed b y th e
m uni . A n d r oam in g hi th e r an d thi th er i n th at fine h er m i
t ag e of th e m u ni , h e fell i n to th o ug h t th er e th en , h i s m i nd
b e in g d i s tr au g h t by s el fis h n e s s , e g otis ti cal L o s t in d e e d
i s th e c ity whi ch I g uar d e d for m er l y W h eth er i t is g uar d ed .

r ig h teo u s ly o r n o t by th o s e m y s er v ant s of w i cke d con d u ct,

I k no w n ot . M y chi ef w ar -el ep hant , al wa ys a r d ent , h as p a s s ed
i n to th e p o w er o f m y f oe s w h a t pl eas ur e s will h e ob tain
T h ey w h o w er e m y con s ta nt f ollo w er s now as s ur ed ly p ay
co ur t to o th er ki n g s w it h f av our , r i ch es a nd f ood . T he
tr ea s u r e w hi ch I a m a s s ed wi th g r e at d ifficulty wi ll g o to
w a s te thr oug h th o s e m en, a d d i c te d t o unb eco m i n
g ex p e nd i
”
tur e , w h o ar e s q ua nd er i ng it co nti nu ally . T h es e a n d o th er

m atters th e ki ng th oug h t of co nti nually .

'

Kold ni d hvant s i na h . T hi s i s an a d e ctiv e

j i n th e nom .
p lur al , a gr eei n
g with
bhtp a h, and no t a and it is als o a. s in gle com o un d
’

g en o ns e ap p ear s f r om
.
p , as

th e ne xt ver s e. B es id e s v ar i ous f anc iful e xpl anati o ns th e c o m m e nt ator

,

r end er s kola as Wham , a nd th e wh ole wor d as Y a v an as . It s ee m s p lain

th at th e Kolas m e an ab or ig i nal r ace s , th e R ol e, and the whole wor d d enotes
s om e e nem i es wh o wer e i n all iance wi th th e Kolas .
 1m m SU -RAI ‘HA ’
s un wa s ns som r s va su . 46 7

Near the br éh m an s h er m itag e ther e h e ’

s aw a s olitar y
'

vaisya, and as ked h im , H o ! wh o ar t th ou i> and what i s the

r e as o n o f thy c om i ng here W hy app ear es t th ou as if ful l
of S orr o w , as if affl ic te d i n m i nd P H eari ng th i s s p eech of
th e ki ng , whi ch w as utter e d i n fr i end ly m ood , th e v aisy a,

b o wi ng r es pectf ully, r ep li e d to th e king , I am a v aisya,

S am ad h i by nam e , bor n i n a f am i ly of we althy folk, a n d h ave

b een ca s t out b y my s on s a n d wi fe, wh o ar e w icke d th r oug h

gr eed for weal th A nd b er ef t o f r ich es , wife and s o ns , taki ng

.

m y we alth I h av e com e to th e for es t, unh appy a n d cas t o ut

by m y tr us ted kins m en I n th i s s tate I know not w h at i s
.

th e b eh av io ur of m y s on s a s r eg ar d s p ros p er i ty or ad vers i ty,

n or of m y f a m ily nor of m y wi fe H er e I d well I s w el far e
. .

th eir s at h om e now or ill-lu ck H o w are th ey Are m y

s ons li vi n
g goo d or evi l li v es

T he king s p oke
W hy d os t th ou, S ir , fix thy m ental aff ectio n on thos e

cov e to us folk , th y s ons , w ife and oth ers , wh o hav e c as t th ee

ou t from thy wealth

T he v ai sya s po ke

T his v er y thoug h t h a s occu rr ed to m e, j us t as th ou h as t

u tte r e d i t, S i r . W h at ca n I do M y m i nd d oe s not e nt e r.

t ai n i m placabi l ity ; and m y m i n d , w hi ch b ear s afi ecti on a s of a

m as ter to h i s f am i ly, i s aff ec ti o na te to th os e v er y p er so ns ,

wh o h av e ab an d oned aff e cti o n for a fath er an d d ri v en m e

ou tin th eir gr eed for r ich e s I d o not com pr eh end , al th ough

.

I kn ow i t, 0 hi g h-m i nd e d S i r , h o w i t i s th at the m i nd i s p r one

to lo ve e ven to war d s w or thles s kins m en O n th ei r account .

m y s ig h s flow and d i s tr es s of m i nd ar i s es . W h a t ca n I do

s ince m y m in d i s not r el e ntl e s s to t hos e unl ovi ng r ela ti ves

M ar kand eya s poke

T h er eupon th ey b oth , th e v aisya nam ed Sam ad hi and th e

nobl e ki ng appr oach ed th e m u ui , O b rah m an , and hav ing

b oth ob s er v ed th e et iqu ett e w o r thy of him , as w as p ro p er ,

the y s at d own and held v ar io us d is cour s e, th e v ai s ya and the

king .
468 CANT O L XXXL

T h e ki ng s p ok e
A d or able S ir I I d es i r e to a s k t he e one th i ng tel l m e that
s i n ce i t ten d s to affl i ct m y m in d w ith o ut p r od uci ng s u bm i s

s i ve n es s of m y in t el lect . I h av e a s e lfis h feeling f or m y

ki ng d o m , e ve n w i th r e g ar d to a ll the r e q ui s i te s o f r e g a l

a d m in i s tr a ti on , alt h oug h I k n o w w ha t i t i s , yet lik e o ne w h o

i s i g nor an t ; h o w i s th i s , 0 e s t of m un i s And thi s m a n
h as b ee n s e t a t n ou g h t a nd c as t off by h is ch il d r en , w ife an d

s er v a n ts w h e n for s a ke n b y hi s fa m i ly h e i s n ev er th el es s
a nd

ex cee d in g ly f ul l o f afi e cti o n towa r d s them T h us h e a n d I .

al s o ar e b o th ex ce s s i v e l y unh a ppy o ur m in d s ar e d r a wn b y

s el fis h th ou g h t s to thi s m a tter , ev e n th ou g h w e p e r cei v e the

fa ults i n i t H o w hap p ens thi s th en , i ll us tr i ou s S ir , th at w e

.

ar e d elud ed a l thoug h aw ar e of i t, a nd tha t th i s s tat e of d el u

s i on b es ets me an d h im , w h o ar e e ach bli nd i n r es p ect of

d is cr im i nati o n

T he r i s h i S p oke

E v er y ani m al h a s thi s k nowled ge i n ob ects cogni ab l e

j z by
th e j
s e ns es an d an ob e ct of s e ns e r each e s it thu s i n d iv er s w ays ,
illus tr i o us S i r S om e li v in g b ei ng s ar e bli nd by d ay, a n d
o th er s ar e b li n d at n i g h t s om e li v ing b ei ng s ca n s ee e qu al ly

well by d ay a n d a t n ig ht M ankin d k n o w w ha t i s tr ue , b u t
. ,

n o t th e y a l on e i n d ee d , b ecaus e cat tl e , b ir d s , w ild an i m al s .

and o th er cr ea tur es all cer ta i nly k no w i t an d m en h av e t he

s am e k no w l e d g e w hi ch th o s e w i l d ani m al s a nd b ir d s h av e ,
a nd e q u al ly bo th wi ld a ni m a ls a nd bi r d s h av e th e o the r kn ow
led ge w h i ch th os e m en h av e . T h ou g h they h a v e s u ch k now
le d g e , l ook atth es e b ir d s , w h i ch , t h oug h d i s tr e s s ed b y h ung er
them s elves , ar e yet b e cau s e of tha t s am e d el us i o n as s i d uou s i n

d r op p i ng g r ai n s into th e b eak s of th ei r yo u ng on es H um an .

bei ng s a r e f ull of long i ng s tow a r d s the ir c hi ld r en , 0 h e ro d o

th ey n ot p a ss fr om g ree d f or sel f u nto m u tu al b enefa ction 1
'

’
T h e B om b ay e d i ti on r e ad s na i ns te ad of c c, m en h ave not the s am e
”
knowl e d ge , &c .

T h is i s v er y n otew or th y . T he al tr ui s ti c v ir tues ar e h er e s aid to h av e

b ee n evo lved out of th e p ar ental vir tues .
 M ARK-M i mi , T HE GO D D E S S GRE AT I L L U S I O N. 46 9

d os t th e n p er cei v e thi s
not N ev er th el es s th ey ar e hur led
i nt o t he w h i r l p ool of s el fis h nes s whi ch i s th e p i t of d el us ion
th r oug h the p o wer of th e G r ea t I l lus ion th ey m ak e w or ld ly
ex i s tence
p er m an ent xf M ar v el n o t th e n a t this T h i s i s th e .

co n tem
pl a tion s l eep of th e lo r d of th e w or l d , a nd th e Gr eat
I llu s i o n tha t com es fr om H ar i b y i t th e wor ld i s co m p let ely
d e lud ed . V er ily s h e, th e a d o r a bl e
g od d es s , Gr eat I llu s i on ,
f or c ib ly d r a w i ng the m ind s e v en o f th os e w h o k n ow , p r es ents
th em to d el us ion . B y h er i s cr ea ted t h i s w h ole u ni v er s el
b oth m ov eab le a nd i m m o v ea bl e i t i s w h o w h en p r op i tious
she

b es tow s b oon s on m e n w i th a v i e w t o th eir final e m anci ati on ,

p
S h e i s Kn ow l e d g e s up r e m e ; s he i s th e e te rn a l caus e of fin al
e m an ci
p ati on , an d th e cau s e of th e b o n d ag e of wor ld ly
e xi s te nce s h e i nd eed i s th e q u ee n ov er al l l or d s .

T h e ki ng s po ke

A d or ab le S ir W ho th e n i s t hat g od d e s s w h o m thou s tyl es t

M ah a-m é ya ? H ow w a s she bor n , a nd w h at i s her sp here of

a cti o n, 0 b r ah m a n And w h at i s h er d is p os i ti on , and w h at
i s h er n at ur e , a nd w h e n ce d i d s h e o r i g in ate , th e g od d es s — all

th at I w i s h t o h ear fr o m th ee , O th o u m os t le arned i n s acr ed

kno w led g e

T he r i s hi s p oke

S he e x i s ts et er nally , e m b o d ie d as th e w or l d . B y h er th i s
uni v e r s e w as s tr e tc h e d f or th . N e v er th el es s h er o r i g in i s in
m any w a y s ; h ea r it f r o m me . W h en sh e r e v e al s h er s elf
in or d er to a ccom
p li s h th e pur pos es o f th e g od s , i t i s th en
s a id in th e w o r l d th a t s h e i s b or n ; s h e i s a l s o n am ed th e
E ter n al O n e .
I W h i le t h e a d or abl e lo r d V i s h nu, s tr e tchi n
g
'
w o o e d th e s l ee p of
S es h a ou t, co nte m
p la ti o n at th e end of

th e k alp a , w h e n th e uni v er s e w a s co n v e r te d i n to ab s o lute

ocean , t h e n t wo ter r ibl e A s ur as nam ed M a d h u and K ai tabha, §

M ah d -m éya .

1 F or S a ms d r a -s thi ti -kd r ina h th e B om b ay e d i tion r ead s S ams d r a -s thi ti

kd ri né ,
“
th ey ar e h ur l e d , & c .
, th r ough t he p o w er of th e Gr eat I llus ion whi ch

m akes w or ld ly e xi s tence p er m an ent .

1 Ni ty d'
, S ee H ar i -V al héa , e cu . 1 35 6 2 -8 1 .
4 70 CANT O L XXXI .

’
s pr ing in g fr o m th e r oo t of V i s hnu s ear , s o ugh t to s lay

B r ah m a . B r a h m a th e P r aj a-p a ti s too d on th e lotus tha t gr ew

n av el th o s e t wo fier ce A s ur as
’
fr o m V i s h nu an d s e e i ng
‘

a nd s l ee p i ng Ja n ar d ana , a nd s t an d i ng wi th h ea r t s o l e ly th e r eon

i ntent , i n or d er to a w ake n H ar i , ex tolle d th at S l eep of co n

te m p la ti o n w hi ch h a d m a d e i t s d w el li n g i n H a ri th e
’
s eyes

l or d o f s le nd o ur extolled
p V i s h nu
’
s S l eep , w hi ch i s Qu ee n of t he
uni v er s e , th e of t h e w or ld , th e ca u s e o f p er m anence
pp ort er su

an d d i s s oluti on , f ull of r ev er e n ce , i ncom p ar ab le fi‘

B r a h m a s p o ke

T h ou ar t S v aha, th ou ar t S v a d b a; th ou i n d e ed ar t V a s h at
kar a , thou h as t s o un d f o r th y s oul ; 1 th o u '
ar t th e n ectar

of the god s , t h e tw o et er n al l e tt er s , I thou e xi s tes t ha vi ng

the thr ee-fold m é tr é s for thy s o ul ; § thou e xi s tes t h alf a

m atr é in d ur a tion
.
yet e ter nal ; th ou i nd e ed c an s t no t be
utt er ed s p ecifically ; th ou art Hth e S év it r i , 1l thou ar t the
“
d iv i n e m other s ub li m e . B y th ee i nd ee d ev erythi n g i s m a in
ta i n ed , by thee th is wor ld is , b y th ec H i t i s p r o
cr e ate d
' '

tect ed O g od d es s ! an d th ou d os t al ways co n s um e i t a t th e
end . A t i ts em an atio n t h ou d id s t tak e th e f or m of cr eati on ,
an di n p r ot e ctin g i t th ou ha s t th e for m of p er m anen ce , an d
at th e e nd o f t hi s w or l d than w ilt h a v e t h e for m o f con
tr action , O th o u w h o co n tai ne s t th e w or ld ! T h ou a rt th e

T h e B o m b ay ed iti on i ntr od uce s s tawmi and s om e c h a n ge s in th e s econd

li ne , and re a d s th i s v er s e a s th e b e g inni ng of B r ah m a s inv ocati on

’
.

”
1 O r, th ou h as t h e av en f or t h y s ou l , s var d tm ikd . T h e m eaning s oun d

s eem s pr ef er ab l e , as it ag rees wi th th e r es t of th e v er s e .

I Om T he com m e nt ar y over l o o k s this exp res s i o n, a ks har e n i t e.

y
T he th r e e p r os od ial m eas ur es . T he expr es s i on tr i d hd m d tr d tmikd ,

is al s o d i vid ed b y th e co m m en t ator i nto tr i -d h oi/md tr d tm i lai , thou h as t th e

th r e e m an s i ons , ( i e . .
, th e th r ee wor ld s , th e th r ee V e d as , th e th r ee chi ef
”
d e i ti e s , tho u h as t th e p r e s erv er ( V i s h nu) f or th y s oul .

HF o r 8 6. te a m th e B om b ay e d i t io n r ead s s a n d ivyot, th e twi ligh t .

11 T h e Gayatr i
'

v er s e .

3“ F or d evi j an ani th e B om b ay ed itio n r ead s Ved a -j a n ani , t he m o th er of

th e V ed a .

H F or
' '
tr ay eta t rea d tvayai tat .
 O DE TO M Ani -M AYK . 47 1

Gr eat K nowle d g e, th e Gr ea t I llus i on, th e Gr ea t V igour , th e

Gr e at M em or y, and the Gr e at D el us i onfi“ th e L a d y, th e Gr eat
59 Go d d es s , th e Gr eat D em on ? A nd thou a rt the or i g i n al
I of th e un i v er s e , th e e x ci ti n
s ou r ce g cau s e o f th e t hre e
q ualit ies ; t hou ar t th e Ni gh t of th e w o rld s d es tr uctio n, this
’

60 Gr eat Ni g ht , and t he N ig h t of d el us io n, t er r i ble ! T hou art

G ood F or tune , th ou ar t Q ueen , th o u a rt M od es ty ; thou ar t

I nt elli g en ce c har acter i e d z by p er cep ti on ; th ou ar t S h a m e ,

N ou r i s h m ent, an d C o nt entm ent, T r a nqu i lli ty and P atie nce
61 als o . T hou ar t terr i ble, ar m e d wi th s w or d , w ith s p ear , w it h
cl ub , an d w i th d i s cu s , w i th co u ch , w it h h o w , and h a v ing as
62 w e a po n s ar r ow s , s li ng s § a nd an i r 0 n m a ce . T h ou ar t
g en tl e,
ex ceed i ng ly
yea m ore th an g entle , b ea u ti f ul to th os e who are
wh olly g e ntle th ou ar t i nd eed b eyo nd t he h i g h es t a nd th e
63 low e s t, Qu ee n s upr e m e ! A n d w h at e ver o r w h er ev er a thing
i s , wh et her g oo d o r ba d , t ho u ar t t h e e ner g y w hich a ll that

p os s es s e s , O th o u w h o a r t th e s oul o f ev e ry thi ng Oc h I i
.

54 e xt ol t he e m or e tha n this ? I] B y thee , w h o ar t s uch , h e

i nd eed , w h o th e wor ld , wh o p r otects th e wo r l d , ] W ho
'

cr eat e d
1
con s um es th e wor ld , i s b r oug h t und er t h e d om i ni o n of s leep .

65 W ho is able h er e to e x tol th ee P S i nc e V i s h nu, I a nd

’
S i va
h av e b een m a d e b y th e e t o a s s um e bo d ie s , w h o then m ay b e
66 p ow er ful enoug h to ex tol th ee B ein g s uch , d o tho u , O

g od d es s , l au d e d th u s , b e wit ch th es e t w o unas s ai lable As ur a s ,

67 M a d h u an d K aitab h a , w i th th y ex al ted p ow e r s , a nd le t th e
im p e r i s h ab l e m as t e r of th e w o r ld be lig h tly br o ug h t b a ck to
co n s ci o u s n e s s , and le t h i m r ous e up h is i n telli g ence to s la
y
th es e tw o gr ea t A s ur a s

”
Or r ath er , th ou h as t th e gr e a t d elus ion, M a hd -m ohd .

’
“
M a hd s wri T he Bo m b y d i ti n d M h i th e Gr ea t Q ueen
f . a e o r e a s a es va r , .

I P r a kr i ti .

exp l aini ng thi s w o r d c ontr ac tion of

’

B hn tundi . Aft er as a bhuj a -s a tr u .

”
m un-(i i ,
“
she wh o cuts o ff e ne m i e s w i th h er ar m s , t he c o m m entator s a
ys it
”
s l ing T h e d iction ar y i t is ki nd of wea pon
p ha ntha,
o- a s ays a
g .

k in d of fir e
( per h ap s a

i n th e B om b ay ed i ti on i s p ref er ab l e to ta d ai
HM a yd as .

j ag at p d ty a tti a ccor d ing to th e B om bay

1T F or g aj atp d té tti r ead e d i tio n ;

s ee ver s e 56 .
47 2 C ANT O L XXXI .

T he ri s h i s pok e

T h en th e g od d es s of d ar k n e s s , e x tolled thus by th e C r e ator

t her e in or d er to a w ak en V i s hnu to s lay M a d h u an d K a ita bh a,
i s s ue d f or th fr om hi s ey e s , m ou th , nos e , ar m s an d h ea r t an d

b reas t, an d s too d i n th e s ig h t of B r ah m a w h os e bir th i s

ins crutabl e ; a n d J a nar d a na: m as ter o f th e w or ld , b ei ng

qu i tted by he r, r os e u p fr om h is cou ch i n th e uni ver s al o cean ;

and he s aw t h o s e t wo th en , M ad hu an d K ai tabh a, e vil of s o ul ,

e x celli ng i n her o i s m an d r ed
r ow e s s ,
ye d th r oug h a n g er ,
-
p e

f ully p r ep ar ed to d ev our B r ah m a . T he r eu p o n th e a d o r ab l e

lor d H ar i r os e up an d fou g h t w ith th os e tw o, s tr iki ng t hem

w i th h i s ar m s , f o r fiv e t h ou s a nd s of year s . A n d th ey, e x cee d

i n g ly f r e nz ie d w i th t h ei r p o w er , d elud ed b y th e G r e at Illu
s i on , ex clai m ed to R esav a , C h oo s e
“
a b o on f r om us

T h e go d s p oke

B e ye b o th n ow conte nt w i th m ye m u s t bo th b e s lai n
e

by m e W h at n eed i s th e r e of a ny o th e r b oo n h er e T hu s
m uch ind eed i s m y ch oi ce .

T h e ris hi s p ok e

Ga zing th en at t he e nt ir e w or l d w hic h w as n othi n b ut

g
w a ter , t ho s e t w o , w ho h a d b e e n t h us tr i ck ed , s p ok e t o th e
a d or ab l elotus -eye d god , S lay us w h er e th e e a rt h is not

o v er w h elm e d with w at e r .

T he ris hi s
p ok e
B e it so s aid th e a d or ab l e w i el d er of th e co n c h , d i s cus
an d clu b , a n d cu t tin g 1 t h em w i th h is d is c us cl o v e t h em b o th
‘

as un d er , h ead s a nd b uttock s .

T h us w a s she b or n w h en p r ai s ed by B r ah m a h i m s elf , No w
I tell th ee of thi s g od d es s m aj e s ty
’
li s ten ag ai n , .

T h e B om bay ed itio n m ak es thi s s e n tence th e s econ d lin e of a ne w v e r s e

a n d r ea d s as th e fir s t li ne of i t— P r'tta u ta v a y ud d h en a f la h as te am}.'
s vas
g y
m g'i t'y ur d va yo lz, We ar e p le as e d at th e ba ttle wi th th ee th ou ar t w or th of
y
p ra i s e a s D e a th to us
t F or kri tvd r e ad kr i ttvd
'
 vwr oar or r m: ASURAS eve n r un eons . 47 3

C ANT O L X X XI I .

T he D evi -m d hd tm ya .

S laughter f
o the ar m
y f
o the Asur a M a his ha .

T he god s were d ef ea ted i n a gr ea t ba ttle f or m er ly by the As ur a s a nd

d r i ven fr om heaven, a nd the As ur a M a his ha becam e s ap r em e — All .

the god s ga ve f or th thei r sp eci a l ener gi es , whi ch com bi ned a nd

form ed
’
the god d es s O T hey gav e her thei r weap ons ,
a nd i kd . — a nd s he f ought ,

wi th a nd d es tr oyed the As ur a s .

poke
T h e ri s hi s

O f yor e ther e w a s a figh t for a f ull h und r ed year s between

th e god s an d A s u ras , w he n M ah is h a w a s lo r d of th e A s ur as

a nd I n d r a lor d of th e g o d s ; i n i t t h e y of th e g od s w as
ar m

vanq ui s h e d b y t he A s u r a s w h o ex ce lle d i n va l o u r , and th e

'

A s ur a M a hi s h a aft e r co nqu er i ng a ll th e g od s b e cam e th e

I nd r a . T h en th e v an q ui s h e d god s , p laci ng th e P r aj a p ati
’
B r a hm a at th eir h ea d , w e nt w h er e a bod e S iv a an d V i s h nu .

T he thir ty god s d es cr ib ed to th em accur at ely w h at h ad

p
’
h ap ene d , th e f ull s tor y of th e go d s d i s co m fitu re w hich
h a d b ee n wr o ugh t by the A s ur a M a hi s h a , H e , M a his ha , in
h i s ow n p er s on d om in eer s ov er th e j ur is d ictio ns of t he

S un, I nd r a , A g ni , V ayu a nd the M oon , of Y am a a nd V ar un a

a nd o f th e o t h er god s C a s t out by th at e v il s ou led M a his h a

.
-

fr om S v ar ga al l th e h os ts of t he g o d s w an d e r on th e e a r th

like m or tals . I t has no w b ee n r e lat ed to you b oth , a ll th at

h a s b ee n w r ou g ht by th e f o e of th e I m m or tals , a n d w e h av e
s ough t you bo th a s a r e fu g e le t hi s d es tru c tio n b e d ev i s ed
H av i ng th us h e ar d th e w or d s of th e g o d s , V i s h nu w as
'
w r o th and S i va a ls o ; both th ei r fa ces beca m e f ur r o w ed w i th
fr ow ns . T h en i s s ue d f o r th g r eat e ner gy ? f r om th e m ou th
of V i s h nu wh o w as fu ll o f i nten s e a ng er , a nd fr om the
m onths of B
’
r ahm a an d S iv a ; an d fr om th e bo d i e s of I nd r a .

F o r D a v d s ur am r ead D evé s u ra m .
47 4 . CANT O L XXXII .

a nd th e o the r g od s w en t f or th a v er y gr eat ener gy an d it

ll a ll am a lg a m a ted . T h e g o d s be held th e m a s s o f i n ten s e
e n e r gy th er e li ke a b ur nin
g m o u ntai n, p e rv a d i ng th e o th er
12 re
gi o ns of th e s ky w i t h it s bl a z e ; an d th at u n p a r al lel e d

e ner gy bor n of t he b o d i e s of a ll th e god s , w h ich p e rv ad e d

th e t hr ee w o r ld s w ith i ts l ig h t, g a th er in g i n to o n e b eca m e

13 f e m al e S i v a s e n er g y h er fac e w as d e v e
’ ’
a . B y w h at w as
lop ed , d by Y a m a g r e w h e r h a i r , an d h er ar m s
’
an s en er gy

14 M o o n s h er t w in b r ea s ts ; a n d
’
by V is hnu s
’
e n er
gy , b y the
’
h er w ai s t by V ar una
’
ca m e i n t o b e in g b y I n d r a s ener gy, and s

15 h e r le g s an d t hi g h s , by th e E ar th
’
s en e r
gy h er hi p s , b y
’ ’
B r a h m as h er f ee t, h e r t oes b y t he S un s e n er gy , a n d
en e r g y

by t he V a s a s ener gy h er h a nd s a n d fing e r s , a n d by K u v er a s
’ ’

h er n os e ; a nd h er te
’
16 e th
g r e w b y t he P r aJa p a ti s e ner g y,
-

17 and th r ee d ev elop e d by A gni a nd he r

’
eyes w er e s e n er gy ;

e ye b r o w s w er e th e e ne r
gy of th e tw o t wili g h ts , a nd h er ear s

V ayu an d th e co m in g i n to being of th e en er g i e s o f
’
s ener gy ;

th e o th e r g o d s beca m e t h e a u s p i cio us god d es s .

T h en z
g a in g a t h er , w h o h a d s p r ung f r o m th e co m b in e d
en e r g ies of al l th e g od s , th e I m m or tal s w h o w er e a ffl ict e d by
“
19 M ahi s h a f elt k een j oy fi T h e b ear er of the bow P i nak a
'

d ra wi ng a tr id en t f or t h fr om hi s own tr i d e nt g av e i t t o h er ;
a nd K ri s h na g a v e a d i s c us p ulli ng i t ou t of h is o wn d i s cus
20 a n d V ar una g ave h er a c o nch , Ag ni a s p e ar , M a r uta
g av e a
21 bo w an d a qui v er filled w i th ar ro ws
-
r I nd r a lor d of th e
I m m or tals ga v e a thu n d e r -b olt p ulli ng i t o ut of hi s own

th u nd e r -b ol t ; t h e T h ou s an d -eye d g a v e h er a b ell fr o m his

22 el e p h ant A i r av a ta . Y am a
g a ve a ro d fr o m hi s o w n r od of

F ate , a nd t h e lo r d of th e wat er s a n oos e ; an d th e P r aJa -p ati

g a v e h er a n e ck lace of b ea d s , B r a h m a a n ear th en w a t e r -p ot ;
23 th e S un b e s to w e d hi s o wn r ays o n a ll th e p or es of h er s kin,

an d D es ti ny i g av e h er a s wo r d an d a s p ot l e s s s hi eld ;

T h e B om b ay e d i ti on i n s er ts a v er s e h e re . T h en th e g od s g a ve h e r als o
th e ir ow n s e ve r al w ea p o n s ; w i s h i ng fo r vi c tor
y t h ey S hout ed alo ud to th e
’
v c t o r io u s
i god d es s C o nq u e r c o nq uer !

1 F or
‘
v d na -p zi r ne r e ad vd na -p nr nd
O r T im e , Ka la
’

1 .
 '
O RI GI N o r run Go nnus s c A np i xii .

a nd th e O cean of m ilk a s p o tle s s necklac e of p ea rl s and als o

a p ai r of und eca yi ng g a r m en ts . A nd a ce les tial cr e s t - e j wel ,

a

pai r of ear -r i n
gs , and br a cel ets , an d a br illi ant h alf-m oon
her of
or na m ent , an d ar m l e t s ov e r all ar m s , an d als o a p air
b rig h t an cl et s , a n ec klet . of t he fines t M a ke, an d r in gs an d

g em s o n all h er fin g e r s —
thes e V i sva -kar m an g a v e to h er, a nd
a lso a b r i gh tly p o li s h e d a x e, w e a pon s of m a ny s h a p e s an d a ls o
’

a r m ou r t ha t co uld no tbe p ier ce d A nd O cean g a v e h e r a

’

g ar lan d o f f ad e le s s lotu s -fl o w er s for h er h e ad an d an o th er for

h er b r eas t, an d a v er y b r i lli an t l otus -fl o w e r bes i d es . H i m av at
gave h er a lio n to r id e o n an d
g e m s o f v ar i ou s kin d s Ku v e r a .

A n d S es h a , th e lor d of all
'

g av e a d r ink in g c u p full o f w i ne .

t h e s er p ent s , w h o s uppor ts thi s ear th , g a v e h er a s er p ent

ne ckl ace a d or ned w it h l ar g e g em s . H on ou r ed b y o ther g o d s
w i th a nd w e a on s , t h e go d d e s s
a ls o gifts o
f o r n a m e n ts
p
ut te r e d a loud r oa r ble nd e d w it h a h or s e -l aug h a g ai n a n
d
a
g ai n T h e w hole w el ki n
. as fille d w i th her ter r ib le r o a r w .

B y t h a t p en e tr a ti ng a n d ex ce e d in g ly g re a t r oar a g r eat ech o

ar os e , a ll th e w o 1 ld s s ho o k an d th e s ea s tr e m b le d , t h e e ar th

q u a ked a n d all th e m o un t ain s m o v e d A nd C o nqu er th ou I .

e x c l ai m e d t h e g o d s w ith j oy to h e r w ho r o d e o n t h e li o n

a n d th e m un is e x toll ed h e r a s th ey bow ed their b od i es in

f ai th .

S eein g all th e th r ee w or ld s g r eatly ag i tate d , th e fo es o f th e

I mm or tal s uniti ng a ll t h eir a r m i es r os e u p t o g e th e r , w i th up

lif te d w ea p o ns . H a ! w h at i s th i s e x cl aim e d th e A s ur a

M ah i s h a i n wr a th , a nd r us h ed s ur ro un d e d by a ll th e A s u ra s

to war d s th at r o ar . T h e n he s aw th e g o d d es s , pe r v ad i ng t h e

th r ee w o r ld s 1
“
w ith h er li gh t, cau s in g t he e ar th to b o w at the

tou ch of h er z
f e e t, g r a ing th e firm am e nt w i th h er cr es t,
s h akin g th e w h ol e o f P atéla wi th th e tw a ng o f her b o w-s tr ing ,

s tand i ng p er va d i ng th e y a ll a r ou nd w ith h er thous an d

sk

ar m s . T h en be g an a ba ttle b et ween th e g od d es s and th e

bh tz s ha na i r
’
it F or bh as h a na i r r ead .

’
ta loka -tr ag a m r e ad vyd p ta - loka -tr a yd m with th e B om bay
’

I F or
'' -
v yap ,

f rom the
’

e d iti o n ; oth erwis e th i s w o r d , r ea d a s a neuter noun, s epar a tes d evi m

f e m inine ad ec ti ves
j which f ol low .
4 76 CANT O L XXX I I .

e nem i es th e go d s , in w hi ch
of r e g i o n of th e s ky was
e ver y
i llum i ne d wi th th e w eap o ns a nd ar m s h u r led in a bun d ance .

g ener al , t h e g r ea t A s ur a n am ed
’
A nd the A s ur a M a hi s h a s

; and the As ur a C am ar a at ten d ed by

’
C i ks h ur a, f ought wi th her
’

h is y foug ht al ong w ith o th er s

cav a lr T h e g r eat A s u r a .

n am e d U d ag ra w i t h s i x m yri ad s of ch ar i ot s f ought ; an d

M ahé -hanu wi th a th ou s an d m yr i a d s g av e ba ttle an d th e

gr eat A s ur a A s i -lo m a n w ith fifty m i lli o ns w it h s ix hund r ed

'
m yr i ad s V as kal a fo ug h t i n th e b a ttle ; U g r a -d ar s a n a w ith
m a ny tr oo ps of th ou s a nd s of e l ep h a n ts an d h or s es , an d s ur

r o un d ed w i th ten m il lion c ha r io ts fo ug h t i n th a t b at tle and

t he A s ur a na m e d V i d el a f oug h t i n t he b attle th er e, s u r r ound

ed w i t h fif ty m yr i ad s of m y r i ad s of ch ar io ts . A nd oth er

gr eat A s ur as i n m yr i ad s , s u r r ou nd ed w i th c h ar i ots , el eph an ts

an d h or s e s , fo u h t w i th t h e
g g o d d es s i n th at b attle t h er e N ow .

th e A s ur a M ahi s h a w a s s u rr o und e d w i th t h ous and s of t en

m i lli on ti m es t en m illions o f c h ar iots and e l e p ha nts a nd h or s es
i n th e b a t tle th er e . W i th i r o n m aces an d j a v e li n s , w i th s p e ar s

an d c lub s , w ith s w or d s , w i th ax e s a nd h alb er d s th e y fou g ht

i n th e battle ag ai ns t t he
g od d e s s A n d s om e hu r le d s p ear s ,
.

and o th e r s noo s es , b ut th ey as s ai le d th e g o d d e s s w i th blo w s

fr om th eir s wo r d s in o r d er to s lay h er .

A n d th en th e g o d d es s C d i ka c l o v e
’
an , as it w er e i n m er es t

p la y, th os e w ea p o ns a n d ar m s by r a i n i ng for th h er ow n
w ea p on s an d arT he g od d es s
ms . b etr ayed n o e x er tio n i n h er
co unt e nan ce , w hil e th e g o d s an d ri s h i s w e r e p r a i s i n g h er T he .

e nly g o d d es s h ur l e d he r we ap o n s a n d a r m s a t t h e A s ur a s
’
q u e

b od i es . T h e l ion a ls o t ha t b or e th e g o d d e s s , e nr a g e d a n d
wi th r uffl e d m an e, s t alke d a m o ng th e ar m i e s o f A s ura s , li ke

fir e th r o ug h th e f o res ts . An d th e d ee p br e aths , w h i ch
A m b i ka figh ti ng in t h e battle b r eath ed for th, c am e i nto r ea l
b ei n g a t o n ce a s t r 0 0 p s by h u nd r ed s an d th ou s a nd s . T h es e
fou gh t w i th ax es , w i th j av eli ns ,
and s w or d s and h alb er d s ,
d es tr oyi ng th e A s ur a b an d s , be in g i nv ig o r ated by th e g od

'
I ns t ea d of p ari va r i ta
-
h I take th e r ead i ng o f th e B om b ay ed iti on Ugr a .

d ar fan a T h e C alcutta te xt
h as a p r o p e r n am e . co ntai ns no nam e as a nom i .

nativ e in th i s line or th e next.

 r nr. G D DE
'
O SS r ns ASURA ARM I E S
SL AUGHT E RS ' . 47 7

d es s
’
en er gy. A nd of thes e b and s som e r ai s e d a d in w it h
lar g e d r um s , and other s wi th co n ch s , a nd oth er s b es id es wi th
d r u m s , in t hat g r eat battle -f es ti val . T hen th e g od d es s wi th
h er t r i d ent , h er cl ub , w ith s h o w e r s of s p ears , and wi th h er
s wo rd an d oth er weapons s la ugh t ered th e gr eat A s ur as in
hund r ed s , and la id oth er s lo w wh o w er e be witch ed w ith th e
r in g in
g of h er b ell and bind in g ot her A s u ras with he r n oos e
d r ag g ed th em on th e gr ound A nd other s ag ain, clo ve n in .

t w ai n b y sh ar p s las h es of h er s w or d a nd cr u s h ed by bl ow s
w i th h e r m ace, lie on g r ound ; a nd s om e
th e g r i e v ous ly
b att er ed by h er cl ub v o m i te d f or th blood S o m e w er e f e lled .

t o t he g r oun d , pier ce d i n th e b re a s t by h er tr id en t S om e .

b ei n g clos ely m as s ed to geth er w e r e c ut i n p i ece s f by the

to rr e nt of h er a rro w s i n th e b a t tl e -field F ollowi ng th e m anner .

of a n ar m
y, I the afili cter s o f th e th ir ty god s g a v e up t he

g h ost s om e w i t h th ei r ar m s c ut off, and othe r s wi th s e ver e d

n ecks th eir h ead s f ell fr o m o th er s , o th e r s w er e tor n a s u nd e r

in t he m i d d le a n d oth e r g r e at A s ur a s fell to th e ear th w i th

leg s cl e an cut off ; s om e w er e clo v en by th e g od d es s i nto t wo

p ar ts , w ith a s ing le ar m an d ye a nd f oot to ea ch p ar t ; a nd

e

o th er s f ell a nd r os e a
g ain , al th oug h w i th h e a d out bif .

H ead le s s cor p s e s , s ti llgr as pi ng th e fines t w eap o ns , fo ug ht

w i th th e g o d d es s ; a nd o th er s d anced ther e i n th e b a ttl e,
ke ep ing t i m e to t he s tr ains o f th e m us ical i n s tr um en ts .

C o rp s es , wi th h ea d s s e v er e d ,
st i ll h eld s wor d s and s p ea r s an d

l a n ce s in th eir h and s an d o th e r gr e at A s ur a s wer e s ho u ti ng

t o th e g od d es s ,
“
S tand ! s ta nd 1
”
W ith th e pr os tr a te ch ar i o ts ,
e le ph a nts and h or s es an d A s ur as th e ear th becam e i m p as s a b le

Vi -p otki ta vi -p a th i s no t i n th e d ictionary .

1 F or kri td h r ead kri ttd h

S end na kd r i na h b ut th e co m m e ntato r tr anslates i t, fig h ti ng i n the
I
r ear of th e ar m y . T h e B om bay e d it ion r ea d s i ai l d ri nah, w ho rese m
”
b le d m ou nt ai n s .

F or ash ti r ead ri s h ti .

T h e B o m b ay e d i tio n a d d s a lin e to this ver se , w hi le fr om th ei r m a ngle d

ll
'

li m b s fl o wed s tream s of blood ( r u d hi raa gha-vilnp téitgd h) i n tha t ap palli ng

ba ttle .
4 78 C ANT O L XXXU I .

w h er e th a t gr eat b attl e too k p l a ce A nd . lar g e r i v e rs for m ed

o f tor re nt s o f b l oo d s tr ai h t w a
g y fl ow e d along t he re am id s t
th e m i e s of A s ur a s . a nd e le ph an ts , A s ura s and
ar a m on
g th e
h or s es .

T h us A m b ika b r o u gh t th at g r eat ar m y of th e A s ur a s to
u tt er d e s tr uc tion i n a m om e nt , e v en as fir e u tter ly cons um es
a h ug e p i le o f g ra s s a n d ti m b er A nd th e li on, w ith q ui ver i ng
.

m ane, s ta lked on r oar ing alo u d fi" W h i le h e p r o wled t a s i t

w e r e for li v e s o ut o f t he b od i e s of t he fo es of th e I m m o r tal s ,

th e b attle w as f ou g h t th er e b et wee n th os e t r oo p s of t he

g o d d es s a n d th e A s u r as , s o th a t th e g o d s i n h e av en s e nd i ng
d o wn s h o w e r s of fl ow er s gr at ified I h er § .

C ANT O LX XX I I I .

T he D evi m é hd l m ya
-
.

T he s la yi ng o f the As u ra M ah s i ha .

T he d es mi p ti on of the ba ttle i s conti n ued —

T he g od d ess s le w the
As ur a chi efs i n s i ngle com ba t a nd fina ll
y the A s ur a M a hi sha .

T h e ri s hi s p oke
Now th e g reat A s ura , th e g ene r al C 'i ks h ur a, s eeing th at
ar m y be i n g s l a ug h te r e d , a d v a nce d i n wr a th t o fig h t w i th
A m b ikz i T h e A s ur a r ai ne d a s h o w e r o f a r r o w s o n th e o d
g
.

d e s s in the battle , a s a c lo a d d elu ges m ou n t M er u ’s s u m m it

wi th a s h o wer of r a i n T h e g o d d es s , c ut ti ng a s un d er th e
.

m a s s es of his arr o w s th en as it w er e i n p lay, s m ote hi s h o r s es

w i th h e r ar r o ws a n d th ei r c h ar io te e r ; a nd s lit h is b o w fo r h
p t
w ith a nd his b a nner r ai s e d hig h a lo ft ; and wi th s wi ft

T h e B om b a y ed it ion r e p ea ts he r e th e s eco nd line of V e l s e

.
50 .

'
t Vi
s -c ta vati, t he loo . c a s e, w i th s i rh h e und er s t oo d .

laud e d a cco r d i ng to ano th e r r ea d i ng .

1 Or ,

es hd nt r ea d end rh .
’

5 F or ‘
 '
r ns coo nas s s un s '
r ns AS U RA cnm r s . 47 9

m issi les p ier ced h i s li m b s as h e s tood w i th s h a tter ed bo w

'

5 H is b ow s h att er e d , h i s ch ar io t us el es s , h i s h or s e s ki ll e d , hi s
ch a r i o te e r s la i n, t h e A s ur a a r m ed w i th s wor d a nd s h i el d

6 r us h e d at t h e g o d d es s . W ith th e u tm os t cele r i ty h e s m o te
t h e li o n on th e h ea d w ith hi s s h a r p -e d g e d s w or d , an d s tr uck

7 th e g o d d es s a ls o o n her l ef t ar m H is s w o r d s h i v er ed to .

p i ece s a s i t t o uc h e d h er arm 0
( p r i n c e ) T h e r e o n r e d -e
yed . .

8 w i th an h e g ras p e d hi s pi ke , an d h e , th e g r ea t A s ur a ,
g er
fl ung it a t B h ad r a —kal i, a s i t w er e th e S un s o rb b la ing
’
z
9 br i g h tly w i th i ts s p le nd ou r fr o m o ut the s k y S ee ing tha t .

p ike fa lling o n h e r , t he g o d d e s s h ur led h e r p ik e , a nd i t

s ha t te r e d th at p ik e i nto a h un d r e d fr ag m en ts an d the g r e at
A s ur a a ls o .

W he n h e ,
M ahi s h a
’
s v er y v a li a n t g en er a l , wa s s lai n ,
a fli i c ter of t h e t hi r ty god s ,
'
C é m ar a , t he a d va n ce d m o unted
o n a n e le p h a nt a nd he a ls o hur led hi s s p ea r a t th e g o d d es s .

D o wn to th e g r oun d A m b ika q ui ckly s tr uck i t, a s s a i led w ith

a co nte m p t uo us h oo t a nd r e nd er e d lu s tr e-l es s S eeing h is .

s pe ar b r o ke n a nd f a ll e n , C am ar a fil le d w i th ra
g e fl ung a p i ke ;
an d th at s h e s p li t w i th h er ar r o ws T h en th e li on l ea in
p g
.

to th e h ol lo w of th e e l ep h a n t s
’
up f a s ten ed on for e h ead , and

f ou g h t i n clos e co m b at a l o ft w i th th a t f oe of th e thir ty god s

b ut both t h e n f ell , as t h ey w e r e fig h ti ng , fr o m th e elep ha nt
t o t h e g r o un d . T hey fo ug h t clo s e ly l o ck e d tog e th e r wi th
T he
”

m os t t er ri ble blo w s n qu i ck ly s pr in
g i ng up to th e s k
y,
.

li o n s e ve r ed C
’
and d e s cend in g , t h e a m ar a s h e ad wi th a blow
fr o m h i s p a w .

A nd U d ag r a w as s l ai n in b a ttl e b y th e g o d d es s wi th s tones
,

tr ee s and o th er thi ngs , an d K ar a la a l s o w as s tr i cken d ow n

b y h er t ee th a nd fis ts an d f eet fi“ A n d th e g o d d e s s en r a ed
g
r o un dU d d h at a t o p o w d er
~ w i t h b lo w s fr o m he r c lub an d
g
ki ll ed V as k al a w i th a d ar t , T am r a a nd A n d hak a w i th ar r o w s .

A nd th e s up r e m e th r e e- eye d g o d d es s s le w U gr é s y a a nd U gr a
vii y a an d
-
M ah a han u
- a ls o wi th h e r tr id e nt . W i th h er s wor d

h ea d c l ean d o w n fr o m his b od y
’
s h e s tr uck V i d al a s . S he

D a n ta -m a s hti -ta lai é ; or , acco r d i n g to t h e com m en ta tor , w it h the l ower

"
p a r ts of her i v o r y s w o r d h il t - .
 48 0 C ANT O L xxxm .

d
’
d es patch ed bo th D ur - d h ar a a nd D ar - m ulch a t o Y am a s abo e

wi th h er ar r o ws fi“

Now , as his ar m y wa s b ei ng thus d es troyed utter ly, the

A s ura M ah is h a in h is ow n b uffa lo -s hap e terr ified her tr oops .

S om e he lai d low by a blo w fr o m his m uzz le, and other s by

s tam pi ng wi th h is h oo v es , a nd oth e r s beca us e they wer e las hed

with hi s tail a nd g as he d w ith h is h om e, and o th er s ag a in by

hi s i m p etuo us r us h , h i s b e ll o w i ng a nd hi s wh eeling ca r eer ,

a nd other s by th e b la s t of hi s b r ea th — thus h e laid the-

m lo w
on the f ace of the ear th . H a vi ng laid low th e v an of h er
’
ar m y, th e As ur a r us h ed to a ttack th e g r ea t g od d es s li on .

T herea t A m bi ka d i s playe d h er w r ath . A nd

b e, g r eat i n
valour , pound ing th e s urf a ce o f t he e ar th w i th hi s h oov es i n

h i s r ag e, tos s ed t he m o unta ins a l oft 1' wi th h is h or ns a nd

b ello wed C r u s h ed b y h is i m p e tu ous wh eeling s th e ear th

.

cr um ble d to pi ece s ; a nd th e s e a l a s h e d by h is tail o ver fl o we d

i n ev ery d ir ection ; a nd th e cloud s p ie rced by h is s waying

horns w er e r ent t o fr ag m en ts ; m o untai ns fell in h und r ed s
"

fro m th e s ky, b ei ng c as t d o w n b y th e bla s t of hi s b r eat h .

’
O an dik alook ed on the g r eat A s u ra , a s s woll en wi th r ag e he
r us hed on , an d gave a w ay t o h e r w r at h t hen i n or d er to s lay
h im . S he fl ung h er n oos e f ull o ver h im , and b ound th e g reat
A s ur a fas t . An d h e qu it ted h i s b uflfal o s h ap e wh en h eld ’

b ound i n the g r ea t ba t tl e , a n d t h e n b e cam e a li on s ud d enly .

W hile A m bik a i s c ut ti ng o ff h i s he ad h e took t he app ea r a nce

of a m an wi th s oym ita r i n h a nd . S t raig ht way th e go d d es s

w ith h er a rr ow s s w i ftly pi erce d th e m a n t og eth er wit h h is

s oym i ta r a nd s hi eld . T h en h e b eca m e a h ug e el ep ha nt, and

tug g ed at her g r ea t l io n w it h h i s tr unk an d r o ar e d , b ut th e

g od d ess cut oif h i s tr unk wi th h er s wo r d as he m ad e hi s tug s .

T he B om bay e d i tion i ns e rt s f o ur lin es h ere . A nd s h e,

wh o i s the Nigh t
of F ate , laid Kala low w ith h e r r od o f F ate . S he b elab o ur e d U g ra -d ar sana,
with v er y fier ce b l ow s fro m h er s o ym i ta r . S he c l ov e A s i -lom an i nd eed with
h er s w or d in th e b a ttle-f e s ti v al H er t r oop s , h e r lion and t he g o d d es s her s el
.
f
raised al o ud th e b attle-cr y of v ic t or y a l o ng w ith thos e ba ttle-fe s tiv a ls "
.

' '
1'
Uc c a i h, which th e B om b ay ed i t io n read s , i s p r efer a ble to uc’c'd n
,
”
mountains .
 T HE O
G DDE S S S L AY S
-
r e a s s es s M AH I S HA . 48 1

Nex t th e g r eat A s ur a a s s um e d h is bufia lo s h ape ag ai n, an d

s o s h oo k th e th r ee w or ld s w ith al l th a t i s m ov eab le and im

'
m o v e a b le th e r e in . E nr a g ed th er e at C an d iké ,
th e m oth er of

a nd
“
th e wo r ld , q uaff ed a s ubli m e b ev er a g e ag ai n a nd a g ai n )
lau ghed A n d th e A s ur a r oar e d
as he r e
y es g lea m ed r ud d
y .

o u t,
p uff e d u p w it h h i s s tr e ng th a n d v alo ur and fr en y, z a nd
'
h ur led m o un tai n s again s t C and ika with hi s h or n s A nd . s h e,

s hi v e r i n
g to a tom s w i t h s h ow er s of ar r o w s thos e m oun ta i ns
t h a t h e h ur le d , s p o ke t o hi m i n conf us e d wor d s , w hi le h er

m o uth w as r en d er ed r ud d ier b y t he m ead tha t s he ha d d r unk .

T h e g o d d es s s p o ke

Ro a r , r oa r on thy b r i ef m o m e nt, 0 fo ol , th e W hil e I q u a if

thi s m e ad ! T h e g o d s s hall s o on r oar , w hen I s ha ll s l ay th ee

ev e n h ere .

E x clai m i n g th us s he l e ap e d u p w a r d s an d s a t h e r s e lf on th a t

g r eat A s ur a . an d kick e d hi m on the n eck wi th h er f oo t an d

s t ru c k hi m w i t h h e r s p e ar . A n d t her e up o n h e , b eing a s s ailed

by h er f o o t , h a lf i s s ue d fo r th l f r om h is ''
own m outh i n s oo th ,

b e i ng p as s ed by t he g o d d e s s v alo ur
’
co m pl ete ly e nco m T h at .

g r ea t A s ur a be in g th us a tta ck e d h alf i s s u e d fo r th i nd ee d .

T he g o d d e s s s tr u c k o ff his h ea d w i t h h e r g r e a t s w o r d a nd
la id hi m lo w .
I
T he n p er i s h e d a ll th at D ai tya ar m y w i th g r ea t la m entati on .

A n d a ll t h e h os ts o f t h e g o d s ro s e to t he hi g he s t ex ultatio n .

T h e g o d s a nd t he g r eat h eav enly ri s hi s po ur e d fo r th p r ai s e s

t o th e g o d d e s s , th e Ga nd har v a ch iefs b ur s t i nto s ong a nd the

b ev i e s of A p s a r a s e s i n to d a nces .

S ee c an to lxxx ii, ve rs e 29 .

f F or evd ti th e B o m b ay e d i tio n r e a d s e'

v d si d .

I T h e B o m b ay ed it ion i n s er ts tw o v er s e s h er e . T hus t he As ura nam ed

M ahis h a w a s d e s tr oy e d by t h e g o d d e s s a lo ng w i th h i s ar m y a nd h i s hand s o f
f r ie nd s , af te r h e h a d b e w itch e d t h e t hr e e w or ld s When M ahi s h a w as s lain,
.

a ll cr e at e d th i ng s in th e th re e w or ld s the n uttered the s hout C o nq uer tho u

a lo ng wi th g o d s a nd As ur a s a nd m en .
48 2 C ANT O L XXXI V .

C ANT O LX X X I V .

'
T he D evi m a hé tm ya -
.

T he S la yi n g f
o the A s ur a M a hi s ha conclu d ed .

'
god s p our ed f or th thei r p r a i s es to C an d i ké on her vi ctor y— A nd
she ga v e them the boon tha t s he wou ld a lwa ys befr i end them , if
they r eca lled her to m i nd i n ca la m i ti es .

T h e ri s hi s p ok e

W h en th at m os t v ali a nt ev il -s ou le d ar my Of the go d s
’
f oe s
wa s v anq ui s h e d b y th e g o d d es s , S ak r a a n d th e h o s ts of o th er

g od s p our ed f or th th ei r p r a i s es t o h e r w ith th eir v oi ces ,

r ev e r ent ly b e n d i n g d o w n th e i r n eck s -
f an d s h ou ld er s , w hil e

th e ir b o d i e s l ook ed h an d s o m e b e c a us e th e i r h air s too d e r ect

w it h e x u lt a ti o n .

T h e g o d d e s s , w h o s tr et ch e d o ut t hi s w or ld by h e r p ow er ,

W h o s e b od y com p r is es th e e ntir e p o w er s of al l th e h os t s

of god s ,
H er , A m b ika, w or th y of w o r s hi p by al l god s and
gr eat
ri s h i s ,
We b o w b e for e I i n fa i th m ay s he or d ain b l es s ing s for us

M ay s h e , w h os e pe e r l es s m a j e s ty a n d p o w er A na nt a
A d o r a ble , B r a h m a a n d H am c a nn o t i n s oo th d ec lar e , .

d ik a
’
M ay s he , C an ,
to pr o tec t t he e n ti r e w or l d

A n d to d e s t r oy th e f ear of e v il tur n h e r m ind

H er , w ho i s G oo d -F o r tune h er s elf in th e d w e lling s of m en

of g ood d e e d s , I ll F o r tun e
-

T h e B o m b ay ed i ti on ins er ts a p r elim inar y v er s e h er e T h en all th e

h o s ts of g o d s wi th I n d r a at th e i r h ea d b eg a n t o s in
g th e pr a i s e o f th e
”
god d es s , w h e n t h e A s ur a M ahis h a w as s la i n. T h is i s t autologi cal a nd

s up er fl uou s .

si r o-’ d har d m s d r ead §ir od har d m s d i n th e B om b ay

’

1 F or - e d i ti o n
' - as .

I Na ta h sm a ; a ga i n in 4 T hi s s eem s
so v er s e . a p e c uliar us e of the

p ar ticle sm a . S i m i lar ly p r a -na td h s m a i n cant o lxx xv , ver s e 7 .

