A B R I E F H IS T O R Y

L A N C A S T E R C O U N TY ;
W I TH S PE C I A L E F E R E N C E T O T H E G R O WT H A N D D E V E L
R

O P M E N T O F I TS I NS T I T U T I O NS D ES I G N E D ,

FO R T H E S C H O O L A N D H O M E .

BY

I S R AE L S MI T H C L AR E .

E DI T E D B Y

AN N A L Y L E ,

T e a c lz e r of s t o v y m th e l le rs
z/ z I/e S l a t e [Va nna ] S c/z o o l .

M R Y
ZU G ME O R IA L L I B R A

E L IZ AB E T H
—
fl
l CmG LI I ZGE
T

E L IZ AB E T H T O N ,
PE N NWA .

PU B L I S H ED B Y T H E

A R GU S P U B L I S H IN G CO M P AN Y ,

LAN C ASTE R , PA .
,

1 89 2 .
 9 74 ,

5 4 2;

C O PY R I G H T ED 1 89 1 , B Y

TH E A RG U S PU B L I S H I NG CO M P A NY
L AN C AS T ER P, A .
 PR E FA C E .

t e a ching t he h is t o ry of t he U ni t ed S t a t es I h ave
I
N ,

found t h a t Penn s y lv a ni a s
t uden t s a re l a ck in g in
k no w led ge of t heir o w n C o mmon w e a l t h a nd t h a t t here
,

iseven gre a t er l a ck of in t elli g ence c on cernin g t he

coun t y t o w hich t hey b elon g .

T h i sh asen ab led me t o unders t a nd a nd appreci a t e

t he de mand t h a t h asco me fro m t he t e a chers a nd other
pers onso ffi ci all y conne c t ed wi t h t he s chool sof L an
ca s t er coun t y fo r a hi s
,
t ory of t he coun t y w hich sh a l l
b e a v a il ab le fo r t he s chool a nd t he fa mil y .

L an cas ter coun ty is o ne t h a t demandsatt en t ion a nd

in tere s t be ca u s
,
e of it sri ch ma t eri a l resources i t s l arge ,

p o pul a t ion a nd i t s hi s
,
s
t o ri c a l as o ci a t ions .

Then t o o b ein g o ne of t he por t ion sof Penns

, , yl v a n i a
t h a t w a se arlie s ts e tt led w he ne mi g ra t ion t o the Wes t
.
“ ”

b e g a n t he people s
,
eemed t o feel t h a t the popul a t ion
w as c ro w d in g here an d w i t h a n inheri t ed h a rdihood
an d en t erpri s e man y of t he m b eca me the pi o neersof
t he ne arer and more re mo t e Wes t ern S t a t es and we ,

t hin k i t isno t e x aggera t ion t o s ay t h a t t here is h a rdl y

a S t a t e or Terri t ory included w i t hin our g re a t do ma in

w hich h as no t a represen t a t i v e fro m t his coun ty .

I t isalso honorab l y represen t e d in a lmos t every de

p a r t m e n t of a rt in
, a l m os t e v ery indus t ry in scien ce , ,

an d in li t er a t ure .I t h ash ad a fa ir sh are o f ab le s t a t es

me na nd of gall an t s oldiersa nd of h ard y n av a l heroes
, ,

men w h o h ave shed lus t re upon it sp as t an d who a re

fi t exe mpl ars fo r t he v ou t h of to d ay -

.
iv P RE FA C E .

A ll t hese t hin gsconsidered w e h av e ab und an t re as

,
on
t o expec t t hi scoun t y t o t ake and main t a in a le a dership
in b o th ma teri al a nd in t elle c t u a l affa irs .

A b e tter k no wled g e of i t s his t ory w e feel as sure d

w ould h a ve a t enden cy t o ex c i t e a n a p pre c i a t ion of it s
i mpor t an ce a nd thus t end t o arouse a s
, t ron ger lo c a l
p a t rio tis m so me thin g mos t devou t ly t o b e w ished fo r
,

w hile a ma n s p a t rio t is m should no t b e he mmed in b y

’

c oun t y or b y S t a t e line sb u t should re ac h t o t he u t m

,
os t
b ounds of his N a t ion ye t t here is due t o his n a rro w er
,

d o main of nei g h b orhood a good sha re of his p a t rio t i c

devo t ion .

I t is of these app aren t l y s maller in teres t s t h a t he is

t he speci a l cu s todi an A fideli t y in g u ardin g and c ar
.

ing fo r t hese is fair eviden ce t h a t he will b e fa i t hful in

g u a rdin g l a rg er a n d g re a t er ones I f t he m
. a n b es t fi tt ed
t o fill a t own s hi p o ffi ce isele c ted t o fill t h a t o ffi ce the ,

o ffi ces of t he coun t y and S t a t e wil l mo s t li kel y be filled

w i t h cap ab le men a nd t h a t bein g so gre a ter care w ill ,

a l mo s t of ne ce s s i t y be exercised in t he choi ce of me n
t o fill our N a t ion al coun cil s If me nin a nei gh b orhood
.

a re w ise enou g h t o ele c t e ffi c ien t s c hool dire c t ors ,t he y

c a n mos t pro b ab l y b e coun t ed upon t o cas t a n in teli
en t o t e t he a t ion sC hief Ma g i s t r a t e a nd t hu s
’

g v fo r N ,

g ive t he people a w i s e a nd in t elli g en t N a t ion a l a d min is

tra t io n .

Thi sb rief prefa ce indi cat es t he obj e c t of t his b ook ,

w hi ch t he e d i t or hopes ma y con t ri b u t e so me t hin g to

w ard t he a tt a in men t o f t he pur pose a t w hi ch i t a i ms .

A NN A L YL E .

S T A T E N O R MAL S C H O O L ,

M i ll ers
v i ll e Pa Ap ri l I 1 89 2
,
.
, ,
.
 T ABL E OF C ON TEN TS .

CH A PT E R I

N D I A N —T h
.

TH E I . e T ri b es;T h eir C h ar cte r ;T h ei r W rs a a .

CH AP T E R II
—H isCh
.

T H E I DI A
N N TR ADER t
a ra c e r ;H is i fe
L .

AP T E R I I I CH
—S ett l ement sa nd T h e i r P ro gress
.

F I ST
R S E TT L E R s . .

CH AP T E R IV .

E A R LY M O D E O F L I FE

C H A PT E R V .

G E O G R APHY .

A PT E R V I
CH
—O
.

B E F O RE TH E F R E N C H A N D I N DI A N WA R . g i z ti o n
r an a

of th e C o u nty ,
a nd E re c ti o n o f T o w ns
hips .

CH APT E R V II
—D
.

DU R I NG TH E F RE N C H A N D IN DI A N WA R ea l i ngsW i th
th e D l
e aw a re sa nd S h a w a nes
e .

CH AP T E R VIII .

DU RIN G TH E R E V O LU T I O N .

CH APT E R I$ .

A FT ER TH E R E V O LU T I O N .
v i TAB LE O F CO NT E NTS .

CH AP T E R $ .

DU RING TH E C I V I L WA R A N D SI N C E .

CH APT E R $ I
—I nd i n
.

A G R I C U LT U R E a Fa rmi ng ;L a te r Fa rm n ; T h e i g
S o il .

CH AP T E R $ II

—
.

E DU C A T I O N H is t o ry o f t h e E a rl y S ch o o l s a nd ,
of t he
P ubl i c S ch o o l sa nd H i gh e r I nsti tuti o ns .

CH AP T E R $ I II
E A R LY P R I N T I N G .

CH AP T E R $ IV .

R EL I G I O N .

CH APT E R $ V

BI O G R A P HY —
.

We is er R o s
sH a nd Y e at esS h i pp e n Miffl in
.
, , , , , ,

S nyd e r M uhl e nb e rg R a ms
,
ay F ulto n M u rra y E u
, , , ,

c h a na n S te v ens R eyno ld s H e i ntz e l ma n

, ,
F o rne y , , ,

C ame ro n B ow ma n N ev i n Atl ee B u rro wes B ec k

, , , , ,

H ld ema n R a t h v o n W i c k e rs
a ,
h am , ,

CH AP T E R $ VI .

G O V E R N M E NT .

CH APT E R $ VII .

M A N U FA C T U R E S B A N K I N G , , E TC ,

AP T E R VIII
—
CH $ .

N AT U R AL H I ST O R Y Ge o lo gy ;F l o ra ;F u n a a .

CH AP T E R $ I$ .

IN DI A N L E G E N D S
 L IS T O F IL L U S T R A T IO N S .

B LA C K J A S P ER SP E A R
u ,

w GREE NST O N E P IP E ,

w B R O W N J A S P E R A RR O W P O I NT -

b GR O O V E D GR A N I TE A $ E
mC O N ESTO G A T E AM
- ,

mPO S T L E WA I T S T AV ER N
,

’
,

y H O U S E O F M A R T I N M YL I N ,

T H E O L D JA I L
o
o ,

o T H E O L D C O U RT H O U SE
x ,

iO WA S H I N G T O N H O T E L
-
t
.

HH GEO R G E R o s s
R E V G H E M U H L E N B ER G
,

. . . .
,

R O B ER T FU LT O N ,

J AM ES B U C H A N A N ,

T H A DD EU S S T E V E NS ,

GE N J F R EYN O LD S . . .

D R J L A T L EE . . .
,

T H O MA S H B U R R O WE s .
,

JO H N B EC K ,

J P W I C K E R S H AM
. .
,

L O C U ST B O R E R ,

T O B A C C O M O T H WO R M A N D C HRYS A L I S
$

.
, , ,

M A P S .

P E NNS YLVA NI A B EF O RE TH E O R G AN I Z AT I O N O F

TH E C OU NTY ,

2 . L A N C A S T ER CO NTY U ,
1 89 2 ,

3 . L A N C A ST ER C O U NTY ,
1 72 9 ,
 C H A PT E R I .

TH E IN DI AN .

T R I B ES IN T H E L O C A L I TY , A N D C H I E FS A N D S A C H EM S .

AN C AS T E R C O U N T Y is ri ch in Indi a n tr a di
tions . T his fertil e and w ell woo ded co u nt ry -

wi th i ts abu n d an ce of wil d a nim a ls i n the forests

and fish i n the streams attracted the Indians to this
,

locali ty The S u s
.
g zz e/z mmO c/es a fter w a rds c a ll ed ,

M z ng oesor C o nes log a swhose chi ef se a t w a s i n th e

'

present Manor townshi p were th e m ost i mpor t a n t ,

t ribe wi thin th e limi t s of the present Lanc aster

county an d their b est kno w n chi ef w a sCapt a in
,
-

Civili t y The pl a ce where th e C o nes

. log a sh a d th eir
l ast hom e i s still c a l led f iz d imz z o w iz T h e nex t ‘
.

import a nt tribe were th e S h a w/ a new who cam e

h ere from the S o uth i n Willi a m Penn s tim e ’
,

lived h ere h a lf a century a nd th en moved to the ,

West Whi le i n this loc a li ty th eir ch i ef se a t w a s

.