 '
HY M N T O c wp i xa . 483

I n thos e of m en of s i nful s ouls ; who is I ntellig ence in the

h e a r ts of t h e p r u d e nt ,
Who i s F ai th i n those of the g oo d , a nd M od es ty i n tha t of
t h e hi g h -b o r n m a n

H er , even th ee, we bo w b ef or e ; p r ot ect th e un iv er s e ,

0 g o d d es s
C a n w e d es c r ib e f thi s th y th ou gh t t r ans cen d i n g fo r m -

O r t hy a b u nd a n t s ur pas s in g v a lou r th at d es tr oye d t he

A s ur a s
O r th y p as s in g i fea ts w hi ch w er e d i sp la yed i n b attle s
‘

s ur

A m o ng all th e h o s t s of A s ur a s , go d s an d o th e r s , 0 g o d d es s

T hou ar t th e c a u s e o f all t he w or ld s T houg h ch ar ac ter

i z ed by t h e th r ee qu ali ti es , b y f aults §
T hou ar t n o t kno wn E v en by H ar i , H ar a and the oth er

god s thou ar t i n co m p r eh e ns ible

T hou ar t th e r e s or t of a ll thou art thi s e ntir e w o r ld w hich
is com p ar ts !
po s e d of

T h o u v er ily a r t s ubl im e or i gi nal Na tur e ll un tr an s for m ed

T h o u , w h o s e com p le te d i v i nity b y m e an s o f u t te r an ce
F in d s s a ti s f a cti o n in a ll s acr ifice s ,
g o d d es s , 1T O
A r t v e r ily S v aha, a n d gi v es t s at is fac ti on to th e Pitr i -h os ts !
H e n ce t ho u ar t in t r uth d ecla r e d b y m en to b e S vad ha
al s o .

T h ou a r t s he, who e fiec ts fin al e m a nci p ati o n, a n d

p er for m s
g r e at t h o ug h t -t r a n s ce nd i ng p e n a nces !

s tu d i e s t
” w ith t h o r an s w hich th e
T h ou e s s e nce o f
’

y g , are

s tr e n g th , H
' '
w ell-r es tr a ine d

F or ku la -j an a -p r a bh a sya r ea d kul a -j a na -p r abhauas ya , with the B o m bay

ed i ti on .

1 Ki mv ar nay oim a
‘
.

ed ition r e ad s tavé d bhu tafni ,

I F or tavd ti yd ni th e B om b ay whi ch is

e q ui va lent .

F o r d os h ai r th e B om b ay ed i tion r ead s d ena i r , w hich i s infer io r .

HP r a kr i ti .

T h e B o m b ay e d it io n r e a d s p lur a l s .

“
’ f
At hy -as ya s e é tm an e-p a d a , wh i ch s ee m s r ar e .

S a ttva -s ar a th of th e B o m b a y e d i ti on is p r e ferable to ta ttva -g i r ath

fi .
48 6 C ANT O L xxxi v .

M eeting d eath i n b at tl e le t the m pr ocee d to h eav en

T h i nki ng th us , t ho u d os t a s s u r e d ly d es tr oy th e enem i es ,
O g od d e s s
H av i ng i nd ee d s een th e m , w hy d os t th o u n ot, 0 lad y,
r e d uce to a s h es

A ll th e A s ur as , s i nce th ou d i r ectes t thy w eap o n s a

g ai ns t
th e f oes

L et ev en e ne m i es , p ur ifie d b y d y ing i n ar m s , a ttai n in

s ooth to th e br i ght w or l d s
S uch i s thy m os t ki n d ly i nten t ion to w ar d s ev e n th em .

A n d th ough , n ei th er b y th e s ha r p fl a s h es * of ab un d an t
li g h t fr o m th y s oym i t ar ,
Nor by th e cop i ous l us tr e of th y s p ea r -
p oi nt , th e eyes of

th e A s ur as
W er e d e s tr oye d yet as th ey g a ze d u pon t hy c oun ten an ce
,

W h i ch b or e a p or tio n of th e r ad iant m oo n th is v er y thi n g ,

happ en ed .

T hy d is p o s i ti o n , O g od d e s s , s ub d ues th e c on d u c t o f m en

o f e v i l co nd uct

A nd thi s thy for m s ur pas s es thoug h t an d r i v alr y b y o th er s

A n d th y v alo ur v an q ui s h es t hos e w h o ha ve r obb e d th e g o d s
of t heir p r owes s

T h ou h as t as i t w er e ? m an ifes t ed p i ty th u s e v en on

e n em i es

T o w h a t m y this t hy p r ow es s b e com p ar e d
A n d w h e r e to thy for m m os t ch ar m i n g , w h i ch s tr ik e s f e ar
a m on g foes
C o m p as s i on i n m i nd an d r el entl es s n e s s i n b at tle a r e s e en

I n th ee , O g o d d es s , w h o be s t ow es t b oon s ev e n o n th e th r ee
w or ld s !
T h r o ug h the d es tr uct ion of t h e f ees , th es e thr ee w or ld s
enti r e

H av e b ee n s av e d by th ee . H a v ing s l ain th em i n th e battle

f r ont

Vi sp hur a na n ot i n th e d iction ar y .

f O r p ra ka ti ta i va , th ou h a s t ind eed m anifes ted ,” as in the B om b ay

e d iti o n.
 nr M N T O c i s nl xi
’
.
48 7

T h ou h ast led e ven th os e h o s ts of foes to heav en, and

d i s p elled th e fear
W hich b es et us fr om the fr en ied foes z of the god s .

Rev er ence to t hee !

W i th th y s p ear p r o tec t u s 0 g od d es s ,

P r o tec t us w i th th y s wor d al s o , 0 Am bika

B y th e cl angi ng of thy b ell p r o tect us ,

A n d by th e tw an ging of th e th ong of thy bow !

I n th e e as t g uar d us , an d i n th e w e s t
'
s o uth
O C a ndi ka, guar d us i n th e
B y t he b r and i s hi ng of t hy s p e ar ,

An d al s o i n th e nor t h , 0 g o d d es s
W ha tev er g e ntle for m s of th ee wa nd er a bout in the thr e e
w o rl d s ,

A nd w h atev er excee d in g ly t err ib le for m s wand er , by m ea ns

of t he m g uar d u s an d t he ear th

T hy s wor d a nd s p ear an d c l ub , a nd wh a tever ot her we ap on s ,

0 A m bika,
R es t in thy pli ant h an d , wi th th em guar d us on e v er
y s id e
T h e r is h i s p oke

T h u s w as she, th e U p h ol d er of th e wor ld s , h y by th e m ne d

g od s , an d th ey p ai d h ono ur to h e r with celes ti al fl o wer s th at

blos s om ed in N and ah a , a n d w ith p er fum e s an d u ng uen ts .

M or eo v er all th e thir ty g od s in f ai th cens ed h er w ith h e a v enly

in cen s es . B e nig nly s wee t in countenance s he s
p oke to a ll

th e p r os tr ate g od s .

T he g od d es s s
poke
C h oos e ye th ir ty all w h ate v e r ye d es i re of m e for I g r ant
, ,

i t w i th p leas ur e, b eing h i g hly h on o ur ed by th es e hy m n s fi“

T he go d s s
p o ke
T h o u, O ad orable l ad y , h as t a cco m plis h e d a l l, n ou
g ht
re m ai ns und o ne, i n th at thi s A s u ra M ahis ha, o ur foe ha s

T h e B o m bay ed ition i ns er ts ano th e r v er s e h er e And wha tever e ls e

Hear ing this

’
m us t be d one, I d o not d e e m i t d ifli cult . s pe ech from the

g od d e s s , th os e heaven d weller s m ad e an swe r .

-
488 C ANT O L XXXV :

been Y et if th o u m u s t g r a nt us a b oon, O god d ess

s lai n .

r eat ! wh enever w e c a l l th ee , c a ll th e e to m i nd , d o thou

g
aw ay wi th o ur d i r es t cal a m iti e s ! And w h atev er m or tal

s h all pr ai s e th ee w ith t h es e h y m n s , O la d y of s p o tl es s coun

t enan ce, to pr o s p e r h im in w e a l th a n d wife and o ther bles s
i ng s by m eans of r ich es , s ucces s a nd p ow er d o th ou i ncline
al ways , 0 A m b ika, wh o ar t p r op i tiou s to us

T h e ri s hi s p ok e

B ei ng th us p rop i ti ate d by th e g o d s f or th e g ood of th e

w o rl d a nd on their o wn beha lf , B e it s o s ai d s he, B h a d r a

kal i and v ani s h e d f r om th ei r s i g h t, 0 ki n g .

T hus I hav e nar r a ted thi s , O ki ng , h o w t h e g o d d e s s cam e i nto

yor e fr om o u t of th e
of g od s bo d ie s , s h e who d es ir es the
’
b ei ng

good of all th e th ree w or ld s A n d .

g ain s h e cam e i nto ex i s tence
a

hav ing th e bod y of Ga ur i , j us t a s s h e d i d befor e, i n or d er

th e wi cke d D ai ty a s N isum bha and
’
to s lay an d S a m bha an d ,

to pr es er ve th e wor ld s , a s b en ef a ctr e s s o f th e g od s H ear ken .

th en to wh at I hav e d ecla r ed to th ee I h av e truly told it .

thee .

C ANT O L X XX V .

T he D ev i -m d hé tm ya .

’
T he god d co nve r s a ti on wi th the As ur a
’
ess s m essenger .

'
As uras S um bha a nd s um bha conquer ed the god s a nd d r ove
'
them fr om T he god s i nvoked O an d ikd a t H iena va t i n a
hea ven .
—

hym n, app ea ling to her by a ll her a ttr i butes to help them — P d rva ti .

’
ca m e ther e a nd G a nd i kd sp r a ng f or th fr om her bod y — T he .

s er vants o f S um bha a nd N i s’u'm bha sa w her a nd extolled her

f
p er ect bea uty to S um bha .
—
He s en t a m es s enger to i nv ite her to

m ar r y him —
S he exp lai ned tha t by a vo w s he would m arr y no one

who d i d not conquer her i n fight .

T he ri s hi po ke s

O f yor e the As ur as S um bha a nd Ni s um bha , tr us tin in

’

g
 4 90 C ANT O L xxxv .

F alli ng pr ostr ate to h er w h o i s p r op it iou s , to P r o s perity, ip

z

T o P e r fecti on let us p ay 1
“

yea rev er e nce

r ev er e n ce ,

To Nir riti 1 t o th e d d e ss o f Good -F or tun e of ki n g s ,

‘
o
, g
!
’
T o the e, S a r vani, r ev er e nc e , yea r ev er e nce

T o D ur g a, to h er w h o is a f ur t her s h or e d ifficult to be
r ea c hed

”
’

T o h er _w h o i s e s s e n ti al , t o h er w h o w or k s a ll t hing s ,

A nd to F am e als o , to h er w h o i s b l ue -b la ck } !

T o h er w h o i s s m o ke - d ar k r e v er en ce co ntinually
B e fore h er wh o i s a t o nce m os t g e ntl e and m o s t h ar s h

W e fa ll pr os tr ate t o h er r e v er e nc e ,
yea r e v e r e n ce

R ev er en ce t o h er w ho i s th e fo und ati on of th e w o r l d I

T o th e g o d d e s s who i s Ac ti o n r ev e r e n c e , yea r ev er en ce
T o th e g o d d e s s w h o a m ong a l l cr e a ted t hi n g s
Is
’
cal le d V i s h nu s i l lus i v e p o w er ,
Re v er en ce to h e r , yea r ev er e nce to her !
Re v er en ce to h er , r e v er e nce, yea r ev er en ce
T o th e g od d e s s w h o a m o ng all c r ea ted b e ing s
B ea r s t h e n am e C o ns ci o us n es s , ”
R e ver enc e t o h e r , yea r ev er en ce to h e r
Re v e r en ce to her , r e v er e nc e , yea r ev er en ce
T o th e g o d d es s w h o a m o ng a ll cr e a te d b ein g s
S tand s fir m H w ith th e f o rm of I n te lle c t, 1
’

Rev er e nce t o h er , yea r e v er en c e to h er

R ev er ence to h e r , r e ver e n ce, yea r ev er e nc e

F o r Vr i d vya i r ea d Vri d d hy a i f
. B ut t h e B o m ba y ed itio n r ea d s m r 'ld v ya i ,
"
t o h er w h o i s g en t le .

1 Ka r m a
'
th e B om b ay e d i ti on r e ad s Kur m yai , t o th e f e m a le T ”
o rto i s e .

1
“
D i s s oluti on .

’
D ur g a- p d r a ya i .

S a rv a - ka r i ny ai ; thi s v i o lat es th e m etr e . T h e B o m bay ed iti on r e ad s

'
b etter , s ar v a - ka r i ni , O t ho u wh o W o r kes t a ll t h ing s

1! Kr is hnd yai .

’
C etanat .

H
' '
S ams thi td ; ab id es . T he c o m m e ntar
y ex p lain s it as s am ya k

s thi td .

II B ud d hi -r up ena .
49 2 CA NT O L xxxv .

S tand s fir m w i th th e for m of P eaceablen es s ,

R e v er e nce to h er , yea r e v er en ce to h er !
Re v e r en c e to h er , r e ver en ce , yea r e v er en ce !
T o th e g od d es s w h o a m ong all cr eated b eing s
S tan d s fir m w i th th e fo r m o f F ai th ,
Rev e r en ce to h er , yea , r ev er en ce t o h er
R e v er en ce to h er , r ev er e nc e , yea r ev er ence
T o th e g od d es s w h o a m on g all cr eated b ei ng s
S tan d s fir m w i th th e for m of Lo v elin e s s ,
Rev er e nce to h e r , yea r e v e r en ce to h er !
R ev er e n c e to h er , r ev er en ce , yea r ev er en ce
T oth e g o d d es s w h o a m o ng all cr ea ted b e i n g s
S tan d s fir m w i th th e for m of Good -F dr tune ,
R ev er e nce to h er , yea r e v er ence t o h er !
R ever en c e to h er , r e v er en ce , yea r ev e r ence
T o th e g od d es s w h o am o n g all cr e a ted b ei ng s
S tan d s fir m w i th th e f or m of A c ti v ity ,
R e v er en ce to h er , yea r e ver e nce to h er
R ev er en ce t o h er , r ev er e nce, yea r ev er en ce
T o th e g o d d es s w h o a m o n g all cr eated b ei n g s
S ta nd s fir m w i th t he f o r m of M e m or y ,
R e v er en ce to h er , yea r e v er e nce to h er
R e v e r e nc e t o h er , r ev er en ce , yea r ev er e nce
T o th e g od d es s w ho am on g all cr eated b ei ngs
S t and s fir m w ith t he f or m o f M er cy ,
R e ve r ence to h e r , yea r ev er en ce to h e r
R e v e r en ce t o h er r e v er en ce , yea r ev er en ce i
,
"

T o t he g o d d es s who am ong al l cr eat ed b ei ngs

S tan d s fir m w it h th e f or m of C ontent m e n t,
R ev e r en ce t o h er , yea r e v e r e nce to h e r

R e v er en ce to h er , r ev e r e nce ,
yea r e v er e n c e

T o th e god d es s w ho a m on
g a ll c rea te d be i n g s

T he B om b ay e d i tio n in s er ts h e r e a s i m il ar ver s e, i nv oking th e od d es s

g
in th e f o r m of S tea d f a s t nes s ( d hri ti ) .

A f te r th i s v er s e a nd a f ter v er s e 30 t h e B om b ay e d i ti o n i n s er ts tw o
s im il ar v er s e s , i nv o k ing th e g o d d es s i n th e f or m of Good P olicy (mitt) and

N our i s hm en t ( p us hti ) r es
p ecti v e ly .
 49 3
’ ’

HY M N T O c A unI KA

S tand s fir m wi th th e for m of M o th er ,
R ev er en ce to h er , yea r e v er en ce to h er !
R e v er e nce to h er , r ev er e nce , yea r ev er ence
T o th e god d e s s w h o a m o ng a l l cr ea ted bein g s
S tan d s fir m w ith th e for m o f E r r or ,
R e v e r en ce to h er , yea r e v er e nce t o h er
R ev e r e nc e to h e r , r e v er e nc e , yea r e v er e nce
T o h er w h o b o th g over n s th e or g a ns o f s ens e

O f c r e at e d b ei n g s , a nd r u les a m ong all

C r ea ted b ei n g s p er p e tu ally, to h er —

T h e g od d es s o f P e r v a s i v en e s s r ev er e n ce , yea r ev er en ce !
T o h er w h o e x is ts p er v a d i n g thi s en tir e
W or ld w i th t h e fo r m of T hinki ng M i n d ,
R ev er en ce to h er , yea r e v e r en ce to h e r !
R e ver e n ce to h er , r e v er e n ce , yea r ev er e nce
P r a is ed b y th e g o d s afor e -ti m e becaus e of ea
g y d es ir e d
er l -

p r o tec tion ,
A n d w ait e d u p on by th e lor d of th e g od s m a ny d ay s ,

M ay s h e, th e g o d d es s , th e or i g in of b r ig htnes s , accom
p li s h
f or u s
B r i g h t t hin g s , yea g oo d thi ng s , an d w a r d off calam ities !
A n d s h e , w h o i s b o th r e ve r e n ced as q ue e n by u s g o d s ,
W ho ar e t o r m e nt e d no w b y th e ar r o g a n t D ai ty a s ,
A nd w hom w e call e d t o m in d as we b o w our b od i es in faith, ”
t

S h e th is ve r y m o m en t d es tr oy s 1 "
a ll ou r calam ities

T h e ri s hi s p ok e

W h ile
'

th e g o d s w er e th u s en g ag ed i n ofier i ng hym ns and

oth er r ev er en ti a l a cts , P ar v a ti ca m e th e r e t o ba th e i n t h e w a t er

of th e G a ng e s , O p r i nce . S h e , th e b eau tiful br o w e d , -

s aid to

tho s e g o d s , W h o m d o ye l or d s , ,
h ym n h er e ? A nd s
pr ing

B ha kti -v i n a m r a -m ur tti bhi h m u s t b e tak e n w ith as m d bhi r , th oug h i t i s

ill -p la ce d as t he v er s e s ta nd s . I t w ould b e b e t ter to r ea d th e s eco nd h a lf of

th e v er s e th us
c a s m r i td bha kti -v i nam r a -m ur tti bhi h
' ’
Ya ,

S ar v d p a d a s ta t-ks ha na m eva h a ntt n ah .

”
1 H an t u ,
‘
m ay s he d es tr oy , would b e b e tt er th an hanti .
 C ANT O L XXXV .

i ng fo r th fr om t he tr ea s ur e -h o us e of h er b od y th e aus pi ci ous

g o d d es s s pok e F or m e thi s h ym n i s utter e d b y th e a s s em

bl ed g od s , who ha ve b ee n s e t a t nou g h t b y th e D ai tya
N isum bh a B ecau s e
'
S um bh a a nd r oute d i n b at tle by .

f P ar vati s
’
“
A m b i ka i s s u ed fo r th fr om th e tr ea s ur e b oner? - o

b o d y, she is t he r efo r e na m e d in gs on as Kau s hiki f

am on a ll th e w or ld s No w aft er s he h a d i s s u e d fo r th , th e
g .

o th er al s o , ev en P ar v at i, b e cam e K ris h na ; s he is c e le b r ated

as Kalika; s h e fix e d h er a bo d e o n M o un t H i m a -v e t .

’
f ter C s e r v an ts o f S um bh a
’
Th e rea an a , d a n d M u nd a , th e t w o

a nd Ni su m b ha , s aw A m b ikad i s p layin g h er s ubli m e a n d m os t

’
ca p t iv ati n g f or m ; an d b oth s
p ak e o ut u nt o S um bh a —e

W hat wom an t hen , m os t s ur pas s in g ly c a pti v a ti n g , d w ells

h e r e, illu m i nat ing M o u nt H im a -
v at , 0 g r e a t k i ng ? S uc
h
s ub lim e b eauty w a s ne v e r in s oo th s e e n by an
yone a nyw h er e
l e t it b e as cer ta in e d if she is a n d l et h e r be tak e n
an y
go d d e s s ,
p o s s es s i on of , 0 lo r d of th e A s ur as A g e m a m ong w o m e n ,
.

s ur
p as s ing ly b e autiful i n b o d y , i llum in a ting the r e g i on s of
th e -s ky w i th h e r l us tre , ther e s h e i s th e n , 0 lor d of t he
'

D a itya s ; d ei g n , S ir ,
to look at h er . M or eov e r , w h at ev er

g em s , p r ecio us s ton e s , ele ph a nts , h or s es a nd o th er va lua ble

thi ngs in d eed ex i s t i n th e thr ee w or l d s , 0 lor d , all th o s e

d i s p lay th eir s
plen d our at t hi s p r es en t t i m e i n th y ho u s e .

Air av ata, g em g e le p h a nts , h a s b een cap tu r e d fr o m

a m on

P ur an d ar a a n d t hi s P ar ij a
. ta tr e e a n d a ls o th e h or s e U éé a ih

sr av as . H er e s ta n d s the h e a v e nly
yoked w i th s w a n s ch ar io t

i n th y cou r t-yar d ; i t h a s b een b r o ug ht he r e , th e w o n d er ful

c o m os e d of
char i ot p g e m s , w hi ch b e lo ng ed t o B r ahm a .

H er e i s t h e Nid h i M ah a p a d m a , 1 ca p tur e d f r o m th e Lo rd
‘
-

of w eal th . A n d th e O
g av e a g ar land m a d e of fila m en ts
ce a n

a n d of u nd ing l otu s fl o w er s I n th h d s V ar una s

’
y y o u s e s ta n .

u m br e lla , w hi ch s tr e a m s w i th g o ld A n d h er e i s t h e c h o i c e .

ch a r io t th at b elong ed t o P r aj a- p ati f or m er l y T h ou , 0 lor d ,

'

’
Kos ha ; but kosa i s b etter .

‘ ’
Ka ut ikz T h e d er i vat io n i s
1 i s b etter o f c ours e ab s ur d
.
. .

I S ee c a n to l x v ii i , v er se 12 .
 ’ ' ’
éUM B nA s M E S SAG E T O c AnnxxA

has t carr ied off D eath wh i ch i s nam ed U tkrénti d a ll

’ l l
s
p o wer - .

T he of kin g i s i n th y b r o ther s pos ses si on

’
noos e th e O cean- .

A nd Ni s um bh a h as e ver
y ki nd of g em wh ich is pr od uced
i n th e s ea. A g ni als o
g ave th e e tw o gar ments w hich ar e
p ur i fied by fire . T h us , 0 l o r d of t he D ai tyas , all g em s
h ave b een cap tur e d b y thee ; w h y d os t th ou not z
s ei e this
a us pic io us lad y, thi s g em o f w o m an ki n d

T he ri s hi s pok e

'
’
S a m bh a , on h ear ing th i s s p ee c h t he n fr o m C a nd a an d
M und a , s ent th e gr ea t A s ur a S u g r iv a as m es senger to the
-

god d es s , s a yi ng Go an d ad d re s s h er thus and thus

accor d i ng t o m y w or d s , an d li g htl y co nd uct the m a tter so that
”
sh e m ay co m e to m e of h er ow n g oo d p leas ur e . H e w ent to
w h er e th e g o d d es s s at o n a v e ry br i ght s p ot i n th e m o untain

and s p oke g ently w it h m ellifl uou s v o i ce .

T h e m es s en g er Sp ok e

0 g od d es s ! S um b h a , lor d of th e D aityas , is s upr eme lor d ,

‘

ov er th e thr ee w or l d s . A m e s s e ng e r am I, s e nt by hi m ; to

t hy p r es ence h er e [ h av e c om e . Hear ken to what h e has

s ai d , w h o s e c o m m an d is n e v er r e s i s te d a m o ng all b eing s of

d iv ine or i gi n, a nd wh o qui s h ed ev er y foe of th e

has v an

M ine a r e all t h e t hr ee w or ld s ; obed i ent to m y

“

D aity as
g o d s , I ea t e v er y po r ti on of th e s acri fices
'

auth or i ty ar e th e

s ep ara te ly T he ch o i ces t ge m s i n th e thr e e w or ld s ar e alto

eth er u nd er m y po w er ; an d s o a r e th e fine s t el eph a nts and
g
th e ch ar io t of th e lor d of t he g o d s , s i nce I have cap ture d

éé i -ér a v a s a whi ch
them . T h a t g e m a m on g h o r s es ,
n a m e d U a h ,

cam e f or th at t h e ch ur ni ng of t e
h s e a of m i lk, w as pr es ente d

t o m e by the im m or ta ls w h o p ros trate d th em selve s befor e m e .

A nd wh atever o th e r c r e a t e d th ing s in the s h ap e of g em s

nd Na gas , th ey were
exis ted a m ong t h e g o d s , Gand h ar v as a

resen ted e v e n t o m e O b r illi ant lad y I es teem th ee .

p ,

h em o f w om ankind i n the w or ld d
'

b t
'

d t o
O g od es s ,
o e e g

”
g r a nting d e p ar tur e.
“
“
Giv i ng an e xi t,
496 C ANT O L XXXV .

th ou, who ar t s uch , a p pr o a ch un to m e, s i nce I am an e n o er j

y
of ge m s . E i the r to m e, or to m y yo ung er b r other Ni s um b ha

of w i d e-reach in g p r o w es s , a p p r o a ch th ou, O lad y o f qui ck

s id e -g lances , s i n ce th o u ar t i n tr uth a g em S uprem e .

d om inion b eyond com p ar e th ou s h alt g ain by w ed d i ng m e .

U nd er s tand and cons id er thi s , a n d co m e u nto w ed lock wi th

”
me !

T he ri s hi s
poke
T hus accos te d th e g o d d e s s , smi li ng d eeply wi thi n her s elf ,
s he, D urg a th e a d or abl e a nd
g o od , w ho s up po r ts t hi s w or ld ,
s ang thi s r ep ly th e n .

T he god d e s s s p ok e

T ruly h as t th o u s p ok e n ; n o ug h t h as t th ou utter ed f al s ely

h er ein . S o v er ei gn o f th e t h r ee w or ld s
’
is S um bh a , an d like
unto hi m i s Nisum b ha al s o ! B ut h ow can that w hi ch h as
co n cer n i n
b een pr om i s e d g th i s m ys elf b e fulfill ed fals ely ?
H ear ken, w hat v ow I m a d e f or m er l
y by reas on of m y s m all
und er s tand ing a t tha t ti m e, H e w h o v a nq ui sh es m e i n fig h t ,
wh o for ces m y pr id e fr o m m e , a nd w h o i s m y m a tch in
'
h h ll b
’
s tr eng th i n th e wor ld , e s a e m y h u s b an d L et S u m bh a .

co m e h er e th en , or N i s um b ha t h e gr e at A s ur a ; let h im
’

v anqui s h m e— w hat n ee d o f d e l ay h e r e a nd let hi m li h tl

g y
tak e m y h and i n m ar r i a ge

T h e m es s eng e r s p o ke

P r oud ar t thou ! T alk n ot so b efo r e m e, O g od d es s !

W hat m ale in th e th r e e w or ld s m ay s ta nd fr ont t o fr o nt w ith
N is um b h a All th e g o d s v e r il y s tand not fa ce
’

S um b ha and
’

to fac e w ith e v en t he o th er D ai ty a s i n b attl e, 0 g od d es s ;

h ow m u ch l es s ca ns t t h ou so s ta n d a w o m an s in l e -h
and e d !
, g
Wi th S '
am bh a an d th o s e o th e r D a i tyas , a
g ai ns t w h om I nd r a
and all th e o th er go d s s too d t n o t i n b a ttle, h ow s h alt tho u,
a w om an, v entur e fa ce t o face ? D o th ou, bein
g s uch , to
wh om I have in s oo th d e li ver e d m y m es s ag e, go n e ar unto
'
S um bh a and Ni sum bh a let i t not be tha t th ou s hal t o wi th
g
 o Anni xi s
’ ’
M E SS AGE TO éUM B nA .

thy d ignity s h atter ed in th at th ou wi lt be d r agged thi ther by

thy hai r !

T he go d d es s s poke

80 s tron g as th i s i s S um bh a
’
a nd s o ex ceed i n ly
g h er oi c i s
Nis um bha W hat
’

ca n I d o, s in ce ther e s tand s m y ill -con

s id er ed p r o m i s e o f l on g a Go thou t hys el f ; m ake know n
go
r e s ec tful l
p y to the lor d of th e As ur as al l thi s th at I h av e s aid

to th ee , and le t hi m d o w h at e ver is fitting .

C ANT O L X X XV I .

T he D evi -m d hé tm ya
‘ ’ ’
T he s layi ng of S um bha a nd gener a l t rar a loc a na
Ni s urn bha s - .

'
Sa ra thu d esp a tched hi s gener a l D hri m r a loc a na a nd an ar m y to
-

cap ture the g od d es s a n d s he d es tr oyed the m —

H e then d esp atched
'
C and a a nd M und a wi th a nother ar m y .

T he r is hi s p oke

T h e m es s en g er , on h ear ing thi s p eech f r om th e g od d es s ,

s

w as fille d w i th in d i g nat ion, an d a pp r oa ching r el ate d i t f ully

to th e D ai tya kin g . T h e A s ur a m o n ar ch th e n , after hear i ng

that re or t f ro m h i s m es s en g er , w a s w r oth a nd co m m and e d

p
D hii m r a -lo éana ,
’
a ch i ef ta in of th e D aityas

Ho D h fim r a -l o ca na , h as te th ee to ge th er w i th th y ar m y ;
fetch by fo r ce th a t s h r ew , who wi ll be unner v ed wh e n d r a gg ed
alo ng b y h er h air . O r if a ny m an b es id es s tan d s u p to off e r

h er d el iv er an ce , l et h i m be s la in, be h e an I m m or ta l, a Y aks h a

or a Gand harv a for s oot

T he ris h i s p oke

m an d th e D aitya D h ti m r a -loéana w ent:

’

T her eup on at h is c om

for th with quickly, ac co m p anie d by s ix ty t h ou s and A s ur as , On

s eei ngth e g o d d es s s tati o ne d o n the s no wy m ounta in , h e cr ied

'
a loud to h e r th er e C o m e for war d to th e p r es ence of S a m bha
Niéu m bh a ; if thou wilt not, lad y, appr o ach m y lor d with
and

63
49 8 C ANT O L XXXV I .

afiec ti on now , I wi ll h er e tak e th e e b y for c e, who wi lt be un

n e r v e d s i nce th ou s h alt b e d r a gg e d along by thy h air !

T h e go d d e s s s p o ke

S en t b y the ki ng of th e D ai tya s , m igh ty thys elf , a nd accom

p ani ed b y an a r m , t h o u d os t th u s tak e m e b
y y f or ce— then

w h at ca n I d o un to th ee ?

T he r is h i s p oke

r a D hfim r a -lo é an a r us h e d t o w ar d s her

‘

A t thi s re l
p y th e A s u .

T h en A m bika w i th a m er e r o ar r e d u ce d hi m t o as h e s . And
th e g r eat y of A s ur a s
a rm e nr a
g ed p our ed on Am bika a s h ow e r
b oth of s h a r p ar row s an d of j av eli n s an d a x es . T h e li on th at
*
car r i e d th e g o d d es s , s h a ki ng h i s m an e i n
g er a n d ut te ri ng a an

m o s t ter rific r o a r , f ell on t h e ar m y of A s ur as h e s l au g ht er e d

s om e A s ur a s w i th a blow fr o m hi s for e -p aw , an d o the r s
w ith hi s m outh , a nd ot h e rs , v er
y g r eat A s ur a s , by s tr i kin g
t h em w ith h is h in d foot xf T he li on w ith h i s cla w s tor e o ut
th e e ntr ail s of s o m e , an d s tr uck th e ir h e ad s o ff w i th a cuff -lik e
’

b lo w . A nd he s ev e r e d ar m s and h ea d s f r o m oth e r s , and

s h aki n g hi s m a ne d r a nk th e blo od tha t flowed fr om th e e ntr ails i

o f o th e r s . In a m o m e nt a ll t ha t ar m
y w a s b r ou g h t to d es tr uc
t ion b y th e h i g h -s p i r i ted li on , w ho b o re th e g o d d e s s a nd w h o
w as e nr a g e d ex cee d in g ly.

W hen h e h ear d th at th at A s ur a D h ii m r a -lo éana w as s l ai n

by t he g od d e s s , a n d a ll h is ar m y b es i d es w a s d e s tr oyed b y th e
’
go d d es s li on , S um bh a , th e lor d o f th e D ai tyas , f e ll i nto a
’

r a g e a ndh i s l ip q uiv er ed gr ea tly , and he c om m an d ed the tw o

' '
m i g hty A s u r as C a nd a an d M und a , Ho , C a nda ! H o , M a nd a
t ake w i th you a m ul titud e of
g o th er e a n d g oi n g
tr oop s an d

t h er e b r i ng h er h er e s p eed ily, d r a gg ing h er by h e r h air o r

bin d ing h e r ; if ye h a ve a d oub t of th at , th en le t h er b e s l ai n

o ut r ig h t in fig ht by a ll th e A s ur as br a nd i s hing all th ei r
w e apo ns . W h e n th at s h r e w i s s la in and h er lio n s tr iken d o wn ,
s ei e z h er , A m bik a, bind h er and br ing h er q uickly

Tu vd han ah in th e B om b ay e d iti o n i s be tter th an s va -v d han ah .

' '
C a r anena o f th e B o m bay e d i tio n i s be tter t han c d d ha r e na .

F or ka a s hthti d
’

r ea d kos htha d .
 xKL i D E S T RO YS T HE as s es s

C ANT O LXX X VI I .

T he D evi -m d hd tm ya .

'
T he s la yi ng of C a nd a a nd M a nd a .

T he god d ess Kri ll d es tr oyed the s econd A s ur a ar m y a nd a lso the

'
ga ve K a li
'
gener a ls C a nd a and M unda O a nd i kd r ewar d the
’
—
as a
'
nam e C d m und é .

T h e r i s hi s p o ke

’
T h en at his co m m an d th e D ait
ya s , le d b y C a nd a and
M und a , a n d ar ra ye d i n th e f o ur -f o ld o r d er of a n ar m y, m ar ch
ed wi th w ea pon s u plifte d . S oo n th e y s aw th e g od d es s , s lig h tly

s m ili ng , s e ate d up o n th e lion , on a h ug e g o l d e n p e a k of th e

m a j e s ti c m oun ta i n . On s ee in
g h er s om e of th e m m ad e a

s tr e nuo u s e ffo rt ptur e

to ca o t h er s a h e r , an d
pp r oa ch ed h er
h old i ng t hei r b ow s b e nt an d th eir s w or d s d r a w n .

T h er ea t A m b ika ut ter e d h er wr ath a lou d a g a ins t th os e foes ,

and h er coun tena nce t hen g re w d ar k as i nk i n her wr at h . O ut
f r om t h e s ur fa ce of h e r fo r e h e a d , w hi ch w a s r ug
g e d w i th
f ro wn s , i s s u e d s ud d enly K ali of th e ter r ibl e co un t e na nce ,

ar m ed w i th a s w or d a nd n oos e , b ea r i n g a m any-c olou r ed

“
s ku l l- to pp e d s taif fi d ecor a te d w i th
g ar la n d of s ku lls , cl a d i n
a

a t i g e s s k i n , v er y a ppalli ng be ca us e o f h er e m ac i a te d fles h ,
’
r

e x ce e d i ng ly w id e o f m o uth , l o lli ng o u t h e r t ong ue t er r ib ly,

h a v i ng d ee p -s un k re d d is h e
yes , a nd filli ng th e re
g i o ns of t he

sk
y wi th h er r oar s S h e fe ll . up o n th e g r e a t A s u r as i m p e tuous

ly , d ea li ng s la ug ht er a m ong th e ho s t, an d d ev our e d th a t ar my
t he g o d s f oes t he r e T a ki ng up th e ele p han ts w i th o ne
’
of .

h an d s he fl un g th em i nto her m outh , tog eth er wit h the i r r ear

m en and d r iv e r s an d their w ar r i or -r id e r s and bells . F ling ing
likewi s e w a r r i or w ith h is h o r s es , a nd c h ar io t w i th it s d riv er

i n to h er m outh , sh e g r o und t hem m os t fr ig ht fully w i th he r

teeth . S he z
s e i e d o n e by t h e h ai r , a n d a no th er by th e n ec k ;

an d s he ki cked a no th er w i th h e r foot, and cr us h e d a no t he r

ag ai ns t h er b r eas t . A nd she z
s ei e d wi th h er m o uth th e

F or kha tta nga r ead kha tva nga h er e and again in v er s e 14.
5 00 CANT O L XX XV I I .

weapons a nd t he g r eat ar m s wh ich th os e A s uras ab a nd one d ,

a nd cr unche d them up with h er t ee th i n h er fur y . S he

cr us hed all th at h os t of m ig hty and h ig h -s pir ited A s u r a s ;
an d d ev our ed s o m e a nd batter ed oth e r s ; s om e w er e s l ai n with

h er s w or d , s om e wer e s tr uck w ith h er s kull-to pp ed s taff , an d

o ther A s ur as m et th eir d eath b eing wound ed w ith th e ed g e o f

h er tee th .

S ee ing all th at h os t of A s uras l aid lo w i n a m o m en t,

C ’and a r us h e d ga inst h er , Kali, wh o w as e xceedi ng ly ap pa l
a

l i ng . M und a th e g r eat A s u r a cov er e d h er , the te rr ibl e -eyed

god d es s , w ith v er
y t er r i bl e s h ow er s of arr o w s an d w ith d i s
cus e s hur led in th ous an d s T hos e d i s cus es
. s ee m e d to b e

p e ne tr ati ng h er counte nanc e in m ulti tud es , like a s v er y m a ny

s ol ar o r b s m i ght p ene tr a te th e bo d y of a th und er -clo ud .

T h er e at Kali, w h o w as r oar in g f r ig h tfully , lau g h ed te rr i b ly

w ith f ur y, s h ow ing the g lea m of h e r u ns i ghtly teeth
e x ce s s i v e

w ithi n h er d r ea d ful m ou th A nd t he g o d d es s , m ountin g u p on

.

'
her gr ea t li on , r us he d a t C anda, and s e i i ng hi m by hi s h ai r z
s tr uck ofi his h ead w ith h e r s wo rd . An d M u nd a al s o r us h ed
'
at h e r w h en he s aw C and a laid lo w ; hi m a ls o s h e f ell ed t o th e

g roun d , s tr icken wi th h e r s oym itar i n h er fur y T h en th e a r m y, .

'
s o m uch as es cap e d un s l ain , s ee i ng C a nd a l ai d l o w an d m o s t

v ali ant M u nd a a s o , s e i ed
l z w i th p anic fl e d i n a ll d i r ecti on s .

'
A nd K al i, hol d i ng C and a s h ea d and M und a als o , ap p roach e d
’

'
C a nd ika and s ai d , h er v oice m i ngl ed wi th p as s i on ate lou d
'
lau g h ter H er e I h a ve br oug h t th ee C a nd a a nd M u nd a , tw o

g r e at b e a s ts ; th ou th ys elf Nisum bh a
’
s h alt s la
y S um bh a an d
’

i n th e b attle-s acr ifice .

T he r is hi s po ke

'
T h er eon, s ee in
g th os e t wo gr eat A s ur as C a nd a and M u nd a
'
b r oug ht to her , aus ici ous C and iké s oke t o K a li thi s w itty
p p .

s
p eech ,
*
B ecaus e tho u h as t s ei ed b oth C a nd a and M un d a z '

an d b r ou h t them , th ou , O
g g od d es s , s halt th er efore b e fam ed
'
in th e wor ld by th e nam e C am u nd a

'
L a li tam v a a
c h; a ban m ot .
 sU M B HA eons F O RT H AGAI NST c Anni xi
’
. 50 1

C ANT O L X XX V I I I .

T he D evi-m d hd tm ya .

T he s la yi ng o f Ra hta -viga .

S
'
'
um hka s ent f or th a ll his a r m i es a ga i ns t C i i T o help her the
an d kt —

'
'
E ner gi es ( S a kti s ) of the god s took bod i ly s hap e— C a ndi ba d esp a tched
'
S i va to f er
o ter m s f p ea ce
o to S a m bha , bu t the As u r a hos ts attacked
’
d the ba ttle be a n— C d i kd fight
’
her an g an s wi th the gr ea t A s ura
Rakta -vij a i s d escr ibed —
H e was ki lled .

T he ri s hi s p ok e

After ’
b o h th e D ai ya C a nd a was
t t s l ai n and M und a w as lai d
lo w , an d m a ny s old ier s w er e d es tr oyed , th e lor d of th e A s u ras ,
'
m aj es t ic S u m bh a , wi th m in d o v er co m e by w r a th , g av e c om
m a nd th e n to ar r ay a ll th e D ai tya h os ts , No w l et th e

yas , up rai s i ng t hei r w eap on s , m ar ch for th w ith

- s i x D ai t
ei h t
g y
all th ei r f o ces ;
r l et t h e e i h
g yt -f o ur K am b us
i“
m arc h for th

s u r r ou n d ed b y th eir o wn for ces le t th e fif ty A s ur a fa m ilies

who e x ce l in v alo ur go for th ; let th e h und r ed fam ili es of
D h au m r a s f g o f o r th at m y co m m an d . L et th e Kala kas ,I th e

D au r h rita s , § th e M a ur ya s , ” an d t h e K al a k eya s fil —
let t h es e

A s ur a s h a s teni ng at my com m a n d , m ar ch f orth r ea d y for

b at tle .

'
A fter i s s uin g th es e c om m a nd s S a m b h a , th e lor d of the

A s ur a s , wh o r ul e d with fear , w ent for th , a tte nd e d by m any

Kam bi i m ean s a thi ef or p l und er er . T he com m entary s ays Kam bas ar e a

clas s o f D aitya s .

T h e d es c e nd ants of D h fim r a D h/zi m r as i s th e read i ng i n t h e B o m b ay

1 .

ed ition . T he y ar e a cl as s o f D ai tyas .

I A g r oup of D anav a s .

T h e B o m b ay e d i tio n r e ad s D a ur hrid as , th e d es cen d ant s of D ur h rid .

”
T h e d e s cen d ants o f M ur a M ur a M ur u i s r ef erred t o g ener a lly i n
H . or

w ith P r agj yoti s h a M ah i - B h ar a ta , S ab h a -P xi ii 5 7 8 ; V ana

conn exion e g .
. .
, , .

x u 48 8 ; a n d U d yog a P
- x l v ii . 1 8 87 -9 2 Ha r i -V cxxi . 6 7 9 1 -68 01
P ,
. .
.
. ,

D anava s T hey m e nti on ed i n th e M ah i -B harata , S abb a

g r oup o f
ar e
1 A .

olv u 5 37 9 and V ane -R , 869 1

P .
, iv 1 1 8 ; U d yo g a -P
.
.
,
. : c. .
 5 02 C ANT O L xxxv m .

'
t ho u s a nd s of s o ld i er s C a nd ik a, s eei ng th at m os t
g r ea t .

t e r r i ble ar m at h a n d , filled th e s p ace b et we e n t he e a r th an d

y
th e fir m a m en t w i th th e t w a ng i n g of h er b ow -s tr i ng . T h er eo n

g ly lou d , 0 ki n g ; a n d A m b i a
h er li on r oa r e d e x ce e d i n k .

a ug m e n t e d
*
t hos e r oar s w i th th e cla ng i ng of h e r b el l K ali , .

filli ng th e g i on s o f th e s ky w i th t he no i s e f r o m h er ho w
re

s tr i ng , f r o m h e r li o n a n d f r o m h er b ell , a nd ex p a n d i n g h e r
m o u th w id e w i th h er t er r ific r o a r s , h a d t h e p r e d om in an ce xt
'

O n h e ar i ng th at r oar w h i c h fil le d t h e f ou r re
g ion s o f th e s ky,
th e D a itya g o d d es s li o n an d
’
a r m i e s e nr a
g e d }: s ur r oun d e d th e
K al i .

A t thi s m om en t, 0 ki ng , i n or d er to d es tr oy th e g o d s foes ,
’

a n d fo r t h e w ell - b ei n o f t h e lio n -l i ke I m m or ta ls t h e r e i s s ue d
g ,

for th e nd o w e d w i th e x c es s i v e go ur a n d s tr e ng th t he
vi
'
E ner g i es § f r o m t he bod ies o f B r a h m a, S i v a , Guh a a n d V i s h nu

a nd of I nd r a a l s o , an d w ent i n th e for m s t h o s e god s to

of

W h a tev er
'
C a nd i k a . w as th e f o r m o f eac h
g o d , a nd w ha t
e v er hi s o rn a m en t s a nd v e h i cle , i n th a t v er
y app ea r a n ce hi s
E ner g y a d va n ce d t o fig h t w i th t he A s ur as . I n t h e fr on t of a
h ea v en ly as E ne r g y , be a r
’
car d r a w n by s wan s a d v an c ed B r ah m

i ng a r o s ar
y of s e ed s a n d a n ea r th en w at e r -p o t ; s he is c a lle d
’
B r ah m ani M a h e s var a
’

. s E ner gy, s eat e d o n a bu ll , g r as pi n g a

fin e tr id e nt, a nd w ear ing a
g i r d le of lar g e s nak es , a r r iv e d ,

a d or n e d w i th d i gi t of th e m o on A nd Ku m ar a
’
a . s E n er
gy,
A m bika, w i th pe ar i n h a nd an d r id i ng on a ch oi ce
s
p e a co ck,
a d v an ce d in
’
G uh a s s h a pe t o at ta ck t he D ai tya s . L ike wis e
V i s h nu E n er gy ,
’
s s ea t e d u p o n Gar u d a , a d v ance d w i th co n c h ,

d i s cus , cl u b , bo w a nd s oy m i t a r i n h an d . T he E ne r g y of Ha r i ,
who a s s um es th e p eer l es s f or m of a s acr ifici al b oar , s h e als o

'
mh wy at r ea d
'
’
a
F o c op av‘ri
r c op y a vr i rh ha ya t as in th e B o m b a y ed i ti on .

1 Ji g ye ; j i i s h ere us ed b y i t s elf i n t h e At m ane -p a d a . T he c om m e ntar y

g ives v anq ui s h e d the enem ies a s an a l ter na ti ve tr a ns la tio n . I t m e n tio n s

j aj ag as an al ter na ti v e r ea d ing , w h i ch m e ans th e n e xpa nd ed h er m outh

”
wi d e w i th h e r t er r ific r o ar s .

I F or s e -ros h a
ir t h e B o m bay e d i t io n r ead s far-a ughai r wit h m ultitud e s of
3)
B IT O W S
 T HE E NE RGI E S or T H E GO D S JO I N T HE F I GHT . 503

a d v ance d N ri imb a s E ner gy

’
a s s um i n
g a h og li ke f or m - .
-s

a s s um i n
g a bod y like Nr i s imb a s ar r i ved th er e , a d or ned wi th
’
-

a c lu s te r of c o n s tell a ti on s h ur l e d d o wn b th e t os s i ng of h i s
y
m ane . L ik e w i s e I n d r a ’
s E ner gy, w i th t hun d er -b ol t i n hand ,
s eate d u pon th e l or d o f e le
p h ants an d h a v in g a th ous an d eyes ,
'
ar r i ve d ; as is S a kr a , s uch i nd e ed wa s s h e T h en t hos e .

'
E n er g i e s of He to C ndika,
’
th e g o d s s ur r o un d ed S i va . s a id a

L et th e A s ur a s be s lain for thw ith th r o ug h m y g o od -will .

T her e u po n fr o m b od y th er e cam e for th

’
th e g o d d es s
'

C d ik as E ne rg y
’
an , m os t t er r ific , e x ce ed in g l
y fier c e , h o wli ng
like a hund r e d j ackal s . And s he th e un co nq u er e d s aid to
'
S iv a, w ho w as s m ok e - co lo ur e d and h a d m a tt ed locks , Be
th o u, m y lor d , ’
a m es s eng e r to th e p r es ence of S a m bh a an d

Nisum bh a . S ay un to th e two o v er w e en i ng D an a v a s , S um b ha
’

Nis um bh a
'
and , an d t o wh a tev er o th e r D ana v a s ar e a s s e m b l e d

t h er e to d o b at tle L et I nd r a o b t ai n t he th r ee world s ,
l et th e g o d s b e t he j
e n oyer s o f t he o bl ati o n s ; g o ye t o Patala ,

i f ye w i s h to li v e . Y e t i f thr oug h p r id e i n yo ur s t r e ng th ye
a re lo ng in g f o r b a ttl e , com e ye on t he n ! le t m y j ac kals b e

g lu t te d w i th you r B ecau s e th e g o d d e s s p po int ed

a

S i v a h i m s elf to b e
’
am ba s s a d or fi‘ s h e h as h e nce attai ne d fa m e

S iv a-d uti i n t hi s
'
as w o r ld .

T h os e g r e a t A s ur a s h o w e v er , o n hea r i n g th e g o d d es s s pe e ch
’

fully a nn oun ced , w er e fille d w i th i nd i g nati o n a nd w e nt w h er e?

K atyayan i i s to o d . T h en , at th e v er
y fir s t , the a r r og an t a nd
i nd ig n an t f oes of th e I m m or ta l s i n f r ont p ou r e d o n th e g o d

d es s s h o w e r s of a rr o w s , j av e li n s a nd A n d g r a cefu lly
s
p ear s .

she clo v e t ho s e ar r ow s , d ar ts , d i s cu s e s a n d a x es , w hi ch w er e

h ur le d , § w ith lar g e a rr o w s s h ot fr om h er r es o und i n

g bo w .
”
A nd i n fr on t o f h er s tal ke d K al i then , te ar i ng t he foes as un d e r

F or d a i tyen a r e ad dAZ tg
/ena as i n th e B o m b ay e d i tio n, or p e rh ap s d a/uty ena .

”
w ith th e r an k o f a m b a s s ad or .

1 Yatr a
‘
as i n th e B o m b ay e d i ti o n i s be tte r t h a n ya ta lz .

I A n am e of C
’
and ik a .

F or p r a ti hé n r ea d p r a ki tan .

e xp l a i ns d hm a ta
’
m e n ta r y
’

ll D hm é ta d harm r m a ktazr ; th e co m
- - as m aurefi

r e s o nan t wi t h th e tw a ng ing of th e b o w s tr i ng
{ a ria-kar ma i a bd i ta m ,
.
5 04 CANT O L XXXV I I I .

w i th the o ns e t o f h er d ar ts an d cr us hi ng th em wi th h er s kull

“
32 topp ed s tafifi And B r ah m ani caus ed t he fo es to los e their

co ur ag e by ca s ti ng w a ter on them fr om h er ear th en p o t, a nd

33 w e ake ned th e ir v i g our , by w h a te v er wa y s he r a n M ah es .

’
E ner gy s l e w D aityas w i th h er tr id ent , an d V is hnu
’
w ar a s s

K um ara
’
E nergy w ith h er d is cus , an d s E ner gy, v er y w r athf ul,
34 s le w t hem w i th h er T or n to p i eces by the d o wn
j av elin .

’
r u s h of th e th un d e bo t hur led by I nd r a s E ner gy, D a i tyas and
r - l
D anav as fel l th e
i n h un d r ed s , p our in g o ut s tr eam s
on ear th

o f bl o o d S h atte r ed by th e hog -em bod ie d E nergy wi th blo ws

.

fr om h er s nout , w oun d e d i n th e ir br eas ts by th e p o in ts of her

36 tus h es , a nd tor n by h er d i s cu s , d em ons fell d o wn . A nd Nri
si mb a s ’
E ner gy r oa m e d ab out i n th e b attl e, d evo ur in g o ther

g r eat A s ur as w h o we r e to r n by her cla ws , a s s he filled th e

37 i n ter m ed i a t e r eg i on of th e s ky w ith h er r o ar ing 1 A s ur as , .
'

li z ed by S iv a-d uti w i t h h er v i ole nt lo ud lau g hs , f ell

’
d em o ra

d o wn o n t he e ar th ; s h e the n d ev o ur e d t hos e fa ll en o nes .

38 S eei ng the e nr ag e d b a nd of M othe r s }: cr us h ing th e g r e at

v ari o us
’
A s ur as thus by m e an s , th e tr 0 0 p s of th e g o d s f o es

p er i s hed .

Rakta -v q a , gr ea t A s ur a , s eeing th e D aitya s , w ho w er e

a

h ar d -p r e s s ed by th e b and of M o th er s , i nt en t on fl eeing , s tr od e
40 for war d to figh t i n w r ath W h en fr om hi s b od y t h er e f alls
.

t o the gr oun d a d r op of b lood , at th at m o m ent s t ar t s up fr o m

41 th e ea r th a n A s ur a of his s t atur e . He, g r ea t A s ur a , w ith
a
’
clu b in h and fough t w i th I nd r a s E n er g y, an d I nd r a ’ s E nergy
42 th en s tr uck Rak t a -v ua w i th h er th und er -b olt ; blo o d flow ed

q ui ckly f r om h i m w h e n w o un d e d by the thund er -b o lt T h er e .

u p on s too d up tog eth er fr es h com b at a nts , like hi m i n b o d ,

y
43 lik e h i m in v al our ; for as m a ny blo od -d r op s fe ll fr om his
b o d y, so m a ny m en cam e i nto be i ng , lik e hi m i n cou r a
g e,
44 s tr eng th a nd v a lo ur . A nd t h o s e m e n al s o w ho pr ang f r om
s

h i s b lood fough t th er e wi th the M other s i n a com bat, d r ea d ful

45 b ecau s e of the s w ee p of th eir v er y s h ar p we ap ons . A nd ag ai n

’ '

F or kha gtafl tga r e ad hha tva/nga .

1 Nd d d p nr na
' - d i g-unta r é . T he r e ad i ng o f th e C alcutta ed i tio n nd d dp nr na .

d i g -a m ba r d i s h ar d ly s at is fac tor y ;

I M ottr i -ga na i . e. , th e E ne r g ies .

 r m: s mm s e or r un ass es su m -rm . 505

w h en hi s head was wound ed b y th e fall of h er thund er -bolt,

h is blood p o ur ed for th ; th e r efrom w er e born m en by thou
’
s and s . And V is hnu s E ner gy s truck at th i s fee with h er d is cus
’
i n the battle . I nd ra s E ner gy beat that lor d of th e As uras
wi th h er club . T he w or ld w as fil led by the th o us a nd s of

g r eat A s ur as , w ho w er e hi s equals , and who s pr ang fr om the

bloo d th a t fl ow e d f ro m h im by the d i s cus of w hen clo v en

Kum ar a s E ner gy s tr uck th e gr eat As ur a

’ ’
V i s h nu s E ner gy .

R ak ta v ua w ith her s p e ar , a nd V a l ah a s E ner gy al s o s tr uck

- ’
-

’
hi m w ith her s wo r d , and M a hesv ara s E ner gy wi th her tr id e nt .

An d th e D a itya Rakta-v i j a , tha t g r eat As ur a , fille d full of

w r ath , s tr uck e v er y one of the M oth ers in turn w ith h i s club .

B y th e s tr ea m o f b loo d , w hi ch fell on t he e ar th f r om him

wh en h e r ecei ve d m any wo un d s f rom th e s pear s , d ar ts a nd

il‘
o th er weap ons , A s ura s cam e v e r ily in to b eing i n h und r ed s .

A nd thos e A s ur as who s pran g fr om tha t A s ur a s blood p er vad ed

’

th e wh ole wor ld th er eat th e g o d s fe ll in to the ut m o s t t er ro r .

’
S eei ng th e g od s d ej ected , C a nd ika S p ok e wi th has te s h e s aid
to K al i, O C am unda s t re tc h ou t thy m o uth w id e ; w it h thi s
“ '

m onth d o tho u q ui ckly take i n th e grea t As uras , w h ich ar e

th e d r ops of b loo d , th at h av e com e into being o ut o f Rakta
.

v i af at th e d es cent of m y w eap on on him R oam ab o ut in

j .

t h e battle , d ev o ur ing th e g r eat As ur as w h o s p r ang fr o m him

s o s h all th i s D aitya wi th hi s b l ood ebb
ing a way m eet d es truo

tion . T hes e fier ce d em ons ar e b eing d e vour ed by th ee and at

”
th e s ame t im e n o o th er s will b e pr od uced .

H av ing jh er th us , th e g od d es s n ex t s m ote h im with

en oi ned
'
K a l i w ll w d R ak ta vi j e s blo o d wi th her m outh
-
he r d a r t . s a o e .

h i s cl ub th er e ; a nd th e blo w o f
'
T h e n h e s tr u c k C a n d ika w i th

b d h n in , ev e n t he s lig h tes t, but fr o m h i s

i
h s c l u c a u s e e r o p a

flowed co pi o us ly, d fr o m w h ate ver

s tri ck en b od y b l o od
an

a t k i t th en w i th her m outh T he
nd
’
d ir ection i t ca m e , C a m u a e s .

r e a t As ur as , wh o s pr ang
up fr om th e fl o w of blood in h er
g
'
h d u d t h m a nd q uafied h i s blood
m outh , C am nd u a . b o t ev o r e e .

d d m t R kt a w i th h er d ar t h er thund er -
b e] t,
T he o
g es s s o e a a -v q ,

i n th e B om b ay e d itio n .
F or yod hai r ea d yo va i as
in the B om bay edi ti on.
Ra k ind oh r ead Rakta-vtj é t, as
1 F or ta -v
'

64
5 06 CANT O L XXXI X.

ar r ow s , s wor d s and s pear s , w hen G am uud a d r ank up hi s blood .

’
S tr ick en w ith that m ultitud e of w eapons , h e fe ll on the earth s

s ur face , a nd th e gr eat A s ur a Rakta -v i j a b ecam e bloo d -les s ,

0 ki ng . T he r eat t he thir ty g od s g ained j oy unp ar a llele d ,
0 ki ng . T h e ba nd o f M oth er s w hich s pr a ng fro m th em
b ro ke i nto a d a nce, b eing i ntoxi cated wi th b lo od .

C ANT O LX XX I X .

T he D evi -m d hd tm ya .

T he s layi ng o f Ni s nmbha .

’
s um bha a tta cked the god d ess C an di ké and wa s wors ted i n s ingle

com ba t — S 'um bha ca m e to hi s heha, but the god d es s f oi led him ,

an d s lew Ni snm bha — Num bers f

o the As wras wer e d es troyed .

T h e ki ng s poke

W ond erf ul i s this that thou, S ir , hast r elated to m e ,

g o d d e s s e xpl oits i n co nn ex i on w ith

’
th e m aj es ty of th e

th e s laying of Rakta-v ij a ; and I w i s h to h ear fur th er w h at

'
d eed d id S um bh a d o after Rakta-v ij a was killed , and wha t
ir as cibl e N is um bh a d id
’

th e v ery .

T h e ri s hi s p oke

A fter Rakta-v ij a w as s lai n and other d em ons we r e killed

i n th e fig ht , the A s ura S um bh a g av e w ay to u nbo und ed wr a th ,
’

a nd Ni sum bh a als o P ouring out hi s ind ig nation at b eh ol d

.

i ng h i s g r eat ar m y b ei ng s laug h ter ed ,Ni sum bh a then rus h ed

forw ar d with the fl ower of th e A s ur a ar m y I n fr ont of h im .

an d b ehind and on b o th s i d es g r eat A s ur as , bi ting th eir li p s

a d vance d s lay th e g od d es s
’
and e nr a g e d , to S um bha als o w ent
.

for war d , m igh ty i n v alour , s urr ound ed w i th his own tr oops ,

'
to s lay C a nd ika in his r ag e , af ter eng ag ing in battle wi th
th e M other s . T he n occurr ed a d es p e ra te co m b a t b etwee n
the go d d es s and and Nis um bha , wh o both , li ke t wo
’
S um bha
’
 ’
c aunrxi FI GHT S wrr n sUM B uA AND NI éUM B HA . 507

th und e r -cl oud s , r ained a m os t tem pes tuous s h ower of ar ro ws

on h er . C ’and iké wi th m ul ti tud es

. o f ar r o ws quickly s plit
th e ar r o w s s ho t by th em , a nd s m ote th e t wo
, A sur a lord s on
their li m b s w i th h er num er ous weapo ns .

Nisum bha g r as ping a s h ar p s oy m i tar and glittering s hield

s tr uck th e lio n, th e noble bea s t th a t b or e the g od d es s , on the

head . W h en h er ani m al w as s tr uck, th e god d ess quickly
h or s e s h o e-s haped
’
clove Nisum bh a s s uper b s wo r d w ith a

ar r o w, a nd als o hi s s hield on whi ch e ig ht m oo ns wer e pour

tr ayed . W h en hi s s hi eld w as clov en and h is s wor d too, t he

A s ura h ur led hi s s pear and t hat hi s m issile als o , as it c am e

tow ard s her , s he s plit i n two w ith her d is cus . T hen Nisum
bh a , t he D anav a , p uff ed up w ith w r ath , s ei ed a d ar t ; and z
that al s o , w h en i t c am e , th e g o d d es s s h atter ed with a blo w of
'

ag ai ns t
*
h er fis t . A nd th en ai m i ng his club he flung i t
by the g od d es s tr id ent and
' ’
C an dik a yet that , w as s hi v er e d

b ecam e as h es . As th a t l o rd ly D aitya th en a d v anced w ith

battl e-a x e i n h a nd , th e g od d es s s tr uck him w i th a m ulti

t ud e o f a r ro w s and laid him lo w on the g round .

W h en h i s bro ther Ni s um b h a w ho w a s ter r ible in p r owes s ,

’

f ell to th e g r ound , S nm bha i n

.
u tm o s t f ur y s tr od e for war d t o

s lay A m bika And h e, s tand ing i n his

.
c h a ri o t, a
p pear ed to
fill th e entir e s ky with hi s e i g h t ar m s , which w e re lifted far

on hig h g r as pi ng hi s s uper b w eap ons .

B eh old ing hi m app r o aching , th e g od d es s s ound ed her

conch , and m ad e h er b ow als o g i ve for th f ro m i ts s tr ing a

note wh ich w as e x ce e d i ng ly h ar d to end ur e . A nd s he filled

a ll r eg io ns wi th t he clang i ng of h er b ell, w hic h caus ed

the v ig o ur o f all the D a itya h o s ts t o d i e a w ay . T he n h er

lion fille d th e heav e n, the earth an d th e ten r eg i on s of th e

s ky w ith l oud r oar s , w hich check ed th e Go p io us fl ow of

t he e xud a ti on fr o m th e d em ons
’
r utti ng e l e hants
p Kali .

h h ea v en a nd the ea rth wi th
s pr ing i ng up w a r d t h en s t r uc k t e

b oth her hand s ; t he boom th er e of d r ow ne d thos e p r evious

-d fit i- utt e r ed a loud i na us p icious laug h At
’
so u n d s S iv a . l .

l vi d hya . T h e B om b ay ed ition r ead s d d d ya , taking .

s ee canto l xxxv iii , 27

d ika; v er se
’
1 I e C an
.
508 CANT O L XXXIX .

'
th os e s ou nd s th e A s ur as tr em bled ; S um bh a gav e way
t o u tm os t ra
ge W h en
. A m bi ka cr i ed o ut S tand , 0 ev il
s o ule d s tand ! th e g o d s w ho h ad taken th ei r s ta tions i n the
”
air t h en call e d to her , Be t ho u v ictor i ous l

g o terr b y , w h ch S um bha appr oachi ng

’
T h e s
p ear fl am i n m s t i l i
h urle d , th at, gl eam ing like a m a s s of fir e as i t ca m e along , w a s
d r iv en as id e by a gr e at fir e -br and , T he v a ult b etw een the
' ’
thr ee w o r ld s r ev er b er ate d w ith S um b ha s lion-like r oar ing , but
th e d r ead f ul s o und of t he s laugh ter a m ong hi s sol di er s s ur

p as s e d th at, 0 ki ng T he god d es s s p lit the ar r ow s s hot by

.

' '
S um bh a , and S um bha th e ar r ow s th at s h e d is ch ar g ed , each
w ith her a nd hi s s h ar p arr o ws in h und r ed s an d th ous and -s .

C
'
a nd ika enr a ged ther e at s m ote h i m with a d ar t . W ound ed
ther ewith h e fe ll in fain t to the g r oun d a .

T h er eupon Ni sum bh a , r eg ainin g cons cious nes s , s ei z ed hi s bow

ag ai n a nd s tr uck th e g od d es s , and K ali and th e lion w ith
arr o w s . A nd th e D anav a lor d , tha t D i ti , p utti ng fort h s o n of

a ai n c ov er ed C and ikawi t h a m yr i ad d i s cus es d

’
m yr i ad ar m s ,
’
a g
T h e g od d es s t hen enr ag ed , s he, D ur g a w h o d es tr oys the a fli ic
ti ons of a d ver s i ty, s pli t th o s e d i s cus es a nd thos e ar row s wi th

h er ow n ar r ow s . T hen N isu m b ha s ei zing h i s club r us h ed

and i ka t o s l ay h er gh t , wi th th e D ai tya
’
im p e tuou s l y at C ou tr i

hos t s ur r ou nd i ng hi m . As he w as j us t fal li ng up o n her ,

'
C and ik a s wif tly clove hi s club w ith h e r s h ar p -e d g ed s oym i
'
tar . A n d h e took h old of a d ar t . C and i ka wi th a d ar t

p i er ced Ni s um bh a , th e affl i ct er of th e I m m or
'
h ur led s wi f tly

tals , in th e h ea rt , as h e ap pr oach ed w i th d ar t i n h an d .

W h en h e w a s p ier ced by th e d ar t , out of h i s h e art i s s ue d

a no ther m an o f g r e at s tr e ng th a nd g r e a t val our , e x clai m i n
g
S tan d !
”
W h en h e s te p p e d f or t h , th e g od d e s s lau g hing alou d
then s tr uck off hi s h ea d w ith h er s cym i tar th ere up on h e
fell t o th e gr oun d .

T he lio n th en d e vour e d th os e A s ur as wh os e n ecks h e h ad

'
cr us h e d w i th hi s s av a g e t eet h, an d Kali an d S i v a-d ii ti d e
r oa r ed th e oth er s . S om e gr eat As ur as p er i s h ed , bei n
g

F or As ur d s tres hn r ead As ur d s tres uh as in the B om b ay e d i ti o n.

' ’

1 F o r c a kr d yu d hen a read c a kr d yutena as in th e B omb ay ed i tio n .

 c aNnI KKs OO M B AT W I T H
' '
éUM B uA . 5 09

p ier ced th r oug h b y th e s pea r held by Kum ara s E ner gy ;

’

o th er s w e r e d r i ve n back b
y th e water p ur ified by th e s pell
utter ed by B r ah m as E ner gy ; and oth er s fell, p i er ced by th e
’

' ’
tr id ent wi eld ed by S iva s E nergy ; s om e w er e p ound ed to
’
d us t on th e gr ound by blo ws fr om the s nou t of V arab a s
E ner gy ; s om e D an avas w e re out to pi eces by the d is cus
’
hur led by V i s h nu s E nergy ; a nd other s ag ain by the thund er
’
bolt d i s ch ar ged fr om th e finger s of I nd r a s E nergy S om e .

A s ur as p er is hed gh t, s o m e p er i s h ed by r e as o n of the
o utr i

o ther s w er e d evo ur e d by Ka li , S i va-d d ti

’

g r e at ba ttl e, and
a nd th e li on .

CA NTO X C .

T he D evi -m d hd tm ya .

'
T he s layi ng f S a m bha
o .

'

Am bi ké a bsor bed a ll the o ther god d esses , a nd fighting wi th S a m bha

in si ng le com ba t, ki lled hi m — T he uni vers e was then filled
.

wi th j oy .

T he ri s hi s poke

S eeing hi s b r oth er Ni éum bh a s lai n, who w as d ear to him

’
as h i s lif e, and hi s ar m y bei ng s l aug e e , S um bha in
h t r d

wr ath s p ok e th us 0 D ur ga, w ho ar t t ainted w i th the

ar r o g a nce of s tr en g th , b r ing no t thy p r i d e her e, th ou who ,

tr us ti ng i n th e s tr e ng th o f the oth e r god d esses , d os t figh t i n

ex ceed i ng h a ug h ti nes s

T h e g od d es s s poke

Alone v er ily am I in the w or ld h er e ; what o th er god d ess

i s th ere b es id es m e S ee, v i le o ne ! that these god d esses , wh o
e nter ing into m e
h av e t h ei r d iv ine p ow er fr om m e, ar e

ind eed .

T h en a ll th o s e g o d d es s es , B r ah m ani a nd the other s , becam e

b reas ts ; A m bika th en r e m ai ne d
’
ab s or b e d i nto the g o d d e s s
a lone ind eed .
 CANT O XC

T he g o d d e s s s poke

W her eas I e xis ted * wi th m y d i v ine po wer in m any for m s

h er e— th at h as b een d r a wn i n by m e, tr uly alone I s ta nd
now . B e th ou s tead fas t i n c om b at

T he ris hi s p oke

T h er eupon com m ence d a b attle between t hem b o th , th e

'
g od d es s and S um b ha, w hile a ll the god s and t he A s ur as
W ith s howers o f ar r ow s ,
'

looked o n— a ba ttle without quar ter .

w ith s h a rp weapons and als o w ith

pi tiles s m i s s i les both
‘

e ng ag e d ane w in a com bat w h ich s e t all th e wor ld i n fe ar .

A nd t he lor d of the D a ityas b r oke the h eav enly m is s iles ,

w hi ch A m bika d ischarg ed
in h und red s , wit h weap ons th at

p ar r ied th em A nd th e s up r em e god d es s i n m er es t pl ay
.

b roke th e h eavenly m is s i les t hat h e d is ch ar ged , w ith fier ce

s h o ut s , e acula tions
j and oth er so un s .d T h en t he A s ur a
co ve r ed th e g od d es s w ith h un d r ed s of ar rows , an d th e g od

d es s ged th er eat s plit his b ow als o w it h her ar r ow s

e nr a .

A nd w hen hi s b ow w as s pli t th e lor d of the D ai tyas took

up hi s s pe ar . T he g o d d es s s p lit it, as h e h eld i t i n h is
h and , w i th a d i s cus N e x t th e s upr em e m on ar ch o f th e
.

D aityas , s ei zing his s cym it ar and s un-li ke s hi eld , on w hi ch

a h und red m oo ns w ere p our tr ayed , r us he d at the god d es s?

at th t
a m onent Jus t as h e w as f a
.ll i n
’
g up o n h er , C a nd ika
h as tily s p lit hi s s cym i tar w ith s h arp arr o ws s h ot fr om h er
and hi s s h i eld a lso w hich w as s po tles s a s th e
’
h ow , s un s ra
ys .

W i th his s teed s wound e d , w i th hi s bow s pl it, w ith out a

ch ar i o teer, th e D ai tya t heui gr as ped h i s ter ri ble m ace , b e in

g
r ead y to sl ay A m biki . A s h e w as falling upon her , s h e clo v e
hi s m ace wi th s h ar p arr ow s ; n e ve r thel es s r ais in
g his fis t
he r us h e d s wiftly at h er . T h e lord ly D aitya b r o ug ht h i s
’
fis t d o wn on th e god d es s h e ar t, and the god d es s a ls o s m ote

him on his br eas t wi th h er p alm . W ound ed by th e b lo w of

F o r ya d d s thi t d r ead yad d s thi td as in th e B om b ay ed ition .

t F or d ent r ead d enim . T he B om bay ed ition r ead s tam hanta m .

tad d .
’

F or s ad a. r ead
1
 '
c As p nuf s u n s
“
'
911 11 31 1 1 . 51 1

h er p al m th e D aitya king f ell s ud d e nly on the e arth ; and

ag ain i n d eed h e r o s e up , a nd p s
g r i ng in upw ar d he :
z
s ei e d

th e g o d d es s a nd m oun ted on hig h i nto th e s ky . T her e als o

'
C an d ika b ei ng
, w i th out an
y s uppor t, fough t w ith hi m . T he
in
’
D aitya and C and ika then foug h t at fir s t wi th each oth er

t he sk
y in a clo s e co m bat , w h ic h wr o ug h t d is m ay a m ong th e
S i d d h as an d m u nis af t er carr ying o n t he clo s e com b at f or a

v er
g
y lon tim e w i th him , A m bika lifted him up ,
th en and

whir led him ar ou nd and fl ung hi m o n th e ear th ; W hen fl ung

thus h e to uched the e ar th , he r ai s ed hi s fis t h as tily and
'

'
r us he d , e v i l of s oul a s he was , w i th the w i s h to k ill C and iké .

S eei ng h i m , t h e lor d of a ll th e D ai tya fo lk, a pp r oachi ng ,

th e g o d d e s s t h en pi er ced hi m in th e b r eas t w i th a d ar t and

f elle d him d o wn on th e ear th . S hatter ed by th e po int

’
of th e g o d d es s d a rt h e fell lifeles s on th e g r o und , s hakin
g
th e w h ole ear th a nd i ts s ea s , i s l and s an d m o untain s .

W h en t h at ev i l-s o ule d d em on wa s s l ai n , th e univer s e

b ecam e p la ci d , the e ar th r eg ained p er fe ct w e ll-b eing , and the

s ky gr e w p ur e P or tent-cloud s , w hi ch w er e full of fl a m e
.
'

b efor e , b eca m e tr anqui l, an d t he i

r v er s kept w ithin their
ch anne ls , w he n h e w a s s t r i cken d o wn ther e . A ll the b and s
of g o d s the n gr ew ex ceed i ng ly j oyf ul i n m ind , w hen h e w a s
s l ai n ; th e G a nd harv as s ang o ut s w eetly, and o th e rs of

them s o und e d th ei r ins tr u m ents , a nd t he b evi es of Ap s ara s es

d anced ; an d fav o ur ab le br ee z es blew , v er y br illiant g r ew the

s un, and the tr anq u i l s acr e d fires bla z e d fr eely, a nd tr an uil

q
b ecam e the s tr a nge s o und s th at h ad o ccu rr e d i n th e re
gions
of th e s ky:

C ANT O X C I .

T he D ent-m d hd tmya
'

T he E ulogy o
f the God d ess .

to the god d ess S he gr anted them

'
—
fp
’

god s o ff er ed a hy mn o r aes e

the boon tha t s he wi ll a lwa ys becom e i ncarna te and d eli ver the

wor ld whenever i t i s opp res s ed by d em ons .

 5 12 cm r o xcr .

T h e r is h i s poke

W hen the great lor d of th e A s ur as was s lai n there by the

g od d es s , I nd r a and th e o ther g od s led by Agni off er ed pr ais e

to h er , Katyayani, b ecaus e they had g ained their d es ire
-

and th eir fac es s hone for t h, and thei r hopes becam e m ani

fe s td ‘

O go d d ess , wh o rem oves t th e s uiferings of thy s up pli ants ,

be g ra cious !
B e gr a cious , 0 m other of th e w hole wor ld
B e gr acious , 0 quee n of the univer s e s afeg ua r d the
univ er s e !
T hou, O god d es s , ar t queen of a ll that is m o veab le a nd

im m ov eable !
T h ou al one has t beco m e the s uppor t of th e wor ld ,
B ecaus e thou d os t s ub s is t i n th e form of the e ar t h !
B y th ee, wh o exis tes t i n th e f o r m of w ater , all

T h is univers e i s filled O tho u i nv iolable in thy v a lour !

.

’
T h ou a rt V is hn u s ener gy, boun d les s in thy v a lo ur ;

T ho u ar t the g er m of the univ erse, thou ar t I llus ion

s ub li m e

A l l thi s wor ld has been bewi tch ed , 0 god d es s ;

T h o u i nd eed when attain ed }: a rt the caus e of final em anei

p e tion from exi s te nce o n th e ear th

A ll s ciences ar e por tions of thee, O god d es s ;
S o ar e all fem ales w itho ut exception i n th e wor ld s §
B y th ee alone, as m o ther , t his wor ld ha s been filled
W hat pr ais e ca n ther e be for th e e T hou ar t beyond pr ai s e,
the s ubli m es t express ion ”
F or i s hta lam bhd d
o re ad i s hga -ld bhd d with the B om bay e d i ti o n .
’

ed iti on read s v ikd si -

vahtr d bj a -vikd fltd s d h
’

1'
T h e B om b ay , w hi ch m eans
m uch th e s am e .

I P r o/p ound ; but p rasarm d , well -pleas ed ,” in the B om bay ed itio n is

b e tter .

5 T he B om bay ed i tion read s

s tr i yah s am as td h s ukulum ' ’

j gac c a
a .

So are all f emales , and so is the w hole wor ld ."

"
P ar okti h ; or the expres s ion of the s ubli m e .
 11 m m TO
’
c Ann mi . 51 3

W h en a s being the g od d es s , who cons titutes every created

thi ng ,
And w h o bes tows S v ar ga and final e m anci pation from
ex is tence ,

T h ou par e r ai s ed —
for thy pr ais e ag ain
W hat s ublim e w or d s c an b e su fficient
O thou , w ho ab id es t und er th e for m of I ntelligence
I n th e h ear t of ever y li v ing cr eatur e

O go d d es s , wh o b es tow e s t S var ga a nd final em ancipa ti on

fr om ex is tence ,
O Nar aya ni , r e ve r ence b e to th ee !

p or ti on
T h ou i n th e for m of m inu tes , m o m ents and oth er s

O
f ti m e,

D os t br ing r e s ults to p a s s ;
0 th ou w h o ar t m ig hty in the d eath of th e uni ver s e ,
0 N ar ayani , r ev er e nce b e to th e e
.

O th ou w h o ar t b en efice nt wi th e ve r y hap p ines s ,

0 la d y au s
pi ci ous , w h o acco m p li s he s t e v er y p e ti ti on,
O g i v er of r ef ug e , O T r ya m b aka, O br i llia nt o ne ,

0 N ar ayani, r ev er ence be to the e !

O e ter na l
g od d es s , w ho co ns -titut es t th e energy

Of cr e a tio n ,p er m a nence an d d e s tr uction ,

O tho u a bo d e o f
g ood qualities , w ho c on s is tes t of

q ualit i es ,
0 Nar aya ni, r ev e r e nce b e to th e e N“
O th ou w h o r id e s t i n a h eav e nly car yoked w i th s w ans ,

W ho as s um es t t he for m of B r ah m au id '

O g o d d es s w h o s p r inkles t kusa-gr a s s -s teepe d w a ter , 1

O Nar ayani , r e ver ence be to t hee
O thou w ho b old es t a tr i d ent, the m oon a n d a ser ent ,
p

T he B o mb a y ed itio n i ns er ts a v er s e h e re
0 th o u w ho a rt th e S up r em e Way f or th e s alv ation

O f thos e th at s e ek r ef ug e , o f t h e w oe -be g o ne a nd o f t he affli ct ed ,

O g o d d es s w h o t ake s t s uff e r ing a w ay f ro m e very o ne,

0 N ar ayan i, r e v er ence b e to t h ee !
T h e E ne rgy ( fakti fem )
, . of B ra h m a . T he s wan is his vehi cle .

T he C om m e nt ar y tr ans la tes ks har ika hehep ana -kd r i ni d -se ktrf

’

. as or .
5 14 CANT O xcr .

W ho ar t bor ne on a hug e bull ,

W ith the natur al ch ar acter of M aheévar i f

O Nar ayani r ev ere nce be to thee !
,

O th ou w ho a r t attend e d by the p eacock and cook,

W ho b ear es t a g r eat s pea r, O s inles s one ;

0 th ou w h o takes t thy s tation i n Kaum zm
’

s f form ,
0 Nar ayani , r ever ence b e to th ee !
O th ou w ho h old es t as thy fines t w eap ons
A conch , S er ng a,
’
d is cus , club , h
and t e b o w
B e g raciou s , O th ou wh o h as t V ai s h navi ’s i for m ;
0 Nar ayani , r ev er ence b e to th ee !
O thou w h o gr as p es t a h ug e for m id ab l e d is cus ,
W ho h as t uplifted th e e ar th w ith th y tus h es ,
O aus picious o ne , w h o h as t a h og -like f orm ,§
O Nar ayani, r ev er ence be to thee !
O th ou w h o i n th e fie rce m an-li on “ for m
D id s t p ut for th thy e ffor ts to s lay the D aityas ,
O th ou w ho art connected ? with th e d eliv er ance of th e
th r ee wor ld s ,
0 Nar éyani , r e ver ence be to th ee
0 th ou w ho h as t a d i ad em an d a gr e at t hund er b olt,
W ho ar t da zzl ing w ith a th ou s an d eyes ,
V ritra life-brea O
’
A nd w ho tookes t a w ay s th , Ai nd r i
0 Naréyani , r ev er ence b e to th ee
O t ou w o wi t e e o S iv a-d utifl
’
h h th h na tu r f '

T h e E ner gy (fakti ) of M ah eévara S i va

’
or . T h e tr id ent, m oon a nd s er

pent are h is e m blem s and or nam ents , a nd th e b ull i s hi s v e hi cl e .

1 T h e E nergy of K um ar a or Kar ttikey a . T he p eacock is his v ehi cle, and

'
th e cock is an a tt end ant of h is p arents , S iv a a nd P ar vati .

I T he E ner g y of V is h nu . T he conch , d is cus , cl ub and how are hi s

weap ons .

T h e E ner g y of V is h nu i n h is incar nation as a b oar .

HT h e E ner gy of Vi s h nu in hi s incar nation as a lio n-h ead e d m a n .

1T A no ther r e ad ing i s T r ai lokya -tr d na -m o hite , O thou w ho ar t honour ed

”
with th e d eli v erance of t he th re e w orld s .

’
3“
T he E ner gy ( s a kti ) of I nd ra , th e s layer o f V ri tra . T he d iad em is his
o r nam e nt, th e th und er -b olt his w eapon, and h e h as a t h ousand eye s .

11
“
S ee canto lxxxV u, vers e 25 .
 1m m
'
T O c anm xi .
515

S lewes t the m i gh ty hos ts of the D aityas ,

0 the n of terr ible for m , of loud s hr ieks ,
O Nar ayani , r ev er en ce be to th e e !
0 th e n w ho h as t a face for m id able wi th tus h es ,
W ho ar t d ecor a ted wi th g ar la nd o f h ea d s ,
a
'
0 C am und a, who gr ind e s t s h av en h ead s ,
0 Nar aya ni , r ev er ence b e to th ee !
O L aks hm i ,
M od es ty, W id e-Know led g e !
0 F ai th , Nour is h m ent, S v ad ba, I m m o veable !
O Gr eat-Nigh t, Gr eat-Illus i on
O Nar ayani , r ever e nce b e to thee !
O M ental-V igour , S ar as vati , C hoice O ne !
0 W el far e W if e ,
of B abh r ud D ar k O ne !
'

0 S elf-contr olled Q ueen b e th ou g racious !

,

O Ner ayani , r e v er en ce be to th ee l:
O t hou w h o h as t th e n at ur e of all, Q ueen of all !
0 th ou wh o p os s es s es t th e m i gh t of al l

F r o m ter ro r s s ave us , 0 god d es s !

O g od d es s D ur g a, r ev e r ence be to t he e !
K ind ly i s th i s thy c o untenance,

W h ich is a d or ne d wi th thre e yes e

M ay i t g uar d us fr o m all cr eated thing s

O K atyayani , r ev e r e nce b e to t hee
F or m id ab le wi th fl am e s , e xc e ed in gly s h ar p ,

D es tr oyi ng th e A s ur as w ithout quar ter ,

M ay thy tr id ent g uar d us f rom fear !
0 B had r a -kél i, r ev er ence b e to t hee
T h y bell, th at fill s th e w or ld w ith i ts r i nging
A nd d e s troys the gl ori es o f th e D ai ty as ,
M ay t hy b ell g uar d us , 0 god d es s ,

if T he C alcutta ed itio n r ea d s Wid e -knowled g e agai n here .

’
1 . s .
, S iv a .

T he B o m b ay e d ition ins erts a v er s e h er e

0 th en, th e lim it of wh os e hand s and fe et i s every where,

W ho s e eye s and head and m o uth ar e ever ywh ere ,

W ho s e e ar s and no s e ar e ev ery wh er e

0 Narayani, r ever e nc e b e to thee

 02
1 13
: a GI VE S m s eons A B O OK . 517

And the great cal am iti es which h ave s prung from the
m atur ing of p ort ents !
To us who p r os tr ate b e th ou g r acious,
ar e

O god d es s , who takes t a way affl ictio n f rom th e uni ver se 1

O th ou w or thy of pr ais e fr om the d weller s i n the thr ee
wor ld s ,
B es tow thou boons on t he wo rld s 1
T h e g od d es s s poke
I a m r ead y to b es tow a b oo n
. O ye h os ts of g od s , choos e
.

wh atev er b oon ye d es ir e i n your m ind ; I gr a nt i t as a thing

that b en efits the wor ld s .

T he god s s poke
0 queen of all, com plete th ou’ thus ind eed the pacification
of ev er y tr oubl e of th e th r ee wor ld s , and th e d es tr ucti on of

our e n e m i es .

T he g od d es s s poke

W h en the twenty-eighth ag e h as ar r ived , in th e V a i v asvata

other A s ur as s hall be b or n , S a mbha
’
M an v -an tar a, two g r eat

Niéum bha T h en bor n the offs pr ing of Y aéodas wom b

’
and . as

in t he co w h er d Nand a s hous e ,
’
a nd d welling on the V ind hya

m ountain s , I will d es tr oy th em both . And ag ain becom ing

i ncar nate i n a v ery t er ri ble f or m on the f ace of th e e ar th , I
'
wi ll s l ay th e V ai prac ittat D an av as ; and when I d ev our thos e
’
fier ce a nd g r eat V aipr ac it ta A s ur as I m y teeth s hall becom e
r ed like th e flow er s of th e p o m egr anate . H ence th e god s
i n S v ar g a an d m en in th e wo rld of m ortals pr ais ing m e s hall

alw ays talk of me as Red

A nd a ga i n a f ter a p er i od of a h und red years d ur ing which

r ain an d w ater s hall fail , p r ai s ed by the m uni s I s hall be

b orn, b ut not w om b-b eg ott en , o n th e ear th . T hen be caus e

I s h all b eh ol d th e m uni s w i th a h und r ed eyes , m a nkind s hall

th e r efor e celebr ate me as Hu nd r ed

F or wa thd re ad tr oyd .

'
1 T h e d esc end ants
“ of Viprac itti .

I Rakta -d anti ké .

S atd ks M
’
.
 E UL O GY or r un D nvi -M A HX 51 9
’

T MYA .

T h e g od d es s s poke

An d whoever with m ind co m po s e d s h all pr ai se m e constant

ly wi th th es e hym ns , I w ill qui et d own ev er y tr ouble for hi m

2 a s s ur ed l
y A n d t h os e w h o s ha ll celebr ate the d es tr uction
. of

M ad h u an d K aita bh a, th e s la u
ghter of th e As ur a M ahis ha ,
’
3 an d th e s la
yi ng of S um bh a and l um bh a l ike wi s e ; and

th os e als o wh o s h a ll lis te n* i n fai th t o this p oem of m y

s ubli m e m aj e s ty on th e e i g hth d ay of the luna r f or tnight, o n

41 th e f our teenth an d on t he n inth , w ith in te nt m i nd , to th em

s h al l h ap p e n no w r o ng -d oing w ha tev er , n or cal am i ti es that
ar i s e fr om w rong-d oing , n or p ov e r ty, nor ind eed d ep r i vati on of
5 th eir d es ir es t N ever s h all h e ex er ie nce fear f r o m enem ies ,
p
fr o m r o bb er s , n or fr o m king s , n or fr o m w eapon or fir e or

w a ter -fl ood . H en ce thi s p oem f

o m y m aj es ty m u s t b e re ad

by m e n of co m p o s e d m in d s an d li s ten ed t o b y th e m al ways

w i th f a ith , fo r it i s th e s u p r em e o f b les s i n s Now

'

cou r s e
g .

m ay thi s p oem m y m aj es ty qu ell all kind s of ca lam iti es ,

o
f
wh ich a ri s e fr om g r i e vous p es tilen ce,1 a nd th e th r ee -fold
'

p or ten t. W h e re thi s p oem i s d uly r ea d cons tantly at m y

s an ctuar y, I w i ll never f or s ak e that p lace, and th er e m y

p r es ence i s fix ed . A t th e o ff er ing of th e b ali , a nd d ur i ng

w or s hi p , i n th e cer em on ies w i th fir e , and a t a
g r eat fes ti v al ,
v er ily be
all t hi s s to ry of my e x pl oit s m us t p roclai m ed and
li s te ne d to . I w ill accep t w it h ki nd li n es s both th e bali
w or s h ip th at i s p ai d , and th e o bl a ti on by fir e th a t i s off er ed , by

h im w h o un d er s t a nd s or h im w h o un d e rs tan d s n o t A nd a t .

t he gr eat annual wo r s hi p tha t i s p e r for m ed i n a utu m n tim e ,

th e m an, w h o l is ten s filled wit h f a ith to t his p oem of m y

m aj e s ty, s h a ll a s s ur ed ly thr ough m y fav ou r b e d eliv er ed fr om

e v er y tr ou bl e , a nd b e b les s ed w ith ri c hes , gr ai n and ch ild r en .

F r om lis te ni ng to th i s p oem of m y m aj es ty m or eov er com e

s plend id i s s ue s a nd p r o we s s i
n b a ttles , a nd a m a n b e com es

T he B om b ay ed iti on r ea d s s tos hyan ti , s h all celeb r ate in s ong .

”
I s htu-o i yoj a n a ; s epa r a ti on fr om lov e d o nes . Vi yoj ana is not in th e
1 or

d icti ona r y .

ch ol era
I M a hd -m d r t or .
 5 20 CANT O xcn .

fear l es s .
* W h en m en lis ten t o thi s p oem f
o m y m aj es ty,
e n e m ies p as s to d es tr uctio n, a n d p r os p er ity a ccr ues and thei r
fa m i ly r ej oic es L et a m a n lis te n to this p oem of m y m aj es ty
.

e v ery wh er e , at a cer em ony for s e cur ing tr a nquillity , and after

s eei ng an ill-d r eam and when p la nets ar e gr e atly eclip s ed .

T her eby p or tents turn into calm, and a ls o d read f ul eclips es of

the pl anets , a nd a ls o a n ill-d r eam w h ich m en h av e s een a nd

a s we e t d r eam I t pr od uces p eacefulness i n ch ild r en

app ear s ,

wh o h a v e b een p os s es s ed b y th e d em on that s ei es child r en,1 a nd z

i t is the b es t p rom o ter of fr ie nd s h i p a m o ng m en w he n uni on
i s d is s olv ed ; it i s th e m os t p otent d i m i ni s her of th e p o wer
of all m en of i ll li v elih oo d ; v e ri l
y th r ough r ea d ing i t, com es
th e d es truction of R i k s h as as , g oblins an d P iééé as . A ll t hi s

p oem o f m y m aj es ty b ring s a m an ne ar unto m e A nd by .

m ea ns of cattle, fl o wer s , ar g hya o ffer i ng s an d i ncens es , an d

by the fines t p er fum es and lam ps , by feas ts gi ven t o br ah m ans ,

by oblations , b y s pr i nkled water d ay an d ni g ht, a nd by
v ar i ous o th er o b ects
j of j
en oy m e nt, by g ifts year ly— the

favour by s uch m ea ns ,
w hi ch com es s uch f av our i s wo n f r o m m e

wh en thi s s tor y of m y noble e xplo i ts i s on ce h ear d . W h en

h ea r d i t t ake s aw ay s i ns and conf er s p er fe ct h eal th . T hi s
cel ebr ati on o f m e pres er ves cr eate d b eing s f ro m futur e bir th s ,
ev en th i s s tor y of my ex pl oi ts i n battl es , th e anni hi lat i on of

the w icked D ai tyas . W h en i t i s h ear d ,

no f ear , th at i s
caus ed by enm ity, s pr i ng s u p am ong m en A n d th e hym ns .

w hi ch ye h a ve com pos ed , and th os e com p os ed by br ah m an

ris h i s , and thos e co m p os e d by B r ahm a b es to w a s pl e nd id

m ind } . H e wh o i s s ur r o und ed by a ra
g ing fir e i n a for est

if“ T h e text as it s tand s i s incorr ect , for p ar d kr am a is m as c , . and p ar d hr a

m am , a cc h as no v erb . I h av e r ead th er efo r e p ar d kr am af c’d f or p ar d kr a

m am T h e B om b ay e d i ti on r ead s ta thotp atti h p ri tha k subhd h p ar d kr a

’
c a .

m axrhi
’
c a , and
’
th e co m m e ntar y t r an s la tes the v er s e t hu s — “
F rom l i s teni ng t o

t h i s p oem f
o m y m aj es ty , and to m y s pl e nd id d i ver s e a pp e ara nces i n the

f or m s o f the E ner gi es , a nd to m y feats of p rowe ss i n battles , a m an b ecom es

”
f ear le ss .

1
“
B d l a -gr a ha s ee canto li .

”
1: O r ga ti m , cour s e or is s ue .
 m rfi m
"
m
’
s D EM O NS W E RE B ANI SHE D T O . 521

25 or on ,
a Jones om ea r oad , cr w h o i s encom p as s ed by .
r obber s in
'

ad es olate sp ot, or wh o is [ c apt ur e d by en em i es , or who i s

pr ow led af ter b y a li on or tig er or by w ild eleph ants i n a

26 . f ores t, or who is und er the c om m an d 3 of an e nr ag ed ki ng ,

or w ho is .
s ent e nced '
to d eath , or wh o h a s fallen i nto band s ,
or wh o i s w h ir le d ar oun d by the w ind , on w ho s tand s in a

27 s hi
p in th e w id e s ea, or , who i s i n th e m os t d read ful battle
'

w ith w eapon s falli ng up on him, or wh o i s affli cte d w ith p ain

28 am i d s t all ki nd s f
o t er r i ble tr o ubles — s uch a
'
m an on calli ng

to mi nd thi s s to r
y of my ex
pl oi ts i s d eli ver ed fr om h is s tr ait .

T hr oug h m y p o wer lio ns an d o t her d a nger ous beas ts , r obb er s

a nd e nem i e s , fr o m a di s tan ce i nd eed , flee fr o m hi m who calls

'

to m ind this s tor of my e x pl oits .

‘
-
y
x

T he ri s hi s p oke
"

Havi ng s poken th us the

’
.
-
a d o r able C andikz
i , who is fibres i n

p r o w es s , v anis h e d th er e, w h i le th e g od s were g a in g i nd eed z

30 on her T h e g o d s also reliev ed fr om fear , their foes being
.

s lain , all r es um e d th eir o wn~ d o mi nio ns as l

befor e, p ar ticip ating
in their s har es o f s acrifice s .

'
An d th e D ai ty as — w h en S um bh a; that m o s t -fier ce fo e of

th e g o d s , w h o b r o ug ht r a i n on the wo r ld a nd w ho waa p eer les s

- -

32 in pr ow es s , h a d been s lai n by th e g od d e ss in fig ht, and )

Nisum bh a als o gr eat in v alom was s lai n— all c am e to P as

'
s.

T hu s tha t ad or able g od d es s , alth o ug he ever las ti ng ,

yet _

33 tak i ng bi r th ag ain and a gain , accom pli s he s : the s afeg uar d in

g
.

of the w or ld , O > ki ng ; B y h er thi s univer s e is b e witched s he

34 v e r ily gi v es bi r th to th e uni v er s e . An d w hen bes oug h t, ~

s he

bes tows knowle d g e ; w hen g ratified , s he b es tows pros p eri ty .

.

35 A ll th is eg g of B rah m a, 0 ki n g , is p er v ad ed by h er , vho i s i
M a h akali M fi ékélafi and who h as th e natur e of th e Gr eat
'

at
‘

D es tr oying God d es s s l S he i nd eed is M ali a-m ar t at th e fit ted

" ‘

36 tim e ; s h e i nd eed is cr eation, th e U nbor n s h e i nd eed the E ternal

v e s s tability t o cr e ated being s at th ei r f ate d tim e S he ind eed
’

gi .

A s hr i ne s acred .
to S i va
’
at UJJain see Raghu-Valhfia, vi. 32 and .

M egha -D uta i 34 . .

f M a hi -m i ni , see ver se 7 above .

66
52 2 CANT O xcm .

is L aks h m i, bes towing pros p eri ty on the hous es of m en while

s he a bid es with them ; a nd s h e ind eed w hen s he is abs ent
be co m es the g od d es s of I ll F o r tune” unto their d es tr uct ion .

W h en hymned and wors hi pped w i th flo wer s , and wi th i ncens e,

p er fum es and other qf er i ngs , s he b es tows wealth and s ons , an d

a m in d bri lliant i n r ig hteous ne s s .

CANT O X C I I I .

T he D evi-m é hd tm ya ( conclud ed ) .

i ’
Af ter h ear i n g th s p oem , k i ng E u-r a tha and the vai i ya p r acti sed
a us teri ti es and wors hipp ed the godd ess C a pd i kd
’
.
—
app ear ed to
them a nd ga ve the king the been tha t he s houl d be M e nu d a rni
in futur e life and bes towed knowled ge on the vais ya
’
a. , .

T he ris hi s p oke

I h av e now r elated to thee, 0 ki ng , thi s subli m e

p oem th e
D ev i-m ah atmya S uch m aj es tic p ower has the g od d es s , by
.

2 w h om thi s w or ld is up held M or eover kno wled g e i s conf err ed

.

by h er wh o is th e ad or abl e V i s hnu s Illus ive po wer

’
B y h er .

thou and this vaiéya and oth er m en of d i s cr i m ination, a nd

3 cel ebrated m en ar e be wi tch ed ; and other s s hall bec om e
bewi tch ed . Go unto h er , th e s up r em e queen, pl ace of
as to a

r efug e , 0 gr eat king . S he i nd eed , wh en propitiated by m en ,

b es tow s j
e n oym ent, S var ga and final em anci pa ti on fr om
exis tence.

M é rkandeya s p oke

Having heard this his s peech, king S u-r ath a fell pr os tr ate
b efor e th e ill us tr ious ris hi w ho p erfor m ed s ev e r e p enan ces ,
and b eing d own-cas t by his exces s ive r egard for s el f an d

by th e d ep riv ation of his kingd om , went fort hwi th to p er

for m aus teri ti es ; and th e v aisya , 0 gr ea t m uni , in or d er to

ge t a v isi on of A ruba, took up his s tation on a s and -b ank

‘
l' A-laks hmi .
 wno S HAL L BE T HE MANU sl u m ,
5 23

in a r i ver ; and the v ais a

p r acti s ed aus ter iti es , m utter ing the
y
s ubl im e hym n to th e g od d es s T hey b oth m ad e an ear the n
.

i m age of th e g o d d es s on that s and bank ,

- an d p aid wor s hi p
to it w i th flo wer s , i ncen s e , fir e a nd lib a tion s o f wa ter Ah .

s tai nin
g fr om fo od , r e s tr ic ting th eir food , concentr a ting their
m i nd s o n h er , ke e i n
p g th e i r th oug hts com p os e d , th ey both
o fier ed th e b ali o ffer i n als o s pr i nkl e d w ith bloo d d r aw n
g
fr om th eir o wn li m bs . W h en th ey co nti nue d w ith s ub d ue d
'
s o ul s t o p r o pitiate h e r th us for t hr ee year s , C an d iké, wh o
u ph o ld s th e w o rld , w ell-pl eas ed v i s i ble s hap e
s
po ke i n .

T he god d es s s po ke
W h at th ou d os t s oli cit, 0 king , a nd th ou O r e oi cer of
j thy
fa m ily, r e ce i ve
ye all th at fro m m e well-p leas e d I b es tow it .

Mzi r kand eya s p oke

T h e n th e king ch os e a k in g d om th a t s h ould not p er is h i n
a no ther li fe , an d in th i s lif e his o w n ki ng d o m Wher ei n the

p ow e r of hi s e nem i es s h ould b e d es tr oye d b y for ce T h en .

t h e v ai sya a ls o, w h os e m i nd w as d own -cas t, chos e know

‘ ’
l ed g e ,— to be w is e , k no wi ng wha t i s m i ne , an d
‘
wha t I
am —
knowled ge t ha t c au s e s th e d o wn fa ll of w or ld ly attac h

T h e g od d es s s poke
0 king , th ou s h al t ob tai n t hi ne o w n king d om i n a v er y few
d ays , af ter s layi ng th ine en em i e s ; i t s h all b e s tead fa s t for
.

th ee th e r e ; a nd w he n d e a d t h o u s h alt g ai n an o th er life f ro m
th e g o d V i v a s v a t, a nd s h a lt be a M a nn on h, by nam e
e ar t

S é v ar nika . A nd 0 e x ce lle nt v ai sy a , I b es tow o n thee the

b oon w h ic h t ho u h a s t b e s oug h t of m e ; kno wled g e s h all be

th in e unto ful l p er fectio n .

M ar k and eya s po ke
H av ing th us i v e n t he m b ot h t h e b o on th at eac h d es ired ,
g
the g o d d es s v a ni s hed for thw i th , w hile e x toll ed by th em
bo th i n f ai th .

H av in g thus g ai ned th e bo on f rom th e go d d es s , S u-r a tha

th e n ob le ks h at tr iy a s hall ob tai n a ne w bi r th thr ough the
‘

S un, an d s hall b e th e M ann S ztv ar ni .

5 24 C ANT O xc i v .

C ANT O X C I V .

’
T he Rauc ya and
futur e M a nv-a ntar as .

M é r ka ndeya m enti ons br i efl y the s ucceed i ng M a n a s , the ninth to the

thi r teenth, an d d eclar es wha t s ha ll be the na m es o f the god s, ri s hi s

a nd ki ngs i n their severa l

p er iod s .

M é rka ndeya s
p oke
3

1 h av e d uly d e cl ar e d unto th ee th is a ccount o

f the s aVar ni ka
M an V -an tar a , an d al s o the D evi -m i hatm ya w hich tells of th e

2 s l a ug h ter of t he A s ur a M ahis ha A nd th e o r ig i ns of t he
‘

M oth er s also w hic h w er e fr om th e g od d e s s i n th e g r eat b attl e ,

or i g i n a s w e ll a s t he lif e o f t h e g o d d es s C am und a, an d
’
3 an d th e

d uti, th e s layi ng of S um bh a an d Nisum

' '
t h e m aj es ty of Si v a-

bh a , and t he ki ll ing of Rakta -vi j a— a ll thi s has b een n arr ate d

t o thee .

Now h ear O no bl e m uni , o f t h e n ex t M a nn s av ar nik a . A nd

M a nu
’
D ak s h a s s o n s h al l b e S é var na , w ho w ill be t h e n i n th .

5 I tell t h ee ab ou t t hat M a nn , a nd w h o s ha ll be th e god s , th e

m u ni s a nd th e king s i n hi s p er i od . T he F irm s an d th e M ar ié i s

6 a nd th e B har g as an d th e S u- d h ar m an s s ha ll be th e g od s th es e
s h al l b e i n th r ees ; t hey s h al l b e t w e l ve g r oup s i n all ; n ow
t h e ir lo r d * s h all b e S a h a s r aks h a , g r e a t i n po w e r H e , w ho i s .

s ix -f aced s o n K arttike ya , s h all b e t h e I n d r a ,

’
at
p r e s ent A gni s
b y n a m e A d bh u ta, i n th at M a nn s p er i o d M e d h é ti thi , V a s u ,
’
.

S atya , Jyoti s h -m a t a nd D y uti -m at, S a bal a an ot h e r , an d H a vy a

v é h ana an o th er — these s ha ll be th e s e ven ri s h i s . D h ri s h ta -k et u,
P afiéa -ha s ta, Ni am aya ,
'
V ar b a- k etu , r- P rithu - s ra v a s , an d

A r d is h -m at, B h uri -d yum n a , V ri ha d -bh aya— th es e s ha ll be th e

r oyal s o ns o f th a t s o n of
D ak s h a , yea t h e k in g s .

No w b ear , 0 b r ahm an , ab ou t the nex t M an v f an tar a , tha t of th e

tenth M ann . An d i n th e t enth M a nv -antar a of th e wi s e s o n of

B ra hm é , the S ukh as i na s a nd th e Ni rud d has s ha ll be t he g o d s ,

with th r ee clas s es each, accor d i ng to tr ad ition th ey i nd eed

I nd r a.
 ACCO UNT 525
“

or T H E F UT URE M ANUS.

s hall be the g o d s , a hund r ed i n num b e r i n the eri od of tha t

, p
f ut ur e M a nn A s ther e s ha ll be a h un d r ed s ons ’“ of his ,
.

s o s ha ll ther e be a h und r ed d h A d '

anti s h all b e th e
g o s t e n n S .

I nd r a , e nd o we d w ith all I nd ra
’
H ear th ou
s g o od q ualities .

wh o s h all i nd e e d be th e th en ; A p o -m u
s ev en ris hi s r tti a nd

H av is h -m at, S u-kri ti n a nd S atya , N abh aga and A -p r atim a ,

an d V é éis htha th e s e v ent h A nd S u-ks h e tr a an d U t tam auj a s
-
.

a nd v ali a n t B h um i -s e na , a nd
'
S a tan ika , V ri s h abh a and An
am i tra , Jaya d -r a th a , B huri -d um na, and S u-p ar van— thes e
y
s h a ll be tha t M ann s
’
s ons .

H e ar ab out th e p er iod of D h ar m a
’
s s on S i v ar na . T he
V ihan-g am as , a nd th e Kam a-g as and the Nir m ana -r atis s h al l

b e the god s of th r ee kind s ; each s h a ll be a

g r oup of thi r ty .

NO W th e N i rm ana -r ati s s h all be th os e w h o p r es id e o v er t h e

m on th s , s ea s o ns and d a ys ; an d the V ih a n-g am as s ha ll be
thos e who p res i d e over th e n ig h ts ; 1 th e g r ou p s
‘
of K am a g as -

s ha ll be th os e w h o p r es i d e o v e r th e m o m enta l T heir I n d r a
‘

s h a ll b e nam e d V ri s h a , c el eb r a te d f o r v alo ur A n d H av i s h .

m at, a nd V ari s h tha, an d an oth er ri s hi § A r uni , a nd Nis éar a

-

a nd A n - ag h a , an d a noth er r eat m uni V i s hti , a nd A g n i -d e v a

g
th e s e v e n th , — th es e s ha ll be th e s e ve n r is hi s i n t ha t p er io d .

S ar v a tr a g a a nd S u s ar m an , D ev anika , P ur ud v ah a , H em a
’
- -

d ha nv an , a n d D ri d hayu s hall b e th e s ons of that M a nu , yea

t h e ki ng s .

W hen th e t welfth M an v -a ntar a o f R ud r a

’
s s o n, the M ann
n am e d S zi v ar na, s h a ll h av e ar r iv e d , who be the g od s
s ha ll

and m u ni s ,— hear a bout th em . T he S u- d h ar m an s , th e S u

m an a s es , t he B ar it as a nd th e R ohi ta s an d th e S u -var nas
'
i n th e B o m b ay e d i ti on.
”
’i
F or p r d ni na rit r ea d p utr é nd rh as

B om bay r d tr ayo
’
B oth
‘

th e C a l cutta an d e d iti o ns r ea d the , w h ich

is th e p lur al of r d tr i ; b ut th i s wor d s h ould app ar en tly be a nal og o us to

anauhi tr tta in f o r m a tion, a nd be an a d ec tiv e

j d er i ve d fr om r d tr i . P er h a ps
' ’
th e r ea d i ng s h o uld be r a tra ka s tu i ns tead .

I T his s ee m s to b e th e m ea ning i nte nd e d by th e w or d m au hi ir ttd h ; but

”
as t r olo g er .
“
th e o nlym e ani ng g iv e n i n th e d ictionar y is

B oth e d i ti ons r ead r i s h ti r , b ut i t ca n h a r d ly b e r ig h t, f o r i t w ould b e a

pr op er n am e , a nd th e num b er would t h en ex ceed s even. It s eem s to b e a

m is take f or ri s hi r .
5 26 CANTO xcv .

be th e g od s the rein th e s e five s ha ll be ten-fold g roups

s ha ll .

N ow t hei r I nd r a s h all b e kno wn as Ri ta-d h am an, gr eat in

H ear fr om
’

po we r , e nd o wed w ith all I nd r a

g oo d qu ali ties
s .

m e th e s ev en ris h is als o — B a ti , T a as -V in, S u-ta as , T a o

y p p p
'
m 11 r tti , T a p o-ni d h i , and T a po - ra ti a no th er and T ap o-d hri ti
htha , V i d u
'
th e s ev enth D ev a -v a t,
. an d l
Up a- d ev a, D eva -s r e s

r a th a , M itr a -v at, a nd M i tr a -vind a, s h all b e th e s on s of th at

M a nn, yea th e king s .

Lis ten w hile I t ell th ee of th e M ann

’
s s ons and of the
s even ris h i s an d of th e ki ng s i n the t ur n of th e thir teenth
M an n nam ed B an d ye
T h e g o d s th er ein s ha ll be t he S u
.

d h a r m ans , the S u-kar m an s , an d th e S u-sar m ans th e o thers ;

all t he s e v e r i ly s ha ll be th e g od s , 0 b es t of m un i s . T heir
I nd r a s ha ll be D iv a s -p a ti , gr eat i n p o wer , g r e a t i n v al our .

N o w h e ar w hile I tell th ee of t he s ev e n ris hi s w ho s h all be

then— D h ri ti -m at , a nd A -v ya ya , T attv a-d ar sin, Nir -uts uka ,
N ir m oha ,
- a nd S u -ta pas a n o th e r , a nd N i s h -pr akam p a th e
s e v e nth .
’
C i tr a »
s e n a an d V i -é i tr a , Nayati Nir , bh aya , D rid h a ,
-

S u-n e tr a , and Ks hatr a -b ud d hi , and S u-v r a ta s ha ll be the s ons

of th a t M e nu .

C AN TO XC V .

’
T he S tor y f
o Ruc i .

'
A P r aj p a ti nam ed Ruc i f or m er ly li ved i n s o li ta r y d is comf or t— H i s
a-

r e a thers a pp ea r ed to hi m a nd u r ged hi m to m a r r —
f f
o
y H e d em ur
r ed a nd they i ns is ted on the i mp or ta nce o
f m arr i a ge .

M ark a nd eya s pok e

A P raj a-p ati Ruéi , who w as d e void of s elf , fr ee f r o m pr i d e ,
f ear les s an d m o d er a te i n s lee ping , for m e r ly r oa m ed t hi s ear th .