Pequ e h a n wh ere ,
th e Pequ e a creek empti e s
i nto th e S u squ eh a nn a ri ver T hey a lso h a d .

t w o towns on th e O ctor a ro on e a few miles ,

a bove th e pres ent vill a ge of Chris t i a n a and ,

th e other sever a l mi les below th e site of

th a t V ill a ge Th e gre a test s a chem of th e S h a w a
.

nes e whi l e a t Pe u e h a n w a s O es
s ah T h e C o noys
q p .

were a small tribe located a t th e mo uth of Conoy

2 B R IE F H IST O R Y O F L A N C A S TE R CO UN T Y .

creek The D ela w a resfrom th e Del a ware river

.
,
,

and th e N a mz co kesfrom th e e a stern shore of Ches

’
‘

a p e a ke bay roame d over these parts to hunt an d

,

fish bu t h ad no towns h ere

,
.

I N D IA N M O D E
L I F E H ER E O F .

Th e In di ans here live d on th e flesh of wi l d ani

mils whi ch th ey ki ll ed i n th e forest especi ally th e ,

de er an d th e bear and on th e fish whi ch they ,

c a ugh t i n th e stre a ms a swell as on Indian ,

corn and the few vegetab les whi ch th ey raised .

Th ey lived in villages consisting of collections of

ru d e wigwams m ade of pol es a nd covered with
sk ins and th e b a rk an d l eaves of trees Th ey .

dressed i n th e skins of beasts during wi nter an d ,

went almost n aked i n summ er A fter the whi t e s .

se ttl ed among them they changed th eir mo de of

li fe slightly a nd bega n to wear clothes and made
,

a ttempts a t farming B ut th ey were misera b ly poor

. .

A s th eir hu nting grou nds were redu ced by th e

-

whi te settl em ents many of th em begged th e ir

,

livi ng from farm house to farm house They sold .

willow baskets and broom s to th e whi te settlers ,

bu t spent most of th e money th ey e a rned for rum .

I N D IA N L A N D M A RKS ,
A N D I N D IA N G E O G R A P H I C A L N A M ES .

Th ere were Indi an burying grounds i n m any -

pl a ces throughou t wh at is now Lanc aster county .

Th ere are Indian hieroglyph i cs or picture wri t ,

-

i ngs on th e rocks i n th e Susqueh anna river a

, ,

li ttl e below Safe Harbor Th e i nfluence of the .

In di ans upon th e geogra phi cal nom e n cl a ture of our

 B R IE F s
H I TORY OF L A NC A ST E R CO UNT Y . 3

cou nty is seen in th e nam es of th e stre ams here ,

large and small The Susqu ehanna river derives its

.

nam e from the Susqu eh annock Indi ans Th e Con .

es t o g a a nd Li ttl e Conestoga creeks are n a me d after

t h eConestoga In dians and th e Conoy cre ek after
,

th e Conoy Indi a ns The Peque a creek derive d its

.

n ame from the Sh awanese town of Pequ eh an a t th e ,

mo uth of th at stream The Big Chi cki es an d Li t

.

tl e Chi cki es creeks are n a mes con t racted from the

Indi an word C kz céeaa lzmg a the n a e whi ch th e
’

,
m
Indi ans ga ve those streams O ctoraro Conowingo .
, ,

Conew a go and Co c a li co are a lso Indian nam es .

F I RS T C O NT A C T W I T H T H E W H I T ES A N D C I V I L A U T H O R I T I E S .

The first contact of th e Indi ans wi th th e whites

was wh en t h e whi te Indi a n tr a ders c a m e among
th em almost two h undred ye ars ago a nd wh e n th e ,

whi te settlers cam e h ere soo n afterward The y .

traded wi th th ese an d with th e white settl ers giv ,

ing skins furs venison a nd fish i n e xchange for

, ,

clothes bre a d and oth er ki nds of food Their first

,
.

cont a ct with th e civil a u thori ti es was wh en they

took part i n the Indi a n tre a ty wi th Willi a m Pen n
at S h a ck amaxo n on th e si te of Phil a delph i a i n
, ,

1 6 8 2 and th eir treati es wi th Governors Keith an d

,

Gordon of Pen nsylvani a a t the Conestoga Indian ,

Town i n th e present Manor township a t di fferen t

, ,

tim es from 1 71 8 to 1 72 8 .

T H EI R RO VIN G C H A RAC T E R .

Th e Indi ans who occupi ed th e terri tory em

brace d within th e limits o f th e present Lanc a ster
4 B R IEF H IS T O R Y O F L AN C AS T E R CO UN T Y .

cou nty were nom adi c i n th eir ch a racter as wer e ,

the Indi a ns of every oth er portion of th e U nited

States It h as been asserted th a t no tribe h ad a
.

perm a n ent hom e i n any one place for a perio d

of h a lf a century except perh aps the S u s
, q u e, ,

b anno cks who li ved a t th e ol d Indi an town i n

,

Manor townshi p a searly a s1 6 0 8 wh e n C a pt a in ,

Joh n Smi th th e cel ebra ted Virgi ni a pion eer

,

entered th e mo uth of th e Susqu eh a n n a river .

T H E SH A W A N ESE .

The Sh aw a nese a n A lgonqui n tribe wandered

, ,

from pl ace to place like the A rabs and were a

, ,

brave and warlike r a ce bu t perfid io u sa nd t re a ch

,

e ro u s The i r b a se con d uct tow a rd other Indi an

.

tribes and toward the whi te peopl e caused them to

be d espised a nd h a ted wh erever th ey went They .

mi grated from th e O hio to A l a b a m a th en e to ,

c

Georgi a where th ey soon bec a m e i nvolve d i n war

,

wi th th e Catawbas and th e Ch erokees They .

finally c a me north to save the remn a nt of th eir

n ation from to t al exti ncti on .

S H A W A N ES E A T P E Q U E A
T H E .

Th e Shawanese cam e as far north a sth e Poto

m ac wh en ce th ey sent some of th eir chi efs to th e
,

Susquehanno ck In di ans a nd to Phil a delphi a to a sk

permissio n from Willi a m Penn to locate n e a r th e
S usqueh anno cks wh o be c a m e responsibl e for th eir
,

good beh a vior In 1 6 97 si xty Sh awanese fa mili es

.

c am e from the Potomac and the nation g r a du a lly

,

followed i n th e s a m e direction locating n e ar the ,

 B R IE F H IST O R Y O F LA N C AST E R CO UN T Y . 5

mo nt h of th e Pe qu ea creek wh e re they remai ned ,

thirt y four years and where th eir s a chem O pes

-

,
sah

an d his successor resi ded

”

O N T H E O C TO RARO A N D S H A W A N ES E R U N .

Th e Shaw an ese did not st a y together in on e

place b ut split and scattered i n v a rious directions
,
.

T h e re was a Sh a w a nese town i n S a dsbury tow n

ship o u th e O ctor a ro a bou t two miles a bove th e
, ,

si te of Christi ana T h e re w a sal so a Sh a wan ese

.

town o n th e sam e stream j ust below th e si te of

Christi ana Th e sam e nation had a tow n a long
.

Shawanese Run on the site of Col umbia w hi ch

, ,

rem a i ne d un til sever a l years a fter th e English se t

t le rsWright B a rber a nd B lu ns
, ,
t o n h a d est a b ,

lis h e d themselves there .

TH EIR T R EAC H E R O U S C H A R A C T ER .

Th e S ha w a nese mingl ed wi th th e e a rl y settlers ,

an d a ppe a red to be on good term s wi th t hem but

th eir small war parti es w o ul d l eave stealthily i n
the nigh t an d travel hun dreds of miles to strik e
,

a n enemy i n the distan t South T h e y generally .

brought som ething back with them o ften i ndu cing ,

negro sl a ves i n Virgi ni a to go wi th th em When .

th e G overnor or Cou ncil of Pennsylv a ni a or th e ,

Con estoga In di ans questioned th em abou t th eir ,

condu ct th ey professed to be very i nnocent a ssu r

, ,

ing them th a t they h ad kept all their tre a ti es wi th

“ ”
O nas ( William Penn ) an d wi th th ei r cousins ,

th e Delawares and th e Conestogas Th e coloni al .

6 B R IE F H I S T O RY O F LA N C A ST E R CO UNT Y .

authorit i es and th e n eighboring Ind i a n tribes pro

fesse d to beli eve wh a t the Shawanese sai d i n th e ir
presenc e bu t were no t abl e to conce al th eir fears
,

wh en they di d no t see them Th e propri etors of .

Pennsylvani a expend ed vast sums of money to

wi n th em to th ei r cause but were u nabl e to do so
,
.

The Penns coul d not wi n these way ward and

treach erous savages by caj olery or by promises of ,

l and or by constant prese nts of goods Many

,
.

y ears were wasted i n trying to secure th ei r frien d

sh i p even after th ey h a d m urdered m any of the
,

fronti er se ttl ers .

THE C H A R T IE R E S AN D J ES S U P .

Marti n C h a rtiere an d Joseph Jessup F rench ,

C a nadi an traders established tr a ding posts wi th the

,

Shawan e se Indi ans at Pequ ea Jessup rem ain ed .

th ere only a few ye ars a nd then remove d mor e ,

th an a hu n dred m iles up the Susqu ehanna ;and a

few Shawanese famili es move d to th e sam e place
abou t th e s a m e time Jessup spoke th e Shawanese
.

an d Del aware langu ages and often acted as i nte r ,

preter at coun cils wh en treati es were m a de with

these Indi a ns C h a rtie re m a rri ed an Indian squ aw
.
,

probably of the Shawanese tri be Sev e ral y e a rs b e .

fore h is death whi ch occurre d in 1 708 h e remov e d

, ,

h is tr a ding post to a poin t a bou t a m il e above the

-

“ ”
Indi a n Fort in Manor township His son
,
.
,

Pe ter C ha rt ie re m arried a Shawanese squ aw and

, ,

i ndu ced th e most warlik e portion of the tri be to

j oi n the F rench agai nst the English during the
—
F r e n ch an d Indi an War O f 1 754 1 76 3 .
 B R IE F H I S T O RY O F L A N C A S TE R C O UN TY . 7

GO VER N O R EV A N S AT P E Q U E I—
IA N A N D CO N E ST O G A .