S eei ng th at h e w as d es ti tute of fir e , h a d no h a bi tat ion , th at

he at e but o nce a d ay, h a d no h er m itag e , an d w as cu t off fr oin
all attach m e nts , his a nces t or s s oke
p to h i m , the m uni .

T h e Pi tri s s
p ok e
D ear so n w her efo r e
,
has t t hou n ot d one t he s a cr e d d eed o
f
taking a wife, s in ce t hat i s the caus e of
g aini ng S varg a a nd
 ’
nuc i AND m s AN CE ST O RS . 5 27

fina l e m anci
pation fr o m e x i s tence wi thout that there i s
bond ag e p er pe tu ally A h ous e-h old er by p aying wor ship to
.

all t he g od s a nd th e P it ri s li ke wi s e to r is hi s a nd
, g ues ts g ains ,

th e heavenly wo r ld s H e ap p or ti ons the god s their s hare by

.

'
i
u ter ng
t eva b s aloud , th e P i tris b ut ter in
y g s va d b a aloud ,
cr eated b eing s and oth er
gu es ts by th e g ivi ng of f ood B eing .

s uch a negligent one, thou d os t i ncur b ond a e b

g y r eas on of
th e d eb t d ue to th e g od s , -b ond ag e b y r e as on o f the d ebt d ue
to us a l s o , bond age unto m en and cr eate d b ei n s d a
g y by d ay,
by not b eg ettin g s o ns , by not s atis fyin g the g od s a nd Pitris .

A nd h ow , by not f ulfilling these d uti es thr oug h foll , d os t thou

y
hope to g o the g ood w ay ? W e thin k a ffliction , one afi i cti on
afte r anoth er , m ay b e for th ee i n thi s w or ld , 0 s on ; h ell

likew is e w h e n th ou ar t d ead , a nd affl i cti on in s o oth in ano ther

b irth .

Ruéi s poke

W ed lock ten d s to ex ces s i ve s uff er ing , and is a d ow nw ard

cour s e tow ar d s in ; h e nce I took no wife hi ther to . C ontr ol w hi ch
'
is ga i ned o v e r one s s elf, thi s i s eff ected by firm s upp r es s ion it
i s th e cau s e of final e m an cip a tion fr om ex i s tence that em anei

p a ti ou v er ily com es not fr om w e d lock T h a t the s oul , tho ug h .

bes m ir ch ed with th e m ir e of s e lfis h n es s , b e w as h ed clean d ay

by d ay by tho s e wh o h av e no fa m ily ti es w ith the w ater s o f
thoug h t— b etter v er ily i s this T he s oul, w hi ch i s m ar k ed
w i th th e m i re of acti on s that ha ve d ev elo ped d uring m any
ex i s tences , m us t b e w a s h ed clean wi th th e w ater s of g oo d
p er cep tions by wis e m en wh o keep th ei r bod ily or g ans und er

contr ol .

T h e P itris s poke

F itting i t i s th a t th os e wh o h av e th eir o rg ans und er contr ol

s h ould cle ans e thei r b ut d oes th i s p a th , w h erein t h o u

s oul ;

wend es t, O son , tend to final em ancip ation fr om exi s tence ? 1'

if
Ni -yantra na ; a word not i n th e d ictionary .

1
'
I take hin tu as hi m tu interrog ativ e ly ; but the B om bay ed i tion r ead s

lep d ya f or m oks hé'ya a nd hint/w t he n wo uld m ean s i mp ly but b ut this

”
path, wh erein, &c , . tend s to d efilem ent .
528 CANT O XCV .

m eans O i d is inter ested "

M oreover evil i s d riv en a way by gifts,
- r

and by r esul ts an d en oym ents j w hich are good or i ll accor d ing

to -for m er acti ons . T h us no bond ag e befalls hi m wh o acts
wi th a tend er rh ear t,
'

and s uch a ction b eing d is int er es ted tend s

no t to b ond age . T hu s a for m er ac ti on d one , whi ch cons i s ts of

m er it d em eri t, i s d im ini s h e d d ay and ni gh t by enj oym e nts

and

wh i ch cons i s t of p leas ur e and pain , 0 s on, am o ng m anki nd .

cleans e their s oul an d

T hus wis e m en guard it fr om b ond s
th us , on the o th er h and , i ndi s cr im i nation, which is th e m ir e
of sin, d oes not lay hold of it .

Ruéi s poke

I t i s d ecl ar ed in th e V ed a, i g norance i s the p ath of action,

0 m y f orefa th er s H ow th en d o ye, s ir e, d es patch m e

. on th é

p ath of acti on

T h e Pi tr is s p oke

r uth i s th i s I a ction thou m enti ones t- this

-r
I gnor ance in v er
y t '

m axi m is not er roneou s n ev er th e les s a ction i s th e cau s e nu

20 d oubted ly of full acqui s ition of kn owled g e . O n th at vi ew the

r es tr aint, which ha d m en o b s er ve
b ecau s e they d o not p erfor m
what i s en oined ,
j s hou ld tend ul ti m atel
y to final em anci pation
from exi s tence ;I .
Ou th e contr ar y i t pr od u ces a d o wnwar d
21 cour s e . B ut thou thi nkes t, O so n , I wi ll cleans e m y s oul ’ ; yet
th ou ar t bur nt up by s in s w h ich ar i s e fr om not p erfor m i ng wh at
22 is en oined
j .E v en I gnor ance exi s ts for the benefit of m en,
j us t as pois on d oes alth oug h i t i s d iff eren t, it d oes not i n tr uth

tend to bond age§ by r e as o n of the m eans which put into

are

23 pr ac tice T h er efor e , O s on , d o thou take a

. wife accor d i ng to

p r ecept ; l et not thy bir th b e unpr ofitabl e by thy not ob s er v

ing the b usines s of or d inar y lif e ful ly .

An-a bhi sand hi ta : abhi -s and hi ta i s not i n the d ictionary .

1 F or evai t r ead evai ta t.

“

e d ition r ead s nais a u ins tead ’

I T he B om b ay of so nte, and the m eani ng is
”
d oes not tend to final em anc ip a ti on .
’

T h e B om b ay ed ition r ead s band hd yanyd yato hi s ci, b ecaus e it i s

”
d ifierent, i t tend s i n truth to b ond ag e
‘
. O r if an ya, ya to be r ead as one word
i yato,
a -nyc i t would m ean “
b ecause of iniq uity it tend s i n t ruth to bond a e ”
g .
 '
’
nuc r P RO P IT I AT E S B RAH M A . 529 '

Ruci s
p oke .

I am no w ag ed wh o will b es to w a w ife on m e , O m y fo re
fath er s M or eov e r i t i s har d for
.
a p oor m an to take a wife .

T he P itris s p oke

O ur d o wnfall w ill as s ur e d ly com e to p as s , 0 s on , and s o a ls o

will thy d ow nwar d co ur s e th ou d os t not w elcom e our s pee ch .

M érk a ud eya s poke

H av i n g p oke n thu s , th e P i tris s ud d e nly v ani s he d fr om

s

s igh t wh il e h e b eh e ld th em , 0 b es t o f m u ni s , j us t a s li h ts
g
wh en blow n by th e w i nd .

C ANT O X CV I .

T he s tory o f Rue i ( conti nued ) .

by hi s for efa ther s a d m on i tion Rue 1 of er ed wor s hip (t a

’
P er tur bed ,

B r a hm é , a nd B r a hm d p r om i sed he s hould ga i n his d es i r e with

'
R uc i pour ed f or th therefore long ham/n an d
’
the P i tr i s help — a ,

p r a yer to the P i tr i s .

M i r kandeya s poke

T h e b r ah m an ri s h i R ae i , b eing g r eatly ag itated i n m i nd at

th a t h is for ef ath er s couns el , W and er ed a bou t t he ea r th , d e s ir
’

o us to fi nd a m ai d e n . F ail ing to o b tai n a m a id en fhe , i1-lu _ c

’
m inated by th e fir e of hi s f or e fa th e rs couns el, f e ll into; d eep
t hough t , W h ile hi s m in d w a s e xcee d in g ly a g i tated W h at
ca n I do W h ere am I g o ing ? H o w am I to take a w i fe

M ay that com e to pa s s q u ickly, w h ic h w ill effect m y for e

!
”
W hil e th e h ig h -s oule d
’

h
fat e rs
’
ad v an ce m e n t m um p o n

d er ed th us , a th ough t occur red to hi m I will pr op i ti ate

”
lotus -b or n B r a hm a w i th aus ter i ti es T here upon he p er .

fo rm e d aus ter itie s to B r ah m a for a h un d r e d celes t ia l ye ar s ,

and f or th e p ur p os e of p r opi tiat ing h i m e ng ag ed th e n i n th e
utm os t s elf-m or tificatio n B r ah m a t h e f or efa the r of th e
.

w or ld s th er eupo n s h o we d him self a nd s aid t o hi m I am

67
1330 cm r o r ow
~
.

7 wel l pleased ,
- d eclar e th y e ar ne s t w is h .
”
He fell prostrate
t he n b efor e B rahm a, w ho i s th e or i g in of the Wor ld , an d d eclar ed
'

what he wis hed ear nes tly to d o a cco rd i ng to the coun s e l of hi s

for efath er s . A nd B r a hm a h eari ng hi s e ar n es t wis h s poke

to th e b r ah m an Ruci .

B ahm a s poke
r

T hou s halt be a P r aj a-p a ti t hou s halt cr eate h um an folk .

A fter cr eat ing hu m a n folk, 0 br ah m a n, a nd beg etti ng s ons

and p er for m ing cer em o nies , thou s halt th en, after th y d om i

nion s ha ll b e taken a way, attain p er fect felicity B eing s uc h , .

d o then take a wife as en oine d j by t hy fo r efath ers and af te r

r efl ecti ng on thi s d es ir e , p er f or m w or s hi p t o th e P i tris ;
t ho s e P it ris i nd eed being g ratified s h all be s t o w on th e e
the wife a nd s o ns d es ir ed W hen . s ati s fied w hat m ay thy
ances tor s no t b es to w

M arks nd eya s poke

-

T he ris hi i“
on hear ing this s p ee ch fr o m B rahm a, w h ose
bir th i s i ns cr utable, p erfor m ed w or s hip to t he P itris o n
a d is tant s and -bank in a r iv er , a nd als o g r atified th e
P i tris , O b r ahm an , w ith the s e p ra is es , respectfully, w ith
s ing le m ind , s ubd uing h is b od y , and bend ing hi s neck in
f ai th .

’
Ruc i s poke :

I pay r ev er ence unto th e P itris who d well as pres id ing

d e iti es in t he sr ad d ha ; and
t h e g od s whom e ve n v er il
y d elig ht
w ith i nvoca ti ons co ncl ud ing with the wor d s v‘a d h a at the
srad d ha I pay r eve r ence u nto the Pit ris , w h om m ah ar s hi s ,
.

who d es ire to o btai n en o m ent

y j an d final em anci p atio n f rom
ex is tence , d e lig ht w i th m enta l sra d wi th f aith i n
’

d d has an

S v ar g a I pay r ev erence unto th e P itri s , Whom th e S id d ha s

.

id e li h t with al l ki nd s o i ncom ar able h eav enl o ff er in s at th e

g f p y g
srad d h as in S v ar g a I pay r e ver ence unto the P i tri s , w ho m th e
.

Guhyakas als o, who ear nes tly d es ire bound les s s ublime ros
p

F or fi s her read ris hir f

 mB
’ ’
auc i s ur ns TO r u e PI T . 53 1:

par i ty b ecaus e they ar e ab s o rbed honour with faith

“

17 I p ay r ev er ence unto th e P i tris , wh o ar e al wa s

y h onoured by
m ortals on the ear th , a nd w ho g ra n t unto m en to attai n unto .

18 th e d es ired world s b y m e a ns o f fa ith a t the sr ad d has I p ay .

re ve r e nce unto th e P i tris , w h o ar e a l ways honoured by

brah m ans on th e ear th, a nd who g r ant genera tive po wer for
19 th e o btai ni ng of w hat th ey e ar nes tly d es ir e and long fo r
I pay .

re vere nce unto t he P itri s , w ho m ind eed for es t-d wellin ascetics ,
g
w ho ar e r es tr ai ne d in th eir d iet and whos e s tains hav e b een
was h ed a way by aus t er i ti es , d elight w i th sr ad d has perfor m ed
20 i n t he fores ts . Ip ay r e ver ence unto the Pitris , whom

br ahm ans , w ho prac tis e the v ow of

p e rp etual celib ate s tud ent
s hip a nd wh o h av e s ubd ue d t heir s o ul s , d eli ht with i ntens e
g
21 m ed ita ti on con tinual ly . I p ay r ev e r ence unto th e Pi tris ,
wh o m as b eing b es tow er s of b e ne fits i n th e thr ee wor ld s p rinces
'
d eligh t with sr add h as a nd all ki nd s f
o f ood -oblations accor d

22 ing to p r ecept I p ay r ev er ence

. unto the Pit ris , whom
v aiéyas , wh o tak e p leas ur e i n th eir o wn occupations , h onour
wi th flowe rs incens e, foo d a nd wa te r conti nually on th e ear th .
,

23 I p ay r ever ence unto th e P i tris , w ho m as fam ed by th e nam e

S u-kélinj ' sud r as a lso in f ai th al ways d el ig ht wi th sr ad d has in
24 thi s wor ld I p ay r e v er ence unto th e P itri s , wh om as feed ing
.

on th e s v ad ha g re at A s uras , w h o h av e for s ak en d eceit and

25 arrogance, al ways d eli g h t with sr ad d h a s i n Patala . I p ay

re ver ence un to the P i tri s , w ho m Na
ig as , wh o wi s h to ob tai n

th eir d es ir es , h onour wi th sr ad d ha s a nd all kind s of j

en o
y
26 m ents accor d i ng to p recep t i n Ras ata la . I pay re ver ence

th e P itri s , w ho m the S er pents , 1 w h o pos s es s s pells ,

'

unto
j
e n oy m e nts a nd go od f or tune , always d eligh t ther e i nd ee d
27 w i th sr ad d has I p ay r e ver ence unto
accor d in g to p r ece p t .

th e Pi tris , w ho d w ell v is ibly b o th i n th e w or ld of th e g od s

a nd i n th e atm o s ph er e ,
a nd w h o ar e wor th y o f wor s hip b
y
od s and other bei ngs o n th e fa c e o f th e e ar th M ay th ey
g
.

T aw m ya -tuena ; referr ing to w ea lth , b ecause th ey are the a ttend ants cl

w lt h a nd g uard ians o f h i s trea s ur es

Kuve r a t h e go d o f ea ,

1'
cAla s s o f Pi tris re gar d ed as t he es pe c ia l P i tri s of S’
fid rag,

1 S arp ai b .
532 CANT O XCVI .

r e ce i ve my offer i ng I p ay r e ver ence u nto th e Pitris , who

.

h av e b ecom e uni ted with t he S up r em e S oul, who yet i n bo d ily

f o r m d w e ll v e r ily in a h ea venly car , a nd to w ho m as e ff ecting

d e li v er a n ce f r om affl ictio n th e n o b le s t
yog i ns ofier s a cr ifice
Wi th m ind s cleans e d f r om d efilem ent . I pay r e ver en ce unto
th e P i tri s , wh o al s o i n b od ily form in h eav e n feed on th e
s v ad b a for the p ur pos e of bes towing d es ir a ble b enefits , a nd
w ho a r e p o w e r ful to b es to w al l d es i red ob ects a nd w h o
j g r an t
d eliv e rance to th os e w h o h av e no eng r os s ing int er es ts . M ay
a ll th e P i tris be d elig hted h er ei n, w ho s ig nify d es ir es to t hos e
’
w ho w i s h f or them , na m ely, g o d hea d , I nd r a s s tatus , or W h at

i s m o re th an thi s , a nd a lso s ons , cattle, m ig h t a nd h ous es of

th e i r v er
y o wn ! M ay the Pi tri s , w h o alw ays d w ell i n th e
moon
’ ’

ys ,s ra i n th e s un s or b an d i n a w hi te h eav enly car , be

d e li g hted h er ein w ith food a nd w ater , wi th p e r f um es and

oth er od our s m ay they o btain n our i s hm ent her ef rom ! A nd

m ay the P i tris , w h o h av e s ati s f a c ti on fro m th e cl ar ified but ter
i n th e o bl ati on to A g ni , w h o d welli ng i n th e b od ies of b rah
m ans feed on the s a m e, a nd who r eac h i nte ns e d elig ht b y the

off er ing o f th e pind a , b e sa ti sfi ed h er ei n wi th food and w at er

M ay they, w ho ha v e b een
g r ea tly p lea s ed by th e c hi ef

m ah ar s hi s w ith r hi noceros -fl e s h an d w i th d a rk s e s am um s ee d s ,

w hich attr act th e m i nd s of cel e s ti al b ei ng s a nd ar e m uch

d es i r e d by the g od s , and w ith t he h er b O ci m um s anctum ,
r each i nt ens e d elig h t h er ein A nd m ay a ll p oem s which ar e
ex ce e d i ngly cov e ted be for th e m , w h o h onour ed by th e
ar e

I m m or tals ! M ay they then b e pr es ent h er e a t th e fl ower s ,

er f um es , foo d and e nj oym e nts w h ich I h av e p ro cur e d M ay
p
th ey, m y fo r efa th er s , t w h o re cei v e h ono ur d ay by d ay, w h o
i

s h o uld be w or s hipp ed o n ear th a t th e e nd of the m onth an d

on th e ei gh th d ay, a nd who s ho uld b e wor s hip p e d at th e
end of th e year and at i ts b eg in ni ng d obtain s a tis factio n
‘

h e r ein M ay they, w h o as be ing l um i nous as th e full m o on

i
ar e wor th y of wor s hip fr o m br ah m ans , a nd wh o as h a ving

O r, “
T h e Pitris .
”
A bhyu d aye or th e ris ing of the s un

Kum ud end u -bhas a .

 '’
Ro c l s HYM N T O T H E PI T RI S . 5 33

the h ue of th e r i s in g s un are wor thy o

f wor s hip f r om
ks h a ttri yas , and wh o as b es tow er s ofgold are wor thy of
wor s hip fr om v ai syas , and wh o as re s em bling th e ind ig o pl ant
” ’

37 a r e wor th
y of wor s hip fr om sli d r a folk , m ay t hey all r each
'

d el igh t w ith m y off e r i ng of fl ow er s , p er fum es , i ncens e , food ,

w ater an d o t her gif ts an d w i th the fir e-oblati o nal s o B efo re
38 th e m , th e P i tri s , I am e v er p r os tr ate M ay th ey, w h o e at
.

of th e food - oblatio ns , those s le nd i d

p s acr i fices , w hi ch h a v e
'
b een p r ev ious ly ofier ed to the g od s for t h e f
s ak e of e x ce ed i ng

d elig ht , an d w ho w h e n d elig h te d b eco m e cr eator s of w elfare

for us , be d elig h ted h er ei n ! I am p r os tr ate b efor e th em .

39 M ay t h ey, w ho e x pel? Raks h as as , g obl ins and fier ce A s ura s ,

yea , w h a t i s unpr o pi tiou s t o p e op le , a nd wh o ar e th e m os t

a nci en t of g od s , and w h o ar e w or thy of w o r s hi p b y th e lor d

of th e I m m or tals , b e d eligh te d h e r ein I am pr os tr ate b efor e
40 t he m ,
M ay th e A g ni -s h v atta i P i tri s , th e B ar b i -s h ad § P i tri s ,
th e Aj ya-p a ” P i tr is a nd th e S o m a -p afll P i tr is at tai n d eligh t
41 in t hi s srad d h a I h av e d elig hted th e P it ri s . M a y th e b a nd s

of A g ni -s h v atta P it ri s pr otect th e e as ter n r eg io n fo r m e !

A n d m ay th e Pi tri s w ho a r e kn ow n a s B ar b i -s ha d e p r otect
42 th e s outh er n r egi on ! M ay th e Hiya -p a P i tri s li kew is e p r otect
th e w es ter n r egi on, an d th e S om a -p é P i tr i s th e nor th er n
re
gi on fr om R a k s h as as , g oblin s a n d P isad as , an d i nd eed fr om

43 h ar m i nfl i cted by A s ur a s ! A nd m ay th eir r u ler Y am a s af e

'
e v er yw h ere ! T he V i éva, V is bh uj , Ar ad hya,
g uar d me v a-

D har m a , D h anv a , S ubhanana , B hu d B huti

'
4 4s ti -d a , B h fiti-kr it an

a r e ni n e class es w h i ch exi s t am ong th e P i tris

. . T h e K a lyana,
Kalyata-kar tri , Kalya, K alyatar asraya,K alyata h etu d Ah
'

45 - an

ag h a— thes e s ix , th ey ar e know n as clas s es of P i tr i s als o .

9“ Ni li -ni bhd h . T hi s i s o b s cur e .

Ni r -ntis’a yantas . As a v erb th is is not g iv e n i n t he d ic ti onar y .

s p ir its of th os e wh o on ear th neglected th e s acr ificial fir e S an

I T he .

M arin I I I 1 9 5 . a nd 1 99 .

S ee M ann I I I 1 96 . and 1 99 .

'

ll T hos e wh o w er e th e s ons of P ulas tya and th e ances tor s o f th e vais a

y
o r d er . S ee M a nn I I I 1 9 8 . .

th e brahm ans See

'

who were the p r og enito r s of

‘

1T T h o s e es p eci ally M ann

’

I I I 1 97
. and 1 98 .
 '
anc r rns xs s s r un Pl l ‘RI S ’
. 5 35

and who pos s es s s uper nat ur al s i ght . A nd I pay r everence to

thos e g r anter s of m en
’
s d es ires , who ar e the lea d er s of I nd ra
and the oth er
'

god s , and of D aks ha a nd M ar ic a , of the s e ven

ris hi s and o f o th er s a es
g I p ay r ev er ence to all th e P itris of
.

M ann a nd th e o th e r c hi e f m uni s , and o f the s un a nd m o on

,

a m on
g th e w a ter s and i n th e s e a. W ith con oi ntj h and s I
p ay r ev e r e nce l ikewi s e to th e cons tellati ons an d
p l ane ts , to
w i nd and fir e and t he s k , and to h e av en and ear th . A nd w i th
y
con o i nt
j h and s
I p ay r ev er e nce t o th e d e var s his ’ p rO g eni tor s ’
unt o wh om r e ve ren ce i s p ai d by a ll th e wor ld s , who ar e a lw ays
g iv ers of w hat i s i m peri s hab le . W ith j
con oint h a nd s I p ay
to t h e P r aj a-pati Kasyap a,
’
r e ver e nce a lw a s ll
to S om a? a nd to
’‘
y
V a runa , an d to th e p r i nces of r e li g i ous d e votion . Rev eren ce
to t he s e v e n clas s e s o f P i tri s m or eo v e r in the s e ven wor ld s 1:
I p ay r ev er en ce to s e lf-e xi s tent B r a hm aw ho is co nt em pl ation

eye d . I p ay r e ver e nce to th e S om ad h ar a a nd Y og a -m li r t ti

d har a cla s s es of P i tri s , an d t o S o m a th e f at her of th e w o r l d s .

I p ay r e v er e nce m or eo ver to th e oth er P i tri s w h o h av e th e

for m of fir e , § becaus e th i s uni v e rs e is entir ely com p o s ed of
A gn i and S o m a Now thes e who d well i n thi s light, and who
.

h av e th e bod ies of t h e m oon , s un a nd fir e , ”nd

a w h os e tr ue n a
l

tur e is th e w or ld , and w hos e tr ue natur e is B ra h m afi

l to
—
a ll

thos e Pi tr i s , p r ac ti s er s o f r eli g io us d evotion , I p ay r ev er e nce

w ith s ubd ued m in d , r ev er ence ,

yea r e ver ence M ay they , the .

c ons um er s o f the s v ad ha, b e -

gr aciou s unto m e

M arkandeya s yoke
B eing th us pr ais e d by h im , 0 bes t of m uni s , th os e P itris
i s s ue d fo rth with t he ir s p lend ou r , i llum i nating th e ten r egions
of the s ky ; and h e beh eld th em s tand ing in fr ont th en,

F or Praj d -p ateh r ead Praga -p ate

7 O r , th e m oon S om a s eem s to b e play ed
. up on in its v ar io us m ean
ing s in the s e
'
v er s es .

1 Or, Re ve rence to th e s ev en cla s s e s o f P i tr i s a nd to t he s even world s

playe d upo n i n its d iffer e nt m ea ni ngs

’
A g ni is al s o .

”
{ I S om a , S fi y and A g
r a ni .

hf ,
”
O r B “
r ah m an .
5 36 C ANT O xcvn .

a d or n e d w ith the fl ow er s , p er fum es a nd ung uen ts w hi ch he

h ad pr es e nted unto the m . F alli ng pr os tr ate ag ain in fai th ,
a gai n in d e e d j oi ning h is ha nd s , full of res pect he e x clai m e d ,
”
s e pa r at ely to ea ch o f them , Re ver ence to thee ! Re ve r en ce
to th ee W ell pleas ed
-
the P i tris t her e upon s a id to him , th e
”
b es t of m uni s , C hoos e th e n . a boon . T o t hem h e s p oke,
b e nd i ng h i s n e ck r es p ectf ull .
y

Ruc i s poke
’

B r ahm a has com m and e d m e no w to be t h e m aker of a new

cr eati on . In s uch ca aci t

p y I d e s i r e to ob ta i n a w ife , who s ha ll
be ha ppy, of h eavenly ki n d , pr o lific .

T he P itris s p oke

Her e v er ily w if e he p ro d uced for th with wh o

f or th ee l et a

s h al l be m os t fas ci nat ing , an d b y h e r t h o u s h alt h a v e a s on ,

a M an n s up r e m e , th e r u ler o f a M anv -antar a , w i s e , ch arac

ter i z e dby thy v ery o wn nam e, b eing ca l le d Rau éy a fr o m

thee, O R uc l ; h e s h a ll a ttain f am e in th e t hr e e w or ld s . He
s ha ll al s o h av e m any s ons g reat i n s tr eng th a nd p ro w es s ,
,

gr e a t g uar d i ans
o f s o ul , o f th e ear th A nd th ou , b ecom i ng
.

a P r aj a-p a ti , s h alt c r eate p eopl e of th e fo ur cla s s es ; a nd

“

wh en thy d om i ni on s hall com e to an en d and thou s ha lt be

w is e i n r ig h teous nes s , th ou s h alt t h er eafter a tt ai n perfe ct
f elicity .

And wh atever m angr a tify us w ith

s h all thi s h ym n
i n fa ith , we b ei ng g rati fie d wi ll gi ve h i m en j oym ent s a nd
s ubli m e s p i r itual k now le d g e , p er fe ct bo d i ly h eal th , a n d w ea lth ,

and s ons , g r and s ons a nd o th er d es cend ants b ecau s e v er ily

t hos e wh o d es i re bles si ngs m us t cons tantly p r a i s e u s w i th th i s
h ym n . An d h e w ho s h all r e ci te thi s hym n, w hi c h cau s es us

at a sr ad d ha, s tand ing the w hile i n fr ont

’

p l eas ur e, w ith faith

T he B om b ay e d iti on i ns er ts a ve r s e and a h alf h er e We will g iv e

[ th e f or e g oing b le s s ing s ] as s ur e d ly a nd wh atever el s e is e ar nes tly d es i re d .

T h er ef or e m e n wh o co ntinually d es ir e s a cr e d r eco m p e ns e s in th e w o rld a nd

t h e i m p er is h able g r atificatio n of t he Pi tris — s uch m en m us t pr ais e us wi th

a. hym n ”.
 r ns
'
n earr s or r un ur ns T o r un PIT R I S . 5 37 1

of th e br ahm ans as they fea s t, that sr ad d ha, s hall nu

d o ub ted ly b eco m e o ur s i m per i s h ably, becaus e p leas ure

of o ur

i n hear ing th e h ym n w h en a m a n m akes clos e app r oach unto us .

A lthough a sr ad d h a b e p er for m ed wi th o ut a br ahm an learned

i n t h e V e d a, al th ou
g h it m a y be v i tia ted by m eans of weal th
which h as b een g ained unj us tly , or a lthough it b e per for m ed
i n any o th er d efecti ve m anner , or al though m or eov er i t be

p er fo rm ed w ith blem is h ed o ff e ri ng s unfit for a sr ad d ha, or

be p erfor m ed als o a t a w rong tim e or in a w r ong p lace, or

yet b e unaccom pani ed { by th e p rop er or d inances , or if it i s

p er fo r m e d by m e n w ith out fai th or in re li anceon d ecei t
ne ve r th eles s s uch a érad d ha s h all b e to o ur d elig ht b e caus e
th i s . hym n i s u tter ed ther ea t . W her e ver thi s hym n whi ch
br in g s us h appines s i s r e ci ted at a sr ad d h a , th ere d elig h t
accr ue s un to us , las ting fo r t wel v e ye ars T his hym n r eci ted
.

in the w in ter yi el d s d elig ht for tw elv e ye ar s and this bea uti

ful hym n r eci ted i n th e d ewy s e as on yiel d s d elig ht for t wice
that num ber of yea rs ; when r eci ted at a sr a d-d ha cerem ony in
the s pr ing i t tend s to d eli g ht a s for s i x tee n ye ar s and thi s
hym n r e ci ted i n t h e h o t s eas on caus es d eli g h t for s ix teen year s
W hen
'
i nd ee d . a s rad d ha alth oug h p erform ed i m p e rfectly i s
c on s um m at e d wi th th is h ym n i n the y s eas on, i m p eri s h
r ain

ab l e d eligh t a ccrue s unto us , 0 Rué i . W h en r eci ted a t th e

ti m e of a sr ad d ha e v en i n th e autum n s ea s o n, it yield s us
d elig h t w i th m e n w hich la s ts fo r fif tee n year s . A n d i n whos e
s o e ver ho us e thi s hym n r e m ain s co ns tantly i n w r itten for m ,
th er e s h a ll we b e p r es ent w hen a srad d ha i s per for m ed .

s ta nd i ng a t a s rad d ha i n fr o n t o f t he fe as ti ng
’

T h er ef or e
b r ah m ans , O i llu s tr i ous S ir t h ou m us t h ear this hym n w hich
“
s u pp li e s nour i s hm ent unt o u s fl

T he B om bay e d i tion ad ds Ha v ing s p oke n thus , his anc es tors ( Pitri s )

”
d ep ar te d to heav en, 0 bes t of m unis .
5 38 CA NTO xcvm .

CANT O XCV I I I .

’
T he m a rr i a ge o f M d lini and the conclusi on f
o the Ra uc ya M a nv

a ntara .

’
Ruc i m ar r i ed Ap s ar as nam ed M é li ni ,
an a nd ha d by her a son, the
’
M ann Ra uc ya who wi ll be the r uler o
f a m a nv-a nta r a .

M ar kand eya s p oke

T her eu pon fr om th e m i d s t of th at r iv er upr os e an e xq ui

s it e ch ar m in s l en d e r -s h a
A p s ar as , g , p ed , n am ed P r am l oca .

A nd s he s p oke to hi gh -s ou led Ruci in v er y s weet accents ,

b o w i ng cour teo us l
y towar d s him , s he, beautiful -br owed P r am
loc a, v e r ily a ch oice A p s ar a s .

A m ai d en of e xce e d i ng bod i ly b e auty i s m y d aughter , 0

’
b es t of a s ce tics s he w as b ego tten by V ar una s hig h -s oul ed
s on P u s h kara T a ke he r wh en I g iv e h er ,
. a m a id en of e x qui

s it e co m p le x i on , to b e th y w ife ; a M e nu of g r eat in te llect

s h all b e b or n of h er as s on to th ee 1

M ar kand eya s p oke

W h en he r ep lie d , S o b e i t, to h e r , she f etch ed up fr o m

th a t w a ter t hen a s h a el
out p y m ai d en na m e d M al ini and on
th at s and - b ank in th e r iv er Rué i, b es t of m uni s , af ter s um

m on ing th e g r eat m uni s tog e ther , took h er ha nd i n m a rr i a e

g
a cco r d i ng to th e or d i na n ce s . O f h e r w a s b or n to h i m a s on,

g r eat i n v alo ur , g r eat i n i ntellec t ; h e w as nam ed Rauéya

’
af ter h i s f ath e r s n am e h e w a s fa m ous o n thi s e ar th A nd .

in hi s m an v - ant ara w h o w ill be the g od s a nd th e s e v en r is h i s

a n d h i s s on s a n d t he kin g s , th e
,
y hav e b e en d uly tol d t o th e e .

I n cr e as e of ghteou s nes s , a n d p er fe c t h ea l th , and th e g r o wth

ri

o f r i ch es , r ai n an d chi ld r en— thi s w i tho ut d oub t i s f o r m en

g
i n th is m anv -antar a , w hi ch thou has t hear d ab out .

Af ter h ear ing of both th e p r a is e o f th e P itri s a nd th e

cl a s s e s of th e P itris a ls o, a m an obtai ns all hi s d es i res
th r ou gh their favo ur , 0 g reat m uni .
 r un sr onr o r B HllT I AND “ '
-
NI I .

CANT O X C I X .

E ulogy o f Agni a nd
fi r e.

T her e was f or m er ly a ver y i r a s ci ble m uni nam ed B huti , to who m

ever
ythi ng wa s s ubser vi ent— H e lef t hi s herm i tage once and
p ut
hi s d i scip le S d nti i n char ge— T he d S cinti
s a cr e
fire went out , a nd

in cons ter na ti on o
f ered up a long p r a yer and eulogy to A gni .

M ér ka nd eya s p oke

He ar nex t th ereafter a b ou t t h e b irt h of B ha utya , and

a bo u t the go d s , the ris hi s , h is s ons and the ki ng s of th e

ea r t h in his p er io d .

T here was a d i s ciple A ug ir as , by nam e B huti , v ery

of

i r a s cible , a m uni wh o us ed t o in voke bitte r cur s es for a s m a ll

m a tt er , and wh o s poke h a r s h ly on the occas ion

qf a tr an s

g r es s i on . At h is h er m i ta ge M é tari évan blew no t v er

y
fier ce ly , th e s un cau s e d no e x ce s s ve i h ea t, nor P ar j anya
e x ce s s i ve m ud , nor d id th e m oon even w he n f ull c aus e

e xc e s s i v e cold w ith i ts r a ys , thr oug h fear v er ily of th a t

i r a s c ib l e and g lor ious m uni
v e ry A nd th e s eas on s , ab an
.

d o ni ng th ei r cour s e , pr od uce d fl ow ers an d fr ui t a t al l t im es

on t he tr ees that gr e w i n h i s h er m i tag e a cco r d in

g to h i s
c om m and . A nd th e w a t er s that flo wed near his h e r m itag e

g lid ed on accord ing to his p le a s u re, and wh en ta ke n i n to

h is w at e r-pot w er e fri g h tene d a t that hig h -s oul ed m uni He .

i m p ati ent of e x ces s iv e tro ubl e and wa s ex cee d in

w as g ly
i ras ci bl e, O b r ah m an .

A n d th a t i ll us tr ious m uni h av i ng no s on s et h is m ind on

D esi r ing s o n , r es tr i cting his food ,

a u s ter i ti es . a. ex
p os i ng
h i m s e lf to cold , wind an d fir e , b e fix ed his m ind o n a us ter i

tie s ind eed wi th the r e s olv e , I wi ll p r actice a us ter i ti es ” .

T h e m oon d id not tend to m a ke h i m v er y cold , nor th e s un

to m a ke hi m v er y h ot, nor d i d M atar isvan b lo w -

ou hi m

10 s e ve r ely, 0 gr ea t m uni . A nd B huti, b es t of m unis , being

5 40 CANT O XC IX .

h l f i t “ d id not
gr eatl y p ai ned by t cou e s o o pp os e ca n s e s
e p
ob tai n th at d e s ir e and s o ce as e d f rom hi s aus t e r i ti es .

B eing i n vi ted by hi m to a
H i s b r o ther was S u-v ar é as .

s acr ifice a nd b ei ng d es ir ous of g oing , B huti s ai d to his hig h

m ind ed d is c ple a ed S anti , wh o w as calm , w h o h a d t h e

’
i n m

m ea s ur e of r el i
gi ous know led g e ,f w h o w a s w el l-b eh av e d ,
'

al wa ys z ealo us i n the g ur u s bus ines s ,

’
o bs e r v a nt o f g ood
c us to m s , noble, an ex cel lent m uni .

B huti s p oke

I s h al l go tb the s acr i fice of m y br oth er S u—v ar d a s , O

S auti , b ei ng
’
s um moned by him , a nd d o th ou li s ten to w ha t
th ou m us t d o h er e . T hou m u s t keep watch over th e fir e in
m y h e r m itag e th us a nd thu s d ili g ently, so t ha t t h e fir e m ay

no t becom e e x ting ui s he d .

M ar ka nd eya s p oke

H avi ng g iven th is com m an d an d r ec e iv i ng th e ans w er

fr om h is d i s ciple S anti , the g u ru went t o that hi s br o

’
Y ea
s s acr ifice , bein g s u m m o ned ther eto b y his young er br o ther
’
th er .

'
’
And wh ile S anti is fetchi ng f uel , fl o wer s , fr ui t a nd o th er thi ngs
f ro m th e for e s t for th a t h ig h -s ou led g ur u s m ain te nanc e , and i s
’

p er for m ing othe r b us in es s , being faithfully ob ed i en t to hi s

gu r u, th e fir e w h i ch w as th e r o ot of hi s w el far e I d i e d ou t .

i
d ur g n t h at i nter va l S e ei n g t h e fir e h a d d i e d out, S a
.
’
nti ,

s o r e ly d i s tr es s ed and afr ai d of B h uti, fell, thoug h of

g r e at
in telle ct, i nto m anifold an xiety , thi nki ng

W hat am I to d o ?
ho w w il l th e g ur u s r etur n b e
or
’

I m u s t accom p lis h s o m eth ing no w ; w hat, w h en d on e , w ou ld

be a g o od thing d one ? I f m y g uru s ees th is extin gui s h e d

fir e o ccupying th e h e ar th , h e w ill as s ur e d ly d e v o te m e at

of i t to
o n ce b ecau s e gr ie v ous cal am i ty
s om e I f I k indl e .

ano th e r fir e h er e i n th e fir e-pl a ce, th e n h e w h o s e e s e v er t h i n

y g
v i s ibly § wil l of a s ur ety tur n m e in to a s h es A s s uch I a m .

s i nful o n acco un t o f the w rat h a nd cur s e o f tha t g ur u . I do

Heat and c ol d ; an d s o o n .
I B huti -p ar igra hah a p un o n the wor d s .

1 A ksha-p i a tim a ;
'
a d iffic ul t word . A g ni .
 HYM N ’I O AGNI
‘
. 5 41

no t gr ieve so m uch fo r m ys elf as for the s in com m itted gai ns ta

23 th e g ur u . T he g ur u
g t he fir e on s ee i n ex tinguis h ed wi ll
cer tai nly c ur s e m e , or Ag ni will be a ng ry T h at br ah m an i s .

24 tr ul y of s uch i m mens e p ow e r W i th wh at fitnes s will not b e,

und er wh os e com m a nd th e g od s liv e i n ter ro r of hi s m aj es tic

p o wer , a s s ai l m e wh o h av e co m m itted s in

M arka nd eya s poke

'

A fter pond eri ng th us in m any w ays , bein g al ways afr aid of

'

th at g ur u h e , b e s t of i n telligent m um s , s oug ht r efug e wi th

26 Ag n i . C on tr olli ng his m i nd th en h e o fie r e d a h y m n t o t he
s ev en fires ; and with th o ug hts in tent on th e m h e j oi ned hi s
h and s an d k nel t d ow n on the g r ound .

S anti s p oke
’

O m ! R ev er ence to th e hig h -s o uled p erfecter o f all cr eated

th i ng s , t o hi m w h o h as o ne , t wo an d five s id e a ltar s at t he a

28 j
r a a -s uya s acr ifice ,
t o th e s i x -s o ul e d
god ! R ev er e n ce t o th e v er y
b r i lliant o ne , w h o g iv es their functi on al" t o all th e g od s , to
’
S ukr a for m ! T h ou b es tow es t p er m a nence
’
hi m w h o has s
'

o n all th e w or ld s . T hou ar t th e m o uth o f a ll th e g o d s ! T h e

o blati on t h at i s t a ken by thee, O ad o r a b le o ne , 1 ch eer s

'
all th e

30 god s All t he g o d s h av e th eir life -br eat h i n t he e ! T he o b la

ti on s ac ri ficed i n th ee tur ns i n to a fie r y: c lo ud ; a nd after

w ar d s th e m od ificati on w hi ch i t und er g oes in the for m of

31 water , b y th at co m e s th e g r ow th of a ll h er b s, O w in d -c har io

32 teer ed god . U po n al l th e h e r bs ani m al s liv e i n h a pp ines s . M en

l hi h h
p er for m s acri fices am o ng th e h er bs a s o w c t o u h a s t cr e a
t ed W ith s a cr ifices a ls o g od s a n d D ai tyas and Raks ha s as like
.

33 wise ar e fatte ne d , O P ur ifier thos e s a cr ifice s h av e th ee for th e ir

s u pp or t, 0 F ire H ence tho u ar t th e O r ig i n of ev er ythi n an d

.
g;
34 th o u , 0 F ir e , a rt co m p os ed o f e v er ythi ng . T he g od s , D ana vas ,

Y aksh as , D aityas , G an d h ar vas a nd Raks has as , m en, cattle ,

Or m eans o f s ub s is te nce .
'
th e B om bay e d i tion
' ’

1
'
I ns te a d of tv a ttum bhaga/vaxn havi h, r ead s tva ya t

ta m bha ga van hauth, w h ic h I h a v e ad o p ted .

I An a la -m egha in the B om bay ed itio n i s p r e fer able to am ala-megha

p ur e clo ud .
5 42 C ANT O XCI X.

t r ees , d eer , bir d s a nd re pt il e s ar e al l fa ttened a nd nour i s h ed

up by t hee , 0 F ir e . F r om th ee i nd eed they take their bi r th ,

a nd i n th ee like wi s e they m eet their d i s s olution at th e en d .

g o d , cr eates t th e w a ter s , t hou ag ai n i nd e ed con

T h ou , 0
s um es t the m , a nd b
y t hee they ar e r end er ed w holes o m e to be
the s o ur c e of no ur is hm en t for br eath i ng being s . T h ou ab id e s t
am o ng th e g od s und er the for m of g lo wi n g a m o ng

th e S i d d h as w ith lo v elin es s , am ong N ag as un d er t he

of
for m p oi s on , a m ong b i r d s un d er th e fo r m of w ind
A m ong m ankin d t hou a r t ang er ; a m ong bir d s , d eer an d
o th er a ni m a ls thou a r t s i ll ines s ; 1 th o u ar t s t ab i li ty am o ng
'

tr e es ; th ou ar t h ar d nes s w i th f
r e er en ce to th e e ar th ;
thou ar t fl ui d ity i n w ater , 0 a d or able god ; an d th ou

h as t th e for m o f s w if tn es s i n the w i nd ; tho u m or eo ve r ,

0 F ir e, w ith th y faculty o f p er m eati o n a b i d e s t a s s o ul i n th e

: T h ou , 0 F ir e , who a r t t he en d
s ky } o f a ll cr e at ed b eing s ,
m o v es t ab o u t s afe -g uar d i ng t h em
y le thee o ne . W is e m en st

a g a in th ey s tyle th ee thr ee - fo l d § H av i ng fa shi on ed th ee i n .

e i g h t w ay s , t h e y f as hi on e d th e or igi n al sa c r ifice S up r em e ” .

r is hi s s a
y th is uni ver s e w as cr eat ed by th e e W i th out t he e .

v er i ly th e w h ol e w or ld w o ul d p er is h at on c e , 0 F ir e . A t w i ce
bor n m an p r oceed s o n t h e co ur s e w hich i s o r d ain e d by h i s o wn
a cti o ns , w h en h e h a s p ai d w o r s h i p to thee wi t h ob l a ti ons to

th e g od s , o b lati on s to d ecea s ed a nces tor s an d oth e r offe r i n

gs
a ft er ut teri n g the wor d s s va d ba a n d sv ah a. L i vi ng b ei ng s
h av e i n tr uth the i nn ate p o wer of m o d ificatio n fil O t ho u wh o

ena .

f M ohah .

'

I T he B o m b ay ed itio n re ad s na bhas i tuant c yac as thi ta h ins tea d ,

” ”
a b id es t in th e s ky , o m i tti ng as s o ul .

T he th ree ki nd s o f s a cr ifici al fir e, gar h ap atya , ah a va niy a a nd d ak s hi na .

l] T he B o m bay ed i tio n r ea d s i ns tea d y aj na -ud ha m a ka lp a y an , h av i ng

f a s hio ne d th ee i n ei g h t w ay s th ey f a s hion e d (or e s tee m ed ) thee t o be hi m w ho
”
c o n v e ys th e s acr ific e to the g od s .

P a r ind m d T he B o m ba y ed it ion re ad s m i r yd ni,

'

1T tm a -vi r ga . a p lura l n e ut e r

fe m i ni ne b u t i t m e a ns t he
'
i ns t ea d of a s i ng ul a r nou n ; s am e . I f p ar i na m a ,
” ’ ”
a lt er ati o n , m od i ficat ion , m ea ns a d a p tat io n , th i s p as s ag e i s a r e m ar k

a b le antic ip atio n o f m od er n s cie n tific g e ner a liz ati on .

 HYM N T O AGNI . 5 43

ar t h onou r ed by th e I m m or t a ls . F lam e s is s uing fr om thee,

m o r e o ver fi“
b ur n up a ll cr e ate d t hi ng s . 0 m o s t bri lli an t
Jata -v e d as , 1 t h i ne y i s thi s cr eati on of th e univ er s e !
v er il

T hine ar e th e V ed i c cer e m o ni al a nd th e wo r ld w hi ch cons i s ts

of all cr e a ted th i ng s Rev er en ce to th e e , O l low -e ed

.
ye y
F ir e ! R ev er ence b e to thee , 0 cons um er of o blati ons ! 0
P urifier , r e v er e nce b e t o th ee no w ; r e v e r e nce t o th ee, O
b ear er of obl ati ons to the god s 1 T ho u v er ily ar t th e m atu r er
'
.

of th e univ e r s e by r ea s on of thy m a tur i n g § t hing s th at ar e

e a ten a n d d r un k T ho u ar t th e m atur er of the cr ops ; and
.

th ou ar t th e nour i s her of th e w o r ld . T ho u v er il y ar t cl oud ,

th ou ar t w i nd , th o u ar t s eed t hat p ro d uces the cr o

ps T h ou.

i n d eed h as t been , and s h al t be, a nd ar t for th e no ur is h ing of

all cr eate d t h in g s T ho u ar t lig h t am o n a ll c rea ted th ing s

.
g
th ou ar t th e i llum in a ting S un . T h ou ar t d a y, th ou al s o ar t

ni g h t ; a nd t h o u ar t b oth th e tw ilig hts . T h ou h a s t g old en

s em en , 0 F ir e ; th ou a rt th e ca us e o f th e
p r o d u ction o f
g old ; and th ou h a s t g old w i thi n thy b os om ; I] th ou has t
lus tr e lik e un to g old ! T hou ar t a m uh ur tta , and t hou a
k eb a na ; th ou a r t a tr u ti and th ou a lav a ; fii th ou ex is tes t
i n th e f or m of kalas , kas h th é s , ni m e s h a s and oth e r
p er i od s of
ti m e, 0 lo r d of th e w o r ld . T ho u ar t all thi s uni vers e T h ou .

ar t D e s ti ny, w hi ch co n s i s t s in co ntinuou s chan e

g .

T hy t o ng ue w hi ch is ca lled K ali b r i ng s ab o ut th e co nclus i on

“
at th e f at ed tim e , 0 l or d ; by i t pr es er v e us fr om f ear , fr om
s ins an d fr om th e gr ea t ter r or o f th i s w or ld ! T hy tong ue,
w hich i s na m ed K ar aliH i s th e c aus e o f the gr ea t d i s s o luti on
' '

of the wor ld ; by i t p r es er ve us f rom s i ns and f r om the g r eat

ter r or of this w or ld A n d thy tongue w hi ch i s called M an o

T v a tto, f r om th ee, would s eem pr eferable to tato, m or eover .

1 A n am e o f A g ni .

T he B om b ay ed iti o n i ns er ts li ne h er e T ho u i n d ee d ar t th e pur ifier

I a
”
thy p ur ifica ti on of a ll ex i s tin g th i ng s
of th e uni v er s e b eca u s e of .

th e m e tap h or i s fr om coo king wi th fire

’ ’
P dc a ka an d p d c an a .

I] B i r ang a -g ar bha s .

1T V ar ious m e a s ur e s of ti m e .

” “
I n s tead of bha yd t,
“
from fear , th e B o m bay ed ition r e ad s taud , by it
.

fl F or m id able .
 544: CANT O XCI X .

j avé“ ’
is ch ara cteri z by the qu a lity of lig htnes s ; by i t pr e
ed

s er ve us fr om s ins and fr om th e gr eat terr or of th i s world ! T h

y
to ng ue which is ca lled S u-lohitaf accom pli s hes th eir d es ir e
for being s , by i t pr es er ve us fr om s ins and from t he
cr eated

gr eat terr or of t hi s w or ld ! T hy tong ue which is ca lled

S e -d hfim ra -var uat c aus es si cknes s am ong breathi ng bei ng s ,
b y it pr es erv e us fr om s i ns and from th e g r eat ter ror
of this w or l d ! An d thy tongue whi ch is ca lled S p huli ri
'

gini , § becaus e it i s altog eth er s hapely, by i t pres erve us

fr o m s i ns a nd fr om the gr eat terro r of this wor ld ! And
th y tong ue w hich is c alled V isvas a -d a"bes tows bles s ings
on bre athi ng beings ; by i t pr es er v e us f ro m s ins and from
th e gr eat terror of this w or l d ! 0 yell ow - eyed , re d neck ed , q

'

bl ack-p athed fil co ns um er of oblations , s av e m e fro m all faults

d eli ver m e h ere f r om w orld ly exis tence ! B e gr acious , Q
s ev en-fl am ed F ir e , 0 K ri sanu , 0 b ear er of the oblati ons to
the god s ! T hou ar t pr o cl ai m ed by the eig ht nam es of A gni ,
P av a a, S ukr a and th e r es t
k
’
0 A gni , O th o u who d id s t .

s pr ing up b efor e al l being s , O V ibh a-v as u, be g ra

cr eat ed

cious , 0 thou who art called th e C ar r ie r o f th e oblations to the

god s , O ch angeles s o ne wh o m I ex to l

T hou F ir e i m per is h able , th o u h as t i nconcei vable beauty,

ar t

thou pros per es t gr eatly , thou a r t h ar d to be end ured ,” ex

ceed ingly ar d ent : or thy s ur pas s in g v a lo ur , which i s ch ang eles s

and terr ibl e, vanquis h es him who i nj ures all the wor ld s fi
'
.

Swif t as thought .

1'
Ve ry r ed .

1 S m oky-colour ed .

"
Hav i ng s parks of fir e .

vif vd s a -d é ”
II F or cited sad d read b estowing co nfid ence ; th e B ombay
'
e d iti on read s ui ava-s ri j d, cre ating th e uni vers e .

”
if Kri s hna t - m an b lac k-pathed of th e B o m b ay e di tion i s b etter than
”
black -hue d of th e C alcu tta
“
kri s hna-varna e d i ti on.

F or d us h-p rahas o re ad d us h -p ra s a hc as i n the B om bay ed ition .

H ‘
T his pas sage appea r s to b e corr up t . It r uns thus i n the C alcutta
ed iti on
’
bhi m am
’

T uam a -vyaya m a -s es ha -loha rh

S am ur ta ko hanty a tha'
v d ti -vi r yam .
 H YM N '
ro mm . 5445

63 T hou ar t
p th e s ublim e r i n ci
pl e of beingfi“
that d wells in the
lotus h ea r t o f ev er y bei ng,1 une nd ing , w or thy of
prai s e
- '
.

B y the e was s tr etch ed ou t thi s uni v er s e w h ich com pr is es what

i s m o veable a nd im m ov e ab l e . 0 co ns um er of obla ti ons , th ou
6 4: ar t o n e i n m any fo rm s her e ! T hou ar e und ecaying ; thou
ar t th e e ar th with i ts m ounta ins an d f or es ts ; thou ar t th e
s ky th at h o ld s th e m oon an d the s un ; th o u art ever ythin
g
th a t e x is ts d aily : and th ou ar t th e s ub m ar in e fir e th at
i s h e ld w ithin the b os om
-
of t he gr eat ocean t hou s tand es t with
65 s upe r h u m an
p ower in th y hand .
§ T h ou art al ways ,

wor s h ip ped a s th e
‘
C ons um er of o blati on s
the g reat at
’

s ac rifice by g reat ri s his wh o a r e d ev o ted to s elf - r es t rai nt ; and

wh en e x to ll e d t ho u d r inke s t t h e s o m a at the s acr i fice, and

ea tes t th e o bl ation s als o , th a t ar e offer e d in fir e w i th the ea:

66 cla m a tion v as h a
t f or th y w ell-bein
g T hou a r t long ed for "
, .

con ti nually by b r ahm an s h e re f o r the s ak e of r eco m p ens e ;

an d th o u ar t s ung o f i n a ll th e V e d a F or thy l ake
’

zi gas .

br ahm an s , w ho ar e z ealou sl
y d e vo te d to s acr ifici n g , s tud y th e
67 V e d ang as at al l tim es . T h ou ar t B r ah m a wh o i s d evoted to
s acr ificing , and als o V is h nu , g oblin-r uling S i va , I nd ra l or d of '
,

th e g o d s , A r yam an, and w a ter -d welli ng Va m na B oth the .

which s e em s un i ntell ig ible . T h e B o m b ay ed ition r e ad s

'
T i-vyayam
a vc bhi m a m a ees ha -lo ka
-

S avar d ha kam ha nty a tha v é ti -oi ryam .

and I h ave follow ed it e xcept as r e g ar d s th e wor d s a -var d ha kam which s eem s

i nc orr ec t . By com p ar ing th e two v er s i o ns it m ay be conj ec tur ed that th e

pr oper r ea d i ng s h oul d be s a m -mar d a ka m , or s am -i n d hakam or s om e s uch wor d ,

“
a nd I h av e v e n tur e d to tr anslate i t by th e g ene r al p hras e , w h o i nj ur es
T he B om bay ed ition read s
“
Or g oo d nes s , s attva . ta ttva,
”
tr uth .

F or p a zzd am lcas ttam the B om b ay e d i tion r ea d s -

p ua ar tka -s tham , d which
1
‘ ’
o

s eem s p r ef er ab le .

I Ahar -d i vd khila m .

”
O r, “
i n th y r ay of l ig h t, kar e . T h e B om bay ed itio n h as a wholly
d ifferent r e ad ing h er e
B havd n vi bha lz pi o uti p a yd ms i p avaka
’

T hou as lor d d r in kes t the wa ter s , 0 F ir e

T hyas e ; b ut th e r ead ing i n th e B om b ay ed iti on m/as e , th ou ar t s acri
”
ficed unto, i s be t ter .
 5 46 CANT O 0 .

s un and m oon and all the g o d s A s uras g ratifying thee

an d

w i th ob latio ns ob ta i n fr om thee z
m uch-pr i e d r e war d s E very .

thing , tho ugh co rr upted wi th g rav e m alad y to the utm os t

d egree, b ecom es p ur e w h en t ou ch ed by thy fl am es O f ab lu .

tions th e m os t excellent b y f ar is th at which i s p erfor m ed with

as h e s ther efor e m uni s wai t u p on th ee p r e-em inently at ev e n
i ng fi“ B egr acious , 0 F ir e, w ho ar t nam ed th e P ur e Be

g r a ci ous , 0 Air , w h o art u n s ulli ed and exceed ingly b rillian t !

B e gr aci ou s unto me no w ,0 p ur ifying F ir e who com es t fr o m
lig h tni ng l? “
Be gr aciou s , 0 C on s um er of oblations ! P r otect
the n m e W i th th e p ici ous for m th a t i s thine, 0 F i r e , and
a us

w ith th e s e v en fl am es th a t ar e thin e — wh en p rais ed by a s pr otect

us th er ewi th , 0 g o d, e v e n as a f ath er p rotects th e so n wh om he
h as bego tten !

C ANT O O "

T he F our teen M a ne -a ntar ctic conclud ed .

'

Agni p leas ed with the hymn gr a nted S d a ti two boons nam ely, the fir e
was re ki nd led a nd B hd ti o bta ined a s on who will be the M a nn

B hautya, a nd beca me gen tle to a ll — Agni a ls o bles sed the hym n

. .

—The god s , ri s hi s a nd ki ng s i n t he B ha utya m an v -antar a a r e

na m ed — T he m eri ts obtai ned by hear i ng a bout the m ane -anta 'r a s

ar e p roclai m ed .

M ar kand eya s
p oke
B eing thu s h ym ned by h i m th e a d or able F i re ther eup on
ap pear ed b efor e hi m th e r e , en cir cl ed w ith a h alo of fl am e,

2 O m uni . A nd the g od wh o ab ound s i n lig ht, pleas ed I i nd eed

it T h e B o m b ay ed itio n i ns er ts a s h ort ver s e he re After d oi ng t ha t,

p eop le , w h o h ave e as y s elf -co ntr o l, b y m eans of re al f aith gai n h eave n whi ch
is s ung o f by m ultit ud es .

f
’
F or vai d ynta d y a th e B om bay e d iti on r ea sd vaid yutd bha, “
who h as t a
"
ligh tni ng -like s p le nd o ur .

I F or p r i tw s totrena read p ri tc h s totrezm

 '
s roar or s n r r AND u sl um 547
‘
"

wi th th at hym n, O b rah m an , s oke w ith a voice a s d ee as

p p
a t h und er -clo ud s t o S'
’
anti w ho f e ll p ro s trate bef or e him .

A g ni s
p oke
W e llp lea s ed a m I w ith thee , O b r ahm an , for the p rai s e
w h i c h tho u h as t ofier ed in fai th . I g rant th ee a boon ; c hoos e
w ha t th o u d es i r es t .

’
S én ti s
po k e
a d o r ab le
O g od , I h av e a ccom p lis h ed m y o bj ect i n as m uch
as I s ee th ee i n b o d i ly s h ap e ; nev er thel es s d e i n to h ear m e
g
w ho b o w to thee i n f ai th . M y g ur u h a s g on e fr o m the
h er m i tag e t o h i s br othe r ’s s a cr ifice , 0
g od , a n d w hen he s h a ll
r e tu r n to th e h er m it ag e m ay h e s ee th e s ac r i ficia l al tar
*

w i th th e e f o r i ts m a s ter . T he s a c ri ficia l al tar t h a t h as b e en

f or s a ken by t h ee thr oug h m y tr a n s g r es s io n, 0 F i r e , m a th e
y
br ahm an s ee t ha t n o w p r es i d e d o v e r b y t hee as b efor e ! A nd
'

if th o u s h ew es t m e g r ace i n a ny o th e r w ay , 0 g od , th en let
m y g ur u w ho i s s onles s o b tain a d is tingui s hed s on . A nd as

m y g u r u w ill d i s pl ay fr i end lines s t o hi s s on , s o m ay h i s m in d

b ecom e g en tle to w ar d s to a ll b e ing s A n d w h oev er s h a ll .

p ra i s e th ee 1 w ith thi s h ym n , w h er eb y th o u a r t p leas e d w i th

m e, O ch a ng el es s go d , m ay es t th ou w h om I h a v e p r op i tiated
b es tow a b oon on h im

M ar kand eya s
po ke
O n h ear ing thi s h i s A g ni , b eing h i g hly conci liate d
s p e e ch ,

a nd w i th hi s d evo tio n t o h is
w i th the hy m n g ur u , s p oke to
th at b es t of b rah m an s .

A g ni s po k e

'

I n as m uc h as thou h as t a s ke d ,
0 br ah m a n, for tw o boons
b eh alf a nd for t h ys elf , the ref or e I a m
’
on th y g ur u s no t

12 e x cee d i n g ly p l eas ed w ith t hee , 0 g r eat m uni A ll t hi s s h al l

.

it F or d h i s htya m r e ad d hi s hnya m as i n th e B om b ay e d i ti on, h er e and in

t he ne x t v e r s e and v e rs e 21 . I n t h e nex t vers e d hi s hnya i s tr ea ted as a ne uter

n o un, b ut the d i cti ona r y g i ve s d hi s hnya , m a s c on ly , thi s m ea ning . .

a tvam wi th th e B om bay ed i ti o n
’ ’ ’ ’

f F or p a i y a tam r ead y a s c .
548 CANT O C .

h ap p en to thy gur u whi ch th ou ha s t p rayed f or — h e s h all be

fr i en d ly t o all b ei ng s and s h all ha v e a s on T he s on s hall .

be th e lor d of a m anv -antar a , by nam e B hautya , g r eat in

s tr e ng th , g r eat in valour , g r ea t i n kno wled g e, 0 th ou wh o
fi‘
r e is es t t h
p y gu r u

A nd w hoever w i th com p os ed m ind s h allp r a is e m e w i th

th is h ym n, all his d esir e s h all com e to pas s a nd h e s h all
h av e m er i t . At f es ti val d ays , at pla ces of
s acr i fices , on

a t s acr ific es , at obla tions t o th e g o d s , a nd a t

p i l g ri m a g e ,
cer em o n ie s l et a m an r ea d thi s s ubli m e hym n, w hi ch yi eld s
n o ur i s h m ent to m e, to a tta i n unt o r i gh t eous n e s s . T hi s
hym n, w h ich yi el d s p le as u r e to m e, w h en h ear d on ce,
s ub li m e

0 b r ah m an, s hall w i thou t d oub t d es troy s i n co m m i tte d by

d ay and n ig h t T his hym n w h e n h ear d s h all a t on ce qu ell
.

t he faul ts and o th e r d efects t h at attend i m pr o per o bla tions

and tim es , a nd th e faults w hi ch a r e com m i tted by unw or th y

m en al s o w ho hav e m ad e s uch m i s ta kes . T hi s hym n of pr ai s e

to m e, w h en h ear d b y m or ta l s at full-m oon, at ne w -m oo n a nd

o n o th e r s acr ed f es ti vals , s h all d e s tr oy s in.

M érkand eya s p ok e

H a vi ng s p ok en thus , ad or able A g ni b ecam e inv is i ble fo rth

w ith , w hi le h e i nd eed looke d o n, O m uni , j us t as the fl am e
'
u pon a l am p A n d w h en Agni h ad d e pa rt ed , S anti ,
ex pi r es .

w i th m ind fully s ati sfie d a nd w i th the h ai r of his bo d y s t and

i ng er ec t wi th gl ad n es s , ent er ed the gur u s h er m i ta ge

’
.

T h er e h e s aw the fir e bl a i ng b r ig h tlyz on t he g ur u
’
s s a cr ificial

alt ar a s b efor e ; th er eat h e f el t an intens e j oy .

A t th i s m o m e nt th e gum al s o o f t hat hig h -s o ul ed d is cip le

’
r e tur n e d f rom h is youn g er b r o th e r s s acri fice to h is o wn
h er m ita g e and befor e him th e d is ci ple pai d r es
p e ctf ul
s al utati on to hi s feet . A n d th e gur u, af ter accep tin g th e s e at
'
a nd w or s hi p ofiered , s aid to h im th en My s o n, I feel
e x ce e d i n
l ov in g-kind n es s to t h e e and t o other cr ea t ur es als o .
g
I kno w no t wh a t th i s i s ; if th ou knowes t, m y s o n, te l l thi s

q ui ckly u n to me . T h er eup on th e br ahm an S i n ti d eclar es

it G uru-s tand . T his is better th an r ead ing i t gur us ta va .

 549
’
T HE M ANU B HAUT YA S M ANV -ANT ARA .

al l th at, na m ely, th e e x t in cti on of th e fir e and th e oth er

i nci d ents , to h is t each er tr ul , 0 O n h e ar ing i t

y g r e at m uni .

th e g ur u w i th eyes m oi s t th r ou h a ffection e m b r ace d h i m ,

g
and g av e th e d i s ci p le th e V e d a s an d A ng a s and U p anga s ,
0 g r eat m un i .

A w as bor n to B h ii ti , th e M H ear
’
s on ann n a m e d B h au tya .

fr om m e of th e g od s , ris hi s and ki n g s i n hi s m a n v -an tar a ,

nam el y, thos e w ho s h a ll b elo ng to tha t f utu r e M a nn, W hile

I d e clar e th em at l en g th ; an d who s hall b e t he lor d of th e

g o d s i n the ti m e of th a t M a nn f a m ous for h is d eed s . B oth

Kan is h t h a s
’
th e C ak s h us h as an d th e , th e P av itras a nd th e
B hr éj ir a s , an d th e D har av rik as — th e s e s ha ll b e t he fiv e
of a cc or d i ng S ud i
’
cl as s es g od s t o t r a d i tio n . s h all b e th e
I nd r a of th o s e g o d s th en , g r eat in s t r en
g th , g r e at i n v alo ur ,
’
e n d ow e d w i th a ll an I nd r a s qu ali tie s . A n d A g ni d hr a , a n d
A g ni -b ah u , S ud i Aj i ta
’
a nd M uk ta , M ad h av a, S’ukr a an d

th es e s e v en s ha ll b e th e ris hi s th e n a cco r d in
g t o t r ad i tio n .

G ur u , G a b h i r a , a nd B ra d hn a , B h ar ata an d A n ug r ah a , a nd
S tr i m é min l
’ =
and P r a tir a , V i s h nu a nd S a nk ta n d a na j T e j as
'
‘

S uhal thes e s ha ll be th e M B h au tya

’
v in an d a— ann s s on s . I
h av e d eclar e d thi s f ou r teenth m a n v -an ta r a t o th ee .

A f ter h ear in g of th e m a n v -an tar a s th us i n o r d er , 0 b es t of

m un i s , m an ob tain s m er i t, a nd d i m ini s h e d s ucces s ion

a a .
i
B y lis te ni ng to th e fir s t m an v - an tar a a m an obtains
S var oé is h a s p er i od
’
B y li s te n i ng t o
’
r i h t e ou s n e s s he
g .

g ai ns a ll hi s d es i r es H e ob tai ns w ealth f r o m li s tening to

.

q ui r es k now l e d g e in hea r i ng the s tor y

’
A u tta m i s s tor y, an d ac

o
f T am as a ; a nd w h en R ai v a ta i s h ea r d ab out , h e find s
i n telli g ence a nd a h a n d s o m e w if e . P er f ect h eal th a cc r ue s

C aks hu s h a i s h e ar d of, an d
’
to m en w h en s tr en
g th w h en
f and v i r tu o us an d
V a i v as v a ta i s hea r d o , s on s g r an d s ons
S é va r ni ka i s h e a r d of A m an o bt ai n s
’
w h e n th e S un s s on .

gr eat ne s s of s o ul w h en B r a h m a - S é v ar na i s hea r d of ,
a br i g h t
i nt ellect w h en D h a r m a S é v ar nika i s hea r d -
f
o , v ictor
y w hen

S r i m an i n i n th e B om b ay
’
ed iti o n i s b ette r .

1 S an-k r and an a
‘
i n th e B om b ay ed i ti o n .

I O f f utur e bir th s ?
 T HE B E GI NNI NG or T H E CRE AT I O N B Y B RAHM A . 55 1

2 gr ad ually a nd a t leng th . A s I w i s h to h ear of the c om plete

g en eal og y of th e king s of th e ea r th , b eg inn i ng fr om B r ah m a

a nd th e o th er
p rogeni tor s , 0 b es t of d v ij as , d o th ou d eclar e
i t to m e d uly, ad or able S i r .

M ar k an d eya s poke

L is ten ,
my s on , to th e or i g i n of all th e king s and their
expl o i ts , t aking for th e c om m e n cem e nt th e P r aj a-p ati w h o is
4: th e s our ce of thi s
p res ent w or ld , for this hi s p r og eny i s
a d or ned w i th king s , w h o celebr a ted m a ny s acr ific es , w h o
w er e i
v ctor ou s i i n b attl e , w h o w er e wi s e i n g h teous ness,ri

5 w ho w e r e n um b ere d b y h und r e d s . A n d by h ear in g of th e

e x pl oi ts of t h e s e h igh - s ou l e d k ing s a nd th ei r m ani fes tati ons ”
i

6 a m an i s d eli v e r e d fr om all s ins . T he r ace , i n w h i ch a r ose

M ann and I ks h v aku , A n ~

ar a n
ya,1 B h ag ir a t h a a nd o th er

k i ng s i n h und r e d s , w h o a ll
p r otebte d th ei r t err i tor ie s w ell,
7 w ere w is e i n r i gh teo us ne s s , p er for m ed s a cr i fices , w er e h er oic
an d u nd er s to o d th o r o ug hly th e s ubl im es t m a tter s — w he n on e

h ear s abou t th a t r ace , a m an i s d eli v er e d fr om a m ultitud e

8 of s in s . H ear t h en ab o u t t hi s r a ce w h er efr om t hou s an d s
of s ubor d i na te lin es of king s w er e s ep ar ate d off like s ubs idi ary
s te m s fr o m a b anya n tr ee .

T h e P r aj a-p ati B r ah m a, b ein g d es ir o us of

y or e o f cr eating
r i ht th u m b x O
v ar i ousp eop les , cr eat e d D aks ha fr o m h i s g l

10 b es t of d v ij a s ; an d th e a d or ab l e lor d B r ahm a w h o ca us e s

th e b i r th of th e w or ld s , an d w h o i s t he s up r e m e m aker of

th e w or ld s , cr e a te d a w if e for hi m fr om h i s l eft thum b .

11 R es p l en d ent A d i ti w as b or n as a d aug ht er to th at D aks h a,

h er Ka s yap a b eg o t d ivi ne M ar ta nd a , § w h o h a s the
’

12 and o f

n atur e of B r ah m a, ”
w h o bes to ws b o ons o n all t he w or ld s ,

U ’ ’
tp att yas c a
a ; th e B om b ay e d i ti o n r ea d s th e s am e . T his i s the nom i n .,
'
and i s i na d m is s ibl e ; r e ad i ns t ead u tp a tti i c a i va P

T his i s th e r ea d ing of th e B om b ay e d iti on a nd is r igh t . T h e C alcutta

1
‘

ed ition r ea d s Ranavany a ; t his nam e i s g iven in th e d iction ary, b ut I h a ve

no t m e t w i th it el s ew h er e .

I Angu s h th d d d a ks hi nd d d a ks ha m ; a p lay on th e wor d . I . e. , t h e S un .

II T he B om ba y e di tio n als o r ead s B rahm d s va -rup am

x ; b ut read B r ahm a
s var up am ins tead P
5 52 C ANT O CI .

an d who cons ti tu tes th e b eg i nn ing , th e m id d le an d th e e nd

i n th e o p er a ti ons of th e cr eat i o n , c on ti nu an ce an d ter m i nation

f
o the wor ldfr o m w h om p r oceed ed thi s uni v er s e and i n w h o m
ev er th in g s ub s is ts , O d v ij a ;
y a nd w h os e n at ur e thi s w or l d
w i th i ts g o d s , A s ur a s and m en p os s es s es w h o co ns ti tutes

ything , w ho i s t he s oul of a ll, th e S up r em e S oul, e ter na l :

e v er

T h e S un took bir th i n Ad iti , af ter s he h a d fir s t p r op i ti ated

hi m .

K raus h tuki s p o ke

A d or able S ir , I d es i r e to h ear w h at i s the S un

’
s na t ur e a nd

g od , b ecam e K a syap a s
why h e , th e ear l i es t
’
wh at i s th e ca us e

s on an d how h e w as pr op i ti at ed b y d iv i n e Ad i ti a nd K a syap a ;

and w h a t h e , th e d i v i ne S un , s a id w h e n p r o p i ti ate d b y h er ;

an d wh at tr uly w a s h i s m aj e s ti c p ow e r w h en h e b eca m e
i ncarn at e, 0 b es t of m uni s I w is h t o h ear i t i n i ts f uln es s
.

d uly r el at ed ,
S i r , b y th e e .

M ar ka nd eya s p o ke

C le ar s ubli m e Kn ow led g e, Li g ht , Lu m i no s ity e te r nal a nd

f r ee , P er f ect I s ol a tion fi“ U nd er s t an d i ng , V i s i b le M ani fes t a

F r eed om of w i ll , an d C om pr eh en s i on , i and I n telli

g ence, a nd P er cep tio n, M em o ry a nd D is cer nm e nt —

th es e ar e

th e f or m s of th a t l um in ous F or m h er e . H ear ke n al s o ,

i llu s tr ious s ir , w h ile I t ell th e e at l eng th w h at t hou h as t

as k e d ,
h ow th e S un b ecam e m an if es t .

I n t hi s wor ld , d e s titute of li g h t, ob s cur e , w h i ch w as

e nv el op e d with d ar kn es s all ar o und , a s in g l e h ug e eg g cam e

in to e xi s t en ce , an im p er i s h able m os t p otent cau s e § I t s pli t .

o
p e n ; w ith i n i t s too d th e ad or ab le f or e -f ath e r , l otu s -b or n
B r ah m a hi m s elf , w h o i s th e creat or of th e w or ld s , t he l or d .

”
O ut of h i s m o uth i ss ue d th e g r ea t w or d O m , 0 g r e a t m u ni ;
and th en th e B h u r , af te r that the B huv a s , an d i m m e ”
’
ar
Kai va lyam . 1 A vir -bhii h ;
'
a w or d not in t h e d ictiona ry .

I S a m-r i d . S e e M ann I . 5 , &c .

T h es e an d th e foll owing w o r d s
app ear to m ea n b o th th e utter a nc e s

th e m s el ves a nd al so t h e w o r ld s th at g o by th e s a m e nam e s t h e B h ii r -lo ka

’

,
 T HE CRE AT I O N or T HE W O RL D S AND vnnAs . 5 53

d iately th er eafter the S var ‘

t
T h es e thr ee m ys tic word s
.

t her e for e e ss e nti al p r op er ty o f th e S un No w

ex
p r es s the .

fr om this e s s enti a l
p r op e rty i nd i ca ted by O m com es th e
s u btle s ublim e for m of th e S un . N ex t th er e i ssued th e gr os s
M ahar -loka , th en th e g r os s er Ja na -loka , then the T ap o-loka ,
th en th e S atya -loka ; — th es e a r e t he s ev en-fold s ub s tanti al

for m s H is p e rm ane nt for m s

. e xi s t and do not e x i s t, i na s m uch
a s th e i n inn ate d i s p os i tion
y as s u r ed ly com e into e xi s ten ce

a nd in f eeli n g ?

T he wor d Om w hi ch I have u tter ed , O b rah m an, w hich

ha s a b eg inni ng an d an en d ,
whi ch i s s u bl im e , s ubtle , for m
l es s , m os t s ub li m e , p er m a ne nt— th at i s the S upr e m e S pir i t,

yea his b od y .

C ANT O 0 1 1 .

T he M j
a es t
y o f the S un .

four Ved as
’
M d r kand eya sa ys tha t from B r a hm d s m ouths i s s ued the

a nd eap la i ns thei r p eculi ar qua li ti es and tr a ns cend ent m er i ts

T he god s a nd the Ved as ar e bu t m a nif es ta tions f

o the S un .

M ar k a nd eya s poke

Now w hen t hat eg g s pl it o p e n, o ut of th e ant er io r m outh

Of B ra h m a w hos e o ri g i n i s i ns cr u tab le , O m u ni , ca m e for th

2 fir s t th e Rid h ym n s , a t o nce r e s p le nd en t a s th e fl o er s of w
th e C hi na r os e , i glor i o us i n for m , b ut d i s co nnec ted , § a nd
d i vi d e d i nto s e par at e p o r ti o ns , a nd th er efore b ear ing th e

a nd th e B h uv ar -lok a ; a nd th e m e ani ng s e em s t o b e tha t , as h e ut ter ed e ach

co rr es p o nd i ng w o rld ca m e i n to e xis t ence .

m ys tic w or d , the
T h e S c ar -lake .

f
’

S va bha va -bhd vayor

'
bhazva rib y a to g ac
’
c
’
han ti sa mi ayam . T h e B o m b ay

s am e, b ut i t s e em s o b s c ur e I h a ve v ent ure d to re ad
e d i ti o n r e ad s th e .

g ac c
' '
hyan ty a -s a maayam
’

ins tea d .

I Ja v é ; Hi bi scus r os a S i nens i s . T he fl o w er s ar e v e ry la r ge and of a

br illiant cr i m s o n-s c ar le t colo ur , v er y cons p icu ous .

’

or d er i n w hi c h th ey no w a r r ange d F o r tej o-r up aj nta

No t i n th e ar e .
.

sa m i
ha tc h the B om bay ed iti o n rea d s p d by
tej o-r u a -ea mhatd h , which I h ave

ad op ted .
 5 54 OANT O on .

for m of p as s i o n fi
“
O ut of his igh t m ou th i ss ued th e Y aj us
r

h ym ns , u ni m p e d ed , co l o ur e d like th e colo ur of gold , and

d is co nn ec ted . O ut Of th e p os ter ior m outh of th e lor d
B rahm a, w h o i s th e hig hes t of a ll, wer e r ev eal ed the S ém an
'
hym ns , a nd th e C h an d as hy m ns A nd th e enti re A th ar v an f .

th en, re s
plend ent a s a m as s of black pig m ent or a cl us ter

of b ee s , —
that w hich h as a na tur e a s t er r ibl e as
pos s ible, I
w h i ch contai ns t he m ag i c al r i te s and th e r i tes for r em o v in g

o ut o f
’
ca lam i t ie s ,— b ecam e m ani fe s t th e C r eat or s lef t m o uth
i t is co m p o s e d chi e fl y of
p le as u r e , g ood n es s and d ar knes s , §
an d h a s th e e s s e nti al p ro per ti es o f g entl e ne s s an d h ar s h nes s .

T he Rid hym n s h a v e th e quality O f p as s i on ; an d g oo d nes s

i s t he q uali ty ”
o f th e Y aj u s hy m n s , O m un i ; th e S a m an

h ym ns h a ve the q u ali ty of d a r knes s d ar k nes s a nd g ood n es s

exi s t i n th e A thar v an hym ns T h e s e em ana ti ons , b la i n g . z
i nd ee d wi th un r i v alle d g lor y , O b tai ne d each a s ep ar a te s tation
alm o s t a t fir s t ”
o r i g i nal l h i ch i s d ecla re d
” by
T h at th en was th e w
’
or
g y
utter in g the wor d
“
Om . T h e g lor y w hic h com es fr om th e
e s s e nti al n a tur e th er eof — th at, h av ing en com p a s s ed i t com

p l ete ly, r e m ai n s fixe d A s i s the g l or y w h i ch con s i s ts of th e .

Y aj u s , s uch i s th at of th e S am an s , 0 g r e a t m uni ; th ey h av e

g r o wn i nt o o ne in r es o r ti n
g to a su
p r em e gl o r y Rites f or.

r i t es f or
th e r e m o val of cal a m ities , an d
pr om oting g r ow th
an d m ag i cal r i te s al s o — thes e th r ee th i ngs g a i n e d un io n ”
w ith th e t hr ee Ved a s , th e Bid and t he two other s , 0 br ah m an .

Raj o-r u
p a va hd s
- .

1 A thar ud nam , n eu t . no m in . T he m e an ing g iv e n i n th e d i c tiona r y i s th e

w or k , i . e .
,
r itu al o f th e A t h a r va -V e d a , b u t h e re i t m us t m ea n th e A th a r r a

V e d a it s el f . T his V e d a r e ce i v e s m a r ke d p rai s e h er e .

I d a d -g hor a -sy ar p a m ta d
u .

S u it ha -s a ttv a tam a h-p r d ya m - s ukha i s p e culia r in th is c o n ne xi o n .

HF or r ea d I t is r e m a r k ab l e th a t hig h er q ua lity is g i ve n
’

guna. guno a to
t he Y aj ur -V e d a h e r e th an t o the B ig -V e d a .

1T P iir vam i 'ua .

’
‘
A bhi -s a bd ya te ; a bhi -s a bd a s a v er b is no t i n t h e d ic ti onar y .

H
' '
L ay am a qam a t . T he r e fe r e n c e s e em s to b e t o th e A th ar v a -V e d a ; s ee

v er s e 5 where th es e r i tes ar e s ai d to b e par t of th a t Ve d a . T h is p as s age th e n

 T HE M E RI T S AND GL O RY O F T H E V E D AS . 55 5

T his uni ver s e b ecam e m o s t s tainles s th en th r ou gh th e s ud d e n

d es tr ucti on of d ar knes s , a nd w as t o be d e vel o ped hor i zontally ,

13 up w ard s an d d o wnwar d s , O br ahm an r i s hi . T h at e x cell ent

’
g lor y of th e C han d as b ecam e th en an o r b, and gr e w into
14 o n e ne s s w ith th e glor y , O br ah m an
s up r e m e . S in ce i t
'
o b t ai n e d th e n am e of Ad itya a t th e v er y b eg inni ng , i t b eca m e

al s o the e s s e nt i a lly uncha ng ing cau s e o f thi s u ni ver s e , 0

illus tr ious S i r .

T h e tr i pl e Ved a , wh ich i s na m e d the Rid , Y aj us a nd S ii m a n,

g iv e s w ar m th i n th e m o rn in
g an d a t m id -d
a
y and i n th e
16 af t er n o o n al s o . T he Ri d h ym n s g i ve w arm th in th e for enoon ,
and t h e Y aj us hy m n s t r uly at m id -d ay , an d th e S ém a n
h ym n s g iv e war m th tru ly i n the af ter noon , 0 b es t O f m uni s .

17 Rites f or th e r em o val of cal a m ities ar e d ep os ited * i n th e

Bi d h ym n s i n th e f or enoon, r i te sf o r pr om oti ng i nter nal

g ro wth in th e Y aj us hym ns a t m i d -d a , a nd
y m ag i cal r ites

18 l as tly i n the S am an at ev eni ng . M a gical r i tes m or eov er

s hou ldbe p erfor m ed at m i d -d ay and i n th e a f te rn oo n eq ually ,

b u t the pa r ti cula r cer em oni es for the P i tr i s s h ould be p er

for m e d wi th the S am an i n th e aft er noon .

I n th e cr eati o n of the wor ld i s m a nifes ted B r ah m a, w h o i s

com pos ed of t h e B id h ym n s ; i n i ts p er m an en ce? V i s h nu
’
w h o i s co m p os ed o f th e Y aj s
u h ym s ; a nd S iv a , w ho i s
n

co m p os ed o f th e S am an , at t he di s s ol u ti o n ; th er efo r e i ts
20 s o un d i s i m pur e i T hus th e a d or able S un , w h os e s elf i s
t he V ed a , w h o ab i d e s i n the Ve d a an d w ho s e s elf is V e d ic
21 kn o wle d g e , is calle d th e S u pr em e S oul .
§ An d h e, th e

e ter nal , w ho i s th e caus e of cr eati o n , "p er m ane nce an d

d is s ol uti on, on taking r ecour s e to p a s s ion, g ood n es s a nd th e

re fer s to th e chang es b y w hich th a t w or k g a ine d ra nk as a V e d a B ut th es e .

w or d s m ay als o m ean b ecam e ble nd ed wi th t h e thr ee Ved as s ee ver s e 1 7

b elow .

Vi n yas tarh .

1 F or s thi to r ead s thi tau a s i n the B om bay ed i tion

‘ .

1 M ann s ays th e s ound of t he S i m a V ed a i s in a. m eas ure i m pure

'

b ecaus e i t i s s acr ed to th e P itris (I V .

P ar ah p a ra s hah .

HF or s varga read s arga as i n the B om bay ed ition.

55 6 C ANT O cm .

o the r qualities , acquir es th e na m e s of B r ahm a, V is h nu and

th e ot h er g o d s .

No w e v er to be p r ai s ed by th e go d s is h e wh os e bod y i s
th e V ed a ,
Yet who has no bod y, w h o was in the beg inni ng , who is
e m b od ied in al l m or tal s

Who is the Lig ht that is the re fug e o f the univ ers e, who
h as r igh teo us nes s th at pas s es know led g e ,

W ho is to be a tt ain ed un to i n the V ed anta, s upre me

b eyond thi ngs that a r e s ub li m e

C ANT O C I I I .

H ym n to the S un .

find ing the S un s

'
B r a hma, g lory too gr ea t for cr ea tion, o fier ed a hymn
to the S um — T he S a n contr ac ted his g lor y, a nd B r a h/md aecom

p lis hed the cr ea ti on .

M ar ka nd eya S po ke

Now w hen the gg w a s bei ng h eated by hi s glory ab ov e

e

and b eneath , the l otus -b o r n F or efathe r , b ei ng d e s ir ous o f

cr eating , po nd er ed M y cr eation a lthough accom pl is hed

will as s ur ed ly to d es tr uc ti on th r oug h th e in te ns e l ”
p as s g o r y
of t he S un, w h o is t he c au s e o f cre atio n , d i s s olutio n and
p er
m ane nce , gr eat of s oul B r eathing bein gs will al be bereft
.

l
o f b r eath , th e w ater s will d r y up thro ugh h is
g lory, a nd
w ithout w ater th er e wi ll b e no c reation of t his univer s e .

P ond er ing thus th e ad or able B r ah m a, F orefathe r of th e

worl d , becom ing intent ther eon, co m p os ed a hym n to th e
ad or abl e S un .

B rah m as p ok e

I p ay r everence to thee of w ho m ev er ythin cons is ts

g
H er e, and who cons is t es t of ev er ythi ng ;
W hos e bod y i s the uni v er s e ,
who ar t th e s ubl im e L igh t
W hereon r eligious d evo tees . m ed itate

Abhi -tsj asah ; a word not in the d ictionary .

 ur ns r o T HE S UN . 5 57

Who ar t c om pos ed of th e Rid hym ns , who ar t the r e pos i

to ry of t he Y aj us h ym n s ,
A nd w h o ar t th e o ri
g in of th e S é m a n h ym ns wh os e power
p as s es th ough t
W ho co n s i s tes t o f th e thr e e Ved as who art half a s hor t

s yll abl e as to uching g r os s nes s d '

W hos e natur e is s ub li m e , w ho ar t wor thy of the f ullnes s of

g ood qualities i
T o thee , § th e c aus e of all , w ho ar t to be kno w n as

s up r e m ely wo rthy of p r a is e ,
T he s up r em e L i gh t tha t was at th e b eginni ng , not in th e
for m of fir e ; ii
And who ar t g r os s by r eas o n that thy s pir it i s in th e g od s
—
to thee I p ay r ev er en ce ,

T he s hin ing on e , w h o w as t in the beg inni ng , the s ub l im es t

b eyon d t he s ub li m e !
T hi ne i s t he pri m e val po w er , in th a t ur ged o n th ereby
I achi ev e thi s cr e ation, w h ich is in th e for m s of water ,
ear th , w i nd a nd fir e,
W h ich h a s thos e elem ents , th e go d s a nd oth er bei ngs for
its j
ob e cts , a nd which i s com ple t e wi th the wor d Om
a nd o th er s oun d s

Not at my o wn wi s h ; a nd t ha t I j
e ec t i ts conti nuanc e and

d is s olu tion i n th e s elf-s a m e m ann e r .

F o r tr ayt m ayt -
’
r e ad tr ayt-m ayo as in the B om b ay ed i ti on .

1 S tm i lata yd r d ha -m é tr é th is s eem s ob s cur e .

i ah T his ma y be t aken in s ev er a l ways wh o ar t ad apted

x G a g a -p r m - o
y gy . ;
”
d li
’
t o th e f ul les t m e as ure o f a s upp li ant s g o o q ua ti e s , or who ar t wor thy

o f r eli gi ous d e v o ti on by r e a s on of t h e fulln e s s of thy g o o d q ual it i e s ,

"
or

who ar t worthy of r eli gions d evotion with the fullnes s of a supp li ant s g ood
’

”
q uali ti es .

F o r tamrea d tvd oh as i n th e B om bay e d iti on.

'
B om bay e d i tion r ea d s , but not well, p ara marh dg am ,
II T h e so cc va
”
wh o ar t to be kn own as th e s ubli m es t one .

1! T h e B om b a y e d i tion r e ad s i ns tead , d d ya/m p e r mit j yotir a -o ed ya -rc

p t
“
th e s uprem e L ig ht that was in th e beginning , whos e for m pass es know .

”
led g e .
 CRE AT I O N or T HE eons , M AN KI ND , ANIM AL S, &c . 559

KafyaP '
a— Kasyap a m ar r i ed D a ks ha
’
s thi r teen d aughter s , a nd

bego t by them the god s , d em ons , ma n kind , ani m a ls , bi r d s , 5 m .

T he god s wer e s ubd ued by the d em o ns , a nd Adi ti ofier ed a hymn

‘

to the S un, imp lor ing hi s hey) .

M ar kand eya s p oke

H a ving created thi s w or ld , B ra h m a th en s e parated o ff th e

’
c as tes , th e b r ahm an fo ur
s p er i od s of life, t he s eas , th e
m ount ai ns , and th e i s l an d s ev e n as b efor e . T he a d or a ble

lotu s -b or n god fix ed th e for m s and abo d es of the god s ,

D ai ty a s , Nag as a nd o th er bei ngs , as b efore, accor d i ng to the
V e d as " i n d eed .

B r ah m a h ad a s on , w h o w as fa m ed as M ari éi hi s s on w as
Ka syap a , n am ely K asyap a by n am e ? D aks ha
’
s thir te en
d au g h ter s w er e hi s wi ves , O br ahm an ; and they h ad m a ny
chil d r e nwho wer e th e g od s , D ai tyas , Nag as and th e r es t .

A d it i g av e b ir th to the g od s w h o r ule ov er th e thr ee w or l d s ,

D it i to th e D ai tyas , and D ana to th e fier ce D anav as w h os e

p r o we s s i s wid e-r eac hi n g . A n d V inaté bor e Gar ud a . and

A r una ; Kh as é th e Y ak s h as and Rak s h as as ind eed ; a nd

K ad r u b or e the Nag as M un i b or e th e Gand h ar vas fr om

Kr o d h a w er e b or n the K a lyas ; and f rom Ris h té th e b evi es .

of A p s ar as es and I r a bo r e A ir av ata an d o th er
ph ants , Oe le
'
d v ij a ; and T am ra b or e d a ughters of wh om S ys ui w as th e

ch ief , O d vij a, fr om a ll f
o w hom wer e b or n th e h aw k s ,
v ultur es , p a rr ots and o th er b ir d s ; fr om 1 14 wer e bor h th e
tr ees ; fr o m Pr ad ha the v ar i ou s ki nd s of aq uati c ani m als :
T h i s i s th e p r og eny w hi c h w a s b eg otten of Ad iti by Ka sya pa §
’

’
s ons and d a ug h ter s by h er
’
A nd by h er s ons , s on s s ons a nd

F or d evebh yas th e B om b ay ed iti on Ved ebhyas , which i s pre f erable

re ad s .

1 d y ap o n d ma naim a tah ; th e B o m bay ed itio n ag r ees , b ut this can har d ly

be r ig h t . Kééyap a would b e nam e of Kasyap a’ s d es cend ants .

F or P r a d hd yd sp atas d m ga nd h
'

I r ead P r a d hay d yd d a s cifl h mad !» as in th e

B o m b ay e d i tio n .

K wive s and c h ild r e n g iv e n d iff er ently i n oth er a uth or i ties ,

’
asy a p a s are

Kar m a P ur i na
'
e .g. , M ah a B h ar ata,
-
Ad i -p .
,
xv i , lx v . and l xvi ; x vi ii ; Agni
P ar ana xi x.
5 60 C ANTO crv .

d escend ants thi s world wa s

’ ’t
d a ugh ter s g r and s o ns? a nd oth er

o v e r s p r ead , yea by th e . . offs p ri ng of th os e m a les and t hos e

f em a les , 0 m uni .

T he ch ie f of thos e s on s of Kasyapa ar e the hos ts of

god s .

No w th es e hos ts ar e char a cte ri e d z by good nes s , by pa s s i on

and by ig nor ance, O m uni . B r ahm a, the chie f o f t hos e
lear ne d in s acr ed lor e, th e h ig h es t f
o a ll, th e P r aj a- p a ti , m ad e
t he g od s p ar tic ip ator s i n th e s ac r i fices , and r ul er s o ve r the
t h r ee w or ld s . T he h os ti le D ai tyas and D anav a s an d Raks ha s a s
co m bi ning har as s ed th e m , an d a v er
y ter r ible w ar o cc ur r e d

be tween t hem Now the d e iti e s w er e v anqui s h e d f or

'

. a

th o us and d i vine year s , an d t h e p ow e rful D ai tyas and D ana v a s

w er e vi c tor io us , O br ahm a n T h en A d i ti , s ee in g h er s o ns
.

ca s t o ut and ro bb ed of the th r ee w orld s by the D ai tyas an d

D ana v a s , 0 b est of m un is , and d epri v ed of th e ir s h ar es o f

s a cr i fices , w as e x ceed in gl y a ffl i c te d w i th gr ief , an d m a d e th e

utm o s t eff or ts to pr opi ti a te t h e S un C once ntr atin g . h er
m i nd ther eon, r es tr i c ti ng h er f o od , ob s er ving th e utm o s t s e lf

re
pr es sio n, s he hym ned th e S u n, the b all of ligh t th at d wells
i n th e s ky .

A d i ti s p ok e

R ev erence to thee wh o h a s t a s ubli m e s ubtle g old en b od y,

0 s ple nd o ur of th os e w ho h av e s plend o ur , 0 lor d , O r ep os i
tory of s pl end our s , O e t er n a l one ! An d th e ar d e nt for m
w h i ch th ou h as t w h o d r aw e s t up th e w a ter s for t he ben e fit
of t h e w or ld s , 0 lor d of th e heavenly cattle , to th at I bo w

ly !
r e v e r ent T h e m os t ar d e nt for m w hi ch tho u ha s t, w h o
b ear e s t th e n e ctar th a t co m p o s e s the m oon to ta ke i t b a ck

d ur i ng th e s pace o f e i g h t m on th s , to th at I b o w r ev e r e ntl
y
T h e w el l-fattened ? f or m w h i c h thou has t, w ho v er il y d is
c h ar g e s t all t hat s am e nec tar t o p r od uce r ain , to th at th y

cl o ud -
f orm be r e v er e nce , 0 S un ! An d th at li g h t-g iv i n
g
fo r m of thine, wh ich ten d s to m ature th e wh ole ki ng d om

of plants th at are pr o d uce d thr o ug h the p our in g for th of

D a u hi tr i ka , a word not i n th e d ictio nar y .

1'
’
A —p yd yaka a word not i n the d i c ti onar y .
 5 61
'

H YM N T o T HE SUN .

water , to that* I bow y ! And that form of thine

r ev er en tl

w hi ch , w h en t her e i s ex ces s i ve cold b y r eas on o f the p ouring

f or th o f s no w an d other ca uses , t end s t o nour is h th e cr ops
of th at wi nter s eas o n— to th e p a s s i ng ov er o f th a t th y form
he r e v er e n ce ! A n d th at f or m of thi ne , w hi ch i s no t v er y

a r d en t a n d w h ich i s n o t v er y co l d , a nd i s m ild i n th e s ea s o n

of s pr ing , to th at b e r e v ere nce , O d iv i ne S un , yea r e ver ence

A n d thy o th er f or m ,
w h i c h fa ttens b oth a ll th e g od s a nd t he

p i tris , t o th a t w h ich cau s e s th e ri

p e ni n g o f t h e cr op s be
r ev e ne nce ! T h at o ne for m of th i ne w hi c h, b ei n
g co m p os e d

of for th e v i v ificat ion of

n ect ar pl ants , i s q uafi e d by th e
g od s and pi tri s , to th at, wh ic h i s th e s ou l of th e m oon , b e
r e v e re n ce ! T hat fo r m o f t h i ne w h ich , co ns i s ti ng of the
uni v er s e , is co m b in ed w ith A g ni an d S om a th es e t wo for m s
of th e S un,f to th a t, th e s o ul of whi ch i s t he g oo d q ua li
ti es , i b e r ev er en ce ! T ha t for m of t hine w hi ch , n a m ed the

th r ee-fo l d Ved a b y r e as on o f th e unity of th e Kid , Y aj u s and

S é m a Ved a s , g iv es h eat to thi s un iv e r s e, to th a t be r e ver en ce ,

O lum i nou s on e T hat t hy f or m m or eov er , w hi c h tr a ns cen d s
t h at for m er one, w hi c h i s e nun c iat ed by utte r i ng th e w or d
”
Om , a nd w h i ch i s s ub tl e , e nd l e s s a nd s tai nles s , r e ver e nce

b e to th at, the s o ul o f w h i ch i s T r ut h

M ar k a nd eya s
po k e
I n thi s m ann er th e g od d es s , s e lf -r es tr ain e d , ab s tai ni n
g
fr o m f o o d , p r ai s e d ay
o ff e r ed a n d ni
g ht, d es ir o us of
p r op itiat
ing t he S un , 0 m uni .

A l ong tim e th er ea fter t h e a d o r abl e S un r e nd er e d hi m

self
d aug h te r , i n th e s ky, 0
’
v i s ib l e to h er , D ak s ha s b est of

d v ij as . S he b eh el d a h uge m as s g lo r y, d w elli ng i n th e
of

s ky an d s tati one d o n th e e a r th , f ull o f lig h t, m o s t d ifii cult

t o b e ga z ed at b ecaus e of i ts h a lo of fl am e . S ee in g h im then,

th e g od d e s s b ecam e b old to the utm os t an d s pok e

F or ta m r ead ta n ?
T he B om b ay ed i tio n r ea d s dp yd ya -d d ha -r ztp d bhyd m , two f or m s of
1
f a tnes s an d c onfl a g r a ti on .

It: Gund tm ane in the B om b ay e d ition is b etter than gand tm ane

-
.
562 CANTO cxv.

B e gracious to m e I can not g aze on thee, 0 lord of the

heavenly cattle S ince I wh ile fas ting h av e beh eld th ee, at
.

fir st s tand ing in th e s ky and m o s t d ifficult to be g a z ed up on,

35 and af ter war d s as b r illi ant a nd b ur ni ng , e ven s o I b ehold
t hee h ere o n ear th a glob e of glory B e gracious ; m ay I s ee
.

thy for m , 0 m aker of d ay ! 0 t hen l or d , wh o h as t com pas

s ion onthy believers , I beli ev e ; pro tec t m y s ons !
T hen, the C reator , creates t thi s univer s e ;
E xer ting thys elf thou protectes t it to m ake i t p erm anent ;
I n thee ever ything p as ses to i ts d i s s ol uti on at the end .

T hou ar t it .

B es id es th ee v er il y th er e i s no oth er w ay of exi stence in all

the wor ld !
T hou art B r ahm a a nd H ari ! th ou b ear es t the nam e Aj a
T h en art I nd r a,
T h e lor d of w eal th Kuvera , th e lord of th e pi tris Yam a,
the lor d of
the w aters ? Var una , th e wind Vayu
T hou ar t th e M oon, A gni , the lor d of the s ky, the s up

p orter of th e e ar th , 1: the O cean

W hat pr ais e m us t be g iven to th ee who ar t the s pl end our of

all s ouls and for m s ?

0 lor d of s acri fice, br ahm ans d evoted to th eir own

c erem oni es , d ay by d ay,

P rais ing thee w ith m anifol d w or d s , offer s acr ifice to thee .

M ed itating on th ee w ith fir m ly r es tr ained m ind s

And absor bed in relig ious d evo ti on m ortals § attai n unto
th e s ublim es t cond iti on .

T hou war m es t, thou m atur es t the univers e ; th ou p rotectes t

i t, thou turnes t it to as h es .

E i ther the unbor n o ne, or the d ri ver, m over , ins tigator .

f Am bit -p ati!» v iolates th e m etre ; r ead ap -p ati h as i n the B omb ay ed ition .

I Gagana-p utih m a M -d har o ; this i s th e read i ng of the B om bay ed itio n.

T h e C alcutta read ing gagana -m a ht-d har o m akes th e vers e two sy llab les
s hort.

5 M artyd h, th e r ead ing of th e B om bay e d i tio n. T he C alcutta ed ition

r ead sins tea d yoga ~mxtr tyé, by m eans of the bod which belon s to
y g relig ion!
d evotion ; but this violates the m etre .
 r um SUN r ave n s a m ss m To
‘
mm . 563

T h en make s t it m anife s t, thou m akes t it sound forth’ with

’

thy r ays which

p reg nant wi th water
ar e .

T hou cr eatest it again al s o in unerr ing m anifestations .

T hou ar t r ever e nce d by m or tal bei ngs that m ove , but art

unappr oaohable by workers of iniquity ?

C ANTO C V .

T he B i r th of M d r ttanda .

T he S un r evealed hi ms elf to A d i ti a nd beca m e her son as M d r ttapgla

T his nam e is exp lained — M d r ttand a d es troyed the d em ons an d
r es tor e d the god s to their soverei gn p os itions .

M é rkand eya s poke

T here upon fr om out of th a t h is own

glory the S un r e
vea led I him self ; the lor d , the S un, app eared then, li ke unto

2 glo wi ng copp er And the lum inou s

. one s poke, O m uni , unto

th e g od d es s , who f ell p ro s tr a te wh en she beheld h im

C h oos e fr om m e th e cov et e d b oon that th ou d es ir es t . A nd
s h e, lying pros trate wi th h er head on the ground a nd pr es s ing
th e ear th wi th h er kn ee s , ans wer e d the S un who pres ent i n

p er s on ofiered h er a b oon
'

his v ery

0 g od ! be gr acious ; the thr ee w orld s h av e been s natched §

f rom m y s ons , and th e s h ares i n s acri fices a lso, by both th e
5 D aityas and the D ana vas wh o e xcel them i n s tr eng th . Do
th ou, 0 lor d of the hea venly ca ttle , bes tow on m e favour for

Hr d d ayas t in b oth editions . T he m eaning is no d oubt “

to s hout f or
”
th e B ible, P s alm lxv 9 -1 3
j oy ; s ee . .

T he B om bay e di tion r ead s th e s econd half of thi s v er s e very d iffer

1 ' .

e ntly T hou th e lotus -bor n god cr eates t i t ; thou who ar t na m ed the

U nwavering one pr otecte s t i t, and thou d es tr oyes t i t at th e end of the ag e .
”
T hou alone ar t awf ul i n f o r m !

F or d d ir t heta re ad d vir -bhw

zto, in the B om bay ed i tion.
I as

F or krtta'rh read hri tavit .

5 64 os nr o cv .

that pur p os e ; with a por tio n of thyself enter th ou i nto br other

h o od w i th them and d es tr oy th eir enem ies I n or d er th a t m y .

par take o f th e s h ar es of the s acr ifices , 0 lor d ,

ag a i n
'

eo n s m ay

an d m ay becom e r uler s of th e thr ee w or ld s , 0 S un, d o thou

th en m os t g r aci o us l s h ow y
on m y s o ns , 0 S un ,

affl ictio ns of s u
wh o r em ov e s t th e ppliants ; th o u ar t calle d th e
”
A uthor of
p er m an en ce .

M ar kandeya s poke

T h er e up on th e ad o rabl e lor d , t h e S un , th e r obb er of the

w at er s , p r o s tr a te A d i ti , O br ah m an , w hile hi s
s p o ke unto

cou nte nan c e w as b e nig n with fa v o ur t T aki ng b ir th i n th y

w o m b w i th a ll m y th ou s an d p or tio ns , I wi ll S p eed ily d e s tr oy
”
th e f o e s of th y s o ns , O A d i ti , i n s e cur i ty .
1
H av in g poke n th us t he a d or able S un v a nis h e d f r o m her
s .

s i g ht ; a nd s h e ceas e d fr o m h er aus ter i ti es , h av ing g a i n e d all

’
h e r d es i r e T h e r eup on t h e S un s r ay c alled S au s u m na § fr om
.

o ut o f his thous and r ays ”be cam e incar n ate in th e w om b

"

of

th e m other of the go d s , O br ahm a n . And s h e, w i th h er

m i nd c o m po s e d p e r for m ed the a r d uo us é and r ayana p en an c eflf
,

a n d oth er a us te ri ti es B ei ng p u r e s h e c oncei ved hi m , kn ow ing

.

t hat th e e m br yo w as a h eav e nly one, 0 b r ah m an T h en .

s po ke Kasy ap a to h er w i th w or d s s o m ewh at co nfus e d thr ou gh

ang er ,—
“
W hy d o s t th ou d es tr oy th e eg g in thy w o m b by
continual f as tin g 9” An d sh e s a id to hi m , S ees t th ou
t his e gg w ithi n my w om b , O w r ath ful m an It ha s
not b een d es troyed ; it s h all be f or th e d eath of our

a d ver s ar i es .

anuha mp d r ead anu kam p a m .

’

F or f

'

1 F or p r a s d d avt s um u kho r e ad p r as d d a sm nuhho

-
.

I F or ni r -vr i td h r e ad ml? w r i tah .

T h is i s th e r ead i ng of b oth the ed iti ons , b ut i t i s not in th e d ictionar

y .

w
'

S u-s h/a m ztu is the n am e of on e o f t h e S un’ s s ev en p r inci pal r ay s , th at hich is

s up p o s ed to s up ply h eat to th e m oon T h e r ead ing h er e s h o ul d th eref ore
.

p re s um ably b e S e -s hum na or S a us hwm na .

HF or r a sm i -sa ha s r arh read r a s‘

’
m i -s ahasr d t as in th e B om bay e d ition .

1T S e e M anu vi 20 . .
 M é s rr s uns nnsrs or s T H E ASU RAS . 56 5

M ér kand eya s p ok e
H av i ng s p ok e n s h e , w h o i s th e path of th e g od s fi
so
‘

in ang er at h er hu s b an d s w or d s , ga ve bi r th to th e child th en
’

16 whi ch bla z ed
b r illi antly w ith glor y Kasya p a , on s eeing th e .

ch ild w hich s h one lik e th e r i s ing s un , fell p r os trate and

'

17
'

p r ai s ed i t r es p ectfully wi th an ci ent Ri d hym ns B eing .

so p r ai s ed , h e r ev e al ed hi m s elf fr o m out th e f oetal eg g , h av ing

a lu s tr e li ke u nto th e l f l g th e
eta o a o tus -fl ow er r ad i n
p , pe v

18 r e i on s o f th e s k
g y w ith h i s g lory M or eov er a v oi ce d eep .

th un d Kasyapa, be s t
’
as a er -c lou d s, a d d r es s i ng of m unis ,
fr om th e ai r , s p oke , i s s uing f rom no cor p or eal being
“
W h er eas th ou , O m uni , h as t s p o ken of th i s egg as d es
t r oye d I to th ee, th er efo r e, O m uni , thi s thy s on s hall be
20 calle d M ar ttand a lor d s h all e x er ci s e th e S un
’
. A nd h e as s

s w ay on th e ear th ; a nd he s h all s lay th e A s ur as , the foes

”
w h o ha v e car r i e d o fi th e s h a r e s of the s acr ifice s .

T he g od s h e ar i ng thi s s peech fr om h e aven a s s em bled

tog eth er , a nd ex p er i enced u np a r a llele d j oy ; an d th e D anavas
22 w er e b er e ft of th ei r v i g our T h er eupon I nd r a challenged
.

th e D ai tyas t o b a ttle ; an d th e D anav a s filled with j oy

23 encou nte r e d th e g o d s . T err ibl e w as th e b attle of th e g od s

wi th th e A s ur as , w h er ei n al l th e re
g i ons b etween th e wor ld s
w er e r en d er e d b r illiant w ith the li g h t fr om th e ar m s and
2 41 w eap ons . I n th at b attle th e a d or abl e M ar ttanda l ooked at

th os e g r eat A s ur as , a n d being b urn t up by hi s s plend our th ey

25 w er e r e d u ced t o a s h e s T h ereup on all the d weller s i n

.

and
h eav e n e xp er ienc e d unpar allel e d j oy p rais ed M ar ttand a
,

26 t he s our ce o f s pl e nd o ur an d al s o A d i ti ; m o r eov er th ey r e

ow n S p h er es of d om i ni o n and th eir s h ar es of th e
gai n ed th eir
s acr ific es as b efor e ; an d th e a d or abl e M arttand a als o ex er

d om inl o n Li ke un to a r oun d ed b all of fir e

'

27 ci s ed his ow n .

w ith ra
y s s hoo ti ng out both d o wn war d a nd up war d like a

g l ob ular fl o wer -h ea d of the kad am ba , th e S un as sum ed a

b od y th at d id no t fla s h o ver -po w er ing ly .

T hi s is th e B om b ay r ead ing , zi
s ur d r a z h . T he C alcutta read ing

s ur d va ni h s eem s incor r ect .

1 F or d bhd s ya
"
read d bhd s hya I M d r i tam a udam .
56 6 CANT O cvr .

C ANT O C V I .

T he p ar i ng d own o f the
’
S un s bod y .

S un marr ied Vi é d a ug hter S arij nd

’
h
'
v a - a r m an s a nd had thr ee
child ren by her , M ann Va i vas va ta , Y a m a a nd Ya m nnd — S ari ii d ’

’
j
could n ot end u e the S un s glor y a nd leavi n
g her s ha d ow C hayd
’ '
r

O hdyd - S an
j nd took her p la ce and had thr ee chi ld ren
’
d ep arted —

by the S a n— S he cursed Yam a for nnfitia l cond uct, but the S un

m i ni m is ed the curse an d
p ercei ved the d ecep tion - T he S a n .

vi si ted Vie‘
va -kar m an and the la tter
p laci ng the S un on his
wheel p ared d own his l
g y T he w or ld wa s thr own i nto chaos
or —

as the S un wa s whi r led a r ound T he god s and celes ti al beings

-

hymned the S un .