O n Ju n e Governor John E v a ns O f
2 7, 1
7 7,
0 ,

Pennsyl vani a with Mes srs Fre nch Mitch ell Biz
,
.
, ,

a illon Gray a nd fou r serv a nts l eft N ew C a stl e

, , ,

Del a w a re and reache d th e O ctoraro creek the nex t

,

morning The Shawan ese m et them there a nd

.

presented th e Governor with some ski ns The sam e .

nigh t the Governor an d his party a rrived at Pequ e

h an th e Indi an town a nd were received a t Marti n
, ,

C h a rt ie re sby O pes sah their sachem and som e

’
, ,

chi efs who took th em to their town where they

, ,

were rece i v ed wi th a s a lu te of fire arms O n Mon -

.

d ay th e Governor and his p a rty proceeded to th e

Conestoga Indian town a nd th ere m et delegations ,

of th e Sh a w anese th e S e nequ o isth e G a naw es

,
e
, ,

or C a no is e an d th e N anti cokes T h e s e Sh a wa
,
.

nese were n ear th e Indian town at Pequ ea bu t ,

belonged to several towns at th e mou th of th e

Juni ata an d further up that river .

GO VER N O R EV A N S AT PE QU E H A N .

O n the )3 th
o teh June
Governor
( re ,
1
7 7
0

returned to Pequ eh a n and was there received by ,

O pes sa h who spok e in beh alf O f th e you th of th e

,

town The Governor rem a i ne d t h ere a few d a ys

.
,

during whi ch sever a l Shawanese famili es a rrived

from C a rolina wh ere 450 Flath ead Indi a ns h a d
,

besi eged their town Peter B iz a illo n who w as

.
,

present informed the Governor th a t the Sh aw a

,

nese i n the South h ad killed several whi te peopl e .

8 B R IE F H I S T O RY O F L A N C A S TE R CO UN T Y .

GO VER N O R EV A N S AT C O N ES T O G A .

O n Ju ly I s
t ( 1 70 7) th e Governor a n d his party
went to Con e stoga wher e they remain e d all nigh t
, .

Th e next day th ey wen t to withi n three mi l e s of

Paxtang V illage Marti n C h art ie re who was with
.
,

th e party went i nto the town a nd brought Joseph

,

Jessup a nd Jam es Le Tort b a ck with him N i chol e .

Godin a F re nch C a nadian In dian trader who h ad

, ,

no li c e nse was th en an d there arreste d an d take n

,

to Philadelphia .

T H E G O VER N O R S O FF ER T O T H E SH A W A N E S E
’
.

In June 1 70 9 th e Governor o ffered e a ch of the

, ,

you ng Shawanese warriors a gun i f th ey would

j oi n an English expedition aga i nst the French i n
Canada bu t the Sh awanese de cli ned his O ffer
,
.

O PE S S A H S
’
A B SE N C E .
— H IS S U C C ESS O R .

In 1 71 1 O pes sa h l eft his tri b e an d remai ned ,

absent fro m them for more th an three years O n .

his return h e gave ou t that he h a d be e n hunti ng

ga m e ;but h e really w asspending h is time a mong
th e Del a wares th en lo cated a long th e Brandywine
,
.

In O ctober 1 71 4 the Sh a wanese chose a new

, ,

s a ch em i n pl ace of O pes sa h na me d C a leu nd a w a r

ma ,
.

O PE S S A H S
’
C H A R A C T ER .

O n Ju n e appe a red before th e

2 2 , 1 71 5,
s
O p esah

Governor and his Co uncil i n beh a lf of his tribe ;

bu t h e was never reinst a ted i n his O ld po s
ition and ,

h e gr a dually su nk o ut of noti ce His speeches a nd .

bearing at several councils showed that h e was a

10 B R IE F H I S T O RY O F L A NC A ST E R CO UNT Y .

togas In 1 73 1 that part o f th e Sh awan e se tr i be

.

whi ch lived w i thi n th e presen t limi ts of Lan caster

cou nty suddenly stole away a t nigh t and encamp e d
along th e A llegh eny river Th e Go vernor of Penn .

sylvania a nd his Cou n cil and also th e C onestoga ,

Indi ans w e re very m u ch alarm ed and tried to coax

, ,

them back Joh n Wrigh t and Samu el B lu ns

. to n
were sen t to t h e Cumberl and Valley to surv e y an d
l ay o u t a r e s e rvation for th e Shawanese i n 1 73 2 ,

an d tol d them th at no white m an bu t Pet e r Char

ti e re whose wife was a Shawanese squ a w was t o
, ,

live among th e m ;bu t th e Shawanese coul d no t be

i ndu ce d to retu rn Th e P ennsylvan i a authori ti e s
.

th e n tr i ed to preven t th e Indi an traders from cross

i ng th e A llegh e ny mou ntains and trading w i th
th e m bu t th ey also failed i n th at u ndertaki ng
,
.

T H E SH A W A N ES E A N D T H E S I $ N A T I O N S .

In 1 73 5 th e Six N at i ons O f Indi a ns i n N e w Y ork ,

who m any y ears before that ti me had compelled

th e Sh awanese along th e A llegh eny ri ver t o
beh ave themselves or leave that hu nti ng ground
,
-

trie d to urge them to retu rn east of the A llegheny

mountains but fa iled i n th e e ffort A s th e Six
,
.

N a tions were not satisfie d wi th t he Shawan e s e

th ey sent ou t a chief to t a lk w i th them A .

Sh awanese tribe cons i sti ng of thirty young m e n

,

and ten O ld m en and several wom en and children

, ,

m urder e d t his chi ef and fl e d to th e South t he place ,

from whi ch th e y h ad come to settle on th e Poto

mac A few O f the Sh awanese r e turned to th e
.
 B R IEF H I S T O RY O F LA N C A S T E R CO UN T Y 11

the Cumberl and Vall ey In 1 73 7 there were . 1 30

Shawanese l iving along th e Susqueh a nna .

SH A W A N ES E W A R F A R E W I T H T H E W H I T ES IN T H E W E ST .

F or ne a rly h a lf a century th e Shawanes e along

the O hio were engaged i n almost const a nt war .

wi th th e whi tes T h e y were th e most a ctive alli es

.

of the Fren ch a ga i nst th e E nglis h duri ng th e

French an d Indian War an d a fter th e E ngl i sh ,

conqu est of Can a d a th ey j oin ed with th e Dela

wares in th ei r hostili ti es wh i ch were only ende d
,

a fter Gener a l Bouqu et s su ccessful campaign i n

’

1 64
7 . The white settlers who crossed th e A ll e
h e ny mount a i ns an d W ere pressi ng forward to
g
the O hio river h a d to fight th e perfidio u sSh a w
an ese all th e way A ccou nts of their bloody
.

deeds fill th e Western a nnals Their losses o n .

acco un t of thei r constant w a rs were m a d e good by

recrui ts from oth er hostil e tribes T h e we a kn ess .

of th e E nglish coloni a l au thoriti es in dealin g wi th

these treach erous s a v a ges cost th e lives of thou
sands O f whites T he Sh a w a nese h a ve given thei r
.

nam e to m ore places in th e U ni ted States th a n

any o ther I ndi a n tribe spli t i nto more fra gm ents
,

than any other ch a nged thei r pl a ces of a bode

,

more frequ ently a nd were th e most tre a cherous O f

,

all the sav a ge tribes of this cou ntry .

TH E G A W A N E S E O R C O N O YS .

The G aw anes e migrated from Piscataw a y to an

isl an d i n th e Potomac river whence th eir sachem ,

and chi efs we nt to Philadelphi a i n 1 6 98 to se e

12 BR IE F H I ST O R Y O F LA NC AS T E R COUN TY .

Willi am Pen n a nd get his permission to settle in

Pennsylv a ni a Penn allowed them to do so and
.
,

th ey retu rned and bro ught th eir entire tribe wi th

them to C o nej o h a la th e si te of th e present borough
,

of Washi ngton where th ey built a town o n th e

,

l a nd now owned by Mr S t a ma n A fter remaini ng

. .

there severa l y e a rs they a ske d an d obtained

permission to move fa rth er u p th e Susqu eh a nn a
river and settl ed on th e l and now own ed by John
,

H a l deman a littl e below th e mo uth of Conoy creek

, .

T h is tribe w a sa lso known a sC a no is e or Conoys , ,

when ce the creek took i ts n am e T h e y w ere also .

called N a nti cokes an d were prob a bly an o fl s

,
ho o t
of the N an ti cok es prop er as th ey c a m e from the
,

eastern p a rt of Ma ryl a nd T h is tribe w assm all

.
,

and w asunder the con trol of the Si x N a ti ons .

T h e y were gen er a lly pe a ceful a nd were wholly ,

surroun ded by Indi a n tr a ders w h o foun d i t pro fit

,

a b le to trade w ith th em Like th e S h a wan ese

.
,

th ey were nomadi c ; but becoming dissa t isfied

wh en ga m e bec a m e sc a rce a nd whi te settl ers i n
Donega l townshi p en cro a ch ed u pon th eir h un t ing
ground t h ev asked and ob t a ine d permission to
,

move fa rther up th e river In 1 743 th ey removed

.

to Shamoki n now S unbury a nd a sk ed th e

, ,

propri etors of Pennsylv a ni a to pay them for th e

l and whi ch th ey had given u p i n Conoy T reaties .

wi th th e wh i tes were m ade i n th ei r town a nd ,

their chi efs took part i n tre a ti es m a de w i t h th e

whi tes at Conestoga L a n caster an d P h il a delphia ;
,
 B RIE F s
H I TO R Y O F L A N C A S TE R CO UNT Y . 13

bu t their tribe had little i nflu ence and before ,

m a ny ye a rs th ey were h eard of no more .

T H E D E L A W A RES .

T he Delawares c a rri ed on a bloody w a r wi th th e

Iroquois or Si x N ations ; bu t being conquere d
,

th ey b ec a m e thei r dependents The S ix N ati ons .

sel ected one of th ei r own chi efs to rul e over the

Del aw a res The gre a test of th ese was th e C a
.

yuga chi ef S h ik ellimy the father of th e famous

, ,

Western chief Loga n S h ike llimy w a san abl e

,
.

ma n a nd w a sa true frien d of the wh ites all his

,

life ;bu t h e coul d not control th e whol e tribe ,

an d th ey ga v e m u ch tro ubl e to th e whites .