M ar kand eya s p oke

Now th e P r aj a-p ati V i s v a -kar m an, after falling pr os tr ate

and pr opi ti ating hi m , g av e his d au gh ter nam ed S afij fia t o
‘
the S a n, V i v as v tfi M anu V ai v as v ata wa s beg otten by
=
a

V i vas vat of h er th en , and h is n atur e has b ee n alr ead y i nd eed

d eclar ed p ar ticular ly 1 H e , Vi vas va t, lor d of th e hea venly
‘
.

cattle , b eg ot t hr ee ch ild re n o f h er , t wo m o s t i llus tri ous s ons

and a d aughter Y am una, O m uni . M ann V ai va sv ata was th e

th e g od who pres id es o v er srad d ha s , th e Pr aJa-pati ;
el d es t,

then w ere bor n Y am a and Y ami as twi ns W i th th e exceed .

ing spl end our th at M i r ttand a V i v as vat p os s es s ed , h e s corched

the three wor l d s and th e m ov eabl e and i mm oveable things
’
th er ein v ery gri evous ly B ut S afij fias a w V i vasv at s g lobe -like
.

for m and , b eing i m pati ent of his gr eat s pl end our , gaz ed at
'
h er own shad ow O héyd and s p ok e

S afij fias pok e :

F ar e th ee well ! I w i ll o m y fath er s ver

’
g o t y own abod e .

Y et th ou m ust s tay h er e wi th out ch ange at m y com m and , 0

V“ S ee C anto lxxvn T he s am e s tory is r ep eat ed h er e .

1 S ee C anto lxxvm , v ers e 27 and C anto lxxix.

‘
 ss fiq i L E VEA S u s e HU S B AND T HE SUN . 5 67

8 f air one ; a nd th ou m us t s h o w h onour to th es e two boys f or

me an d to this d augh ter wh o is o f noble r a nk ; and thou m us t
n ot d eclar e th is at all to th e g od .

'
C haya the S had ow s p oke
U nto end uri ng th e s ei z ing of m y h ai r , u nto und er going

cur s es , O god d es s , I will nev er d eclar e thy i nte ntion ; go wher e

”
thou wi s h es t .

by C hé ya, S afij fia w ent to h er

’
B eing ad d r es sed th us
d welling ; and ther e s h e, the b eautiful o f eyes ,
’
fath er s

H er father told h er
’
ab od e s om e tim e i n h er fath er s h o us e .

ag ain and ag ai n to go t o h er h u sb an d T hen t ur ning h er s elf

.

i nt o a m ar e s he d ep ar ted to th e Nor th er n Kurus , O br ahm an .

T h er e, li ke a ch a s te wif e , s he prac tis ed aus ter iti es , fas ting ,

0 g r ea t m uni
W hen S aa h ad g o ne to h er fath er , C hayé , as s id uous to
s
'

j nd
S an co m m an d , and a s s um in g h er for m , wai te d o n th e
’
s

S un ; and th e ad or ab le S un beg at of h er , he th i nking i t was

of S afij fia, two s ons i n a d d i tion a nd a d augh ter . T h e fir s t
bor n oi th e two s ons w as e qual to th e eld es t s on M a nn ,

h ence h e w as ca lled S é v ar ni, 0 b es t of d V IJaS . A nd th e

o th er , who w as th e s e con d s on, b ecam e the p la net S atur n .

A nd th e d augh ter wh o w as T a pa ti, h er ki ng S am var a na .

*
ch o s e in m ar r iag e .

Now queen S afij fia us ed to b eh ave to th os e h er own s ons ,

as

C hé yd d i d not b eh av e to tho s e el d es t bor n s ons wi th s uch

’

afi ecti on M anu suif er ed that cond uct in h er , and Y am a d i d

.

not s uffer it i n h er . No w b ei ng s or ely d is tr ess ed wh en h i s

f ather
’
s wife us ed to bes e ech h i m fr equently, h e Y am a , by

r eas on of both ang er an d chi ld is hnes s and in d ee d by t he

th reatened C hayé -S afij fia wit h his

’

for ce of r ed es ti natio n,
p
f oo t, 0 m uni , a nd th er e up on the S ha d ow-S afij fia,f f ull of

re s entm ent, cur s ed Y am a s ever ely .

a:
S ee M ahé B hfirata, Ed i -p. . xciv . 37 38 , xcv . 37 91 and cl xxi -clx xiii wher e
i t is d e s cribed h ow S am bar ana w hile h unti ng m et her , fell i n love with her
(1 g ai ned her at leng th af te r p r op i tia ti ng th e S un Her s on was Kur u, the .

p rog eni tor of the Kaura v as .

'

1 T his m ust b e C hd ya S anj na ; but both ed itions read S afignd

'
'
’ - .
568 CANT O CV T .

C haya s p ok e
’

’
S i nce th ou th r ea ten es t thy fath er s wife, a v ener abl e
la d y, wi th thy foot, thy v er y fo ot s h all ther efor e as s ured ly
d r op d o w n .

Now Y a m a was d eeply afili cted i n m ind at th at cur s e , and

h e, ri
gh teous of s oul, alo n
g w ith M ann m ad e i t all k nown
to hi s fath er .

Y a m a s poke

0 l o r d , our m other b eh av es n ot w i th equal aff ecti on tow a r d s

u s a ll ; le av ing us a s id e w h o a r e th e el d er , s he wi s hes to fo s ter
th e tw o young er . I lif ted m y f oot ag ai ns t he r, b ut d i d n o t le t
i t fall on h er b od y ; wh e th e r i t wa s th r oug h ch ild i s hn es s o r
thr ough fooli s hnes s , d o th ou, S ir , d eig n to p ar d on it I h av e .

b een cur s e d , d ear fath er , b y m y m other in her ang er S in ce .

I am her s on, v er ily th er efor e I r ev er e h er , m y m o th e r, (0 b es t

of a s ceti cs ) . E ven towar d s un wor th y s ons a m oth er i s no t

wanti ng in goo d feeling s , O fath er ; h o w s h all a m other s ay

th i s o u t M ay thy foot d r op d own, 0 s on T hi nk , O
a d or abl e
i“
lor d o f th e heaven ly cattle, of s om e way s o t ha t
throu gh thy favour th i s m y f oot m ay no t d ro p d own no w by
’
r e as on of m y m oth er s cur s e .

T h e S un s p oke

W ith out d oubt, m y s on, th i s cur s e m us t take cli ent h er e,

s ince an er enter ed int o t he e , w h o ar t w i s e in r i h teo u s ne s s
g g
a nd wh o s p eak es t tr uth F or all cur s es in d e e d a r em e d
y
.

yet now h er e i s th er e t hat wh ich can tu r n a

as s ur e d l y exi s ts ;
cur s e a way fr om thos e w h o ar e cur s ed by a m o th e r T hi s .

th y m o the r s wor d th en can no t b e m ad e f als e I w i ll however

’

d ev is e s om ethi ng as a fa v our f or th ee , beca us e of m y lov e for

thee m y s on. I ns ects taki n g som e fl es h f r om thy foo t s h all
go
f or th to th e earth ;1
‘
h er w or d i s thus m ad e tr ue, an d th ou

s h a lt be s av ed .

F o r bhaga vd/n read bhagava n as in th e B om bay ed i ti on.

7 S ee C anto lxx vi ii, ver s e 28 .

 AL L H EAV E NL Y s um es WORSH I P ra n s un. 57 1

pe o ple , 0 lor d of th e g od s ! M ay th er e be a b less ing for us ,

0 lor d of th e w or ld s ! M ay th ere ev er be a b les si ng for us i n
w h at i s tw o -footed ! A nd m ay t her e b e a bl es s i ng for us in
what i s fou r -footed
T h en t he ba nd s of V i d ya
-
d har as a nd the Y aks has , Rak s h as a s
and Nagas j o ini ng th ei r h and s r ev er entl y all
fell p ros trate
wi th th e ir head s be for e the S un, a nd utter ed wor d s s uch a s

th es e , giv i ng j oy to hi s m i nd and ear s , -“ M ay th y g lor y becom e

en d ur ab le to cr e at ed bein g s , O th ou wh o c aus es t cr eated
b ei ng s to e xi s t Ne x t Hi ll s an d Huhu, Nara d a and T um bur u,
w ho w ere s kilf ul i n m us i c, a nd w h o w er e ac com li s h ed
p in t he
thre e m us i cal s cales bas ed on th e s ha dj a , m ad hyam a and

g i
a n d h ar a no te s ,
*
y g iv ing accents to the
b eg an to s ing in j o -

S un both wi th m od u lations f an d car ious d iv is ions of

'
wi th c om b i na ti ons § A nd V isvéc i and Gh rité éi, U rv a éi an d
.

T i l ottam a, M enaka an d S ah a-j anyé . a nd Ram bh é , ”

th e choi ces t

am o ng the A psaras es , d anced whils t the S um the lor d of the

-

wor ld s , w a s b eing p ar ed d o w n, the whi le th ey di s p layed “

m any d r am atic acti ons r epl et e wi th am or o us and co
quettis h
g es tur es an d d alli an ce T h en wer e ca us ed to gi ve
. f orth th ei r
m u s ic th er e fl utes an d lutes , a nd oth e r m us ical pipe s , d r um s
and k ettle -d r um s , ta b ours , lar g e d r um s and d o uble d r um s , th e

d r um s of th e g od s an d con ch s ,
in h und red s and th ousand s .

r end e r ed loud ly by th e
And e ver y p lace w as r e s onant

G and har vas w ho w er e s ing i ng , and t he b evi e s of Ap sa r as es

who were d a ncing , and wi th the s ound s of tr um p ets and .

m us ical i ns tr um ents .

T h en al l th e g o d s ,
j oi ning the ir h and s r e ve re n tly,
-and

bow ing th eir b od i e s i n fai th, pr os tr ated th em s el ves b efor e

th e T hous and -r aye d go d a s h e was bei ng p ared d own. I n

S e e p age 1 30 , n ote
hand ; s e e p ag e 1 3 1 , note
’
1 M
'
ei r c

l a ; see p g a e 1 8 1 ,
n o t e s 1 and
'
II . B ut the B ombay ed itio n read s
”
td nai s
’
, with p r otr acted tone s
r s amp r a yogai h a s in the B o m bay e d i ti on .
‘

5 8a p y g
r a o a i h ; o
'
’ '
c a re ad Ram bhd
HF or Rambhd s c a.

B oth ed itions read burr s/”to, but r ead burvatyo ins tead i’
11
 C ANT O CV I I .

t hat r es ound ing nois e, w h ere a ll the g od s w er e g a there d

to gether , Vi sva-kar m an th en g r a d ually d im ini s hed hi s

g lor y .

Af ter h ear ing thus of th e p ar i ng d own of t he b o d y of th e

S un, wh o is the caus e of th e co ld , r ain
y and hot s eas o ns ,

a nd w h o is pr ais ed by V is h nu on th e lotus s eat of S i v a, one

“ ’
g oes to t he S un s wor ld at the c lo s e o f life .

CANTO CV I I .

Hym n to the S un .

Vis nu-hum an r ai ses the S un, while he is ing the S un s

’
r ed uc
p

i r ka ndeya s poke
Ma

W hi le the S un was b ei ng p ar ed d own, the P r aj a-pati V iev a

kar m an the n uttered th is hym n, wh erewith his h air s tood

er ect wi th j oy, 1
'
to th e S un .

T o th e S un, wh o i s com p as s i o nate for th e w elfar e of thos e

wh o f all p ro s trate befor e hi m , w h o i s g reat of s oul , w h o h as
s ev en equally s wift hor s es , w h o has g r eat g lor y, wh o aw ak en s
t he b e d s of l otus e s , w ho s pl it s as und er }
: th e cov e r ing of th e
v ei l of d ar knes s , b e r e ver ence ! T o hi m who w or ks m er it
th r o ug h th e sup er abund a nce of
fire, wh o gi ves m any o b j ects
of d es i r e , wh o r ecli ne s am id b eams of r a d iant fir e , w h o b r i n s
g
w elfar e to all the wor l d , be r ev er ence T o the S un , w h o i s
w ithout bir th §, the caus e of th e thr ee wor ld s , th e s oul of

cr ea te d b eings , the lor d of th e heavenly cattl e , the b ull,

hi gh es t a m ong thos e wh o gr e atly com pass ionate, th e h om e
ar e

5 wh ence th e eye orig inate d , "b e r ev ere nce T o th e S un, wh o

it F or c a ati read c ra ati .

j j
Ud bhzi ta -p ulaka-s totr am b oth e di ti ons r ead the sam e,
’

1 .
but ud bM ta .

p u la ka h s totr am would s eem pref er able .

I Ava -p d tme a wor d not in th e d ictio nary .

Aj é yc or who i s th e d r iver , th e i ns tig ator .

O aks huh-prabhamd layéyc ;

'
the p re-em i nent abod e of
“
or the eye .
 1m m TO r un S UN. 5 73

is maintained by kn o wl ed ge, who is th e i nm os t s oul,

* the
’
fo und ation of th e w or ld , d es ir er of th e wor ld s welfare, th e
s elf-exi s tent , th e th e w or ld s , high es t
e
ye of all am on
g th e
g od s , b ound les s in glor y, be r ev e r en ce ! T hen, for a m onent
th e cr es t j ewel of th e d ay-s p r ing m ountai nf , the h onour ed
m es s enger : th e h o s ts
g od s to the world , thou, wh os e
of of

b od y cons i s ts of a th ou s a nd w i d e -s pr ea d ing r ays of li gh t,

s hines t o n th e w or l d , d ri v ing a w ay th e d ar knes ses By .

reas on of thy into xi ca tio n fr om d ri nking like s piri tuous

up

liquor th e d ar k ne s s of th e w or ld , th y b od y h as acq uir ed a

d eep r ed hue,§ 0 S un, so that thou s h ines t exceed ing ly with

m as s es of ligh t th at c alls th e t hr ee w or l d s into life . M ount

ing t h y equ al ly pr op or tion ed ch ar iot th a t s ways ab out grace
f ully and is w id ely p leas ing " , wi th h o rses th at are ev er
unw eari ed fll, 0 god , thou cour s es t the broad wor ld
ad or a bl e

” 0 S un , t hou p ur i fier of the three wor ld s ,

f or our g ood .

am d ev oted t o th y parr ot-hued s teed s , and

pr ot ect m e, w ho
who am m os t pur efl th roug h th e d us t of thy feet, and who am

F or gndxna-bhhtd ntar d tm an e ( th e thir d s yllable of whi ch violates the

m etr e, th e Va rhsa s thaei ld ) th e B om ay e d j fi a r te ntard tm aii e,
’
'
d
'

b i ti d bh i
‘

f - o n r ea s n -

w hich
'

I h av e a d opt ed .

F or u d aycic
'
a la-m a u li -md li ne ( th e l as t w or d of which vi olates the m etr e,
1
'

' '
th e S m th e B om bay e di tion r e ad s u d ayac a la -mauli -m a gi b’ whi ch I
a kM )
h av e ad op ted .

S -gaaa -m ahi ta -hi to b oth e d itions r e ad th e s am e, but the wor d

3 : ar a

and
m a hi ta violate s th e m e tre ; i t s h o uld consis t of a long a s hor t syllable.

l er h aps be mam/ya
’
’
the word s hould .

F er vilohi ta -eigr a hd t ( whi ch v i ol ate s th e m etr e in the las t word ) the

B oxnbay ed i tion read s vi ld hi ta c i gm

- ha té , wh ich is correct.

'
i kamp i tam w wm
’
i r am ; both e d i tio ns read th e sam e , but it
O dm f -e c

I w oul d s ugge st a m end m ent

v i olates th e m etr e, the S a m a kht . as eu
_
s way s ab out pleasi ngly, m oving
“
’
m z, th at
Rmc tra -vikam i ta m t/rd h
' /va-c ar c

”
(i n h i g h .
‘

which v i olates th e m etre , read akhi m a-hwymm with

1T F or ahh/lla -hayai r ,

th e B om b ay ed ition .

-d hi t d ya c i tata/m b oth e d i ti ons read the sam e, b ut i t

j agad
*
’
O am st ;

vi olates t he m etre, th e S wmukht . T he m e tre i s sati s fied by alteri ng the

c i ta tum
word s ,
'
c afr as fi hi td yc j ugad .

I ns tead oi p w i t l m I t k th B m b ay r ead i ng
- avi tr a tamm
p
H v tr a- a a a e e o .
» .
5 74 C A NT O cvm .

pros tr ate befor e thee, O tho u w h o ar t ki nd to folk th at how

to thee T h us to th e S un, w ho e xis ts as th e p rocr eator of a ll

the w or ld s , who is th e s o le ca us e the g lory th a t calls th e

of

thr ee w o r l d s i nto life,* w ho e x i s ts as th e l a m

p of all the
w o rld s — t o the e, O choi ces t o f th e thirty god s , I e ver
pro s tr a te
m ys elf

CANTO C VI I I .

T he M aj es t
y o
f the S an .

F r om the glor y p ared of fr o m the S un, Vi st a -kar m an m a d e the

found his wife a m ong the Nor ther n

’
d wea ons — T he S a n
go s p
Knra s d bega t of her the A évins and Res a nta
an .
—T he s ta ti ons
’
allo tted to the S un s ofis ri ng a r e d eclared
p .

M arka nd eya s poke

W hile h e w as th us hym n ing th e S un V isv a -kar m an kept

intact i n s p h er i cal s hape th e s i x teenth of th e g lory of

p ar t
2 the lor d of h eav en ; a nd w hen fifteen p ar ts o f his glor y
S un s bod y w as ex cee d ingly b eau ti
’
h ad b een p ar ed away, th e
3 f ul and ch arm ing then And w ith th e . s ple nd o ur th at was
fr om hi m w as f as h ioned V is h nu
’

p ar ed a way di scus ; a nd
s
'
and Kuv era p al ki , the
’
’
4s S i va s tr i d ent , s r o d of t h e lor d of
’
th e
'
th e d ead , a nd s p e ar of th e g o d s g en er al . A nd V i ev a
5 k ar m an m ad e th e brilli ant w ea p ons of th e o th er
g od s wi th
sp le nd our for the q uelling of th e ir foes He
’
th e Sun s .

whos e s plen d o ur h ad b e en th us p ar ed d o wn s h one wi th no

6 e xce ss iv e s pl end our . M i r tta nd a re tai ne d a b od y r es

pl end ent
in every li m b .

’
-d h é/rna -bhata/m w h ich
I ns tead of T r i bhwvw
- na -
p av an a , vi olates th e
m etre , t he Pus hgnitd gr d , I have tak e n th e B omba y r ea d i ng T H-bhwvam
bhd vana-d hd m a -keta m s ham .
’

1 T he C al cutta read i ng D eva-

m p r a zt ato
’
sm i Vieva -kafl nd na m vi ola te s th e
m e tre, and i s i ncorr ect b ecause it i s V isve -kar m a n wh o is -s p eaking . I have
T r id a s‘a -var a p re nato
’
r ead ing
'
f ollowed th e B om b ay sm i s ar fua d a. ted/m , I n,
'

s te ad of thes e las t two word s Vi f k

va- ar ma m ig ht well b e r ead .
 T HE s un s or rs r m nc
’
. 575 "

C oncentr ating hi s thoug hts he beh el d hi s wife i n th e for m

‘

7 of a m a r e , un as s ailabl e by all cr eate d b ein g s by r ea s on of h er

a us t er i ti es an d s elf -r e A n d g oing to th e North er n
p r es s io n .

8 K ur us , th e S un b ecam e a hor s e an d appr oa ch e d h er .

-
A nd
s he, b eh old ing h i m ppr oach i ng , b ecaus e O f h er f ear O f a
a .

s tr a ng e m a le , w e nt face to f ace w ith him , bei ng i nte nt on

g uar d ing h er r e ar A nd ther eup on th ey j o i ned th ei r n os es ,

.

w h en th ey b o th m e t th er e , a n d h is glor y p a s s ed f r om th e
S un
’
10 s tw o n os tr ils ii into th e m a r e . T wo god s w er e b eg o tten
th er e, th e tw o Asv in s , w ho ar e t he t w o b es t p h ys i ci ans ;
na m ely N as atya and D a s r a , th e s o ns w h o i s s ued for th fr om
t he m ar e s j' m ou th ; th es e t w o in d eed th e of M ar t
’
ar e s on s
’
ta nd a w hil e h e b or e a h or s e s for m . An d at th e ter m ina ti on
of th e fl o w of h is was bo r n Re v anta , h ol d i ng s wo r d
‘
s e m en a

12 an d bo w , cl a d in a r m o ur , r i d i ng on hor s eb ack, a nd car ryi ng

a r r o w s and a qu iv er .

T h e n th e S un r ev ealed h is o wn un s ulli ed f orm . S he

13 p erc ei v i ng hi s fo r m w a s m i ld f e lt a j o y ; and th e S un, th e
r ob ber o f th e w a ter s , l e d
.
to his o w n h o m e thi s h i s w ife

14 S a fij fié , ch a ng e d a ga i n i n to h er ow n fo r m an d full of l ove .

A ft er th at h e w h o w as h e r fir s t-hor n s on becam e M ann

V a i v as v a ta .

A n d th e s e c on d was Y am a I b ecau s e of th e cur s e , and

b eca u s e of his f a ther s fav o ur

’
h e w asT h e R i g h teo u s -e ye d
'

Now he wa s ca lled Y am a as havi ng b e en g re a tly afili cted i n

.

16 m i nd by th at cur s e ; a nd s i nce r i g ht e ous n e s s d elig hts h im;

”
he is kno w n th er efo r e as th e
“
K i ng of ri
gh teous nes s .

W or m s taking fl es h fr o m thy foot s hall fal l to t he e ar th

"

17
s o s a ying h i s f ath er h i m s el f p ut § a n e nd to thi s cur s e
-
A nd .

b ec au s e he i s r i gh t eou s -eyed , h e i s i m p ar t ia l t o th e g ood a nd

18 th e e v il . T h e r ef or e th e D i s p el ler Of d a rknes s ppoi nt ed h im

“

t o t he s o uth er n r e gio n ; his a d or a ble father g ave to h im the

N d s i ka h er e h a s it s o r ig i nal m eaning
’

Nas ikd bhyd m

’
.
. .

T h e C a l cutt a e d i ti o n r ead s a f va -va ktr d d and th e B o m bay afti -vaktr d d ;

1
r ea d - h ow e v er aiv d - va ktrd d
f

it
“
Res trai nt, ch eck .

' ’
F or c a kte r ea d c akr e .
5 76 C ANTO cvm .

d uty of p rotecting the w o rld , 0 br ahm an, a nd th e lor d s hi p

o ver th e p i tri s .

A nd th e S un , being well- s atis fied , m a d e Y a m nné the . ri v e r

w hich fl o ws fr om th e r eces s es o f m ount K ali nd a .

T h e two A svi ns we re m a d e t h e god s ’ phys icians by th eir

h igh -s ouled fath er .

A nd Revanta w as p ointe d to th e lo rd s h i p o v er th e
ap

Guhyaka s ; a n d e v en th us s p ok e th e a d or able god the n w ho

is ack no w led g e d
by th e w or ld , T h o u s h a l t i nd e e d b e
w orth y of w o r s hi p b y the e n tir e w or ld , m y ch ild ; and
m or tals , w h o s h all call the e to m i nd a m id th e t er r or s O f
for e s ts an d lone ly p la ces , of g r eat
oth er co nfia gr ati ons , of

e ne m i e s an d r o bb e r s , s h a ll b e d e l i ve r e d o ut of
g r ea t calam i ty .

C om for t, i ntellig ence , h appines s , k ing sh i p , p er fect h ealth ,

f am e , e x alt ed p os it i o n —
thes e, w h en w or s hi pp ed and w ell
”
s ati s fied , th ou s h alt be s to w on m en .

'
A n d C haya S a fij fias s o n S é var na w as of ver y gr eat f am e ;
’
-

h e will b e the e ig h th M ann , by na m e S e i v ar naka , i n a f utur e

tim e . At p r es ent, i nd e ed , this lor d p er for m s terr ible au s ter i
M er u s s um m i t H i s br oth er b ecam e th e pl ane t S a tur n
’
ti es On .

a ccor d i ng to the S un c O m m and fi

“
No w th e S un
’ ’
s s d au gh te r ,
w ho youn ger th a n th ey, 0 b r ah m an , b eca m e th at
was
bes t o f ri ver s , the Y a m una, w hi ch cl ea n s es th e w or ld ?
Now I wi ll s p eak f ully of M ann V a iv as vat a, who wa s th e
i llus tr ious eld es t s on, an d to w h om belong s thi s pr es ent
cr e a ti on H e, wh o m ay ei th er h ear or r ead O f this , th e
.

or ig in O f the go d s w h o ar e th e off s pr i ng of V iv a q t, a nd

o b ta i n
’
of the S un s m aj e s ty , m ay d eliv er an ce w h e n h e f alls
i nto calam i ty an d m ay g ai n g r eat fam e . T hi s s tor
y o
f the

m aj es ty th e p r im eval g o d , th e h ig h - s ouled M ar tta nd a ,

of

wh en lis tened to, quells th e s in th at h as b een com m itted

by d ay or ni ght .

S ee C anto cv i , ver s e 15 . I n C ant o lxxviii, v ers e 33 h e and his eld e r

broth er are no t d is ti ng ui s he d c l ear ly .

1'
T his is a m i s t ake, see v er s e 19 ab ove. S he was T ap ati, s ee C a nto
lxxviii, ver s e 34, and C anto cvi , v er s e 16 .
 ma RK
’
s JYAVARD HANA S a me n. 577

clni o CI X .

M d r kapdeya tells the stor o kin Ra a ‘var d hana — A ter the ki n

y f
’

g
‘

g yy f .

had r ei gned m any year s , his ueen sorr mved over nd in a r e

q fi g g y
hai r in hi s head — He comfor ted her and r esolved to de art to the
“

p
f ore s t—H i s r ascals and subj ects tri ed to d issuad e hi m and i n
“

t ain—J T hey p erformed m any aus teri ti es i n or d er to r o i ti ate

p
"

p
the S un a nd ”went to E d m a-r u a and conti nued their wor s hi
'

p p
A i length the S un app ear ed to them i n bod il sha e
-
y p .

Kraus htuki s ok e
p
Adorable S ir ! th ou h w ell d eclared the bir th theSun
a
st
'
of s

spr ing ,the maj esty of th e pr im e

off v al go d and h is natur e

at very full leng th Never th eles s I d e81 re , 0 bes t O f m uni s

.

to h ear m or e about th e S un s m a j es ty com

prehen
’
s iv ely ; d ei n
g
th er efore wi th f avour to tell m e Of it .

M ér kand eya sp oke

Be it h ear d then ! I tell th ee O f th em aj es ty of th e pri meval
g o d , V i vas vat, wh at h e d i d for m er ly wh en wo rs hi p ed by
p

fam ous kin g , D ama s son, nam ed Raj ya-var ’

T h ere w as a

d h ana ; h e, lord of the ear th , kept th e ear th w ell p rotected .

5 Now th e real m , being protecte d by th at h igh -s oul ed m onar ch

in rig h teous nes s , incr eas ed d ay by d ay 1 n people and wealth , O
6 br ah m an .
y
And j o ous and thr ivi ng ex ceed ingly w er e all th e
.

s ub or d inate kings on th e ear th without c

ex epti on , wh ile h e
was king ; wer e hi s p eople, b oth town a nd countr
and s o a ls o
y
folk . No portent vi si ted them , nor s i cknes s , nor th e f ear th at
co m es from s er p ents , nor w as th ere f ear of d rough t th ere,
“

w as kin g A nd h e offer ed
’
8 whil e D am a s son . up great s acr i .

fices L and g av e gifts to th ose wh o ask ed ; he en o j yed even the

He is mentioned in th e Vis hnu Pur IV i . . . D am a was s on of Nar is hy anta ,

m the gré at M arutta T he s tory of these thr ee kings is told

'

“ d as on of .

in cantos cxxi x to cxxxvi below, and th e P ar ana end s abr uptly Wi th D ama .

Ri j ya-var dh ana is called Ri s h tra-vard h ana in the VéyuPuri na,

73
57 8 CANTO CI X .

ri
p leas ur es of s ens e with out hind r ance to tr ue ghteousnes s .

Wh i le he r ule d th e ki ng d om thus and p r otected h i s p eople

d uly, s ev en th ous an d year s p as s d away as if a s ingle d ay

e
.

Now th e d au gh ter of V id d rath a, king of th e S outh , was hi s

qu een, M anin i by nam e and h i gh -s pir ited * i nd eed O ne d ay .

s h e , th e fin e br owed nob le la d y, s h e d tear s w h en h i s h ead h ad

'

n ot b een d r es sed w i th ointm ent , in th e s i gh t of th e kin g s

fol k . W hen h er t ear - d r op s fell on th e king

’
s b od y, h e s aw

M anin i w as of tear ful Coun tenance th en qu es tioned h er

an d .

w eepi ng and s h ed d ing t ear s s i lently,

‘

In s ooth beh old ing h er

”
Raj ya-v ard h ana as k ed M ani ni, W hy i s thi s ? B ut s h e,
b eing p r ud ent, w h en q ues tioned b y h er h u sb and , r ep li ed th en ,
I t is nothi ng ” T h e king ques tioned h er ag ain st And after
.

th e k ing ha d o f ten , sh e , th e s lend er -w ai s ted

ques tioned h er
lad y, s h ow ed h ir g r ow in g am ong hi s ab un d an t
h im
a a re
g y
locks . L ook at thi s , 0 ki ng ; i s th i s a caus e of v ex ation to
m e , m os t lu ckl es s th at I am A nd th e king laugh ed th er ea t
-
.

W ith a s m ile quoth h e t o hi s wif e— while li s tened all th e

ki ng s an d ci ti ens , andz
th e ki ngs w h o w er e a s s em bled th er e
A w ay wi th gri ef , O w i d e -eyed la d y ! th ou m us t not weep ,

p r etty one B ir th , gr ow th , d eclin e of lif e and other ch ang es

befa ll all liv ing b ei ng s . I h av e s tu d i ed al l th e V ed as I h av e
o ffer e d s acr ificesb y th ou s and s ; I h av e giv en a l/ms to br ah
mans and I h av e b eg otten s on s , O lad y of fines t counten an ce

I h av e en oyedwi th th ee pleas ur es w hi ch ar e v er y
j along

h ar d ly attainab le b y m ort als and I have p r otected th e earth

well I h av e b or ne m ys elf ab ly in b attles ; I hav e l aug h ed
with m y b elov ed fri end s ; an d I h av e s por ted in th e h ear t
o f th e wood s W h at els e i s th er e w hi ch I h av e not d one ,
.

that th ou art fr igh tened at

gr ey h ai r s , O lad y ? L et m y h air
b ecom e gr ey let w ri n kles c om e to m e , O b eauteous one let
m y b o d y p as s into weak nes s ; for I h av e b een s ucce s s ful, O
Ma
n in i ! B eca u s e th ou h as t s h ow n me a g rey h air on m y
h ead , 0 lad y, h er e th en I take m ed i cal tr eatm ent th erefor
thr ou gh r es ortin
g to th e for es t . Fir s t i n ch ild h ood ther e i s

M art i ni .

'

1 F or
;
bhueoah r ead bhri ya h .
 T un K N G I ’
S NO B L E NE S S m O L D A GE . 5 79

ch i ld h ood s
’
a ction s im ilar l there i s action wh ich i s natur al
“

y
i n youth ; and als o s uch as i s fittin in ear l m anh ood
‘

i n ol d
“

g y
ag e th er e i s r es or t to th e f or es t S i nce th os e w h o liv ed b efor e .

m e d id s o, la d y, an d als o th o s e wh o li v ed b efor e them ,

I s ee n o r eas on wh atever th en fo r th ee to s h ed tear s . Away
with thy v ex ation ! D oes not th e s i gh t of th i s g r ey h air
caus e m e elev ati on W eep no t ; it i s futile .
”

M ar kand eya s p oke

T h en th e king s an d ci ti ens wh o w er e in hi s z
pr es ence d id
him r ev er ence, and the kin s ad d r ess ed Ra a-v ar d h ana with
g jy
con cili ator
y w or d s , 0 g r eat ri s hi
.

I t is not f or th ee to w ee wi th thi s th
p y wife , 0 king i t i s
w
eep h er e , or r ath er all li v i ng b ein s f
'

w e who m us t S i nce
g
th ou , 0 m as ter , p eak es t th e w or d in d i cating th at th ou wilt
s

d w ell in th e for es t, life falls th er efor e fr om us w h o h av e b een

tend er ly ch eri s hed by th ee , 0 k in g We w ill all g o, 0 king ,
’

if th ou g oes t to th e for es t Al l the i nh abitants of th e e arth

.

will t her eby s uif er los s in all their cer em oni es without d oubt ,
w h en th ou, 0 m as ter , s h alt tak e up thy ab o d e in the for es t ;
and if th at loss tend s to inj ur e ri
gh t e ous nes s , let th at course

be d i s car d ed . S ev en th ous and y ear s t hi s ear th h as b een

g uar d ed by th ee ; h av e r eg ar d ,0 ki ng , to th e gr eat m er i t th at
h as accr ue d th er efrom ! T he au s ter i ti es , w hi ch th ou , O gr eat
~

king , wilt p erfo r m w hile d w elling in th e f or es t, ar e not

-

th e s ixteenth par t of thi s thy guar d i an s hip o v er th e e ar th !

T he king s p oke

S ev en th ous and year s I h av e pr otected thi s ear th ; now

thi s my time h as com e to d w ell in th e for es t I have begotten .

ch ild r en . New th at I h av e s e en my child r en an d . th eir d e

f ew d ays
"

s cen d ants , D eath tr ul y wi ll not allow me a v er

y .

U nd er s tand , O citi ens, z t hat thi s g r ey h air on m y h ea d has

fr om i gnoble D eath , w h o i s sh ar p
’

b ecom e m ess eng er

'

a v ery

in h is actions B eing s uch , I will p laCe m y s on i n m y kingd om ,

‘ ‘
"

and ab and on W or ld ly p leas ures , and w il l , a s a d weller i n the

Y ama s troops arr ive
’
far est, p er form aus teri ti es until f or me
‘
’
'

F or nd rhanti r ead h ar ke tt 7 .
 '
i N VO CA'I I O N '
‘
ro T ri s s ou. 58 1

h im th e ar
gh a; offering pr es ents and oth er oblations in d ue
and

cour se ; other s gr atified th e S un by m aintaining s ilence}and

other s by r ep eating th e Bi d , Y aj us and s em e n h ym ns ; and
.

oth er d v ij as ab s taini n
g fr om food and lyi ng d own on r iv er sand
b anks , wear i ed with au s ter itie s , m ad e pr opi tiati on of th e S un ;
and
pplyi ng th em s elv es to th e obl ation to F ire, d ay
oth er s , a
'

an d ni ght r ep eat ed h m ns com o s ed to th e S un ; oth ers cast

y p
ing th eir eyes on th e S un r em ained s tand ing th er e E v en .

thus , ap pl yi ng th em selv es to th os e s ev er al ri tes , d i d th ey w ork

in m anifol d ways with ex ceed ing d eterm ination i n or der to

pr opiti ate th e S un .

No wwhil e th ey w er e s tr iv in g thus to propiti ate th e Sun , a

'

Gand h arv a nam ed S u-d am an cam e near and sp oke th us If

ye d es ir e , O d vij as , to pro pitiate th e S un, let thi s then b e d one,

wh er e
b y th e S un w ill b ecom e well -plea s ed T h erefore— th er e .

is f ores t nam ed Gn r u-viééla, fr e

a qu ented b y the S id d h as , in
'
v ery m ountain ou s K am a r li p a— go th er e v erily i n has te
- .

T h er e per form your pr op iti ati on of th e S un with m ind s com

pl etely co m po s ed th e S id dh as fri end l y region i s ther e ; ther e

’

ye s hell obtain all

-
your d esir es .

M ar k andeya s poke
O n h earing this hi s s peech , thos e d V IJaS went to th at for es t
an d beh eld th e s acred and b eautiful s h rine of th e S un th er e .

T hos e brah m ans and men of other cas tes ,

g
d i mi ni s h in th eir food ,
im d b eing ind efatig able, O brah m an, offer ed wors hip ther e eu
rich ed w ith in cens e, fl ow er s and oblations and wi th com os ed
p
m ind s , celebr ating hi s w or s h ip with flow er s , unguents and
’

oth er gifts w ith incens e, per fum es a nd oth er fragr dne e als o
,

with pr ayer s , s acrificial ob latio n s , foo d , lam ps and oth er

offer
'
vn s , thos e d v1 as
] gratified the S un, 0 brahma n
g .

T h e br ahm ans s p oke

L et us ap pr oach th e S un as our r efug e, the g od wh o in s plen

d our g od s , D anav as
s ur p as s es a nd Y uks has , the
planets , and
th e h eav enly b odi es ; th e lor d of g od s , wh o d welli ng also
in the s ky makes everythi ng a r ound bri lliant, and penetrates
the earth and th e atmos phere wi th his rays even him who has
5 82 CANT O cl x .

-fi s h an
the nam es
'

K ya,
d it B h as k ar a , B h é nu ,
S avi t i
r, lJi v ékar a ,
P

an d Ar yam an, S v ar -bh anu hi m w h o h as fl am ing r ays , who is

th e fir e w h ich s h all d es tr oy the uni verse at th e en d of th e four

ag es , z
d ifli cul t to b e g a ed at, who p er s is ts to th e end o f th e
final d i s s oluti on th e lor d of yogins , a nd t h e nev er -end i ng one ;
who i s r ed yellow , wh it e and b la ck ; h im wh o d w ell s in th e
,

ob lation m ad e to F ir e by ris hi s , and am ong th e g od s of s acr i

fice i m p eri s h able, s ublim e, s ecr et, who i s th e s u pr em e gat e to
fin al em ancip ati on fr om ex is tence ; and wh o tr av er s es th e s ky
wi th hym ns in th e for m of h or s e s w hich ar e yoked t ogeth er at
h i s r is in g and s etting w ho i s always intent on cir cum am bul atin g
M er u r ev er ently . An d w e h av e s o ug ht unto t h e ligh t -giv er ,
who i s not tr ue yet tr ue, who i s a s acr ed m ul tif or m pla ce
and

of p ilgri m a e, who i s th e p er m anen ce of th e uni v er s e, an d i s b e

g
yond thought ; hi m wh o i s B r ahm a, wh o i s S iv a, w h o i s V i s h nu ,
’

wh o is P r aj a-pa ti ; who i s th e wi nd ,1 th e atm os ph er e and w ater ,

th e ear th and i ts m oun tains and oceans who i s th e p lanets , th e
cons tellatio ns , th e m oon and o th er heaventy bod/ice, tr ees b ear
ing blos s om and fr ui t, other tr ees an d h er b s w ho s ets in m o
tion ri cr eated
g h teou s nes s and unr i g h t eous nes s , a m on g
‘
-

b eing s , those wh i ch ar e m anifes t and those w hi ch ar e

m anif es t
’
S iv a s ,
’
B r ahm a s bod/y,
’
and a nd V i shnu
’
no t . s

i s th e bod y , of th ee, the S un , w hos e s p ecial natur e i s thr ee-fold

in d eed M ay the S un be gr aciou s ! M ay th e S un, of wh om , as
.
,

lor d wi th out b eg inni ng , all this wor ld com os es the b od

p y , and
who i s th e th e life of th e w or ld s — m ay h e b e g rac ious to u s
M ay th e S un, wh os e fir s t}: for m i s lum i nous a nd can h ardly b e
ga z ed up on b ecau s e of its cir cle of s lend our , and
p whos e s econd

for m i s th e g entle lun ar or b— m ay h e b e gr ac ious to u s ! A nd

m ay the S un , fr om th os e two for m s of wh om thi s uni v er s e h as
been fas hioned cons is ting of Agni and S om a — m a he the od
y , g ,
b e gr acious to us

As a na m e o f t h e S un , not in th e d i c ti onar y .

f V ayui

I F or is va r a m
eka -bhc r ead ekam bhd s var a m T h e B om b ay ed iti o n read s
"
aks har am
eham w h os e firs t for m i s i m per i s h ab le
-
.
 T HE S UN GRANT S r ue KI NG L os e L I FE . 5 83

M ar kandeya spoke

W hile th ey ar e thus entir ely w or s hippi ng him with prai s e

and faith , th e ad or able S un b ecam e plea s ed after three m onths ,

0 br ahm an . T h ereup on i s s uing fr om h i s orb , with the s am e

s pl end our as hi s di s k p ossesses , th e S un, wh o i s h ard ly t o b e

gazed at, d es cend ed and di s played him s elf to them T h os e .

br ah m an folk b owing i n f aith th en pros tr ated them s elves

'

before t he S un , wh o i s with out b eginni ng , as he manifes ted

him self in b odily s h ap e, while th ey quiv ered with thr ills of
awe ewclai m i ng
“
Rev er ence , r ev erence b e to th ee, th e thous and
rayed one ! T h ou ar t the cau s e of ev eryth ing — br illiant every
whit . T h ou ar t to b e inv oked ag ains t h ar m ful as sault, b eing
t he s ite of all s acri fices an d t o b e m ed itated upon by th ose
”
s killed in r eligiou s d ev otion . B e thou gr aci ous !

C ANT O O K .

T he M aj es ty of the S un, conclud e d.

Ki ng Réj y
’
a-va'
r d hana s s ub ects
j besought o the S um tha t the ki ng
f
m ight r ei gn ten thous and year s m or e, and the S wn r an ted i i
g
B ut the king, d is tres sed that the boon d i d not i nclud e a ll his

fam ily and subj ects , went and p rop iti ated the S un, and at length
gai ned hi s d esi r e— Th i s stor y i s com mitted on and i ts merits are

extolled .

W ell -pleas ed th en , th e ad or able S un s aid to all

the populace
C hoos e, 0 ye d v ij a s an d o th er p eop le , what ye h ave wished
to obtain fr om m e !
T h er eupon th ose br ah m ans an d oth er people gaz ing in fear
on th e fiery-r ayed S un, as he s tood b efore them,
pr os tr ated
th em s elves and s aid ,
O br ah m an

T he peop le s poke
P ros tr ati ng them s elv es they s aid then to the lor d of the
wor ld wh o proff er ed th em a b oon O ad or able D ispeller of
d arkness , if thou ar t pleas ed wi th our faith , then let our kin
g
584 CANT O CX

liveit ten thous and year s, fr ee from s ickness , victor ious ov er

“

his enem ies , rich in hi s treas ur y, and wi th firm ly-end ur ing

”
youth I M ay R j y va d ha
d a -
'

r na li t
v e ent h o usand years !

M é rkaud eya s poke

sai d th e S un to th e p opulace, and becam e too
'

S o be it
d az zling for s ight , 0 great m uni And they, h avi ng gained .

th e b oon and j oyous thereat ,

as s em bled ab out the king An d .

having g ained th e bean com pletely fr om th e thous and -rayed

od 0 b r ahm an th mad e kn wn t th ki n h ow it h ad
g , , ey o o e g
happened .

O n h earing th at, hi s queen M anini r ej oiced , 0 br ahm an ; and

the king pond ered a long while and said nothing to the people
’

T h ereupon sh e M anin i, whOse m ind was filled with j oy , ex

claim ed to the king h er h usb and How fortunate ! P ros per ,

0 king , wi th long life ! T hus di d M an ini cour teous ly s alute
h er hu sb and in her d eligh t, but th e kin g s aid nothing , h i s m ind
b eing num bed w ith th ought, 0 bré hm an . She ad d r es s ed h er
husband aga n, i as he wa s pt in th ough t with countan
ra

ance b ent d ownward s , W hy d os t thou n ot give way to j oy i n

this s uprem e mo ment f
o exal ta
tion, 0 kin g T h ou shalt li ve
free fr o mi k with fir m ly-end uring yo uth , ten thous and
s c n es s ,

ear s fr om to-d W h n ev erth eles s d o st thou not ej oi ce 9

y ay y .
r .

B ut d eclare thou th e reas on, wh y th ou h as t thy m i nd drawn

a
way by thought , e v en wh en a s u rem e
p m oment of exaltation

has b een r eached ,

0 king

T he king s poke
How has .
a moment of exalta ti on com e, 0 lad y, .
- and why d os t
th ou c ourt eous ly s alute me ? W h en thous and s of afflicti ons

ar e i n curr ed , is cour teous s alutation .

w i sh ed for ? 1 '
I sh all

live al one ten _th ousand year s , but not th ou ; w h en calami ty

befal ls thee, s hall I not h av e aflli ction W h en I s ee s on s ,

g r an d s ons ,
g grand s ons and oth er b elov e d r ela tiv e s
and r eat -

d ead , will m y affli ction ind eed b e s m all And wh en m y m os t

faithf ul servants are d ead , and wh en m
y circle of fr iend s i s

Jtvatd/m étmaue -pad a ; and ag ai n i n this

'

verse .

1 F or s abh é anayi s hyc te read eabhz i anam

’

i
'
g is hyate as in the B om bay ed i tion.
 r un K IN G S ’
urs r nus s AT A L O NG S O L I T ARY L I F E . 5 85

d ead , th er e will tl: enb e b ound les s aifl i ctiou for m e continual
“

ly, O la d y . T hey w h o w ith em aciated bod i es , cons tantly

attach e d to ri g h t eo us nes s , h a v e er fo r m ed aus ter iti es for m
p y
s ake , th ey s h all d ie , and I wh o j
en oy the benefit s h all liv e— th is
is cen s ur ab le 1
‘
T his , s uch as i t i s , is a cala m ity that h as b e
fallen m e , O lad y of b eautiful hip s i t i s n o t a m om ent o exalt
f
atio n How ag ain i s i t tho u d os t not th i k in th at thou d os t
. n
cd ur te ou s ly s alute m e no w
M anini s poke
0 gr eat ki ng , as th ou h a st s aid , s o in d eed i t i s h erein there
is no d o ub t I . and th e citi ens z in o u r afiect ion for th ee d i d
not p er ceiv e th is mi s tak e S in ce it h as g one . s o , cons id er w h at
s h ould b e d one in th i s m atter , 0 lor d o f m en . W h at the ad or
able S un h as s a id i n hi s gr acious nes s s h all not be other wis e .

T h e kin g s poke
I t is a b enefit th at m y citi e s an d zn s er vants hav e d one to
hall
‘

me out of aff ect i on ; how s I ta s te j

en oym en ts , w ith ou t
.

d is char g ing m y obligation to th em ? I then in th i s p os iti on

will g o w ith s ub d u ed m i nd to th e m ountain fr om t o-d ayi a n d
w ill pr actis e au s ter i ties , ab s tai ni ng fr o m food , res olv ed
to pr o

pitiate th e S un S ince I s hall liv e i n

. fir m ly-e n d ur ing yo uth
fr ee fr om s ick nes s ten th ous and year s thr ough th at g o d s fav o ur
’

th ere for e , if th e a dor able S un g r ants us thi s f av o ur , that all

m y p eop le, m y s er vants , and thou an d my c hi ld r en , s o ns ,

and gr and s on s , an d m y fr iend s s ha ll a ls o li v e ,

gr and s on s g r ea t-

0 lov ely-faced one — th en I s h all continue i n th e k ing d om and

s hal l tas te j
en oym ents with d eli ght . I f the S un d oes not do
this , th en, 0 Manini
I w ill p ractis e au s ter ities on th e m oun
,

t ai n th er e, ab s taini ng fr om f oo d u ntil m y life p er i s h .

M ar ka nd eya s p oke
B ein g th us ad d r es s ed by him , s h e s aid to th e king th en, B e
it so I And s h e als o went w ith h im to th at m ountain T he .

king g oi ng with h i s q ueen t o the

'
s an ctuar y ther e e ng ag ed in

Ni -san-tata , not i n th e d ictionary .

D hi h-kar a , not in th e d i cti onar y .

T he B om b ay ed ition i ns er ts t wo lines h ere d oub tf ully.

74
 5 86 CANT O cx .

w or s hi pping the S un , b eing as s id uous i n hi s s er vi ce, 0 b r éh m a n ,

29 and b ecom ing em aci ate d throu gh w a nt of f ood ; an d s h e , j us t
as that king d i d , practis ed s ev ere au s ter iti es li kew i s e, e nd ur

30
’
ing cold , wind and th e s un s h eat . W hile he w as w ors h ipp ing
th e S un an d
g g p r acti s i n r eat aus ter ities , w h en year a nd
a

o f th e d ay w as
p art of the next year h ad p as s ed , th e M aker
accor d ing to
31 pleas ed then an d gra nted him 0 d v ij a , a b oon
his d es ir e for th e s ake o f a ll h i s d ep end ants , citi z en s an d oth e r

s ub e
j c
ts ,
an d hi s s on s , 0 ex cellent brah m an .

O n gaining the b een , th e king g oing to hi s city r uled hi s

king d om in j oyous nes s , pr otecting h is p eople r igh te o us ly an d

h e ofi’ere d m any s acr ifices , ga v e aw ay gift s d ay and ni ght, a n d

in co m p any w i th M an ini ind ul ged in j
en o m ents ,
y being w is e i n
'
34 r igh t eou s nes s . He r e oiced
j “
w ith h i s grand s ons and ot r er
so ns , .

d es cend a nts , w i th h i s d epend ants z

and ci ti ens ? for ten thous an d

years ; h e r em ained co ntinuo u s ly yo uthful .

A B har gav a nam ed P ram ati , after s eeing t hat hi s exp loit, s an
g
th i s s on
g w h i le hi s hear t w a s d r awn ou t w i th as toni s hm ent ,

L o, th e p ow er o f fai th i n th e S un, in tha t k ing Raj a -v ar

y
d hana h as b e en born for th e i ncreas e of li fe of his ow n
p eop le
as well as of h im s el f !
T h us I h av e rel ate d to th ee, O b r ah m an , w hat th en d id s t
as k m e , nam ely, th e m aj es ty of th e lor d : Ad itya V iv as vat, th e
38 g od who w as in th e beg i nning T h e m an w h o , af ter .

hear ing th e wh ole of that s tory of th e S un’ s s ubli m e m aj es t

y
with t he br ah m ans , r ead s i t als o d uring th e s ace of s e v en
p
39 nigh ts , i s d eli vere d fro m h i s s in s § A nd th e i ntelli ent
g
.

m an , who m ay h old th i s f as t, becom es free fr o m s i cknes s

,

p os s es s ed of ri ch es a nd opul e nt ; and i s b or n ag ai n a m an of

40 gr eat und er s tand ing in a great f am ily of wi s e m en .

”A nd

F or s a m u d i ta h r ead eu m a d i tah .

1 Pauttr ai lc i n the prob ably p a ur a i h, whi ch I hav e ad o te d

te xt ; b ut r e ad
‘

p .

I Vi bho ; b ut vibholc s eem s pr ef er ab le and I h ave ad op ted i t T he B om .

.

b ay ed i tion r ead s d d i ta h, “ wh a t th o u d id s t as k m e f rom th e fir

st .

Or r ead s i t al s o , is d eli vered f ro m th e s i ns wh i

ch h e has c omm
itted
d ur ing se ve n ni gh ts a s th e B o mb a
y e d ition re ad s .

H T he B o m bay e d i tion in s e r ts h ere , though d oubtfully And he tr uly

 58 7
’
r un sun s MAJE ST Y.

m is erable are they w ho ar e s m i tten h erein by the S un, 0 b est

of m uni s .
*
T he rep etition of e ach of th es e ver ses d ur ing three
tw iligh ts d es tr oys si n . And in whatev er s anctuar y of the S un
all thi s p oem a d or able S an
of hi s m aj es ty i s r ecited , th er e the
withd r aw s not hi s pres ence T h erefor e th en, 0 br ahm an, w ho
.

d es ir es t to gain great m er it , m us t r etai n th is p oe m of the S un’s

s ub lim e m aj es ty in thy mind an d m us t m utter it ov er . V er ily
he w ho makes a gift of a m ilch cow wi th gi ld ed h or ns and
m os t h and som e b od y, and th e m an who s elf -pos s es sed listens
to th i s p oem for three d ays— equal ar e th e m er it and r ewar d

of them b oth , 0 bra hm an If

CANT O 0 X1 .

T he guid e to the genea logi es .

M a nn ha d seven sons , whose nam es a r e m enti oned — and a ls o a child

,

who wa s bor n as a d aughter named I ld , and a f ter war d s becam e

a m a n by na m e S n-d ywmna— T hi s chi ld as I ld had a s on Pa r d
ra r as , who rei
gned a t P ra ti s hthd na , and as S a -d ynm na had three
s ons .

M érkaud eya s p oke

S uch p ow er h as th e ad or able S un, who is with out beginning

and w itho ut end , concer ni ng w h os e m aj es ty t he n , 0 Kraus h

2 tuki , d os t as k m e in faith H e i s th e S uprem e s o

. ul am on
g
reli gi ous d ev otees wh o m ed i tate d eeply on th e d is s olution of

their intellects ”
: h e is th e C ons cious S oul am ong th ose who

who af te r h ear ing of thi s explo it s acri fice s with gre at s acrifices r ep le te with
”
and f ee s , h onour hi s r e w ar d
b oons g ai n s as .

T he B om bay e d iti on r ead s d iffe re ntly And the v er se s which were

fo r a bhihatd to the S un, 0 bes t
her ein ad d r e s s e d [ r ead a bhihi td of m unil ,
the repe ti ti on o f each of these vers es d ur ing thr ee twiligh ts d es tr oys s i n ” .

d v ij égr ya
'

t i ll er d vij a gr ya m read .

hi s is th e bes t m ea i th t I n t out f th t xt — P ar
md t m
'

I T n ng a ca g e o e e a a, 3a

yogind mjyunj a td fh d etas drit layam , wh ich i s th e r ead ing i n the C alcutta, B om bay
,

and Poona e d itions , though the las t in its corrigend a alters it to yogd nd m,
58 8 CANT O ext .

a pp ly the S ankhya d octr ine to th e kn ow led g e of s p ir it ; and

he i s th e Lor d of s acr ifice am ong t h o s e w ho ar e s acr i ficer s

S un
’

w hile V i s h nu , S iv a
’
and B r ah m a ea ch s upp or ts the s

s up r e m acy .

M an n w a s h is s on , a s olv er o f d oubts in all m atter s , th e r ul er

of a m anv -a ntar a , w h os e is th e s ev enth p er i od ,
0 b r ah m an .

I ks h v aku , N abh ag a a nd B is hta — w h o w er e gr eat i n s t reng th

an d ro
p w es s — an d Nar i s hya nta, Nabh éga , P fis had hr a and
th e guar d i an of
’
D h ris h ta ; 1 th es e w er e th a t M ann
'
s s o n s , ea ch

a s e ar at e
p ki ng d om . A ll w er e celeb r ated in fam e, all h ad th e
u tm o s t s kill in ar m s and w eap ons .

S eeking yet g a in for a s on who s hould be m or e d i s ting ui s h ed ,

a

M ann , b es t of th e s kilfu l on es , ofier ed a s a cr ifice to M i tr a

and V ar una ; i n w hich s a cr
ifice m or eov er w h en th e O ffer in g w as

p er v er s ely m ad e th r ou gh th e i m pr op er cond uct : of the pr ies t ,

a nd th e n sa yogd nam m us t b e r ead as o ne w or d s a -yogd n d m . B ut t h e te xt

yo d
'

gi nam s h o ul d yufij a td m s h o uld

’
i s no d o ub t cor r up t ; b e yogi n a m , an p er
h ap s b e ymij d nd nd m , th o ug h b ot h P ar a s m ai -p a d a Ktm a ne -p ad a h a ve th e
‘

a nd
'
m eani ng to m e d itate d ee p ly . M ah fim ah p p éd i ya
h ya H ara P r a s éd S é s tr i
s ug g es ts al s o th at laya h w ould b e b et te r th an la y am and w ould trans late
th u s ,
“
H e i s th e S up r e m e S o ul t o th o s e wh o ar e s ucces s f ul in m ed itati on
the V e d antis ts ] ; h e i s th a t in w hi ch th e m i nd s o f th os e wh o ar e e n

g a
ge d i n m e d i tati on, bu t w ho a re not yet s u cces sfu l, ar e ab s or b ed ” the
S a guna B r a hm a n of th e V e d anti s t s ] .

Yaj ri ei o yaj vi nti m

'

b ut yaj van d m m us t b e '

ap t r ead f or ya v j i na m , a nd
'

M a ham a h o pad hy a i y a H ar a Pr a s ad S as tr i g i ves it th e m eani ng ’

to t h os e w h o
co ns id er s acr ifi ces to b e th e m e a ns le nd i ng t o b eati tud e " th e
M im é ms is ts ] .

1 O nly s ev e n s o ns ar e m e nti one d h e re . T he n um b er i s g e ner a lly g iv en as

te n . T h er e i s m uch d i v er s ity r e g ar
di ng th e na m e s o f all o f t h e m e xc ep t

I ks hv éku , Nar i s h yanta , and D h ris h ta . O th e r n am e s o m i tte d ar e

’
i ti ,
S ar y z
Kar us h a, V en a , Pr améu S ee W ils on s V i s h nu P uri na, b ook I V
’
a nd
c h ap
.
.
,

t er i , n otes . T h e secon d a nd th i r d n a m e s N ab h ng a and B i s h ta ar e s o m etim e s

g i ve n as a s ing le na m e , N abh ég ad i s h ta in th e V e d a and Nabh éne d is h th a i n t h e

A i tar eya B r ah m ans ; an d th e las t -nam ed bec k s ay s — h e w a s g iv e n to s acr e d
tud y , hi s b r o th e rs d ep r i v e d him of hi s s h ar e i n t he p ater nal p r op er ty, a n d r e
t h eir fa th e r , a nd hi f ’
f er r e d him to by s h
a t er s a d v i ce
h e h e lp ed t h e A n ir as as
g
i n their s acrifici al s e s s io n a nd o b tai ne d g re a t w ealth
( V ii .
.

I F or d ap c d p a ha te, a s
’

a hri te r e ad in t he P o ona
‘

e d itio n. T he ver b a a Jm
p is
 ‘
M AN U S D E S CE ND ANT S . 589

8 0 g r eat m uni , a d augh ter w as bor n to M ann nam ed 1 15, s len

"

d er of w ai s t O n s eeing tha t d aug hter bor n th ere , M ann

.

9 offer ed
pr ai s e to M itr a an d V ar una th en and s poke thi s w or d ,
When I m ad e m a d e th e s a cr i fice wi th the p r ayer , T hro ug h

your fav o ur m ay I ob tain a d i s tin guish ed s on, ’ a d augh ter w a s

b or n to m e wh o am w is e I f ye b eing gr aci ous gr an t m e a .

b oon , then let this m y d aug h ter , through th e fav our of you
b oth , becom e a son end ow ed w i th s ur pass ing vir tu es ! A nd
w h en th es e two go d s in s oo th s a id , “ B e i t s o ! tha t s am e

d aughter 1 1s b ecam e f or th wi th a son fam ed by th e nam e

S u-d yum na .

And af terwar d s th at w i s e s on of M ann, while rov ing th e

f or es t a-h unting , w as tur ned i nto a wom an thr ough the w r a th
of th e god ;
’
in wh i ch cond i ti on S oma s s on B ud ha be ga t of
h er a s on nam ed P ur ur av a s j '
w h o was a m ighty uni v er s al

m onar ch . W h en that s on w as b or n, S u-d yum na a

g ain p er
f o r m ed
’

g reat h or s e ac ri fice and r eg ai ned a m an s natur e a nd

a -s

b ecam e a king .

S u -d yum na d ur ing his m anho od h ad thr ee s ons , U tkala ,$

V i naya § and Gaya , “ who wer e m os t v aliant,
giv en to s a cr ific
'

in g , gr eat in bod ily s tre ngth Now t he s e thr ee s on s , w ho .

wer e b or n to hi m d ur ing his m anh oo d , enj oyed this ear th fil

’

wh ile g over ning their m i nd s i n r i gh te ous ness .

'
no t i n th e d ic tio nary . T h e Poona co m m e n ta ry explains ap ahute ap ad ar d t by
v i p a r i ta -hav a ne vy a tyay dt .

4" T he B ar i -V . nar r ates only o ne ch ang e , na m ely, from wom a hood n (after
s he h ad gi ven bir th to Fut urav as ) to m a nho od (x . 61 5

1
‘
Pr op er ly P a r t na vas ,
'
as in v e r se 17 .

I Fr o m wh om wer e d es cen d ed t he U tkal as , s ee note o n ca nto lvu , v ers e

4 3, and a ls o v ers e 53, pp 32 7 . a nd 34 1 a n te all the au th or iti es agr e e ab out

th is .

a ls o ca l le d V inata, V i na tas va , and Hnri tfis va by d ifiere nt muthorities

5 He i s .

s He was king of th e E as t acco r d ing to th e M a ts ya P an , and king of th e W e s t

accord i ng t o th e B ar i-V . ( x . 631 — 2 ) a nd Vi y u F or .

e to the ci ty G a yé , as a ll th e autho riti es ag r ee ; and

H H e g a v e hi s na m he
w as kin g o f th e E as t as th e Hari -V s ays ( x . 6 31 .

1T T he B h égav ata P ur . says wr o ngly al l thr ee sons wer e r uler s of the S outh ,

D aks hi ndp atha .

 59 0 C ANT O cm .

'
B ut P ur li r av a s , w h o w a s b or n o f th at m onarch S i c-d ymmt a
18 d ur ing his w om a n h ood , g o t no s h ar e of th e earth , because h e
'
w a s B ud h a s s o n T her eup o n at V as is h th a s wor d P ratis h
’
.

sk
th i
z n a ,
a n ex cellent c it ,
y w as g iv en to him ; he becam e king
i n th at ex cee d ing ly ch ar m in g ci ty .

C ANT O C X I I .

T he S tor y of P ris ha d hr a .

d enta lly ki lled

’
M a nn s P d s ha d hm wh ile hunti ng a cci br d hm a n
’
s on a s
’
co w — T he br tihm a n s son fell i nto a ra
ge a nd cur sed him — T he
brahm a n rep ror ed hi s his p as si ona te cond uct, but the
f
s o n or cur s e

cou ld not be a lter ed a nd P d s ha d hr a becam e a éi id/r a .

M ér ka nd eya p oke s

n am ed P us h ad hr a
’
M ann w h o w as 1 w ent a -huntin
g to
'
s s on

a f or es t . W h ile w a lking ab o ut in th at d en s e lonely for es t h e

2 ligh ted upon no d eer at all , h e w a s s co r ch e d b
y the s un s r ays ,
’

and hi s b od y w as s ei ed w ith h un g er , thir s t z and h eat as he

3 w alked hith er and th ith er . T he n h e saw th ere a b eautif ul
co w which yield ed m il k for s acr ific e, b elong ing to a br z i hm an
“

w ho m aintai ned th e s acr ifici al fir e , h alf the b od y o f w hi ch w a s

4 hi d d en am ong 1 T h in ki ng s h e w as
‘

cre ep er s .

g ayal, h e s h ot a

h er w ith ar r ow , a nd s h e fell to th e ea r th ,
an
p ier ced to th e h ear t
5 wi th th e a rro w . T h ere upon th e s ac r ifici al
pr ies t s s on T ap o
’

rati , § w ho w as a re li gio us s tud ent , o n s ee in

g hi s fath er s s acri
’

6 ficial cow s tr ick en d own c ur s ed hi m and s ent for war d h is s on

M ann g av e thi s ci ty to S u d y um n a who w a s e xc lud ed fro m the ater na l

o

p
d om i nions b ecaus e h e had b ee n a f e m a le , an d S u d yum na g ave i t to P nr firava s '

I t was s itua ted on th e north b ank of th e Gang e s at i ts j unction wi th the

i ( Kar i-V ” xxvi 1 37 1
Y am unz . a nd 1 41 1

1 T h is nam e is gener ally wr itte n P ri s ha d hr a , wh ic h i s the cor r ect for m .

I T hi s i s th e r ead ing of th e P oo na ed i tio n, la td n ta r -d eha

t he
te xt of th e C a lcutta ed iti o n is erro neo us . T he B o m b ay ed iti o n r e a d s les s p ro
perly i ntar -d eha-é hi wnd r d hé m
latr .

I have not found this nam e elsewhere .

 us m 59 1
’

P os m ls c uns no nr A mu m u r .

nam ed V abh r avy al“ wh o tend ed th e cow . T h en, 0 m uni , h is

m en tal f eeling s w er e o v er co m e b y w r ath a nd r es entm ent , and he
f ell i nto w hil e h i s eyes r olled an d w er e b l urr ed with d r op s
a r age ,

of
p er s p i r ation th a t tr ickled d o wn T he k in g P d s h a d hr a s eeing
’
th a t m un i s s on enr a g ed s ai d , B eg aci e us , w h er efor e d os t
r

th ou g i v e w ay to an g er li ke a sli d r a N o k s h atr iya , n o

.

v ai sya 1 i n tr uth i nd u l es s o i n w r a th th ou d os t like a

“

as
g
' ”
s fid r a , than wh o ar t b or n in th e noble fam ily of a br ah m a n .

M ar k a nd eya s p oke
W h en that s on of a
p r e -e m i nen t br ahm a n: w a s up b r aid e d

th u s b y th e k i ng , h e cur s ed th e e v il - s oul e d hi ng, s a ying T hou

s h alt b ecom e a sfid r a i nd eed W hate v er s ac-r e d lor e tho u

h a s t lea r nt fr o m th y g u r u s m o u th s h all w a st e b eca us e
’
a w ay ,
”
th ou ha s t h u r t thi s m y g ur u s s acr ifici a l cow
’
.

W hen cur s ed th us th e ki n g b ec am e g r y, yet h e w a s tor

an

m ented g r eatly b y th at cur s e . H e to ok w ater u p i n h i s h a n d ,

inten t on cur s ing the other i n r eta lia ti o n , O b r a h m an T h at
'

b r ah m an al s o g av e w ay t o w r ath i n or d er to d es tr oy th e k in g .

pp r oach ed hi m ha s tily a n d for b ad h i m i n s oot h ,

'

H i s fath er a

s a yi n g

My s on , en ou g h , m or e th an en o ug h , of w r ath w h ich

d oe s n o t co un ter act h os tili ty V er ily c alm ne s s i s b en efici a l

to th e twi ce -b or n i n thing s of th i s w or ld and of th e n ex t

wo r ld . A nger d es tr oy s a us ter iti es ; a n d th e an g r y m an fall s

’

aw ay fr om long life th e an gr y m an s kn o wle d g e m elts aw a

y,

h V i sv é m itr a h a d a s on
T hi s i s p atr onym i c from V abhr u or B ab r u
a

V ab hr u f r om w ho m w as d es cend e d th e f a m ily of th e V ab hr us ( M ali a-E h , .

Anu§é s.- iv 2 49 — 2 5 9 H a r i -V xxv i i . 1 46 3— 6 7 bu t s ee Ait ar B r ah V I I ii i .

p
. . .
.
.
, . ,

( W il s on s F
’
n am e d V ab h r u V i s h n u-P —
ed it
p up il
'
an d S aunaka h ad a . . .

s e e m s o ut o f
’

Ha ll — I I I . vi .
) b ut th e na m e Vi b h rav y a s o o n af te r M ann s t im e

pla ce .

iti o n giv es th e r igh t r ea d i ng ,

ed na ks ha tr i ya na va. v a i s ya
I
''
T h e P oo na ,

t he C alcutta e d iti o n w r o ng ly p u ts t h e a ccus a tiv es

'
.

s res h tha s y a a ccor d i ng t o th e co m m e nt a tor . T his m e ani ng

xM auli na h
,

i s not i n t h e d ic ti o na ry .

F or bhav i s hya ti r ea d bhavi s hy as i .

d ud ti -m i r i nd r ead homo n dpr a tivai r i nd i n th e Poona e d it io n.

H F or kop en as
 592 CANT O cm .

an d t he m an fa ils of h is ob Ject als o T h er e i s no r ig h t

'

angr y .

eo u s n e s s i n th e m a n of an gr y d i s p os iti on ; and th e p as s ionate

m an o b tain s no t hi s j
o b ect n or a mong th os e w h o s e m ind s ar e

p o s s es s ed by w r a th i s th e ob tai ning of th eir w is h es enou g h for

h a p pin es s I f th e kin g h as killed th is c ow w ith h is fu ll kn ow
.

le d g e , i t i s ri
g h t f or on e , w h o p er ceiv es w h a t i s for hi s o wn

b en efit , to ex t e nd p ar d o n h er e O r zf h e has s lain this m y

.

co w i n i g nor a nce , h ow th en i s h e w or thy of a cur s e , s in ce h i s

m ind w a s n ot e v il ? W hatev er m an , w hi le s eeki n
g hi s own
oo d h ar a s s es an oth er —
m er cifu l m en s h ou ld s h e w p ar d o n t o
g ,

th at m a n i n th e kn ow led g e th a t h e i s b en i g h ted fi“ I f w ise

m en i nfli c t puni s hm en t for w ha t i s d o ne b y a m a n i n ig n or an ce ,
I es tee m h i m m or e th an th e w i s e m en b etter ar e th e m e n
w ho ar e ig n o r a n t 1 .
”
I nv oke th ou no c ur s e no w on thi s king ,
my s on ; by h er o w n acti o n ind eed thi s cow h as falle n i n a

p a in ful d ea th .

M ar kand eya s p ok e
P us h ad hr a als o , p r os tr a ti ng hi m s e lf with bo w e d n e ck be
fo r e th e m uni s s on , ex claim ed alo ud B r aci o u s
’
, g e an d
“
S he
s lainby m e in i g nor ance , for s h e w as a I th ou gh t
w as g ay al
a co w m us t n o t b e k ille d th r o u g h i g n or an c e O mun i , I s lew ,

t hy s a cr ifici al cow B e th ou al s o gr aci ous to m e, O m un i I

.

’
T h e ri s hi s s on s
p o ke
S in ce m y bir th , 0 ki n g , I h av e u tter e d n othin g i n v ain ,
and m
y an ger thi s d ay can never b e a lter ed , illu s tr iou s s ir .

T her efor e I ca n not m ake thi s cur s e oth erw i s e 0 kin g ; but ,

th e s econ d cur s e w h ich w a s p r ep ar ed for thee i s av er te d .

T h e fath er th en t oo k th e s on w h o h ad s p o ke n th us an d went
to hi s ow n h er m i ta g e . An d P fisha d h r a i n s o o th b ecam e a

sud r a .

Or, to th a t m an wh os e und ers tand i ng is f ooli s h .

1 T am
“
appe ars to b e th e r ig h t r e ad i ng ; b ut rea d ta d in s te ad of ta m then
b e tter than th e wi s e in m y o p ini o n, th e m e n wh o ”
ar e, ar e ig noran t .
 KBHAGA 59 3
'
V L O VE D A r u su mu m-
1 x;

C Axr o C XI I I .

'
N abhciga
’
s ex
p loi ts .

Ka rns ha ’
s
‘

d es cend ants were the Ké r ns has— D i s hta ’

s s on was Ndbhd ga ;
N cibhd ga wanted to m ar r y a va i s m aid en— H er fa ther re er r ed
f
’

ya
the m atter to the ki n B is hta , a nd the ki ng cons u lted the ris hi s
g
T hey d eclared the p r i nce m i ght m ar r y her , p r ovi d ed he fir st
m arr i ed ks hatri ya m ai d en— H e sp urne d tha t a nd took her
a .

T ke ki ng tr i ed to va nqui s h hi m by for ce, bn t wa s ca used b a

y
br ahm a n to d es is t, on the gr ound tha t the r i nce ha d d egener a ted
p
i nto
'
a r a is
-
ya .

M ar kand eya s poke

Kar w ere the K am s ha s ,* who wer e ks hatr iyas
’
us h a s s ons

an d w arr io r s . N o w th ey w er e s ev en hun d r ed va liant m en ;

a nd from th e m d escend ed o th er s in thousand s .

No w D i s h ta s f ab h ag a
I

s on w as fi he con ti nued in the

b loom yo uth fulnes sof H e s a w a m os t s u r p as s i ng ly char m
.

i ng v a l s ya m aid en A s s oon a s he b eh eld her , th e p r ince was

.

s tr i ck en i n m i nd wi th lov e ; h e becam e abs or be d in s i h s and

g
re
proach es H e w ent to her fath er and as ked for th e vaisya
.

m aid en i n m arr i ag e ; and the n to th e p ri nce , w hos e m ental

f eeli ng s w er e und er th e d om ini on of the g od of love, s po ke
’
her fath er —
to th e king s s o n sp oke h e , j oining hi s h and s r es p ect

fa th er
’

fully, b eing afr aid of th e p ri nce s , th i s s

p ee ch as he
b ow ed w ith d efer ence, O b r ah m an . No bles of th y clas s ar e

th e en oyers j of th e ear th ; d ep end ants are w e , p aying tax to

S ee no te 1 '
to c anto lv u , v ers e 5 3, p 34 1
. a nte.

1 T his B is h ta m us t b e th e B i s hta m en ti oned in canto exu, v ers e 4 . T he

nam e i s g ive n va ri ous ly as Ned is hth a, D is h ta, and Ar is hta . T h e Hari -V azhéa

s ays two of hi s s ons though vaisyas b ecam e br ah m ans ( xi . 6 58 ) and the

B h ég avata P nr . s ays t wo of his s ons , th oug h ks hatriyas o b taine d brahman
h oo d (I X . ii 1 7 ).

I Néb héga and h is d escend ants ar e nam ed i n Vis h nu P ur . IV . i . T he

P uranas a gr e e g ene ra lly that h e was d egr ad e d to b e a vai s ya . His d es cend
f orm th e r e m aind er of t his Puri na T here were
'

ants and th eir e x pl oi ts

‘

o ther kings a f ter w ar d s of th e s am e nam e .

75
 M ARRI AGE B ET W E EN xs nar mm s AND m um s . 59 5

14 h ave W hat Love s conver s ation to d o w ith

’
gur us s cope . h as
li s tening to g urus ? T his i s incom patib In oth er th ings
m en s h ould cons ult their gur us .
lg .

T he v ai s ya S p oke

S uch , even this , i s L ov e s ’

talk I , I h ere, will as k th e gur u,
thine , th e s uitor
‘
s . M y talk i s not bas ed on th e S p eech of

l ov e .

M ér ka nd eya s poke
W h en ad d r es s ed th us th e
pr ince becam e s ilent . And he ,
the i éya , to th at p ri nce s fath er all th at the p r ince
r elated
’
ra

th oug ht . T her eup on hi s fath er s umm oned , befor e h im the

"
chief d v1 1as , Bi éi ka and the o th er brah m ans, and th e p ri nce ;
an d h e m ad e known the m a tter as i t h ad b een announced to
him and after m aking it known h e , being s o s ituated i n the
s aid to th e m unis , T h e b es t of d vuas d eign f
‘
m a tter , to

d eclar e what ough t to b e d one .

T h e ri s hi s s poke

O p r ince, if thou h as t lov e for this v aisya s ch ild , then let

’

thi s or d inance of r ighteo us nes s i v erily be obser ved , b u t let i t

be obser v e d in the or d er en oi ned j by law . M arr iag e w a s en oi ned
j
for p r i nces in th e firs t place w i th th e d augh ter of o ne w h o h ad
b een r oya lly anointed B e it s o now fir s t i n thy case a nd im
.

m ed iate ly after w ard s thi s m a id en a ls o s h all becom e th y w if e .

A f a m ous ris hi , s o n of B h ri g n a nd f a th er by S atya-vat i of Ja m ad ag ni ;

1 7 1 6 -2 1 ; H ar i -V
'
s ee M ahé -E h S anti -p . xli x. . .
, xxvii . 1 42 3-63, a nd xxxu .

1 7 6 1 -7 6 a nd V is hnu P ur I V . . vi i . H e m arr ied S atya-vati, d aug h ter of Gad h i

ki ng Kénya -kubj a, by g iving a p r es ent of a th ous and hors es for h er ( M aha

of

E h V ana p cxv 1 0 1 44 -1 53, and U d yO g a p cxvi ii 4005

o
. .
- T h o ug h S a ty a . .

va ti is co nnecte d with th e R Kausi k i (t h e R Kos i , se e canto l vii, v ers e

. .

1 8 , note i n the p as sages cited ab ov e fro m the B ari V and V is h nu P ur , . .

is g e ner ally connec te d w ith th e w es t co as t ar ound th e Gulf of

ye t B i é ika
M a hi -B h V a ne -p c xv ii i . 1 02 2 1 -27 a nd th e tw o o th er
C a m bay ( see .
, .

'
p as s ag e s

l as t c ite d ab ove ) , and Dy uti -m at ki ng o f S élva ( s ee c anto l viii, vers e 6,

'
note hi s ki ngd om to Eié ika ( M ah i -E h S finti -p ccxxx i v. 8 60 7 , and
g a ve
.
.
,

AnusaS p v
. c xxxv ii .

F or e r kau f t r ea d -
hanta L e t t he be s t of d v q as d e ig n, &c
1 '
1 1
5 .

I I .
e.
, m ar ri age
59 6 C ANT O C XI I I .

I n thi s way no w icked nes s w ill a tta ch” “

to thee w h en thou en .

h er th us ; o th er wi s e i t d oe s a ccr ue : thy high r ank com es

j y
o es t . .

fr om m arr i ag e w i th ex alted m aid ens ?

M ar ka nd eya s p oke
W hen ad m o ni s h ed th us , h e fl un g a s id e alto gethe r th at

e ech of tho s e high -s ou led m a ni a ; ou ts i d e he

s
p g oing and

s ei zed h er , g hi s and r ai s i n I h av e s w or d a lof t e x clai m e d ,

car r ie d ofi th e v ai sya s d aug hter b a s h a s a for m of

’

y th e R k
m ar ri a ge let hi m w h o h a s p ower h er e r es cue h er !
T h en th e va s
'
i ya s ee in g his d augh ter z
s ei e d ,
O br ah m an ,
S av e
’
h as tene d to tha t p r i nce s fath er for h elp , ex clai m i ng
h er ! H is father e nr ag ed th er e at g av e com m a nd to h i s gr ea t
-

ar m y L et him b e s lai n ; let w icke d Nabh ag a w h o v iolates

”
ghteous nes s b e s lain !
ri T h er eon th at ar m y fough t i nd eed
’
w ith th e king s s on it w a s la i d low th en i n g r ea t num b er s by
him , w h o w as s killed i n weap ons , w i th his w eap on . T h e ki n g ,
on h e ar i ng th at th e ar m y w as s lai n
by th e pr i nce , w en t for th
him s elf i nd eed to figh t , s ur r o un d ed by hi s ar m y I n the .

b attle th en w hi ch took p lace b etwe en th e king and h i s s on , the

fath er ex celled th e p r ince i n w eap on s an d ar m s .

T h er eup on a w an d er ing M un i s u d d enl

y a
p p r oach ed fr om
o ut th e air and s p ok e b ac k to th e king
C ea s e fr om co m b at O i llus tr iou s s ir , th y high - s o uled s o n
.

i s in th e r i g h t h er e ; m or eov er fi h ti n
g g b etw een th ee a n d a
v aisy a i is no t accor d i ng to igh teo u s nes s , 0 king
r A br ah .

m an w h o m ai r ies w iv es am o ng a ll th e c as tes
, p r ov i d e d th at
he m ai r ies firs t a br ah m an w o m a n , i n cur s no inj ury in hi s
br ahm an -h ood . L ikewi s e . a k s h atri y a w ho m arr i es fir s t a

ks h atr iya s d augh ter , i ncur s

’
ha r m if he m ar r i es wi r es
no
fr om
lower cas tes ; an d th er efor e, 0 king , th es e o th er wi r es § fall n ot

3“
B havi td i n th e P oona ed itio n is b e tter t h a n bhaoa ti .

m
’

f T h e C alcutta e d iti on r e ad s u tkri s hta bd li kci har a n th e P o ona r ead in

g
is a tkri s htd bé la s ar va d aC, an d th e B o m b ay r ead in utkri s htébd la kd -n a
g yé t .

Fr om th es e r e a d ing s i t w o uld s ee m t he corr ec t r e ad in

g s h o uld be u tkr i s h ta
I h a ve ad o pte d
’
bd li hafi -n
aya t, a nd th is .

It E xp l a ine d i n ver s es 35 a nd 36 b elo w .

I .e. , d a ug h ters of vai syas a nd éfid r as , as th e com m entato r e x lai ns

p .
.
 598 CANT O cxxv .

T h e king s p ok e

L et B abh r av ya”
?
and the o th er as cetics , wh o ar e eng aged in
the per intend ence of r ig h teou s nes s , d eclar e w h at i s th e cecu
su

a ti o n for thi s m a n fo r the end of r i h teousne s s — d o th ou act

p g
accor d ing ly .

M ar ka nd eya p oke
s

T h en th os e m un is s e ated in t he coun cil anno unc e d th at for

h im t he ten d ing of cattle and cu ltiv atio n an d tr a d e s hould be
5 t h e hi g h e s t A nd th e king s s on c om p li ed w i th
’
ri
gh teous nes s .

w ha t w as d eclar ed b y tho s e e xpoun d er s of r i g hteou s nes s to b e

r i h teo us nes s
g for him w ho h ad f allen fr om h is o w n sp her e of
ri
g h teous ne s s .

A s o n w as b or n to him a fter w ar d s , w h o w as fa m ed by th e
nam e B hanand ana xl B eing s ent by hi s m oth er who s a i d ,
'
Be
”
7 a keeper of cattle, m y s on, he went forth a nd w h en enj oin ed
th us by hi s m other , he pr os tr ated h i m s elf b efor e hi s m oth e r
an d went to th e ro
yal ris hi N ip ai w h o h ad r es or ted to m ou nt
8 H im ava t an d a p r o ach in
p g h im B hanand ana held h is feet
a ccor d i ng to r ule, and
pros tr ating him s elf b efor e th i s ro
ya l
r i s h i s ok e
p
Ad or able s ir , v er ily
I h av e b een com m and ed by m y m o th er
‘
thus , B e thou a k eep er of an d
yet I m u s t pr otec t
10 th e e ar th h o w ca n ther e be as s ent to h er V er ily I m u s t
pr o tect th e ear th , ”wh it m ay b e a ppr opr i at ed fil by m en
en .

11 T h is m y e ar th i s a s s a iled b
y p ower ful h eir s S h ew m e h ow .

I m ay g ain th e ea r th th r oug h thy fav our , 0 lor d I w ill car r y

o ut th
y com m and I am pr ostrate befor e th ee .

S ee note p age 5 9 1 .

1 O r B haland an a a ccor d i n
g to th e V is h nu P ur I V i . . .

1 T hi s wa s app ar e ntly Nipa of th e P aurava r a ce , w ho wa s k ing of Ki m .

p ilya . H e h ad a h und re d s o ns wh o wer e all s tyle d N ip a s .H i s d y nas ty la s ted

t ill U grayud h a kille d a ll th e Nipas j us t b e for e th e Panda va s ’ tim e ; s ee
H ari -V .
, x x. 1 0 4 0 , 1 06 0 -8 6
; M at s ya P ur . xl ix . 5 2 -59 .

g Go-p é ta .

HGa ult p a laniyd

'

. Th ere a d o uble p un h ere with 9 0 , cattle and th e

e ar th ,
”
a nd th e verb pél , to te nd a nd to p r o te c t .

ii T h er e i s a ls o a p lay on th e wor d s i
s v —ha ra na , as s e nt , in ve r s e 1) a nd
”
s t i -kri ta , appr op r i ate d , h er e .
 B HANAN DANA M AI NS T m : KI NG D O M .
59 9

M ar kand eya s poke

T h e r oyal ri s hi Nipa then g av e to high -souled B h anand a
a co m lete s et of w ea ons , 0 br a
p h m an Aft er acquir ing s kill
p .

in th e w eap on s h e went t o hi s p ater nal uncle s s ons , V a s ur ata

’

and th e oth er s o n s , O d v i a ; h e was s o co m m and ed b

j y tha t
hig h -s ouled ri s hi H e d em and ed h alf of th e king d om as b e
.

fitted his father an d

p ater n al g r and fa th er an d th ey s ai d , A
’
v ai s a s s on tho u ar t how s h alt tho u j
en oy th e ear th A
y
b attle th en occur r e d b etw een B hanand a w h o w as s ki lled in
w eapons and th o s e h is kins m en V as ur zi ta and t he r es t, wh o w ere
ang r
y a nd s h ow er ed weap on s on hi m ; but v anq ui s h ing th em
all w h en th e i r tr oo s h a d b een s h atter ed w i th hi s w ea ons ,
p p
he , w is e i n r ig hteo us nes s , to ok th e ear th a wa
y fr om them by
A fte r v anqui s hin g h is
ri
gh teou s co m b at . foes , b e next p r e
s e nte d all th e ear th an d th e s ov er ei g nt
y to h is fa th er ; an d hi s
fath er d id no t accep t it , and in fr on t o f his w ife m ad e an
s wer to th e s on th en .

Nab h aga s poke

O B h an and a , th i s ki ng d om i s th ine let i t w hich w as r uled

b y th y an ces tor s be r ule d by th ee .

T h e kin g s p oke

I d id no t r ule th e king d om I w as n ot d ev oid of the ca

paci ty
i t 1 for m er ly b ut p r efer r in g a vai sy a s cond ition
’

for
‘
I ob eye d
B ecaus e I s h owed
’
m y fa th er s com m an d to th at eff ect . w ant
for m y fath er i n th at I w ed d ed a v aisya m aid en, I
o f aff e cti o n

d i d n ot becom e a ki ng , w ho enj oys th e s acr ed w or ld s until th e

s ub ver s i on o
f the wor ld has ar ri v ed .
I I f d is r eg ar d in g hi s
co m m a nd ag ain I r ule ov er the ear th , ther e is v er ily no . final
e m ancip ation fr om e xi s tence for m e th er eafter ev en d ur i ng
h und r ed s of k alp as . Nor ind eed i s it fit that I , w ho h ave m y

T h is he ad ing i s s up er fl uo us it i s Nabh éga who s p e ak s

s till
“

com m en tator e xp lains i t b y a ti -s d m ar th ya -yuto

'‘
Nd s d m ar thya -yutah l he
'
1 .

’
p i, I d id not r ule th e kingd o m , a ltho ug h I p os sess e d exce pti onal cap ac it y
”
f orm e rly .

I F or yé va d -d hzita -s am p la vuh the B o m bay and Poo na e d i tions read yd va d

d bhuta-samp lavavn. Ah a pya yi -bhd va com pound is prefer able
'

.
60 0 1
'
l

ow n
pr id e, s ho uld e n oy j th e king d om w h i c h th o u h as t w o n b y
th y ar m ,
w hen I h av e no d es ir e for it , like an
y w e ak ling .

R ule t ho u the ki ng d om thys elf t h e w hi le , or r e li n qui s h i t to

’
th y h ei r s F or m e it i s g oo d to ke ep m y f a ther s
. com m and

a nd not to r ule the ear th .

M ar k a nd eya s pok e
“

Laughing th er ea t h i s W ife, th e la d y S u -p rab h a b y n a m e ,

m ad e an s w er to h er h u s b an d , 0 kin g , tak e th e m ig h ty k in g
'
d om . T ho u ar t no v ai s ya , n or i n d ee d w as I b or n of a v a i s ya

fam ily , 0 ki n g ; th o u ar t a k s hatr i ya and I al s o w as b or n of a

fam ily of k s h a tr iya s . F or m er ly ther e w as a f a m o u s k in g S u

d e v a f by n am e , an d his f ri end w a s ki n g D h um r aév a s s o u
’

'
Nala 1 A ccom p ani ed by h i s fr iend h e w en t to th e w ood Am r a
.

v an a , § h e to s por t w i th h i s w i v es i n th e m o n th o f s p r i ng 0 ,

ki ng . A ccom p a n ied by th os e wi v es a n d a tten d ed b y th at fr ie n d

he enj o e d m an
y y ki nd s of d r in ks an d foo d th en A f ter wa r d s .

he saw th e ex tr e m el
y fa s ci n a ting a nd r oya lly b or n w i fe o f
d yav a na s P r am ati Hon t h e b a nk o f a ta nk H i s fr i e n d
’
s on .

Na la , w h o w a s intox i cated a nd no t in his r ig h t m i nd lai d h o ld

of h er , the w hile s h e cr i ed o u t S a v e m e, S av e m e ev en a s

th e king looked on . H er hu s b and P r am ati , on h e ar in g h er

cr
y, at once cam e up h a s tily ex claim in g W h at i s it ? T hen

F o r d m -ba la s yeha r ea d d w ba la s yeva , as in th e P oon a ed itio n .

T h e m os t fa m ous k ing of thi s na m e t o h a v e b e en

f a p p ea r s S u-d e va of

th e Kei éi s w h o h a d a g r eat contes t w i th th e V it-a h avy as , a nd w as fath e r o f

i sa
D iv o d z ( M ali a E h - .
, A musas -p . . xxx . 1 9 50 b ut t h is s to r y p ays no r e g ar d

to ch ronol o gy .

T h e re were m an y k in g s of this n am e , b ut n one o f

1 th em ( as f ar as I h av e
’
found ) of D h ii m résv a . O ne of th e ki ng s of V a isal i w as D h i i m r asva
’
s on

( Vi s hnu Pur . IV i . .
)
I h ave not f o und any wo od of this n am e i n we s tern I n d ia wh er e thi s s tor
y
' ”
i s laid ; but Am r a -van a m ay m ean s im ply a g r ove o f m a ng oe s .

éyavana was a fam ous r i shi, s on of B h rig u . H e m ar r i ed S uka nyé

'
S a ry fiti , and by h er h ad
’
d augh ter of M an n s s on a s on P r am a ti P r am a ti
m ar r ie d Gh ri taé i ;
.
s ee t -E h
M ah a .
, Ad i-p . v. 8 70 a nd 87 1 , and V III . 9 39 , 9 40
S ata -p ath a B r ah I V
’
and V an a- p . cxxii als o . . 5 Ai tar .
-
B r {i h . VI I I . iv .
’
’
C yav ana s r eg io n was in th e wes t near th e m outh ,
of th e R . Nar m ad a, s ee

M ahi -E h V ana -p lxxxix ; 8 354 , 8 36 4 and 8 36 5 cii . 8 7 37 - 40 and cxxi 1 031 2

’

.
. ,
 ’
PRAM AT I S cur s e on SU -D E VA AND NAL A . 60 1

he s aw king Su-d eva s t and ing ther e, and his wi fe i n the

gr as p of Nala , wh o w as v e ry m uch out of hi s senses . P r am ati
S p ok e to th e king then ,
M ake thi s m an qui et ! A nd th ou art the r ul er ; th ou , S ir ,
ar t th e kin ”
g and thi s N ala i s a b ad m an, 0 king .

M ar ka nd eya s p oke
O n h ear ing th at d is tr es s ed ri s hi ’ s a eal S u-d ev a d eterr ed
pp
by r eas on of Nala’s high os iti on r e li ed , I am a v aisya ;
p p
s eek s o m e one else a ks h atr i a i n or d er to r es cue h er ” T h en
, y , .

P r am ati enr a ed , b ur nin

g g for th a s it w er e w ith s p lend our ,
m ad e a ns wer to th e kin w h o s ai d I am a v aisya
”
g .

P ram ati s p ok e
B e it so ! thou, S ir , ar t a v aisya ? A ks hatri ya i s s o nam ed

b ecaus e h e g uar d s one fr om inj ur Ks h atr iyas hold th e

y 1
“
.

w eap on in or d er th at th er e m a
y b e no cr y of di s tre s s . T hou
b eing s u ch ar t no k shatr iya v er ily th ou s h alt be a v ai sya of

b a s e fa m ily .

C ANT O C X V .

'
S n p r a bM
-
continues her s tor y to N é bhd gd — T ha t P r a m a ti red u ced
Nala to
’ '

a s hes , and , on S u d e va s i m p lom ng p ar d on, m i ti ga ted the

-

cu r se on S u -d eva , wi th the p rom i s e tha t he s hould r e ai n

g hi s
ks ha tri ya -hood — Also tha t s he ha d been the d a ughter o
f the y l
ro a

ris hi S u-r atha , and ha d been c ur s e d by Agas tya to be born a.

vai sya wom a n temp or ar i ly .

M ar ka ndeya s poke
Af ter i m pr ecating th e c ur s e on hi m th en, P ram ati , the
d es c en d ant of B h rign, enr a g e d and b ur ning u p , as it w er e , th e
“

th r ee w or ld s b y r eas on of h i s wr ath , s p oke to Nala, d vi j a ,

I n a s m u ch as th o u, S ir , i ntox i cated wi th lus t, for ci bly s eiz es t ,

m y w ife h er e in m y h er m itag e , b ecom e tho u th er efor as hes

’ '
i"
F or vai sya, read vai sya h as in th e Po o na ed i tion.

f Ks hatr tyah ks hata-r akahand t . F or a. d iffe rent d eri vation ; s ee canto cxizi i .

24 .
602 CANT O cxv .

he utter ed th a t s peech ,
3 forthw i th . An d th en im m ed i at ely a s
b od y,
’

Nala cons um ed by th e fir e th at s
pr an g fr om the ri s hi s
,

b ecam e for th w ith a h eap of a s h e s .

i hi
’
ow er th en S u -d ev a s ob er e d th er eat ,
On s eei ng th at r s s p
id th G n t ar d on !
b end i ng h i m s e l f i n r e v er en c e ,
s a u s r a p
h w hi h I h k n
* d or ab le s ir ,
g r ant p ar d on ! L t t t e a
5 e a c a v e s p o ,

f i t i ti t h u h d r in kin g
a thi ng d i s or d er e d b y r eas o n o n o x ca on r o g
d d b t h i u l et t hi s
s ir i tuo us li qu or , b u r ac o s
p e
p a r o n e e o g
B ein g th u s p r op iti at ed b y h im , P r a
”
6 cur s e b e tur n e d a s i d e l
o ff
m ati th e d e s cend an t of B h ri g n , w h os e an g er h a d p as s ed
,

l i ed wit h m i n d d ev oid of s tr on g
w h en N ala w as b ur nt p, u re
p
7 feeling T h e w or d w h i ch I h av e utter ed s h a ll not b e oth er wi s e ;
nev er th el es s b ei ng g r aci ou s I wi ll d o th ee a s u p r em e f av our .

T h ou , s i r , s h alt b e a v ai sya b y r ace of th i s th er e can b e no

’

8 —

d oub t ; thou, a k s h atr iy a , s h alt b e a v ai sya s oon in th e ver y

9 next b ir th . W h en a k s h at r iya
’
s s on s h a ll s ei z e th y d au g h ter

by for ce , th ou b ein g s ei e dz by o n e of th y ow n r ace s h alt th en

10 b ecom e t a k s h atr iya a ga i n, 0 v ai sya . T h u s th at S u -d ev a

as a v ai sya b eca m e m y fath er , 0 kin g .

H ear al s o , illu s tr i o us s ir , all th e s tor y i w ho I am . T h er e

w as of y or e a ro
y al ri sh i n am e d Su -r a th a on m ount Gan d h a
m ad ana , w h o p r a cti s ed aus ter iti es , r es tr i cted h i s food , ab an

12 d oned wor ld ly a s s oci ati o n s , a nd ab o d e in th e for es t . O n hi s

m aina f allen fr om
’
s eein g th en a a h aw k s b eak to th e

gr oun d , c om p a s s i o n s
p r an
g up w ithin th at high - s oule d i hi ,
r s

13 and he s w oon e d th er ew ith th en w h en th e s w oon p as s ed off , I

w as p r o d uced fr om h i s b o d y , an d s eei n
g m e h e to ok m e w ith
l ov ing m in d B ec au s e s h e h as b een b or n fr om m e , w hil e I
-

a .

w as ov er com e wi th c om p as s i o n , s h e s h all th er e for e b e known b y

15 th e n am e K ri p a v at i
- —
so s aid h e , m y lo r d T h er eaft er .

gr ow i n g up in hi s h er m itag e, I us ed to w an d er d a y an d nigh t

F o r ya d u ktavd ms tr am , r e ad y a d u kta i ai ms t vd m
'
as i n t h e P o o na e d it i o n ,

an d th e co m m e nta tor s ay s a ha m m u s t b e un d e r s tood .

F or bhar i s hy a ti r ead bha 'v is hy a s i .

1 F or tva t-saro a rh r e ad ta t s o r va m .

’
S d r i kd , a b ir d .

H F ull o f com p a s s i on
“
 5 f
6 03
’ 1
AGA s rY A s C URS E on KnI P A-VAT I
'
.

thr ough th e woo d s with m y gir l com p anions of th e s am e

al s o -

T hen th e m un i A g as tya s b r oth er w h o w a s known a s

’
a e.
g ,

’
Ag as tya fi“ w hile
“

s ee k in
g for for es t-pr o d ucts in th e for es t,
w as ger ed b y m y g ir l -com p ani o ns a n d cur s e d m e ;
an a nd I s ai d
“
No offence h av e I com m i tted ag ain s t th ee, 0 bes t of d V l JaS
w h y b ecau s e of a n o ff en ce by oth er gir ls h a s t th o u cur sed me

T h e ri s h i
p o ke s

B y r ea s o n of co n ta ct w ith th e h ad e v en th at w hi ch i s not
b ad b ec om es bad , j us t as a
j ar co nt aining th e fiv e s ub s tan ces

ob tai ne d fr o m co ws T becom es sp oi lt i f a d r op of s pir i tuous

li quor fa lls i nto i t S in ce th o u h a s t f allen p r os tr ate an d pr O

.
a

piti a te d m e by d eclar i ng I am n ot b a d , h ear th er efor e w h atI

’

fav our I wi ll d o to t h ee , O m ai d en W h en , b eing b or n in a .

-

'

ya f am ily , th ou s h a lt a d m on i s h th y h u s b and § to und er

v ai s

ta ke kin g ly r ul e , th ou s h a lt th en fu lly r ecov er th e r em em b r ance

of thi s e x i s t en ce an d th ou s h alt r e s u m e th y ks h a tr iya ca s te

alon g w ith th y h us b an d an d s h alt ob tai n h eav enly pleas ur es .

Go now, l et fear d ep ar t fr o m th ee
T hus w a s I cur s ed for m er ly b y th at gr eat ri s hi , 0 k ing of

ki n g s an d m y f ath er w a s th us cur s e d b y P r am ati for m er ly .

'
S o th ou ar t n o t a v ai s
ya , 0 ki ng ; n or w a s m y f ath er a v aisya
n or in d e ed am I I h ow d os t th ou , w h o a rt n ot d egr ad ed ,

b ecom e d egr ad ed i n m a r r yi ng m e w h o a m not d egr ad ed

O r A g a s ty a .

1 M i lk, c h ee s e, b utter ,
‘
ur i n e and d un g .

e d i ti on .
’

I F or i r i nuyat f
r ea d sr i nu ye t, as i n t h e P oon a

T r am p utr a m , th ou s hal t ad m onis h th y s on , i s th e r ead i ng in the

C alcutt a a nd P oo na ed ition s , b ut th e l atte r i n its C or rig end a alt er s i t to s va

p atim , and I h av e f ollo w e d th is .

MNa { ma m hi i s th e r e ad ing i n th e ed i tio n s , b ut i s i ncor r ect . I ve n tur e

to a m end i t to n o tu-a ham , an d h av e tr ans l at e d i t a cc o r d in g l y . A no t h e r e m e nd

f or m, an d th e n th e m e an i ng of t he s e a nd t he f oll owi ng
-

a ti on i s to r e ad so r

wor d s would b e H ow i nd ee d d os t th ou w h o ,
ar t s uch a nd w ho ar t nud e

b eco m e d e g ra d e d i n m a r r yi ng m e w ho am und e g ra d e d
g r ad e d ,
60 4 CANT O cx vi .

C ANT O C X V I .

T he E xp loi ts f
o B ha n an d a an d Va tsa -p r i .

Né bhé g a d ecli ned the kingd om and B hanand an a beca m e ki ng— H e ha d

a son Va ts a p r i — A D a i tya ki ng Knj r i m bha , who ha d a m a gi c
-

'

’
chub called S a n and a Op ened a gr ea t hole near ki ng Vi d zlr a tha s
,

ci ty and car ri ed the p r i ncess M u d d ca ti d own to P d té la — H er

brothers f ai led to r es cue her a nd wer e m a d e cap ti ve— Va ts a -p r i

d es tr oyed the clu b s m a gi c p ower , a nd
’
ki lled the D a i tya , a fter s he

r escued her a nd her br others — S he w as na m ed S nn and d after the

’
club, and Va ts a p r z m a r r i ed her
-
.

M ar kand eya s p o ke

O n h ear ing this h er s p eech th e kin g , w i s e in

’
1 an d hi s
"

son s ,

ri gh teo u s n es s , ad d r e s s ed hi s w i fe
2 an d s on a
g ain , I nas m u ch
r elin qui s h e d the king d om at m y f ather s com m and , I w ill
’
as I
not t ak e it g ai n ; w h y d os t th o u, 0 wife, d r aw o ut m y s ou l
'

3 wi th v ai n w or d s S tand in g fas t in m y d utie s a s v aisya I w ill

‘ ‘

pay th ee ta x es , m y son . E n j oy th ou the w h ole ki ng d om or ,

”
r elinq ui s h it if th ou w i s h es t .

B ein g d r es s e d th u s b y h i s f at her , p r in ce B h anan d an a *

ad

th en gov er n ed th e ki ng d om in r i gh t eou s n e s s an d in lik e w i s e

5 marr i ed w if e U nr epuls ed w as hi s d i s cu s in th e ear th , 0
’

a .

b rah m an , an d h i s m in d wa s no t s et u p o n unr ig h teou s n es s . All

6 ki ng s w er e in s ub ect ion
j t o h im . H e p er form e d a s acrifice a o
cor di n g to pr ecept he r ul es th e ear th w ell H e i n s ooth w a s
.

th e onl
y lor d hi s co m m an d s
p er v ad ed the ear th .

A s on w as b or n to hi m , na m ely V ats a -p r i b y n am e , w ho , a

h i gh -s ouled ki ng, s ur
p a s s ed hi s f ath er w i th th e m ultitu d e of

8 hi s g ood qua lities . A n d h i s wi fe w as S aun an d a, d aug h ter of

'
V id ii r ath a , w h o w as d ev oted to h er h us b and , an i ll us t rious
w om an H e g ain ed her by h i s v alour in s layi ng th e D ai t a
y
.

king Kuj ri m bh ad th e enem y of I n d r a '

.

O r B ha lan d a na acco r d i ng t o Vi s h nu P ur I V i W h er e hi s d es cen d a nts

. . .
ar e

gi v e n .

f T h e C alcu tta te xt re ad s Kuj um bha her e a nd in v er s e 9 , i nc or r e ctly ; s ee

v er s e 16 .
 inn D E M O N K U i nI MB uA m HI S C L U B S UNANDA .

Kr aus htuki s poke

Ad or ab le s ir , h ow d id h e gain h er th r ough th e d es truction of
Kuj ri m b h a T ell m e th i s s tor y w ith beni gn ant m ind .

M ar k a nd eya s p oke
T h er e w a s king nam ed V i d ii r a th a cele
’
a w h os e f am e w as
br ate d in th e ear th . T wo s on s w er e b or n to him ,
S u -niti an d

S u m ati
- . N ow V id fir a th a w ent to th e for es t o n ce u
p on a tim e
H e b eh eld
’
to hunt . a
y gr eat p it , as it w er e
v er th e ear th s
m ou th th r us t up . O n s e eing it h e p on d er ed , W h at i s thi s
d r e ad ful t hi n g I tr ow i t i s a h ole d ow n to P atala : i t h as
not b el on ged t o th e ear th a long w h i le . W hile th inki ng thu s ,

he s aw in a lonely w o od th er e an as ceti c br ah m an n am ed Su
v r ata ppr oa ching ,
a an d th e kin g b ein g a s t oni s h e d as ke d hi m ,
W h at i s t h i s ? I t is v er
y d eep and d i s plays th e earth s
’

b elly w hich i s s ituate d wi thin .

T h e ris hi s p oke

Kno w es t th ou i t no t , 0 ki n g for th o u
d eem ed by m e ar t

t o h av e s pi e s thi n e ey es 1 A ki ng ough t t o know ev erything

“
as .

th at p a s s e s on th e f ace of t h e ear th A v er y v ali ant fier ce

.

D anav a d w ell s i n R a s ata la ; b ecau s e h e m a kes th e ear t h to

y aw n , I h e i s th er e fo r e calle d Ku j rim b h a
- W h a te v er h a s b een .

r o d u ced , w h eth er pro d u ce d on th e ear th or i n h eav e n , i s

p
w r ou gh t b y him , 0 ki ng h ow i s it th en th at th ou d os t n ot

know h i m S i r ? T h a t wi ck e d -s oule d d em on carr i ed off the

,

club n a m e d S u -n a-n d a , w hi ch T v a s h t ri fa s h i oned of

yor e ; th er e
wi th h e s l ays h i s en em i es i n b attle . H i d d en within P atala tha t

As ur a cle av es thi s ear th w ith i t , an d m ak es d oor s o

f exi t for

al l th e A s ur a s ; w ith tha t w ea p on , th e cl ub S u-nan d a , th e

ear th h as b e en i er ced i n thi s sp ot H ow
p
. s h alt t hou , S ir , en o yj
’
T he s tory s hows th a t t h i s ki ng s ca p ital w as n e ar th e r i v er Nir vi nd hy fi

whi ch w a s ap p a r en tly i n t h e M alw a r eg i o n (s e e v e r s es 27 an d T h ere

wer e s ev er al kin g s of th i s nam e , b ut I h av e found non e w ho h ad two s O ns

of th e n a m e s m entio ne d .

a nd B om b ay e d i ti o ns h ave, d
1 F or ud y-a r th a s , wh i ch th e C al cut ta r ea d (5

ehas a s i n th e P o o na e d i tio n .

I Jrim bhayati .
6 06 C ANT O cxw .

thi s ear th unle s s th o u con quer es t h im ? T h at fier ce, m i ghty

ad v er s ar y of th e g o d s , a r m ed w ith th e club , d es tr oys s acri fice s

an d fattens up the D ai ty a s I f th ou . s l ayes t thi s foe, wh o s e

s ph er e i s i n P at ala , t hou s ha lt th er eb y becom e lor d of all th e

p r em e m on ar ch
’
ear th , th e su . T h at m i ghty d em on s club i s_
called S auna nd a by m en -f o lk a n d t h e w i s e m or e ov er s e k of
; p a
it " p ar tly s tr on g a n d p ar tly w eak ; yet wh en to u ch ed b y a
as .

w om an i t lo s es its p ow er o n th at d ay d 0 ki ng o n th e follow ing ’

d ay i t i s s ues for th w i th its p ow er r ega i ned T h at d em on of .

evil w a s d o es no t k n ow th en t h e m a j e s ti c
y p ow er of the club ,
th e d efect w hi ch
’
no co m e s a t t h e to u ch of a w om an s fing er s ,
r
tha t is , th e co ll ap s e o f
its p o w er .

“
T hus I h av e d eclar ed to t h ee, 0 king , th e m igh t of th at
evi l-s ouled D an av a a n d o f hi s cl ub A s I h av e s poken , s o d o .

th ou com por t th y s elf . T hi s h ole w h i ch h e has m ad e in the

ear th is near th y
y , 0 ki n g c it why ar t th ou fo
oli s hl
y
+
4. nu

concer ne d a bout i t, S ii ?

Now w h en th at ri s h i h a d
p ok en thu s and d epar ted , th e
“ ‘

s
s

ki ng w ent to hi s city and to o k c oun s el w ith his m ini s ter s who

w er e s killed in coun s e l w ith in hi s ci ty He m ad e kn own to .

the m in is ter s all th a t s tor y as h e h a d h ear d i t, b oth the m aj es ti c

pow er of th e club a n d a ls o t h e w an in g of its pow er Now h i s .

d au gh ter M u d é -v ati , w h o w a s b y hi s s i d e , h ear d th at couns el

w hi ch th e king w as t aki n g w ith h i s m i ni s ter s .

B ut s om e d ays after war d s , th e D ai tya Kuj ri m bha car r i ed ofi

tha t m aid en , who w a s p os s es s ed of en er gy , from a

grove, W hil e
s h e w as acco m p ani e d b y h er m ai d en -fr i en d s . O n h ear ing
’
that, th e ki n g yes w er e d i s tr a ug h t w i th ang er , and h e s ai d
s e

to his two s ons , H a s ten qu i ckly ye tw o w h o a r e well ac uai nt

q
e d w ith the for es ts : th er e i s a h o l e o n t he b ank o f th e Nir -vi n

d ha g o ye d own th er eb y to R as é tal a an d s lay h im who wi th

”
m os evil
t m i nd h as c arr i e d M u d a -
v at i o if .

F or tam read tad as in th e P oona ed iti on .

1 O n the d ay whi ch it is touch e d , sp ar f a -d i n e

on
(c om m ent ) .

It F or yatM r ead v r i thd as i n th e P oona e d it io n

-
.