Pe nn bough t a ll th ei r l a nds bu t th ey a cte d ,

as though th ey were dissatisfie d and wanted their

l a nds as wel l as th e presen ts they recei ved for
th em a nd were al w ays a sking for more
,
Pem .

berton a nd several other E nglis h Quak ers listen

ed to their fa lsehoods a nd this gave th e pro ,

ri t o rsof Pennsyl v a nia mu ch tro uble T heir

p e

d ealings wi th th e Connecti cu t peopl e caused m uch

tro ubl e a ll a rou n d T he S ix N a tions tre a ted them
.

as w om en an d di d no t allow th em to be h eard
,

i n their councils A p a rt of the Del a w a res located

.

along th e Br a ndywine wh en ce small bands of th e,

tribe m oved to the stre ams i n th e present L ancas

ter county and after staying h ere several y ears
,

th ey settled near th e Shaw a nese with whom th ey ,

tr a veled on the w a r path partaking of th eir t rea ch

-

e ro u s char a cter Th e Del a w a res called th emselves

.

L e nm L e naj fiesor th e
“ ”
O ri gi nal Peopl e
’

.
,
14 B R IEF H IST O R Y OF LA N C A ST E R CO UN T Y .

N A NT I C O K ES
T H E .

Th e N a nt ico keslo cated upon th e eastern shores

of Ch es apeak e b a y T h e y were qu i te numerous
.
,

bu t were subdued by th e more powerful S ix

N ations who mad e them th ei r vassals T h e y
, .

were allowed to move to T u lpeh o cken valley and ,

rem ained th ere u nti l 1 72 1 wh en the l a rg e settle

,

ment of Germans whi ch cam e from N ew Y ork

made them restless and many of th e tribe move d
,

to Cocali co township i n Lancaster cou nty settling ,

“ ”
along India n Ri ver at th e place known as
“
In di an T o w n A s late as 1 758 th ere were
.
,

still several scattered famili es of the tribe along

the li ttle streams an d springs i n that v i c 1nity .

Th e town covered 500 acres whi ch cam e into th e ,

possess i on of John Wistar and Henry C a rpen ter .

A noth er part of th e N a nti coke tribe had a town

upon th e land now owned b v Levi S Reist call ed .
,
“ ”
L eh o y Th a t l a nd was a lso bought from the
.

Penn family by John Wist a r The N anti cokes .

understood the E nglish langu age and they th ere ,

fore mingle d wi th the whi te settl ers wi th whom ,

they wer e friendly T h e y after ward move d up th e

.

West Br a n ch of th e Susqu eh a nn a Th e N anti .

cokes and G a w anes .

e spok e a kindre d langu a ge .

A t th e tim e of th eir greatest power th ey were

const antly obliged to ac t on th e defensive a gainst
th eir more powerful neighbors th e S u s q u ehan
,

no cks after ward calle d th e Con estogas wh o sent

, ,

ou t small war p a rti es to kill th e N anti coke hun

ters whom th ey found i n the woods away from
,

th eir prin cipal towns .

 B RIE F H I S T O RY O F L AN CA s
TER CO UN T Y 15

TH E S U S Q U EH A N N O C KS .

Th e Susqueh anno cks were once the most power

ful an d aggressive of al l th e Indian tribes a long ‘

th e S usqu eh a nna river and Ch esape a k e bay T h e y .

conquered the weaker tribes b u t th ey di d no t ,

a bsorb them or form a confederation like the Six

N ations of N ew Y ork and force th eir enemi es to ,

pay tribute e very year or to furnish you ng war

riors to recrui t th eir w a r parties The S u s qu e .

b a nnocks were stri ctly a warlike and hun ting

‘

nation an d fa i led to a dapt themselves to a gric u l

,

ture even after an i ntercourse wi th th e wh i te s e t

t lersfor m ore than a century and a h a lf -
.

C A PT AI N J O H N SM I T H A N D T H E S U S Q U EH A N N O C KS .

C a pt a i n Joh n Smi th the cel ebrat e d Virgi nia ,

pion eer during one of his ex

,

p lo rin g tours re a ch ed
,
th e he a d
of Chesape a k e b ay an d there ,

m et a h u nti ng party of S u s q u e

b a nnocks He described th em
.

as taller a nd more muscular t h a n

any o ther Indi a ns whom he had
seen He made a m ap of th e
.

shores of th e Ches a peake an d

the streams flowing into i t and ,

a lso drew a pi cture of a S u su e

q
b annock chi ef T h e Indians
.

m et Smi th s party W ith skins B l k J p S p r fr m

’
,
ac aS er ea , o

bows arrows t a rgets beads

, , , ,

spears and tobacco pipes for presents -

.
16 B R IE F H IST O R Y O F L A N C A ST E R CO UN T Y .

C A PT AI N SM I T H S DES C R I PT I O N
’
.

In describing the Susqueh anno ck chi e f Captai n ,

“
Smi th sai d that th e c a lves O f h is l egs were three
qu a rters of a y a rd a bou t an d all th e rest of his ,

l imbs so answerable to th at proportio n and he

seem ed th e goodli est ma n I ever saw ”
.

“
T h e y seemed lik e giants and were th e strangest ,

peopl e in al l these countri es both i n l a ngu age an d ,

attire ;th eir langu age well becom es th eir propor

tions soundi ng from th em as a voi ce i n a vau lt
,
.

Thei r attire is th e ski ns of bears and wol ves som e ,

h ave cassocks m ade of bears h e a d s an d skins ’

,

that a m an s h e a d goes through th e skin s n eck

’ ’
,

and the e ars of th e bear fastened to his shoulder ,

th e nose an d teeth h anging down his breast ,

ano th er bear s face spli t behi nd h im and at the

’
,

en d of th eir nose hung a paw th e h a lf sl eeves com ,

-

ing to th e elbows where th e n eck of bears an d the

,

arms through th e mouth wi th paws h angi ng at ,

th eir noses O n e h a d th e h e a d of a wolf hanging

.

i n a chain for a j e wel his tobacco pipe th re e ,

-

qu a rters of a y a rd long pre ttily c a rved with a , ,

bird a deer or some su ch devi ce at the great end

, ,

s u fli c ie nt to beat o ut one s brains with bows ’

, ,

arrows and clubs suitabl e to their greatn ess .

F I N D I N G L A R G E SK E L E T O N S .

Capt a in Smi th s account of the giganti c stature

’

of th e Susqu eh a nnock sh a sbeen corroborated by

subsequent discoveries T h is tribe h a d a sm all
.

stockad e o n th e Susqu ehann a river at the mouth

18 B R IE F H IST O R Y O F LA N C A S T E R CO UN T Y .

th e y discovered th e greed of the E nglish trad ers

they refus e d to trad e wi th them and brok e up
their settl emen t .

T H E S U S Q U EH A N N O C K S A N D T H E M A RY L A N DERS .

In 1 6 3 0 Wi lli am Cl ayborn e a m ember of th e ,

Virginia Coun cil establishe d a trading post on

,
-

Kent Island ;b ut soon afterward a body of E ng

lish men call e d “ ”
Pil grims bough t th e isl and from
the Y o a co ma co e sIndi a ns who were constantly ,

annoy e d by th e Susqueh ann ocks who ravaged ,

th eir cou ntry Cl a yborne i nsti gated the S u s

.
q u e

h a nno cks to m ak e w a r on th e Pil grim settlers .

Th e “
Pilgrims made war on Clayborn e who
”
,

h a d rebell e d ag a i nst Lord B al timore the foun der ,

o f Maryland ,
bu t who was finally defeated i n 1 6 3 7
-

an d arrested for high treason In 1 6 42 h e returned .

and recapture d Ken t Islan d an d drove Gov e rnor

C a lv e f t of Maryl and to V i rgini a
'

, ,
.

A LL IA N C E W I T H M A RY L A N D .

Th e Susqu ehannocks frequently a tt a cked th e

Y o a c o ma c o esand th e Mas a w o me ke sanother war
s ,

li ke tribe along th e Ch esapeake an d a lso ga ve th e ,

Marylan d colony a t St Mary s constan t trouble ;

.
’

bu t they were fin a lly oblige d to use all their

strength to d efend themselves agai nst the attacks
of th e Six N ations from N ew Y ork who i nvade d ,

th e ir coun try O n Jul y 5 1 6 52 th e S u s

.
q u e h a n , ,

nocks m ade a tr e aty of alli ance o ffensive and ,

defensive W ith th e Maryl and colony on the si te

, ,

o f A nnapolis the Susqu ehannocks ceding to the

,
 B R IE F H IST O R Y O F LA N C A ST E R COU NTY . 19

Marylanders all th e l a nd from the Patuxent river

to Ken t Isl a nd on the western si de of th e Chesa
,

peak e b a y a nd from th e Choptank river to th e

,

northeas t br a nch a nd to th e north of E lk river on ,

th e eastern si de of th e bay .

W A R W I T H TH E SE N E C A S .

In 1 6 6 1 the Susquehannocks were at war with

th e Senecas on e of the Si x N a t i ons who crossed
, ,

the Susqu eh a nna m any mil es abov e the fort of the

Susqu eh a n nocks an d robbed an d kille d som e of
,

the white settlers In Ju ne 1 664 one of th e

.
, ,

Senecas w a scaptured an d forty Susqu eh annocks ,

who were present at his tri al wante d hi m burned ,

as a punishm en t for his cru elty In 1 664 a bout .

1 00 Sene c a w a rriors c a me to th e Ches a pe a ke an d ,

ki ll ed several of th e Maryl a nd settl ers an d som e

Susqu eh a nnocks W hom they c a ugh t hu nti ng In .

June of th a t y ear th e M a ryland colony d ecl are d

war agai nst th e Senecas who went on th e war ,

p a th agai nst th e Susquehannocks the n ext year .

The M a rylanders as alli es of th e Susqu ehanno cks

, ,

sent sever a l expe di tions a gainst the Senecas who ,

threatened to e x termi n a te both th e S u s q u e h a n

nocks a nd th e E nglish settl ers of Maryl and .

DE F E A T O F T H E S E N E C A S— O VER T H R O W O F T H E
S U S Q U EH A N N O C KS .

A fter the war between the Susqu eh annocks an d

th e Sene cas h ad gone o n for sever a l y ears th e ,

Susqu ehannocks were h a rd pressed by th eir

en emi es Th e Marylanders becam e a l a rm e d for
.

their own safety and sent an exp e dition u nder

,
20 B R IE F H I ST O RY OF L A N C AS T E R CO UN T Y .

Colonel N i ni an B e al l to th e ai d of th e S u s
q u e h a n
nocks who were besieged i n th eir fort by th e
,

Senecas The Ma rv la nd e rsm arch e d up th e east

.

bank of th e Susqu ehann a river to th e town and

fort of th e Susqu eh a nno cks i n Manor townshi p ,

taki ng sever a l c a nnon wi th them Th e Sen ec a s .

were b a dly defe a ted by t h e M a ryl a nders wh o th us ,

rescued the Susqu ehannocks from thei r peri l .

T h is vi ctory occu rred some tim e betwe en 1 6 75

an d 1 6 8 2 Sev era l y e ars afterw a rds th e S u s
.
q u e

b an nocks su ff ered so crushing a defeat from the

Senec a s and Cay ugas tha t th e tribe was broken
up an d scattered .

W I LL IA M P E N N S V I S I T T o TH E S U S Q U EH A N N O C KS
’
.

TH EI R N E W TO W N .

Wh en William Pen n c a m e to Pennsylva ni a i n

1 6 8 2 h e visi ted th e Susqueh a nnocks a t th eir fort .

A fter th ei r great defeat an d overthrow by the

Senec a s a nd C a yug a s th e Susqu eh ann ocks g a th
,

ered th eir few rem a ini ng w a rriors their O ld m en ,

and th eir wome n an d children a nd l eft their ol d fort

,

on the b a nks of th e Susqueh a nna and located on ,

Turk ey Hill fou r miles sou the a st of their form er

,

abode . There was pl en ty of spring water at th ei r

new hom e a nd Penn gave them a reserv a tio n of
,

5 0 0 a cres The
. Penns were obliged to furnish a
person to cultiv a te th e land a nd m an age th e tri b e
until i t becam e exti nct T h is tr a ct of l and c a used
.

th e Penn family m u ch expense and troubl e whil e

th ey owned i t .
 B R IE F H IST O R Y O F L AN C A S TE R COU N TY . 21

A F T ER W A RD C A LL ED C O N E ST O G A S .

A l though thei r gre a t defe a t by th e S en ec a s and

C a yu g a s completely brok e th eir milit a ry power ,

th e Susqueh a nnocks wh o were c a ll ed C ones ,

tog a s
from th e tim e of th eir settl em ent i n th ei r new
hom e conti nu ed to exert m u ch influence upon the
,

neighboring Indi an tribes a nd upon the coloni a l

a u thoriti es of Pennsylvani a u ntil t h ey were exter ,

mina t e d in 1 76 3 .

TH E P E NN SY L V A N IA A U T H O R I T I ES AN D TH E CO N ES T O G A S .

Governors E v ans Gooki n Kei th and Logan of

Pe n
, ,

ns y lv a ni a h ad conferences wi th th e Con estoga s

at their ne w town a nd Willi am Penn a ga i n visi ted
,

th em i n 1 700 In 1 71 0 th e tribe w a srul ed by a

.

fem a l e The Conestoga s a ft erw a rds lived as v a ga

—
.

bonds beggin g from fa rm house to farm house

,
-
.

Their only a rti cl es of tr a de were brooms a nd

W illow b a sk ets A ll th e mo ne v th ey received th ey
.

spen t for rum T h e y w ere cons t a ntly begging

.

the coloni a l a uth oriti es for clothing a nd mocc a sins .

T h e y w a ndered through th e commu ni ty b are

footed and m a ny of th em h a d no clothi ng except
,

a breech clou t whi l e m a n y went to Phil adelphi a

,

n aked . To keep th em from s t arving J am es ,

Wright who live d i n the stone house on S econd

,

street i n Col umbi a w a sa ppoi n t ed by th e Gover

,

nor O f th e colon y to furni sh th em wi th clothing

a nd food — a du ty whi ch h e perform ed fa ithfully .

He got th e clothing in Phil adelphi a ; a nd th e

“
flour whi ch h e obtai ned was m a d e at th e littl e
22 B R IE F H I ST O R Y OF L A N C A ST E R CO UN T Y
”
ston e mill o n Shawanes e Run wh i ch was torn ,

down many y ears a go .

E N D O F T H AT T RIB E .

The accou nt of th e sad an d m elan choly fate O f

this on ce powerful trib e wil l b e r e lated i n o u r
accou nt of th e F r e nch and Indi an War whi ch ,

end e d i n 1 76 3 .

I N D IA N S I T ES I N L A N C A S T ER C O U NTY .

Locali ti e s in Lancaster coun ty wh er e Indi an

reli cs h ave bee n fou nd are v e ry num ero us A long .

th e Susqu eh anna river shore an d on th e isl ands of

th e river along bo th banks o f th e Con e stoga th e
, ,

Pequea the O ctoraro the Cocali co and o ther

, ,

streams are th e evi dences of Indi an fishing camps

,

an d buryi ng grounds Indian -

.

burying grounds also ex1s te d o n -

th e various hills throughou t

th e cou nty as atteste d by th e ,

n um erous reli cs of ston e bone , ,

sh ell a nd cl ay A lmost e v e ry .

township i n th e cou nty is ri ch

i n Indian reli cs .

Th e entire Susqu eh an na shore

a nd th e isl ands of the riv e r b e ar
f
evidences of h avi ng be en the
g fé
G
S5 52§32 f fisrli§
8 e e

8 v

S i 3%
z e, % I n h s sites of Indi an villages fishing
x2 c e .
,

c a mps or grav e yards Th e most important of these

-
.

In dian sites on t h e r i ver i n this cou nty a re at

Locust Grove an d Hal deman s quarri es near Ba i n ’
,

bridge ;at S h o ch sMill above Marie tta ;on th e ’

,
 B R IE F H I S T O RY O F L A N C A S TE R COU N TY . 23

si te of th e Shawne e town a t Columbi a ;at sever a l

places between Washi ngton borough a nd Turkey
Hill ;at the mouth of th e Pequea an d at other ,

pl aces along the river .

In di an reli cs have been found a ll along th e

Conestoga especi ally opposite the Ci ty Mill a nd
,

W a ter Wo rks a t Fe b l sPoi nt a nd a t Ro ck Hill

,
’
.

O n th e Pequ e a a bou t a mil e a bove its mou th th e

, ,

Indians qu arri ed soapston e for pottery and cooking

utensils .

Professor H a ldeman foun d m a ny relics in the

c a ve on Chi ckies R o ck The great flood of 1 88 9 .

wash ed o ut n umerous remai ns i n a number of

places .

O N TH E S I T E O F L A N C A S T ER C I T Y .

In the center of what is now Lancaster city was

a favorite hi ckory tree of th e Indians T h is tree .

stood i n front of Gibson s tavern whi ch was o n ’

,

th e si te of th e F irst N ational Bank on E ast ,

King street Sou th of Gibson s tavern was a l arge

.
’

spring wall e d in i n a rough m anner by the Indi a ns

, ,

and covered wi th a l arge flat stone Th e si te of .

this spring w asfou nd in 1 88 2 on Julius Lo eb s ,

’

property on South Queen Street That w a sevi

,
.

d e nt ly the si te of an Indian camping ground .

M a ny reli cs among whi ch w a sconsiderable earth

,

e nw a re have been found

,
Th ere were m any hi ck .

ory trees between th e spri ng a nd Roaring Brook ,

now Water street The Co nestoga Indi ans mur .

dered by th e Paxton Boys at th e ol d j ail wer e , ,

24 B R IE F H I S T O R Y O F LA N C A S T E R COU NT Y .

buri ed o n wh at is now th e property of Henry

Marti n on E a st Ch estnu t street
, .

C H A R AC T E R O F T H E I N DI AN R E L I C S .

A mong th e n um ero us In di a n reli cs are m any

whi ch ex ci te our wonder a nd i nterest be c a use of ,

th e ski ll an d i ngenui ty displayed

i n th e ru de constructi on of the
impl ements an d weapons wh i ch
the s a v a ge aborigines of this ‘

be a u tifu l county used i n th eir

every d a y li fe a nd i n their w ars
with th eir en emi es N o par t of .

th e country i s ri cher i n be a u ti ful

a nd curious rem a i ns of the ru de

a rt of th e Red Ma n th an i s this

Br w n J spe r A rr w G a rden Spo t of th e ol d Keysto ne

o a o

P in t f r
o o m R apho
S ta te
T w nsh ip
,
'

o .

512 8 ’ 2 % x1 %Th e v a rious ki nds of stone of

I nC h E S

whi ch m any of th ese reli cs a re composed a re flint ,

bl ueston e and O th er ki nds of lim eston e granite , ,

j asper qu ar t z tr a p greenstone iron stone sand

, , , , ,

stone so a pston e S l ate e tc

, , ,
.

The m ost n um erous of these reli cs are fli n t

a rro w h e a ds A mong other stone reli cs are axes
.
,

ham mers tom ah a w ks cooking vessels n eedles

, , , ,

drills drilled ceremoni a l stones cu tting tools dig

, , ,

ging tools be a ds dressing stones pipes rolling

, , , ,

pi ns grin din g and rubbing stones etc Soapston e

, ,
.

pipes a nd soapstone o o t s h ave bee n fo un d .

A mong oth e r interesting reli cs are decorated

 CH A PTE R II .

TH E I N D I AN TR AD E R .

D E S C RIPTI ON O F TH E I N D IA N T R A D ER .

H E Indi an Tr a der w a s one of t h e e a rly

fronti ersmen who inste a d of t a king to farming
,

or trading i n th e n eigh b orh oo d i n whi ch h e lived ,

woul d m ake long a nd d a ngerous j ourneys into th e

wil derness i nh a bite d by t h e Indi a ns
.
T here fa r .
,

from th e settl ements of th e whi te man h e went ,

for th e purpose of exch a nging su ch w a res aswere

most likely to t a ke th e fancy of th e Indian an d his
squ a w .The Indi a n wome n were very mu ch
attracted by th e showy trinkets a nd th e goods of
brigh t colors whi ch th e tr a der woul d take i n h is
w a gons a nd displ a y at t h e fa r dist a n t In di a n vi l
l a ges These cheap a rti cl es th ey exch anged for
.

pel ts (ski ns of all kinds of fur be a ring a n imal s ) -

givi ng a sm a ll pri ce for th e pelts and m a king a

l a rge profi t on the i r goo d s T h e tr a der n e a rl y
.

al w a ys c a rri ed a liber a l supply of rum or w hiskey ,

of whi ch th e Indi ans like a ll sav a ges were very

, ,

fond Som e of th e red me n woul d re a dily tr a de a ll

.

th ey h a d for the fire w a ter T hi s w ould oft tim es

-
.
-

c a use troubl e an d bring on a fight i n whi ch s om e of

th e s a vages woul d b e killed Som etim es th e tra der
.

himsel f was killed and h is stock of goods and

 B R IE F H IST O R Y O F LA N C A ST E R CO UN T Y . 27

w a gon were tak en by th e Indi ans Fo r this cause .

m a ny tra ders would t ravel togeth er for m u tu a l pro

t ec t io n ;b u t even the n th ey were often a tt a cked
by Indi a n p arti es a nd pi tche d b a ttles followed i n
,

whi ch som e on b oth S i des were k i lled or woun ded .