O r Ni rvin d hyd , as i n th e Po ona e d itio n, wh i ch is the r e ferable fo

p rm
see canto lvu , vers e 2 4, note I .
 vu sar ni s ons T O nnscun M UD KVAr i
'
. 607

M arkandeya s p oke

T h er eupon thos e tw o s on s of h i s , followi n on the s te s of th at

g p
d emon, r e ach ed th at h ol e an d in e x ces s i v e wr ath fou ght wi th
Kuj ri m bh a wi th the ai d o
f th ei r ow n arm
y . T h en occur r e d a

v er y ter r ibl e com bat b etw een th em wi th m aces , s wor d s , s p ear s ,

j av elins an d ax es an d ar ro w s w ithout inter m is s ion . After it

th at D a1 tya, w h o p o s s e s s ed th e m i h t of illu s i v e ow er , b oun d
g p
thos e tw o pr inces i n b a ttle after s la ying a ll th eir s ol d i er s .

O n h ear ing of
th at , th e kin g s po ke thus to all hi s s old i er s ,
I hav e fallen i nto utter m i s er y , now th at m y so ns ar e in
bond s , (0 bes t of m un is ) ; w h oev er s h all
y th at D ai tya
s la

and s h all s et m y d aug lfter th er e fr ee, I will b es tow ev en her ,

”
the lar g yed m aid en , on hi m
e-e E ven t hus th e d es p e r ate.

king m ad e a p r o clam ati on i n hi s ci ty then i n or d er to ob tai n

th e d eliv er ance of h i s s ons an d d au ghter fr om b ond ag e , O
m uni .

V a ts a -p r i then h eard
’
B hanand ana s s on f th at p r o mi s e i n
(

s ooth , w hi ch was p r oclai m ed abr oa d — he, p os s es s ed of s tr eng th ,

s ki lled i n w eap ons , en d ow e d w ith h er ois m . An d ar r iv ing ther e
he s aluted th is nobles t of k i ng s , and bow ing wi th d efer en ce

p ok e to him w h o w a s hi s own fath er s p eer les s fr i end C om

’
s

m and m e in s ooth S p ee d il y ; I wi ll d eliv er th y two s ons an d

als o th y d a ughter , aft e r s layi n g th at D ai ty a thro ugh thy v er

y
”
g lor y .

M ar ka nd eya s p oke
’

E m b r acing hi m j oyfu lly w ho was h i s d ear fr i end ,

s s on , th e

king s aid
Go thou o
t f u ll s u c ces s fi y d ear s on M y d ear
“ m . s on s h all

s t and i n my pla ce, i f h e p er f or m s th e p recep t thu s . D o thi s

i f th y m i n d i s r es olute
qui ckly, m y d ear s on, .

M ar ka nd eya s p oke
T hen ar m ed w ith s cym i tar and b o w, h av i ng a l eath er n bow

and hi m , th e h er oic p ri nce

fing er -pr ote ctor b oun d on
g uar d
went in h as te to P atala b y th at h ole T he pri nce m a d e
, .

hi s bo w-s tr ing tw an g w ith an ex ceed ingly v ehem ent s oun d

F or s arhs i d d hai re ad sarh s i d dh

y ai , a s cor re c te d i n the Poona e d ition .
6 08 CANT O CXV I .

th en, wh er ewi th th e wh o le of P atala w as filled thr ou gh out .

417 H earin g th e s oun d of th e b ow -s tr ing , th e D anav a k in g , Ku

.

ex ce s s i v e w r ath , atten d ed by his

j rim bh a cam e for w ar d th en in ’

48 ar m T h en o ccur r e d a b attle b et ween h im an d th e king s

y .

s on, o ne w i th hi s ar m y ag ains t th e other wi th h i s y, m i gh ty

ar m

49 a
gai ns t m igh ty W h en th e D iz n av a . h a d fo ugh t wi th hi m for
thr ee d ays , h e w a s filled w ith r ag e in h i s s oul and r us h ed ‘

50 t o get hi s club . W or s h ipp ed wi th p er f um es , g ar land s an d in

it s tand s in th e pr i v ate
cen s e , a ar tm ents , 0 i llus tr i ou s
p s ir for
51 i t ha d been fa s hion ed b y the P raj a-p ati .
*
M nd a-v at i, w h o
’
knew w ell th e secr et o f the c lu b s m aj e s tic pow er , b owi ng h er

52 n eck v er y low . tou ch ed th e n ob le club th en . U n til th e gr eat

ga in , till th en th e
d em O n gr a s p s th e club a b ea utif ul m aid en
touch e d it m any tim es un d er p r et en ce of p ayin g r ev er enc e

53 to i t Going ba ck th en th e kin g of th e d em ons f ough t

.

wi th th e clu b V a inly f ell th e blow s o f th e cl ub on th os e

.

5 44 e nem i es . B u t in as m u ch as th e s up r e m e w ea p on , th e c l ub

S aunan d a, h ad los t i ts p ow er , 0 m un i , th e D ai tya fough t

wi th h i s w ea p ons and ar m s a g ai ns t hi s foe in th e b attle .

55 W ith his ar m s an d w eap on s th e d em o n w as not t he

pr i nce s equ al , and th at , h i s m i g h t w ith th e club , h ad b een

’

’
56 d i s s ip ated b y th e m aid en sl C onqu er i ng th en th e D anav a s '

w eap on s and ar m s , th e ki n g s s on for th w i th force d hi m fr om

’

his ch ar i o t ; an d th en the d em on g r a s p in g hi s y s hi el d and so

57 m itar r u s h ed
gain at him a . T he pr i n ce f elled th at ene m y of
th e lor d of th e th ir ty god s , as h e r u s h e d for w ar d s v i olen tly i n
cited and d i s p layin g hi s r ag e ,— felled hi m to th e ear th w ith his
‘
w eap on fir e w hi c h g lea m ed lik e th e F ir e th at b ur n s u p th e
of

58 w or ld fi/na lly T h at foe of th e th i r ty god s w as w oun d ed g ri ev

.

o us l
y in th e h ear t b y th e fier y w e apon and q ui tted h is b od y .

A n d for th w it h ther e w a s hi g h fes tiv a l am on g th e h u g e s n akes

wi thi n t h e con fin e s o f R as atala .

flow
’
T h en fell a s h o w er of er s up on th e ki ng s s on ; th e
Gan d h ar v a
’
lor d s g f s an or th , th e g o d s i n s tr um ents of m us ic
60 s oun d e d ou t . A n d th e p r i n ce, after s l a
yi n g th at d em on , s et fr ee
See v er s e 18 .

1 F or bud d hyd
'
‘
r e nd ta n ug a.'
as in th e P oo n a ed i ti on ,
 VAT SAPRi RE SCU E D AND M ARRI ED SU NAND K . 6 09

th e king
’
s tw o s on s and the s lend er -s h a
p ed m aid en M u d é-v at i .

An d th e king of th e s er p ents , Ananta w h o i s nam ed

’
S es h a,
'
took th at club , w h en th at Kuj ri m bh a w as s lain and h e, S esh a
lor d of all th e s er pents , w as s ati s fied w ith h er ; he r i ch in aus

ter iti es had m ed itated wi th g lee upon th e cour s e of M ud d

’
v ati s m ind . B ecau s e th e m os t b eautif ul m ai d en h a d r ep ea ted
ly touch ed th e club S un and a , know ing th e p ow er o f th e
’
tou ch of a w o m a n s p alm on i t, ther efor e th e s er pent
king in h i s j oy gave M ud é -v ati th en th e nam e S u-nand a,
d eriv ed fr om th e q ua lity of the club S aunand a, O d v ij a .

A n d th e p r ince br oug h t h er i n com p an y w ith h er two br o

’
th er s to th eir f ath er p r es en ce qu i ck ly, and b ow i ng d ow n
s

s
p o ke to h i m th us —
“
H er e ar e br ough t thy tw o s on s , d ear
f ath er , an d h er e i s br ought M u d a-v ati a ccor d ing to th y co m
m an d w h at els e I m us t d o , d eclar e th ou th at .

M ar k a ndeya s pok e

T h er eat th e kin g s h eart w a s fil led w i th g lad nes s , an d h e

’

ex cl aim ed a lo u d ,
“
W ell d one ! w ell d one ! and
”
S plend i d !
m y d e ar s on , m y d ear s on I am h on o ur ed by th e thir ty god s ,
m y d ear s on , f or thr ee r eas on s — in th at I h av e both g ain ed th ee
for m y s on -i n -law , and th at th e foe h a s b een s tri cken d o wn , and
th at m y ch ild r en h a v e c om e unh ar m e d t o m e h er e a g ai n ; ther e
for e take h er h and n o w on thi s au s p i ci o us d ay— I hav e s ai d it
m ake m y w or d tr ue— tha t th ou , O p r ince, b e j oi ned in j oy
”
- i n f l
with m y d augh ter M ud é v ati , a m a d e o ov ely for m .

T h e pr ince s poke

I m us t ob ey t hy com m a n d ,
d ear fath er wh at th ou s ay e s t I

wi ll d o . T h ou ly kno w es t, d ear fath er , that in thi s m a tter

v eri

we ar e in tr ut h un c hanged .

M ar ka ndeya s
poke
T h en th e gr eat k ing p er for m ed th e s er ies of m ar r iage ri tes
f or th em b oth , for h i s d augh ter M ud é v ati an d B h an and ana s
’
-

'

Rea d g os hi t as part of th e co m pound yos hi t-kar a ta l

a -s
pa r sa &o .
, a nd not

separ a tely a s in th e C alcutta ed i tion

.
61 0 C ANT O cxvn .

s on . T h ereafter V ats a -p r i in h i s ear ly m anh ood s por ted wi th

h er i n ch ar m i ng r egi on s and i n p alaces and on hill -top s .

A s tim e p as s ed on , hi s an d
f ath er B h anand ana gr e w old
d ep ar ted to th e for es t V ats a-pr i him s elf b ecam e kin g He .

ofier ed up s acrifices continually, w hile protecting hi s p eople

with r ig hteous nes s . Now th e pe ople, b eing protected by that

high -s ouled mona rch as i f the y wer e hi s c hildr en, pros p ered
and in h is r eal m th er e w a s no co nf us i on a m ong th e cas te s

and no one .
felt any fear of robber s , rog ues or vi lla ins , nor a ny

fear o f calam iti es , w h il e h e r ule d a s kin g .

"
C ANT O X
C V I I fi

Khani tr a
’
s ex
p loi ts .

'

p i was s ucceed ed by hi s s on P r é rii s u, and P rti rhs u by hi s s on

‘

V t
a s a- r

P r aj d ti — P r aj d ti ha d five s ons , of whom K ha ni tr a s u cceed ed

.

Khani tr a s sp eci a l p r ayer i s gi ven — H e m ad e hi s f our br o

’
hi m —

ther s s ubor d i na te ki ngs T he m i ni s ter f f them s ubd ued

“

-
o one o

the other br others

d tri ed to ga i n the s up rem e p ower for hi s
an

mas ter thr ough m a gi c p erf or m ed by the fa mi ly p ri ests of a ll four

brother s — T he m a gi c p r od uced a fem a le a , whi ch d estroyed the s
four p ri ests an d the m i ni ster .

M ér ka nd eya s pok e

T o him , Va ts a -p r i, w ere bor n of S u—nand é twelv e . s on s ,

P ramsu, P raéir a
'
’
a nd S li r a, S u-es kr a , V ikr am a, Kr a m a , B alin ,
B alaka , and ( ands
l . an d P r aé a nd a , S u-v i kr am a and S v a -r upa
all gr eat par ts , m os t v i ctori ou s in b attle
rinces of
p .

T he eld es t of th em , P r amsu, w h o w a s g reat in valour , w as

kin g ; th es e oth er s w ere s ub or d i nate t o h i s auth or ity lik e d e

p end ants A t h i s sacr ifice t h e e ar th f j u s tified h er nam e b

y
.

reas on of the m any m ul titud es o f t hi ng s , w hi ch s he

gave away
'

'‘
l h e C alcutta editi on m akes a m i s take i n t h e num beri ng . It om its cxv u,

calls thi s C anto cxviii , and c o nti nues t h e m i s ta ken num ber in to the end
g
”
Vasun -d haf dv, contai ne r of wea lth .
1
, ’
 ’
61 1
’

KHANI T RA S
’ ‘
V I RI UES AND PRAY ER .

to the tw ice-b or n
par ted w ith t o the inf er ior
and w h i ch she

5 c as te s . W hile h e d uly pr otected hi s p eo ple as if hi s own be

gotten ch ild r en , th e s acri fice s t hen , w h i ch he p er for m ed with

th e a ccum ulation of w ealth th at lay in hi s tr easury, wer e h un

d r ed s of tho us an d s ; th eir nu m b er i s n ot r eckon ed b y ten
th ou s and or s uch a fi gur e, n or by ten m illio ns , nor by a th ous and
b il lion or s u ch a
figur e 0 , m uni .

P r a -j ati * w a s hi s s on ; at w hos e s acr ifice I nd r a, gaini ng

un p ar alled gr atification along w ith th e g o d s w h o par ta ke of
s h ar es o f s acri fices , th e chi efes t o f th e m i gh ty , 1 s m ote ni ne

n i neti es i of v ali ant D a nav a s an d B ala and J am bh a n oble s t o f

‘

A s ur as an d s m o te ot h er v er y v ali ant fo e s of th e god s .

P r a Jati h a d fiv e s ons , of w h om K hanitr a w as chi ef , O m uni .

O f th em K h a nitr a b e cam e kin g ; h e w as celebr a te d for h i s ;

p er s o n al fea ts o f
p r o w es s H e w as a
p aci fic , tr uth -s eakin g
p .

h er o ; h e d elig h ted in d oi ng g ood to all liv i ng cr eatur es ; h e

to ok d eligh t in h i s ow n sp here o f gh teou s nes s cons tantly h e
ri

w a i te d up o n th e ag ed ,
he w as w ell v er s ed in th e V ed a s , he

w as eloq u ent , e nd o w e d w ith mo d es ty yet s killed i n w ea p ons

,

a nd no b oa s ter . H e w as th e b elov ed of all p eople continually

u tter e d thi s p r a yer d ay an d ni
he g ht
L et all c r e at e d thin g s j
r e oi ce , let t h em b e aff ecti ona te

s o li tar la ces ! M a
e v en in y p y th er e b e w elfar e for all cr eated
thing s , an d m a
y th ey b e fr ee f ro m a ffl iction ! M ay cr eated
thi ng s ex p er i enc e no b o d ily s i ckn es s n or a ny m ental d i s eas e s

M ay all cr eated thin g s ch er is h fr iend lines s to ev er y li v ing

b ei n g M ay th er e b e b lis s for all th e tw ice -b or n m ay th ey hav e
m utu al lov i ng kind nes s ! M ay all h av e full pr os p er ity,
ca s t es

an d m ay al l d e ed s a tt ai n
p er fect accom pli s h m ent ! M ay th e
w or l d s be p r op i ti ous to a ll , create d t hing s ! M ay your m ind
al w av s b e p r opiti ou s D es ir e ye a t all tim es w h at i s g oo d for yo ur

s o n ev en a s for your s elv es 1 S i m ilar ly b e ye b enev olent i n m ind

He i s call ed P r a j éni i n th e V is hnu P nr .

(I V . i .
) and Pr am a ti in th e
P r a s and hi in th e ge ne alogy i n
'

B h égav a ta P ur . He s ee m s to b e th e s am e a s '

Kssv am -p i ii 6 5
’

M ah i E h
- .
,
. . . .

1
‘
T h at i s , I nd r a .

D a s’d d hi kd s htaafa ti m , com m ent .

I
61 2 cXv n
‘

C A NT O .

to all cr eated thing s ! T hi s i s unbound ed g ood for yo u . M or e

ov er w ho s i n s ag ai n s t w h om , th at h e c au s es any h arm to an y

him a s s ur e d ly com e s th at r es ult,

on e b es otted in m in d ? T o

tha t w hich accr ue s S o thi nk in g , h o ! let th e

t o th e d oer ther eof .

le b e i n for m ed of th eir d uti e s j to all, i le s t ye w i s e p eo ple

‘
eo
p p
s h all un d er g o s e cu lar s i n § M a y th er e ev er b e b li s s o n the
.

earth f or h i m w h o lo v es m e n ow ; and m a y ev en h e , w ho h ates

,

’
m e, g ood thi ng s in this w or ld !
s ee

S uch w a s th at king s s on K h ani tr a in di s po s ition ; h e w as

’

end o w e d wi th ev er y g oo d quality ; h e p o s s es s e d g oo d for tun e ,

hi s w ere like lotus -leaf p p oi nted thos e h i s fo

He
eyes a . a ur

b roth er s to s ep ar a te kin g d om s ou t of aff ect i on , an d h e him s elf

’
en o j yed thi s ear th b oun d ed b y th e s ea s ; thus h e placed S a ur i ov er
th e e a s t r egi on, M u d av a s u flov er the s outh , S un aya ov er th e
w es ter n g i o n , and M aha-r ath a ov er th e n or th er n
re T h ey and .

th at ki n g h a d s ep ar ate fa m i li es of br ahm a ns a s puro hi tas , a nd

als o m un i s , w h o d e s cend e d i n a r e ular lin ea e o f m in i s t er s
g g .

’ ’
S aur i s p a rchi ta was a b r ah m an fif S u -ho tr a b y na m e w ho s pr an g
th e fam i ly of Atr i U d av a s u w a s K us av ar tta , w ho w a s
’
fr om s

bor n of th e li n eag e of Gauta m a ; a K asyap a b y n am e P r a -m a ti

’
w a s S un aya s p ur ohi ta ; V é s i s h th a w as p ur o hi ta to king M aha
r at ha . T hos e f our kin g s i nd eed enj oyed th e i r ow n ki n g d om s ,
and K hani tr a w as their ov er -lor d , bei ng ov er -lor d of all th e
ear th . K i n g Khanitra w a s alw a
ys kin d ly to th o s e hi s four
b r o th er s an d
hi s p eop le a s
to a ll t o h is ow n s on s .

'
O ne d ay S a ur i w a s ad d r e s s ed by h i s m ini s ter V i sv a -v edi n
0 kin g , w e h av e s o m ew h at to s ay un to th ee i n p r i v a te He, .

w h o p os s e s s es a ll th i s ear th , to w h o m a ll kin g s ar e i n s u bj ee
ti on , i s th e ki ng , an d s o w ill be hi s s o n an d h i s g r an d s on s an d
th er eafter hi s d es cend ants . T hes e o th er s , h i s b r o th er s
, ar e

F or nyti na m r ead m inarh as i n th e P oona e d i t on .

i

1 T h e P oona e d i ti o n r ea d s hi ta -bud d ha ya h , and th e m e a ni ng w o uld

”
be f ri end ly -m ind e d .

‘ ’
It O r , in all thi ng s .

5 L au ki kam p d/p am .

'

II O r b etter Ud a va s u a s i n the P o o na e d it ion and i n v er s e 2 5

, .

1T F am ily p r ie s t F or d vi j d h r ead d vi gah a s in th e Po ona e d itio n

.
.
 A PL O T A GAI NS T KHANI T RA . 613

k in g s of v er
y s m a ll terr itor ies ; and hi s s on i s s m aller th an
h e ;1 a nd hi s gr and s ons wi ll be of s m a ller m ake
'
D egener at .

i n g i n tim e fr om i nd ivi d ual to i nd ivi d ual hi s d es cend ants wi ll ,

b eco m e d ep end a nt on agr ic ultur e for th eir li v i ng , 0 ki ng T hy .

br oth er , b es tow in g aff ection and p ow er on hi s b rother s , yet ma kes

no d iv i s ion of the p a tr i m ony ; W hat aff ecti on will he ha ve,
0 kin g , f or the tw o m or e d i s tant, hi s br other s s ons § ? Hi s
’

m ind w ill be m or e d i s tant w i th r eg ar d to t h eir tw o s ons , 0

king . B y w h a t th i n g th at i s to b e d one w ill hi s s on be en d ow ed

w itha ff ection O r if a ki ng i s s ati s fied by anyt hing w h ats oev er ,

yet to w h at en d then d o ki n g s enter tain m ini s ter s T he

w h ole ki n g d om i s e n o ye d
j b y m e w hile I r em ai n thy m ini s ter .

**
D os t th ou r eta n i th at t op fil
no if i t ur
g iv es s ati s fac ti on
p os e
S ov e r ei g n ty accom p li s h e s w h a t s h ou ld b e d one an i n s tr u

m e nt i s d e s i r e d b y one who o
p er a tes . A n d th e acquir em ent

of ig n ty fi i s w h at th o u m u s t acco m
pli s h th o u ar t the
'
s o ver e

w o r k er , w e ar e th e in s tr um ent . Do th ou , b ei ng s u ch , r ule

th e k in g d om th at b elon g e d to thy fath er a nd

gr and fath er by
m ean s of us , th e i n s tr um en ts . We s h all n ot b es to w b e nefits

on th ee i n an o th er w or ld .

T he kin g s p o ke

I na s m u ch as th e eld e s t br other i s k ing (0 m onar ch ) , an d

we ar e h i s young er b r oth er s , he th er efor e en j oys th e ear th
39 an d we en oy s m a ll p or ti ons of the ear th
j N o w w e are fiv e .

hip d h
'
F o r ka lp a -v s i haya d hnp d h read s ca lp a -v i s hayd d as in th e Poona

ed i tion .

r efer ri ng to each of th e br oth er s ; b ut

T a t-p utr a s (fail/p a l ms tas m d t, p lur a l
’

1 a
‘

“
th e i r s ons a r e s m a lle r th a n th ey
r e ad i ng w o uld b e p r e fe r a bl e , .

e d i ti o n r ea d s b hr d tuh s neh b
a - a la r p i na h, an d th e
I, Ud d hd r am . T h e P oo na
T hy b r oth er m a kes d i v is i on of th e p atr im ony for
m e a ning w ould t h en b e , no

a. bro th e r wh o b es to w s a ff e c ti o n a nd p ow e r th oug h ar
pa an d a r p i n ar e no t in
a
th e d i c tion ary .

s ne ha ka th e Po ona e d i t io n t e nd s b ette r s n eha h huh

F or h .

'

F or m a ntr a -p ar igr a hah t h e P o ona ed itio n re a d s b e tter m a n tr i -p ar igr a ha h

I!
.

'

F or s u kh d d hd r a ya s e r e ad m u d hd d h d r a ya s e as i n th e Poona ed i ti o n .
11
F o r ku ru te th e P o ona ed iti o n r ea d s ku r u s he .

la m bha f in the Poona e d i tio n.

11 F or r agya -lubd ha 5 r ea d r d j ya - as
61 4 CANT O c u .

br other s , and ther e i s but o n e ea r th , 0 hi gh m ind e d - i

s r, h en ce
or us 7
h ow can th er e b e en tir e s o v er eig n ty ov er it s ep ar a te ly f .

V isv a -v ed in s
p o ke
B e thi s so h er e If ther e i s but o ne ear th , 0 king , d o th ou
thys elf tak e p os s es s i on of it ; d o“ thou S i r , as e ld es t br other ,
r ule th e ear th . B e th ou t he ab s olut e l i i g
r u er , e x er c s n e ntir e

s o v er e i g nty , unt o all . A nd th e m ini s te r s w hom they ha ve enter

tai ne d s tr i v e for t hem l ‘'

as I s tr i ve for th e e .

T h e ki n g s
p o ke
S in ce th e e l d es t, th e ki ng , es tee m s us a fiecti o n a t ely lik e
s h a ll I d i s play th at r elates
s on s , h ow a
g a in s t h i m a s e lfis h n es s

t o the w or ld
s po ke
’

V i s v a -v e d in
W hen s ea te d
in th e kin g d o m , th o u m ay es t d o w or s hip a s
th e eld es t w i th n e w kin l
g y h o nou r s W h at i s thi s p o s ition .

of youn ges t an d eld es t S ov er ei g nty i s for m en w h o w an t i t .

M ar ka nd eya s p oke

th e k ing
’
And on s a s s entin
g, b e i t, 0 b es t f m en
o ,

V i s v a -v ed in the m ini s ter br ou ght his b r oth er s in to

’

s ub ecti on
j
to hi m th en , a nd
br ought th eir p ur ohit a s i n to s u b ecti on
j to hi m
s e lf in cer em oni es
p er for m ed for the r em ov a l of ob s tacl es and

o th er r i tes . N ex t b e p loyed them i n s p ells d ir e cted ag ain s t

em

K hanitr a , an d s ev er e d hi s f ai thfu l a d her ents b

y con cili a ti o n ,
g ifts a n d oth er m eans ; and h e ex er ted th e u tm o s t eff or ts i n
r e elli n
g puni s h m ent fr om hi s own folk And w hile th e four
“

p .

pur ohitas w er e p erf or m ing an ex ceed in gly ar d u ous m ag i ca l

i ncantation d ay b y d a y, t her e w a s p r o d u ced a f o ur -f old f em ale
d eity I w hi ch was v er y for m id a ble , h a d a lar g e m outh , w a s ex
c eed i ng ly ter r ib le to b eh old , h eld a lar g e p ik e r ai s ed aloft, w as
lofty and w as e x cee di n g ly p i tiles s I t cam e to th e p la ce then
w h er e king K h an itr a wa s , and i t w as ca s t ou t b y th at un

blem i s h ed s tor e of m er i t T he four -fold f em al e d eit

’
king s
y
.

F or bha voirh s ta tr a r ea d bha va tv a tr a a s i n th e B o m b a y e d i tio n .

1 T es hd/ m th e c om m e nta t or e xp la i ns th us , bhr d tri nd fh kd r ya -v i s ha ye .

I Kri tyd -é a tus h ta ya .

 T HE PL O T T E RS WE RE DE ST RO Y E D I GNO M I NI OU SL Y . 6 15

fell on th o s e ev il -s oul ed
p ur oh itas of hi s br other kings , and on
'
5! V is v a-v edi n i nd e e d . T h en w er e b ur nt up b y th at fem ale
d eity , w h o as s aile d them , thos e p ur ohita s an d V isv a-v ed in th e
m ini s ter w h o g av e ev i l couns e l
’
to S aur i .

*
C ANT O C X V I I I .

K ha ni tr a
’
s exp loi ts conclud ed .

Khani tr a , on heari ng o f the d es tr ucti on of the f am i ly p ri es ts ,

la m ented
an d took the blam e on hi m self — H e
gned the ki ngd om to hi s
r es i

s on Ks hup a , d ep ar ted to the fores t, and di ed there i n s ancti ty .

T h er eu p on th er e w as gr eat d is m ay in all th e w or ld , in
as m uch a s th os e p a r chi tas d w elli ng i n s ep ar ate citi es p er i s h ed

Kha ni tra h ear d th en that hi s br oth er s pur o

’
2 at th e s am e ti m e .

’
h itas h a d r ea ch e d th eir d eath , and th at his br other s m ini s ter

K h ani tr a th e gr eat king

'
3 V isv a -v e d i n al s o h a d b een b ur nt up .

w a s ex t r em ely s ur p i d , w
ond er i g
n
“
r se W h at is th i s 0 b es t
of m un i s ; and kn ew no t th e cau s e . T h en th e kin g as k ed

V as i s h th a w h o h ad com e to hi s p a lace , w h at th e r eas on w a s

why th os e, th e m i ni s ter a nd p ur ohi tas of h i s br oth er s , h ad

5 p er i s h ed W h en q ues ti on e d b y h i m th e g r eat m un i r elated
.

' ’
th en how it ha d h a p p ened , w h at S aur i s m inis ter h ad s ai d
an d w h a t S aur i h a d r ep li e d t o h i m , an d w h at h e , th at ev il
’
6
of
m inis ter , h ad p er form ed a s a m eans pr o d u cin g d i s s ens ion '

7 a m ong th e broth er s an d w h at th e p ur oh ita s h ad d on e ; for w h at

r ea s on th ey , th e p ur ohi ta s w h o w er e ab s olutely com p as s i onate

ev en t o an e n em y , h ad p er i s hed , w hile inj ur i ng tha t s i nles s

8 king O n h ear ing th at, th e ki ng r ep r oa ch ed him s elf ex ceed

.

i ngly th en, ex clai m ing , A la s I am sor e s tr icken i n V as ieh

th a pr es ence, 0 d v ij a
’
s .

T h e ki ng s p oke

F ie m e , wh o am of unh oly c om pos iti on , of s cant ood

on y g

Canto cxi x in th e Calcutta ed i ti on,

61 6 C ANT O CXVI II .

for tune , d es titute of s plend our ! S in which is utter ly contem n

ed by all the wor ld s h as b een by me thr oug h th e
comm i tted

f a ul t Of fate . T ha t is th e r eas on wh y th os e f our b r ah m ans

h av e p er i s h ed : wh at oth er m an b es id es m e will there b e m ore
s in f ul on th e ear th I f I w ere not a m an h ere on th e ear th ,

th ey, m y bro th er s purohi tas , w ould not h av e p er is h ed th en

’
.

Fi e o n th e ki n d om ! fie to o on m
g y bir th in th e fa m ily of great
kin g s— I w h o h ave b ecom e th e caus e of th e d es tr ucti on of th e
br ah m a ns ! T h ey, m y br oth ers s a crificing pr ies ts , m et their
’

wor ki ng at th ei r m as ter s O bj ect ; no w icked

’
end w hile
m en w er e th ey ; I am w icked in caus ing th eir d es truction .

W hat am I to d o ? Wh ere am I to gO ? No one v eril y i s a

s inn er on th e ear th but I wh o h ave beco m e th e ca us e of th e
br ah m ans d es tr uction
’
.

T h us gr iev ing in h eart , king Kh ani tr a b eing d es iro us o f

d ep ar ting to th e fores t an oi nte d h is s on to the thr one After .

ano in ti ng his son w h o wa s n am ed K s hupa to th e kin g d om ,

th e ki n g d eparted to th e for es t, al ong wi th h i s thr ee w iv es , to

p erfor m aus ter ities Goin g th er e h e, b es t of king s , b ein g w ell

.

v er s ed in th e or d i nances co n cer ni ng v i ma-pr as th as ,

p er for m ed
au s ter iti e s thr ee hund red and fif ty year s . Now , wh en h is
b o d y h a d b ecom e em ac ia ted thr ough auster iti es , th e n oble

kin g , hav ing res tr ai ne d all th e or gans of s ens e , quitte d h is life

w hil e d w elling in th e fore s t, 0 chi ef of br ahm ans . H e went
th en to th e s acr ed w or ld s w hi ch yi eld every d es ir e a nd are
un d ecaying , wh i ch ar e to b e g ained by king s by m ean s O f
h or s e- s acrifices and oth er s a cr ifices . And th os e hi s thr ee w iv es

quitted th eir lif e at th e v ery s am e tim e wi th him , a nd

g ained
th e s am e w orld “ along w ith him i nd eed , th eir m o s t hi g h .

s oul ed lor d .

f K h anitra s
’
T his i s the s tory o ex p loi ts ; wh en h ear d it
,

d es troys s tain s ; and i t d es tr oys the s tai ns of th os e wh o r ead i t,

i llu s tr io us s ir . Hear n e xt ab out Ks hupa .

h s é lo kym n as
’

F or V i pu l‘ sam d lokyarh r e e d a vax

pu in the Po ona e d iti on ,
 KS HUPA WAS A GRE AT SACRI F I CE R. 61 7

C ANT O C XI X .
*

Vi vi m sa
’
s ex
p loi ts .

Ks hup a em ula ted m or e i ki ng the

a a nc en t
f
o s am e nam e and em i ched
the br d hm a/ns— H e w as s ucceed ed by hi s s on Vi m ; and Vi m by
hi s s on Vi vi ms‘a w hos e w a s r ei
a
p r os
p erous
gn
r
.

M ar kand eya s p oke

Now K h ani tr a ’
K s h up a o n r e cei v i n
g th e king d om pr o
s s on

tected hi s p eo l e , w h il e d eli h ti n th e m i n r i g h t eo us n es s , ev en
p g g
2 as h i s f a th er ha d d one T h at k i ng w a s b y d i s p o s ition lib er al
.

of
g i fts , a nd a s a cr i fic er o f s a cr ifices h e w a s j u s t a li ke b oth to
fo e an d fr i end i n th e p ath of th e a d m i ni s tr ation of j us ti ce a nd

so fo rt h .

O ne d ay th e kin g , w h il e at hi s o w n r es i d ence , 0 m uni , was

ad d r e s s ed b y hi s b ar d s , A s was k in g K s h up a of yor e, s o ar t
4 th o u , s ir 1 O f yor e t h er e w a s a ki n g K s h up a , I B r ah m a s s on ;
"
.

as h a d b een t h e ex loi t s of th i s hi n
p g, s uch th at o ne in d eed en
d ea v o ur ed to a chi ev e .

T h e k i ng s p oke

I wi s h to h ear of th e th e m os t hi g h -s ouled K s h up a
ex
p lo its of .

If s uc h can be accom p li s h e d by m e , I w ill p er f or m th em .

T h e b ar d s s p ok e

T h at ki ng m a d e c attle-keep i ng b r ahm an s § m ultitu d es of

yor e , 0 kin g ; an d wi th th e tr i bute of the s i x th p or ti on th at

h i g h -s oul ed ki ng p er f or m e d a s acr ifice on t he ear th .

C anto cx x in th e C alcut ta ed i tio n .

t F or ta th d bha va t ta tha bha/vaxn in th e P oona iti on

’

r ead as ed .

I It m us t a pp a r en tly b e thi s Ks hu pa to w h o m r e fer en ce i s m ad e in th e

'
M aha E h - .
( S anti -
p . cl x v i . 6 1 6 4 -65 and 6 1 9 2 -9 3 ) w h e r e i t is s ai d that a f ter th e
s wor dw a s f a s hi on e d M a nu g av e i t t o K s h up a f o r t h e p ro tection of t he p eople,
and I k s h v ék u
g ot i t fr o m Ks h up a .

’
G b o- r a hm a nd/n T he com p o und occur s ag ai n in ver s es 10 a nd 12 . I t d oes
”
not s e e m t o m e an cattle a nd br ah m an s , f or thi s m ea ni ng h ar d ly s ui ts th e
ve r b us ed , a nd th e co m p oun d occur s t wi c e i n t h e s ing ular in v er s e 12 . I n that
v er s e th e P oon a ed ition var i e s i n r eadi ng g o-br d hm ancih, plural , b ut b oth ed itio ns

ag re e in r e a d in g g o-br d hm a nd ya, s ing ular .

78
6 18 CANT O cxi x .

T h e ki n g s
p oke
W ho like m e w i ll follow th os e h ig h - s ou le d ki n g s ? Nev er
th eles s , m ay h e b e s tr en uo us a f ter th e ex p loi t s of those ki ngs

of ex alte d ex H ear th en th e p r om i s e w hi ch I now

ploi ts !
I w i ll i m i tat e th e g r eat kin g K s hu p a s e x p loi ts I
’
m ake — .

w i ll p er for m s acr i fice s th r ee a nd th r ee on t h e pr es en t an d

futur e* g ath er in g of t h e h arv es t s on th e ear th w h i ch h as f our

s tr eam s thi s p r om i s e I h a v e m a d e
—
An d th e tr ibute w h i ch .

cattle - kee
p i ng br ah m an s g av e t o tha t kin g of y or e , th e v er y

s am e I w i ll r es tor e to th e b r ah m a n s an d th e cattle .

M ar k a nd ey a s
p o ke

H av i n g th u s p le d g e d hi s w or d , K s h up a p er f or m ed it acc or d

i ngly H e , b es t of s acr ificer s , oif er ed th r ee s a cr ifices

. on th e
a
pp ear an ce of th e cr 0 p s A n d th e v er y tr i bu t e w h i ch a c attl e
.

keep i ng b r ah m an g av e to k in g s b efor e , o f th at s a m e q u antity

av e h e o t h er w ealth t o th e cattl e -keep i n g b r ah m an
g .

H e had a s on , V ir a d '
of hi s wif e P r am ath a, a b l am eles s

p r i nce, b y w h os e m aj es ty a n d v a lour ki ng s w er e b r ou g h t int o

s ub j ecti o n A n d hi s d e ar w i fe w a s a V id ar bh a p r in ces s n a m e d
.

N and i n i ; h e, th e l or d b egat a s o n V i v ii h éa i of h er
, .

Wh i le V ivi rh sia w a s r ulin g th e ear th , as a ki n g of gr eat v i

g o ur , th e ear th b ecam e d e n s ely p o p u lated w ith m en P ar .

j anya r ain e d in d u e s ea s o n , an d th e ear t h ab oun d ed w it h

h ar v e s t s , an d th e h ar v es ts w er e m o s t fr ui tf ul , an d th e f r u i t s
w er e full of j ui ce an d th e j ui ces
, g av e n o ur i s h m en t , yet th e
no ur i s h m ent ca u s e d no ou tr a e ou s b eh a v i our ; n o r
g d i d th e
s tor e s of r i ch es b ecom e c au s e s of d eb au ch er y a m on g m en .

His enem i e s w er e cow e d

~
by hi s gy , 0 gr eat m un i
en er . T he

p eo p l e , w h o w er e a ll a b and of fr ien d s , d es i r e g oo d h ealth th e

z
ci ti en s d es ir e m ir th . Aft er p er for m ing v er
y m any s acr i fice s ,

'
4‘ S as'
’

y d p d te ga taga te ias y p r d p tau j d tai ya m aj a td g/d fh

'
a- '
v a, (com m e nt ) .

1'
T hi s ki ng is ca ll e d Vimsa in t he V i s h nu P ur .
( I V i)
. . B e twe e n K s hup a
a nd V imsa ki ng I k s hv éku i s i ns e r te d i n th e g e n e al o g y
a.
g i ve n in M ah a-E h .

Kéva m -p iii 65 -6 8
. . .
,
.

I T h e V i s h nu P ur . ca l ls hi m V i vi rii éa or V ivi rhéati (IV . i) .

 i
r RA WAS AN E XT RAO RDI NARY SACRi FI CER
KHAN Nn' . 6 19

aft er
p rotecting the earth w ell , h e m et his d eath in b attle a nd

d e par ted h ence to th e wor ld of

C A NTO C XX 1 .

Khani netr a
’
s exp loi ts .

Vi r i ms a w as
’

s ucceed ed by hi s s on K hani netr a , who was a

gr ea t s a cr i

fice r B ei ng s on-less he went hun ti ng to ki ll a d eer for a s a cr ifice ,

-

an d two d eer ca m e , one ha vi n

g no offsp ri ng and the other m any
E a ch p r es sed hi s cla i m to be ki lled , bu t fhe ki ng r efus ed to ki ll
ei ther .

M ér ka nd eya s p oke

His s on w as Kh aninetr a , gr eat in s tr en gt h and pr ow es s , a t

w h os e s a cr ifices s ang th e Gan d h ar v a s , fille d wi th a s toni s h m en t ,

thus Like unt o Kh an in etr a t h er e W ill be no o th er s acr ificer

”
on e ar th . Af ter c o m pl eti n g t en th ou s a n d s a cr ifice s , h e g av e
th e ear th w ith it s s eas a w ay . A n d he i t was w ho, af ter g i vi ng

aw a all th e ear th to hi g h - s ou l ed b r ahm ans , acquir e d w ealth

y
th r ou g h aus ter iti es f ully p er f or m e d , an d lavi s h ed that a ls o ; I
an d after obt aini ng unp ar all e le d i n cr eas e o f r i ch es fr om th a t

m os t noble gi v er br ah m an s pted n o d onation fro m any

a cce

o th er king , 0 br ah m an z— he i t w as w h o s acr ificed s ix ty s ev en -

th o us an d and s i xty -s e v e n h un d r e d an d s ixty-s ev en s a cr ifices

w i th ab und an ce o f lar g es s e .

T h at m onar ch b eing s o n -les s e n g a

ged i n a hunt w i th th e
s acr ifice to th e
d e s ir e of obtai ni ng fl es h f or a pitri s in or d er to
o b t ai n a s on , 0 great m uni H e r od e on hi s h or s e, away fr o m
.

his tr oop s , ab s olutely a lo n e i n a g r eat for es t , h av in g hi s

le ath er n bow -g uar d and fin g er -pr ote ctor b oun d on him , an d

carry in g arrow s , s wor d an d b o w A d eer is s uing

. out of a d ens e

s a tru -lokam re ad f a kr a -loha m , in th e Poo na ed i ti on

’
F or as .

1 C an to c xxi i n the C alcutta ed i ti o n .

d s d s aid yd/mocay a t d d hi kena fo r

’ ’
us a d ye
’

I T he P o o na e d iti o n r ea s moeayet
acq uir ed w ealt h th r o ug h a us te r it i es and lav is hed t hat tog eth er
’
“
s ad hi ten a ,
’

with m or e bes id es (koéa-s tha -d ray yena s a ha ) .

6 20 CANT O cxx .

for es t fr om a n oth er s id e s aid to th e h or s e th at carrie d h im

”
A ccom p li s h th y obj ect by killin g m e .

T he kin g s p oke

O th er d eer ing m e fl ee in gr eat terr or ; h ow i s i t that

o n s ee

th ou wi shes t to yield th ys elf as a ift to d eath

g
T h e d eer s p oke

I hav e no 0 gre at ki ng ; v ain i s th e p urp o s e o f m y

s on ,

ex i s tence ; w hile wand er in g a b out I d o no t per ceiv e th e use of

m aintainin g m y life h er e .

M ar ka nd eya s poke
Now anoth er d eer app ro a ch ed th e ki ng and s ai d i n th e

p r es ence of th at fir s t d eer E nough of th i s , 0 king ; s l ay m e ,

p er for m th y r ite wi th m y fl es h . As th ou m ayes t thus

s u cceed in thy ob j ect , s o wi ll th at als o be b enefici a l to m e .

T h ou , 0 gre at king , d es ir es t to s acr ifice to th y p it ri s i n or d er

to obtai n a s on ; h ow wilt th ou gain thy ear n es t wis h b y m eans
of th e fl esh of th i s other son -les s d eer A s i s the r i te th at is to
b e p er form ed , s u ch i s th e thin g one s h oul d o ff er . Know le d g e
o f th e o d our s of s w eetly-o d or ou s things i s not a scer tain e d by
m eans of ill -od or ous th in g s .

T h e ki ng s p oke
T hi s other d eer h as d eclar ed to m e th at th e reas on o f hi s
in d iff er ence to w or ldl y d es ir e s i s his s on -les s n es s : tell th ou m e
w h at i s th e r ea s on of th y i nd iff er ence to w or l d ly d es ir es i n
th y aband onm ent of life .

T h e d eer s p oke

M any are my 0 kin g ; m any ar e m y d augh ter s al s o

s ons ,
.

i n th e m i s eri es o f m y anxieti es for w h om I d w ell as am i d th e

fl am e s of a r ag in g confiagr a tion 0 ki ng , thi s m o s t w eakl
y
.

d eer tr ib e i s to b e m a s tered by ev er y one, and I hav e ex ce s s iv e

-

s elf i nter es t in th os e m y ch ild r e n

— th er e for e I
-
a m d i s tre s s e d .

I am i n f ear of m en, lions , tig er s , w olv es , and other r avenous

beas ts , but n ot o f a feeb le a ni m a l, nor of a ll

good cr eatur es nor
,

ev e n of a d og or j ackal , m y lor d . B eing s uc h, I d es ir e m os t

 KH AN i NE T RA s E N
’
COU NT E R W I T H ri wo D E ER . 62 1

ear ne s tly for th e s ak e of m y ki n d r ed , th at all thi s ear th m ay

b e fr ee for on ce fr o m th e fear Of m en , li on s , an d oth er beas ts .

S om e a ni m a ls , cow s , goats , s h eep , h or s es an d s uch like, feed

on
g r a s s ; for th eir t hr iv in g I w i s h th o s e bea s ts s ent to d e

s tr uc ti on Af ter th o s e beas ts th en h av e d ep ar ted and m y O H

.

s p r in g r em a i n s ep ar at e, an x i ou s th o u g h t s occur b
y hun d r ed s
t o m e w hos e m in d i s env el op ed b y s elf -inter es t , s uch as H as
a s on of m in e w hi le b r o w s i ng i n th e for es t en co un ter ed a

cr a ft
y tr a p , or a th un d er b olt , or a n oos e ? or h as he fallen
in t o th e p ow er of a m an , or li on or o th er d a nger ous cr ea tur e

W ha t cond i ti on h a s th is one r each ed ? w h at con d i ti on h av e

th os e s ons of m in e r e ach e d ,
who w h i le actuall
y gr a ing z
g r eat for es t ? O n s eein g
’
h av e n ow g on e to th e v er
y
th a t th os e m y s on s h av e r each e d my 0 ki n g ,

I , p anti ng s o m e w h at , w is h for n ig h t h ow ev er as s ecur ity

A t d awn I d es ir e d ay e ar n es tly as s ecur ity , and w h en
th e s un h as g ai n th e n i gh t ear nes tly w h en
s et I d es i r e a

w ill th er e b e s afety at ev er y tim e ? T hi s I h av e d eclar ed

to th ee , 0 ki ng , i s th e c au s e of m y an xi ety B e gr a ci ous .

to m e th er ef or e — l et th i s thy ar r o w b e d i s char g ed at me !

T h at i s th e c au s e w h y p i er ce d b y h un d r e d s of s uff er in g s I

th u s for s ak e ev en m y lif e ; h ear ken t h ou as I s p eak , 0 king

Nam e d T h e S un -les s ar e the w or ld s , t o w h i ch th os e w ho kil l

cattle th at ar e s ui tab l e for s a cr ifice a ttai n

th em s elv es g o ; but
thus to e x al te d s tati o n e d 0 lor d . A g ni w a s a d o m es ti c a ni m a l }:

for m er ly th e lo r d of th e w at er s w as a d om es ti c ani m al an d

so w as th e S un , w h o g ai ne d e x alted s t ation s a nd r each ed h is

S h ew m e thi s p i ty th en , a nd con d u ct
culm i n ati on i n s acr ific e § .

lt d i t i on a n d th ou s h alt ob tain th e ear nes tly

m e to a n e x a ep os

d es ir ed wi s h of th y s ou l b y g aini ng a s on .

T hi s is t h e r ea di ng o f th e B o m b ay e d iti o n p r d p tan m am d bhyd i am ins tead

h d sa m , w h i ch s ee m s i ncorr ect ; s am d
th e C al cutta r e a d i ng p r oip ta s a m d b y
-
of

bhyd s a i s n ot i n th e d ictionar y .

1
‘
Uttam a -l okd n (c om m e nt ) .

I P aiu
e x alt e d s ta ti o n s a nd r e a ch e d h is cul m ina ti on
Or a nd th e S un g ai ne d
’
i n s acr ific e .
 KHANi NE T RA HAD A S O N KARAND HAM A. 623

ld s va — Ki n B ki ngs
’

g a ld sva wa s besi eged by hi s r ebellious vass a l

a nd w as d eli vered hi s ha nd s that

by an arm
y whi ch i ssued from
s hoc k wi th d i s tr ess— H ence he was n am ed Kar and ha m a .

M ar ka nd eya s poke

T h er eu p on th e ki ng w ent to th e s in -d es tr oying ri ver Go

m ati , * and ,
p r acti s i n
g s elf-r e s tr a i nt,
gr atified th e g o d P ur an
d ar a th er e A nd a s s id uou s ly pr actis ing s ev er e aus terities ,
.

s ub d uin
g his v oi ce, b od y and m ind , a nd contr olli n
g hi m s elf ,
th e kin g gr ati fied I nd r a i n or d er to ob tain a s o n . T he ad

or ab l e I nd r a , lor d of th e g o d s , w a s gr atified w ith h i s p r ai s e,

au s ter iti e s and fai th , him , 0 gr eat m uni , By
“
a nd s aid to
of
r ea s on th es e au s te r iti e s , f ai th and pr ai s e utter ed by thee,
”
I am w ell s ati s fied w ith t h ee , 0 king ch oos e a b oo n , s ir !

T h e king s p ok e
M who s ha ll be ch i ef am ong
a
y I w h o am s on-les s o b tai n a s on ,

al l w h o b ear ar m s , an d a lw a
ys u nr ep uls ed in h i s s ov er

ei g n ty , d oer of r i know er of r i gh te ou s nes s ,

1 ght eo us n es s ,
'
a a

and s k i lf ul .

M ar ka nd eya s p oke
”
An d w h en I n d ra s aid t o hi m , “
B e it so ! th e kin g g ained

hi s d es ir e . T h e king r eturn ed to hi s own city to pro tect hi s

p eo p le . A s h e w as p erf or m i n g s a cr ifice th ere , as he w as d uly

p r o te ctin g hi s p eopl e, a s on w as b or n to hi m th en thr ough

I nd r a
’
s f av our , O br ahm an T h e king , hi s fath er , gav e h im
.

th e n a m e B ala an d cau s e d th e to acqui r e s ki ll in

év a j s on e v er
y
k in d of w eapon . W h en h i s fa th er d i ed , 0 br ahm an , h e s too d

S ee p 2 9 1 , n ot e fi
'
. .

'

1 F or é d bhy aha ta i iv ary o r ead é é vy d ha ta i s v ar yo as in th e P oona ed i ti on .

I H e w as a ls o ca lled S uv ar é as ( M ah i - B h .
, Aév am .
-
p . ii i . and7 2 -7 9 )
B alak asva or S ubal ééva ; b ut h is m os t f a m ou s n am e was Kar an d h am a w hi ch

i s fanc if ully e x pl ai ned in ver s e 2 1, an d i n th e ab o ve -m en ti on e d p a ss ag e of

vi b h fiti is s om et im es i n s er te d
’

th e M ah t ér ata . A k ing V ibh ii ti or A ti ~

b etwe e n K ha n ine tra and this kin g . T hi s f am ous Kar and ham a m us t b e d i s

tingui s h e d f r om anoth er kin g of t he s a m e nam e, w ho was four th i n d es cent

fr o m Y ayi ti
’ ’
s s on T ur vas u ( Har i - V .
,
x xxu. 1 8 29-31 ; an d M a tsya P ur .

xlviii 1 ,
.
62 4 CANT O cxxr .

ki ng i n th e B alas v a br o u gh t all
as pr em e
su

ki ngs on th e e ar th in to s ub ecti o n j ; an d th e k ing aft er fir s t

t akin g aw a
y th eir 1 m ad e all th e ki ng s p ay
ch oi ces t er ty ,
“
ro
p p
hi m tr ib ute a n d b e pr otecte d hi s p eop le .

N o w all th os e kin g s as clai m an t s w er e fur iou s ag ain s t h im ; an d

a t all ti m es th ey n ei th e r r os e u
p bef ore hi m n or p aid h i m tr ib ute .

T h ey s too d up ?
~ th en i n th eir o w n co untr i e s ; d i s r eg ar d in g co n
’
tentm en t good , th o s e kin g s s eiz ed th at k in g s t er r i
as th e chi e f

tor y T h at ki ng h eld fa s t h i s o w n kin g d om b y for ce , § O m uni ,

.

an d m ad e hi s s tand in hi s o w n ci t
y M an y ki ng s b es i eg ed hi m . .

Kin g s ,
v er
y gr ea t in v alour , p o s s es s in g m ilitar y a pp ar at us an d
r i ch e s , a s s em b le d th en an d b es i e e d th at kin
g g in th at c ity .

Now t h e ki ng w a s e nr ag ed at th at s i eg e o f hi s ci ty , bu t h av in g ,

v er y l i ttl e tr ea s u r e an d a s m all ar m y , f e ll i n t o th e u tm os t

d i s tr es s . B eh old in g no s uccou r thou gh p os s es s i n g an ar m

y,
0 b es t of
d v ij as , h e put hi s h an d s b e for e hi s face a n d s i h ed
g
in m en tal s uffer i ng T h en com p acted tog eth er b y th e br eath
.
”
fr om h i s m o uth , whi ch i s su ed thr oug h th e inter s ti ce b etw een
h i s h an d s , th er e w e nt for th flT i n h und r ed s w ar ri or s a ccom

p ani ed by ch ari ots ,

p hants a nd h or s es ele
T h er eb y i n a .

m om ent all th at ci ty of t h at kin g w as p er v a d ed b a h o s t of

y
for ces , ch oice b y r ea s on of th eir ex tr em e s tr en gth , 0 m uni .

S ur r oun d ed th en by that ex cee d in g g r eat h os t of for ces , th e

k ing s alli e d for th fr om th at cit
y an d co n quer ed th os e foes .

An d aft er
quis h in g th em th e
v an king , h av in g g r eat good for
t un e , b r oug h t th em in to s ubj ection an d m a d e t h em p a tr i
y
bu te a g ai n as b efor e , illus tr iou s s ir . B ecau s e fr om hi s ag i

ah a-E h . K h an in etr a w as d ep os e d b y hi s '

T he M s ub ects ( Aévam -p
s ay s
j . .

iii 7 0
.

1 S ti ha u p ur va ka m sd r a
'
’

s v es h tha v a s tu c om m ent )
‘
ra - ra -
g a-
'
-f
.

I Vy u tthi td h T he -u t-tha is gi v en
’

. r oo t ty o nl y i n th e c a us =nl f or m i n t he
d ict ion ar y .

F or p r i thi v i i e ba ld/n th e Po on a ed i ti on r e ad s i h i i § ’
ba l d n
’

pr t v o
p i thi vi s o
r

ba l d n a pp ear s th er ef or e t o b e th e c o r r ect r e a d i ng .

{l S a m d ha t d h a p p e ar s t o b e th e r ea d i ng , b ut h ar d ly yi el d s a s ui table m ean
’ ”
i ng ; s a m a hi tah ,
“
ar r a ye d w o ul d b e p r e f e r a ble
p ut i n to or d er , .

'
1T F or h i
as ta -v r av a n r ea d has ta -ui'v ar d n ,
f
an d f or n i - a gm u
j h r ea d n i r - ag m u h
j
as i n the P o ona e d i ti on .
 B AL KéVA cor T HE NAM E KARAND HAM A . 625
‘

tated ha was w
'

nd s prod uc ed an
y hi ch ar m bur nt u p h is
"
f oes , B a lasv a is then ce c all e d K ar and h am a ?“ H e w as ri g h t

eo us o f s oul and
grea t of s ou l ; h e w as b enev olent to all liv ing

cr eatur es . King Karand h am a was c el e br ated i n th e thr ee

w or ld s . An d P ow er , wh i ch i s d enounced by Ri ghteous nes s
its elf appro aching the king , w ho had und er one intens e s uffer-
g A

ing , g r anted him th e d es tr ucti on of h i s enem ies ?

CANT O oxxn i

p loi ts
'
A m ks hi ta
’
s ex .

Kar and ha
m aha d o ca lled becaus e beni gn
'
a s on Aviks hi ta , who was s

p la nets Aeihs hi ta was a gr eat phi n

looked up on hi s bir th—
ce ; he

was chos en b m any p ri ncesses a nd he a lso carri ed o other s a

’

y fi t thei r
I

s va am warn s — H e carr i ed o
y ff Vaiéali ni p r incess of Vi d i sii a nd ,

other ki ngs arr ayed them selves a

gai nst hi m .

M ar kand eya Spoke

V i ry c and r a s
a-
’
§ b eautiful b r ow ed d aughter was
-
na med V i r é.

Karan
'

sh e w a s nob le m h er v ow s She chos e th e g eat king