M any tr a ders went a sfa r a sth e O hio long before

there were a ny whi te settlers beyon d th e A lle
h e ny mount a ins O n these trips they tr vel ed
g . a

m a ny hun dreds of miles a t th e risk of life a nd ,

property for th e s a ke of th e ri ch profits of th e

,

Indi a n tr a de .

Som e of th e m ost promi nen t traders of this

cou nty and i ndeed of Pennsylvani a were Scotch
, ,

Iris h from wh a t is now Don ega l township These

‘
.

were followed closely by th e Germ a n settlers b oth ,

of w hom est ab lish ed tr a ding posts beyond th e -

w hi te settl ements M a ny of th ese posts were

.

located a t or ne a r Indi a n vill a ges a long th e rivers , ,

or on Indi a n tr a ils or p a thw a ys throu gh th e for

ests T he traders in m a ny c a ses were the most
.

prominen t a nd influ en t i a l m en of oloni a l ti mes c .

S C O T C H I RI S H
-
IN D O N E GA L .

That a dven turous cl a ss of whi tes during th e col

o nia l period wh o were kno w n a sIndi a n tr a ders ,

a nd who est a blished themselves o n th e ou tskirts

of civiliz a tion m a de Lanc a ster county a prolific

,

fiel d for their operati ons a nd their influen ce was ,

most powerfully fel t in moul ding popul a r sentiment

a mong th e fronti er settlers T he region whi ch .

b ec a me Don eg a l township w a sth e nursery of most

28 BR IEF H I ST O R Y O F L A N C A S T E R C O U N T Y .

o f these traders w h o wer e m ainly Scotch Ir i sh ;

,
-

and Sco tch Irish Pr esbyteri ans followed up the

-

traders an d pressed the Indi ans beyond th e A l le

g h e ny moun tains Th e Germ a ns of the Luth eran
.

and Reformed denominations kept on th e right

flank of th e Scotch Irish from Bi g Chi cki es creek
-

where i t entere d Lebanon to w nship The l eft .

flank of th e Scotch Ir i sh pushed across th e Sus -

eh a nna river a sfar south as the Maryland lin e

q u .

When th e tra ders moved their stations to th e Y el

low Breeches Creek an d C o ne co c h eagu e th e v an of ,

th e Scotch Irish pioneers pressed o n a nd occupi ed

-

th e Cu mberlan d Vall ey Th e pion eer In dian tra .

ders withi n th e terri tory embraced i n th e prese nt

l imi ts of Lan caster cou nty were French C a n a di a ns ,

who h ad first locate d a long th e S chuylkill a nd th e

Brandywi ne .

F R EN C H C ANA DI AN TR A D E R S
—
.

T H E CH A R T IE R E S one of . Marti n C h a rtie re ,

th e mos t noted of these French Can a di a n traders ,

a nd wh o married a n In di a n squ a w est a blish ed his ,

perm a nen t residence wi th the Shaw a nese In di ans

when they c a m e from th e so uth and set t led at Pequ ea
creek He spoke th e l a ngu a ge of th e Delaware
.

Indians flu e ntly an d obtained mu ch influ ence with

,

the savages The Sh aw a nese chief Logan desired

.
, ,

to be on peaceful terms wi th him a nd tri ed to ,

ga i n his friendship Th e lo a n commissioners who

.
,

w ere the Penns a gents for th e sale of their lands

’
,

gave him a vast tra ct of lan d extending from the

mouth of the Conestoga creek sever a l miles up th e
 B R IE F H IS T OR Y OF LAN CAS T E R C O U N T Y
S usqueh an na He buil t his trading post a nd at
.
-

las t se ttl ed upo n th e fa rm afterw a rds owned by

th e S t ama nsat or near wh ere th ey bui lt a saw
,

mi ll in Washi ngt on borough He die d th ere i n

,
.

A m essage announ cing C h a rtie re sde a th

’
1 08
7 .

w as sent to Chief Loga n who a tten ded his fun era l ,

.

He l eft all his proper t y to his only son Pi erre ,

C h art iere who a lso m arri ed a Shaw a nese squ aw

, .

Pi erre sold his fa rm i n M a nor to Steph en A tkin

son in 1 72 7 an d move d to th e mouth of Y ellow
,

Breech es Cre ek th en ce to C o ne co ch eagu e an d

, ,

th en ce to th e O hi o He j oi ned th e Sh a wa nese .

In dians a gai nst th e E nglish during the F ren ch a nd

Indi a n Wa r He ga ve t h e E nglish a nd th e pro
.

p ri e t o rs of Pe n nsylv a ni a m u ch troubl e durin g his

whol e li fe
—
.

B I Z A I LLON Pi erre B iz a illo n a lso a French

.
,

Canadi an est a blish ed a tr a ding post n e a r th e

,
-

Sch uylkill bu t soon settle d perm anently i n E a st

,

Cal n township in Chester cou n ty His tr a ding

,
.

post w a sa mong th e Paxt a ng In di a ns In 1 71 9 his .

wife Martha obtain ed a patent for 700 a cres of lan d

in Donegal township a l ittle below Conoy creek ,
,

a dj oi ning the Conoy Indi an town She sol d this .

land to th e B re nnema nsand Hesses Pi erre B iz ail .

lon di ed I n 1 740 a t a great a ge Hi s wi fe di ed .

several years later Both were m embers of th e .

Church of E ngland
—
.

L E TO R T Jacqu es Le T ort another Fren ch

.
,

C a nadian first located on th e Brandywine but

, ,

afterwards establishe d a tradi ng post at th e Conoy -

30 B R IEF H IST O R Y OF LA N C AS T E R CO UN T Y .

Ind i a n town His wife took up go o acres of lan d

.

i n Don ega l township at S p arks Mi ll whi ch after ,

’
,

wards cam e into the possession of the Groves th e ,

Zi egl ers and the S t ehma ns L e Tort moved to th e .

spring bearing his n a m e ne a r Carlisl e i n Cumber ,

l an d county He afterwards moved to th e forks of

.

th e N orth and West Br a n ch es of the Susqu ehann a ,

wh ere h e est ablish ed a store Bo th Le Tort a nd .

B iz a illo n often m a de tr a ding trips to th e O hio and

Mississippi rivers being a bsent som etim es for a
,

y ear or two .

E N G L I S H A N D S C O T C H IRI S H TR A D E R S -

—
.

T H E C A R T L I DGE S . E dmu nd
C a rtlidge a nd his
brother John were E nglish Qu ak ers who trade d
wi th th e In di a ns E dm und w a sa Justi ce of th e
.

Pe a ce for Ch ester coun ty several y ears before th e

organization of L a nc a ster county He settl e d on .

the west si d e of Con estoga creek n ear i ts mo nt h ,

n e ar th e Conestoga Indi a n t o wn Sever a l Indi an con .

fe re nces were h eld at his house His brother Joh n .

settl ed severa l m il es e a st of the Conestog a Whil e .

th ey were at th e Monocacy i n M a ryl a nd they , ,

killed a ni ntoxi c a ted I nd ia n w h o had att a cked them ,

because th ey refused to give him more rum T h ey .

were imprison ed for this a ffa ir b u t were rele ase d ,

a t th e intercession of th e Indi a ns themselves They .

n ever whol ly recovere d the pu b li c confiden ce b u t ,

remai ned at th e Conestoga for twenty y ears

—
.

JA M E S P A T T E R S O N J am es Paterson a Scotch ,

Irishman loc a ted a mil e b a ck of M a rtin C h a rt ie re

, ,
 B R IE F H I S T O RY O F LAN C A S TE R COU N TY . 31

a long th e northern border of Conestoga M a nor ,

i n 1 71 7 and there est ab lished a tr a ding post He

,
-
.

took up several hu ndred a cres of l a nd i n Conej o

h er a v a l ley on th e w e s
,
t S i de of th e Susqu eh a nn a
river a nd t here k ept th e p a ck horses w i th w hi ch h e
,
-

used to b ring t he pel t ries whi ch h e b ough t from th e

Indi a ns a long the Potom a c river S om e of this .

l a nd w ascle a red for gr a zing purposes P a tterso n s .

’

Indian tr a de west of the river w asbrok en up b y

th e border struggl e b e t w een th e Pennsylv ani a ns
a nd th e M a ryl a nder sc a lled C re s a
,p s W ar
’
.

J am es P a t terson die d a t h is home i n th e M a nor

i n 1 73 5 b efore th e end of t hese b order t ro u b l es
, .

He g a ve his son Jam es 300 a cres of l a n d a long th e

C o ne c o c h e a g u e i n t h e Cu mberl a nd V a lle v w h e nc e
, ,

J a m es m oved a fter his fa th er s de ath J a m es was ’

.

the fa th er of Colon el Willi a m P a tterson who set ,

t le d a t Lewistown on th e Ju ni a t a a nd who was a

, ,

promi nent o fli c er in t h e Fren ch a nd I n di a n Wa r ,

a nd a lso i n th e Wa r of th e Revol ution Willi a m s ’

.

son Ro b ert m a rri ed S ar a h Shippen d a ughter of ,

Robert Shippen Mr Patterson th e l a te s

. . u pe rin ,

tendent of th e Safe H arbor iron works is a desce m -

d a nt of Rober t P a t terson Th e el der Jam es Pa t .

terson s son Thom a s di ed i n his m inori ty He had

’

—
.

three d a ugh ters S us a nn a who m arried Ja mes ,

Lo w ry a n Indi a n tr a der wh o l i ved i n Donega l

, ,

township ; S a r a h who m arried B enj ami n Ch a m

,

bers th e founder of Ch a mbers b urg ;and Rebecc a

, ,

w h o m a rri ed Joh n Ke a gy who bough t the inter ,

est o f h er mother a nd S isters i n th e O ld mansion

farm now th e property of Jaco b B Shuman
, . .
32 B R IE F H IST O R Y O F LA N C A S T E R COU NT Y
—
.

JO H N H A R R IS 0 .
J h n Harris
a Quaker and a ,

n ativ e of Y orkshire Engl and was a no t e d Indi an

, ,

trader He first i ntende d to settl e near th e mou th

.

of Conoy creek not far from th e S i te of B ai nbri dge

, .

H e was the first w hi te settler at Paxton th e S i te ,

of Harrisbu rg wh e r e he established his trading

,

post in 1 71 9 He was also th e first p e rson who

.

i ntrodu ce d th e plow on th e Susqu ehanna within ,

th e limits of th e present Dauphi n cou nty A n .

interesting in ci dent occurred i n his life at Paxton .

O n on e occasion a band of Indians who h ad b e en

, ,

down th e river on a trad i ng excursion came to h i s ,

house most of th e m bei ng i ntoxi cated They

,
.

asked for more ru m ;but as th ey were already ,

very m uch i ntoxi cated he refused to gi ve them ,

more They —becam e enraged and ti ed h im to a

.
,

m ulberry tre e to burn him alive ; bu t other

Indians of th e n eighborhood cam e to his rescu e ,

an d rel eased hi m after a struggl e In remembran ce .

of th a t eve nt h e afterward directe d that on his

,

death he shoul d be burie d und er th e sh ade of that

m ulberry tree He di ed i n 1 748 and was buri ed
.
,

th ere a swere som e of his ch il dren Th e titl e to

,
.

th e grave y a rd to th e extent of fifteen fee t squ are

-

,
.
,

was secu red for the family Th e Rev John E ld e r . .

s ai d of John Harris He was ashonest a m an as

”
ev e r broke bre a d His son John H a rris the fou n
.
, ,

der of H a rrisburg was born on the S i te of that

,

city i n 1 72 6 and was th e first whi te child born i n

,

Pennsylvani a west of th e Conew a go hi lls He was .

a colonel i n the A m eri can army duri ng the R e vo

lu t io n and d i ed i n 1 79 1 aged 6 5
, ,
.
34 B R IE F H I ST O R Y O F LA N C A ST E R CO UNT Y .

wi th th e Indi ans of th e Sh enandoah valley i n Vir ,

gin i a H e move d to Pet e rs township in Cumber

.
,

land county where h e died leavin g thre e sons

, ,

James Robert an d William

,
.

Janet th e widow of William W i lkins after

, ,

wards m arri e d her firs t h usband s admi nistrator ’

,

N ath ani el Lytl e by whom sh e had a son named

,

Joh n L ytle u ndertook t o convey th e Wilki ns

.

property to h is son John bu t th e h e i rs of William

Wilki ns contested t he m att e r i n th e cou rts many
y ears after th eir father s d e ath ; and Ly tl e was ’

compelle d to pa y Jam es Wilki ns the e ldest s on of ,

William to obtai n his release The Pennsylvani a

,
.

A ssembly passe d an act authorizing an d l egalizing

a sal e m ad e by John Lytl e to A ndrew H e rsh e y .

In 1 772 John Lytl e removed to U pper Paxtang ,

an d th ere establ i shed a ferry across the S u s q u e

h anna river
—
.

TH O M AS WI L K I N S Thom as
W i lki ns took up .

0 acres of land on the north side o f Robert W i l

s
15

kins tract on th e S i te of Mari etta i n 1 71 8

’
This ,
.

l an d w a safterwards sol d to J O H N L O WR Y a Scotch ,

Irish Indi an tr a der .

TH O M A S W I LK I N
son of Robert moved b a ck S , ,

several miles from th e river and se ttled n e ar Don e

gal Church He died i n 1 746 l eaving four chil
dren —
.
,

A ndr e w John Mary and E liz abeth

—John
.
, ,

JO H N W I LKI N S W i lkins anoth er son o f ,

Robert took up several hu ndred acres of lan d

,

adj oi ning Go rdon Howard s now i n M ou nt J o y ’

,
 B R 1E F H I S T O RY O F LA N C A S TE R COU N TY . 35

township o n whi ch N is
,
sle y smill is lo cated He ’
.

was one of th e first persons who went wi th th e

S h eri ff s posse to a rrest Colonel Thomas Cres a p
’
,

but w a shimself a fterward a rres t ed by Cresa p who ,

took him to A nnapolis i n Maryl and wh e re h e w a s , ,

imprisoned He tr a ded wi th th e Indians a long

.

th e O hio a nd di ed in 1 741 leaving two children

, , ,

R a ch el and John th e l a tter of wh om w asborn i n

,

Doneg a l in 1 73 3 Joh n w asa lso a n Indian tr a der

,
.
,

and removed to C a rlisl e i n 1 76 3 wh ere he opene d ,

a store in th e Indi a n tr a de He wa sa ppointed .

county li eutenant for Cu mberl and count y during

th e War of th e Revol ution In 1 788 h e removed .

to Pi ttsburg wh ere h e died i n 1 8 1 0

,
.

PE T E R WI L K I N S another son of Robert a nd , ,

wi th whom his fa th er lived di ed in 1 748 and l eft

—
three children Will iam J a m es a nd Margaret
, ,

—
.
,

IS AA C M I R A N a ac Miranda D A Is
a Hugueno t
.
,

Frenchm an and a n Indi a n trader loc a ted on the ,

east b a nk of Conoy creek below Ri dgevill e i n , ,

1 1 5 an d di ed i n N ove mber 1 73 2 l e a vi ng to his

7 , , ,

son George a lso an Indi a n tr a der a l a rge tr a ct of

, ,

land a long th e R a hway river i n N ew Jersey and ,

to his son Sam uel go o acres in Donegal township ,

whil e to h is d a ughter Mary he l eft sever a l houses

i n Phil a delphia and to J a m es H a milton Esq who
‘
, ,
.
,

l a i d ou t t h e town of Lanc aster h e g a ve several ,

thousan d acres of l a nd in N ew Jersey a nd a large

amoun t of person a l property provide d h e woul d ,

m a rry his d a ugh t er Mary His broth er Joseph .

was stew ard to th e Duke of Tuscany .

36 B R IEF H IST O R Y O F LA N C A S T E R CO UN T Y .

E N R Y B E A LY
H .
—Henry
B e a ly w ason e of th e
first E nglish In dian trad ers who crossed the A ll e
gh e ny mo untains to tr a de with th e Indi a ns on th e

O hio This was in 1 72 7 H e di ed i n 1 745

. . .

J O H N B U R T John B urt a n E nglish Indi a n

.
-

trader first loc a te d ne ar the Indi an town i n M a nor

, ,

and tra d e d wi t h th e Indi ans sever a l y ears before

h e took ou t a li cense for th a t purpose i n 1 72 6 .

T hen ce he moved to Snak etown ( now H a rrisburg) ,

and there establish ed a trading post a nd a store -

O n Mon day September 1 1 1 72 7 he sol d rum to

, , ,

a p a rty of In di a ns a t his store and i n their into xi ,

c a tion h e ex a sper a te d th em a nd was forced to flee

for his life bu t Thom as Wright a drunken E ng
—
,

lishm an was ki lled by th e i nfuri ated Indians the

,

first i nstan ce of th e murder of a white man by th e

Indians i n Pennsylv a ni a B urt bec a me int emper .

ate himself an d soon a fterw a rd loc a t ed o n th e

,

O hio
—
.

S A M U E L SM IT H S a mu el Smi th a n E nglish
.
,

In di an tr a der a nd a son of J a mes S mith a lso live d ,

a t Conoy next to Is a a c Mir a nd a He sol d his

,
.

property to P a tri ck C a mpbell

—Moses
.

MO S E S C O M E S Combs an E nglish “

Indi an trader a nd a b ro t her of M a rtha B iz a illo n ,

h ad a trading post n ear Conoy a nd owned several

-

h undred a cres of land a long th e river He di ed i n .

E ast C a ln township Ch ester county

—
.
,

J O H N B O GG S John Boggs a lso a n E nglish

.
,

Indi a n tr a der a nd son of A ndrew Boggs be gan to ,

 B R IE F H I S T O RY O F L A N C A ST E R -

C O UN T Y . 37

trade wi th th e Indians a long th e A ll egh eny and

O hio rivers i n 1 76 3 In 1 78 4—8 5 he and Colonel
.

A lexan der Lowry were sel ected to bring the I n

dians to Fort Mc I nt o s
h He moved to th e Cum .

berl a nd Valley wh ere he bec a m e a prominent ci ti

,

z en
—Laz arus
.

L A Z A R U S LO WR Y Lowry a Scotch
.
,

Irish In dian trad er set t l ed in Donegal township i n

,

7 9
1 2 where
,
h e took up 33 3 acres o f la nd now owne d
by U ni ted Stat e s Senator Jam es Don al d Cam eron ,

a bo ut two mil es from Marietta He est ablished a .

trading post a nd in 1 730 h e took out a li cense to

-

,
“
tr a de wi t h th e Indi a ns a nd also to sell liquor by
the sm a ll . His dwelling is yet standing He .

was noted for his en ergy industry and courage ,

.

He often m a de tr a ding trips to the O hio and Mis

sis sippi ri vers taking his sons Jam es John Dani el
, , ,

a nd A lex a nder with him He owned several small .

fa rms ne a r h is first purchase His second wife .

h a d been the wi dow of Thomas E dw a rds He .

died i n Phil a delphi a i n 1 755 le a ving five children

—
,

by his se cond wife Laz arus Thom a s B enj amin , , ,

Willi am an d Marth a .

J O H N LO W R Y —John
Lowry son of th e pre ced
.
,

ing tr a ded with his fa th er among the Indians west

,

of th e A ll egheni es before 1 740 He owned 400 .

acres of l an d along th e Susqu ehann a ri ver no w ,

embr a cing th e fa rms of th e late Colon el Jam es

Du ffy an d B enj amin F Hiestand th e upp e r part .
,

of Mari etta and th e l and north of th e May t own

38 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C A ST E R CO UNT Y .

turnpik e He and his fath er owned th e l an d

.

extending from M a ytown to th e Col ebrook road .

In 1 750 h e bough t 300 acres of land a t Carlisle

from D a vi d Magaw a fter whi ch h e proceeded to
,

th e O hio to tr ad e with the Delawar e a nd S hawan

,

ese Indi a ns who were then b itterly hosti le to th e

,

E ngl ish an d fri endly to th e F rench Whil e h e .

w as seate d n ear a keg of powder an Indi an applie d

a match and th e explosion whi ch follow e d kill ed
,

him A F r e n ch tr a der w a safter w ards arres t ed for

.

disobeying th e order of the E nglish commander at

th e fort where h e traded He esc a ped to the Pi cts.
,

who were fri endly to the E nglish and who d eliv

ered him to Jam es Lowry i n Donegal township .

The l atter held hi m as a hostage for severa l weeks ,

b ut rel eased him wh en h e found that h e could .

not compel th e F ren ch comm a nder to d eliver

u p t h e Indi a n who killed his brother John

—
.

JA M E S L O W R Y Jam es Lowry son of Laz a rus

.
,

Lowry and bro ther of Joh n Lowry m arri ed ,

Sus a nna daugh ter of Jam es P a tterson the famous

, ,

Indi a n tr a der He bo ught from James Logan sev

.

eral hundred acres of l an d in Donega l township ,

sev e r a l miles above Mari e t t a along th e S u aqu eh an,

na river This tract w a sa part of Jam es Le Tort s

.
’

tract of 900 acres He h ad great influence wi th

.

th e Indians along th e O hio an d h e an d George ,

Crogh an prevented som e of th e tribes from j oining

the French in th e ir war a gains t the E nglish Th e .

F rench comm ander at Detroit o ffered a large re

w ard for th e arrest of these two B ritish Indian
 B R IE F H I S T O RY O F LA N C A S TE R CO UN T Y . 39

traders Lo wry wasobliged to transfer his trade

.

to the Catawba Indians of the C a rolinas .

C A PT U R E A N D E S C A P E O F J A M E S L O W R Y .

O n Janu ary 2 6 1 753 while James Lowry J a cob

, , ,

E vans Jabez E v ans Willi am Powell Thomas

, , ,

Hyde A l exander Magint y and Dani el Hendri cks

, ,

all of L ancaster cou nt y were returning from a ,

trading j ourney to the Catawbas a nd we re ,

en camped on the sou th b a nk of the Kentu cky

river about twenty miles from Blue Li ck town
, ,

wi th a l arge stock of goods furs and ski ns th ey , ,

were att a cked and made prisoners by the Fren ch

Caughnawag a Indi a ns S e veral were wounded on .

each S i de While th ese prisoners were bei ng t a ken

.

to Detroit Lowry escaped an d returned to his

,

home i n Donegal township Jacob E vans a nd .

Thomas Hyde were taken to F rance J a bez

E vans Powell an d Ma gint y were pl aced among
,

the Indi ans in N orthern N ew Y ork Ma ginty .

i nforme d th e Governor an d Council of Pe nns y l

vani a an d Conrad Weiser was sen t to A lb a ny to
,

secur e t he rel ease of the c a ptive traders Weiser .

found th a t J a bez Evans was adopte d by a n Indian

squ aw and h e receive d his releas
,
e only after som e
troubl e A ll th ese traders except Lo wry were
.
, ,

fin a ncially ru i ned by th eir misfortu nes Ma gint y .

was aft e rward promi nent i n th e Cumberland Valley .

I N DI AN A TT A C K .

In 1 754 th e Indi a ns l ed by a Mingo Ind i an ,

named Joh n att a cked Lowry s traders at Gist s

,
’ ’
,

killing severa l of the m and taking A ndrew MC

Bri e r N eh e mi ah Stev e ns John K e n n e dy and
, ,
40 B R IE F H I S T O RY OF L A N C A S TE R CO UN T Y .

E liz abe th Willi ams prisoners Kennedy was S ho t .

through the leg and left at F ort Duquesn e u ntil he

could b e moved bu t th e oth ers were s e nt to
,

C a nad a Th e Indians demande d a ranso m of forty

.

pistoles for each priso n e r These tr a ders h a d been .

employed b v James Dani el and A l exan der Lowry

, ,

and th eir goods were all destroyed B ecause of .

these repeated losses J a mes Lowry sold his lan d in

,

Donegal township and moved away i n 1 758

—
, .

D A N IE L LO W R Y Dan i el Lowry owned 3

00 acres

of l and adj oi ni ng Sen ator C a m e ron s farm on the ’

north . He a fterward sold th is farm and bough t

th e one whi ch his broth e r John h a d previously
own ed He su ff ere d gre a t losses i n th e West
. .

When Colonel Jam es B ard comm anded a t Fort

1 —
A ugusta ( Su nbury ) in 757 58 Dani el Lowry h a d
, ,

a fleet of bateaux and suppli ed th e soldi ers wi th

provisions His broth er A l ex ander bough t his
.

fa rm on Jun e 5 1 759 D a ni el moved to the Jun i

,
.

ata Th e l ate Joh n G Lowry of Centre county

. .
, ,

w as h is son .

ALE$ A N D ER L O WR Y A l exander Lowry was

th e most promin ent of th e Lowry bro t hers He .

began to tr ade with the Indi a ns in 1 744 and often ,

m ade trips t o th e Indi a n country for his father and

bro thers be fore th a t year and whil e he was a minor .

He easily l earned th e Indian l angu a ges and was ,

abl e to speak several of them He soon be cam e a .

great favorite wi th th e In dians a nd took part i n ,

th eir sports hu nti ng and trapping with them He

,
.
42 B R IE F H I ST O RY O F L A N C A S TE R CO UN TY .

Leacock township a S cotch Irishm an est a bli shed a

,
-

tradi ng post a t Cone wago where he owne d a fa rm

-

and a l a rge isl a nd opposi te th ereto own ed by th e ,

late Colo nel J a m es Du ff y He tr a d ed wi th th e .

Indians on th e O hio a nd es t a blish ed a store i n ,

th a t cou n try
—
.

J O S E P H S I M O N S Joseph S imons w asone of the

we a lthiest and most noted Indian traders i n Penn
sylvania He settl e d i n L a ncaster i n 1 740 and at
.
,

on ce eng a ge d i n the Indian tra de He est a blish ed .

a store at the sou th e a st corner of Centre Square

-

a nd a nother a fter w a rd o n the south west corner -

.

He m a d e m any trips to the O hio a nd Illinois

countr y He also h a d a n i nteres t i n several oth er
.

s t ores i n th e Indi a n coun try wi th a n umber of

par tners He once owned many thous a nd a cres
.

of land He was one of twenty two Indi a n

.
-

tr a ders wh o were att a cked by th e In di ans at

Bloody Ru n i n 1 76 3 a nd lost a l a rge sto ck of
, ,

goods He died i n L an c a ster i n 1 804

—
. .

T H O M A S H A R R I S Thom a s Harris a n E nglish ,

Indi a n tr a d er est a blished a tr a ding post a t Cone

,
-

w a go creek a nd bec am e one of th e ri chest of th e

,

In di a n tr a d ers He removed from Donegal town

.

ship to H a rford cou nty Maryl a nd b efore the , ,

Revolu tion a nd aft erw ard went t o B a l timore His

,
.

sons be c a m e emi nent ph ysi ci ans on e in Baltimore , ,

anoth er i n Phil a d elp hi a a nd a no t her in N ew ,

Brunswick N ew Jersey Some of his sons were

,
.

prominent o fficers in th e A m eri c a n a rmy during

th e Revolution .
 B R IE F H I ST O RY O F L A N C A S TE R COU NT Y . 43

B A R N A B A S H U GH —B arn
a b a s Hu gh es a n E u
ES ,

g lish m a n was an
,
Indi an tr a der a nd kept a t a vern ,

at Conoy creek on th e S ite of Eliz a bethto w n

—J
,
.

T H E G A LB R
AI T H S a me s G a lbr a ith J r a ,
.
,

Scotch Irishm an w a sa n In dian tr a der for a S hort

-

time John G a l b rai t h son of the preceding

.
, ,

loc a ted o n th e Susqueh a nn a a t th e mouth of ,

Conoy creek w h ere h e est a blish ed a tr a di ng post

,
-

as e arl y a s1 76 0 He removed to t h e Cum b erl a n d

.

Vall ey
—
.

J O H N G I B S O N Colon el Joh n Gibson who was ,

born i n L a nc a ster borough of E nglish stoc k w a s , ,

an Indi a n tr a der a nd also an Indi a n fighter a nd ,

removed to th e O hio before th e Revol ution He .

was an in ti ma te fri end of the famous Indi a n chi ef ,

Logan a nd i t ha sbeen s a i d th a t i t w asto him th a t

,

Lo ga n deli vered his celebr a ted spe e c h abou t th e

murder of h is rel a tives He had gre a t influ ence .

w i th th e i ndi ans b u t punished them w h en th ey

,

were guilty of wrongs to t h e whi t es He w ascon .

nec t e d with th e A m eri c a n army i n th e Wes t during

th e Revol ution .

GE O R GE GI B S O N —Colonel
George Gibson bro ,

ther of John w a salso born i n L a nc a ster a nd also

, ,

became a n In di a n tr a der a nd figh ter He m a rried .

a d au ghter of Fr a n cis West a nd settl e d a t S he a r ,

man s Creek i n Perry county He comm a nded a n

’
,
.

A meri can regimen t d u ring th e Revolu tion a nd ,

w a sin m a n y b a ttl es He w askilled a t Gener a l S t

. .

Clair s defeat by the Indi a ns i n the O hio country

’
44 B R I E F H I ST O R Y O F L A N C A ST E R CO UNT Y .

in 79 1 He w a sthe 1fathe r
. of John B ann i st e r
Gibson the abl e Chi ef Justi ce of Pennsylv a ni a
—John Kennedy
, .

J O H N K E N N E DY a Scotch Irish ,
-

m an trad ed for Laz arus Lowry for som e years and

, ,

aft e rward for himself He bought from Lazarus .

Lowry th e farm upon wh i ch Maytown was built .

He w a swou nded and captured by th e Indi ans but ,

a fterward raise d a company an d fough t through th e

Indi an wars
—
.

'

S U LL I V
D E N N IS Sullivan a lso a
A N Dennis ,

Scotch Irishm an a nd a n Indi an trader on ce owne d

-

th e farm sol d to Joh n Kennedy He traded to th e .

O hio an d was depri ved of every t hi ng by th e

,

Indi a ns .

JA M E S H A R R Harris a n E nglis —ma n

I S James ,

a nd an Indi a n trader h ad his post n e a r James L e ,

Tort s two mi les west of May town

’
,
.

GO R DO Howard a n E nglis
N H O WA R —
D Gordon ,

man was one o f the earli est and most promin en t of

,

the Indian traders He o w ned and occupied the .

farm now owne d by Mr Hersh ey two mil es west .

,

of Mount Joy
—
.

S I M O N G I R T Y Simon Girty the fa mous re ne ,

gade and Indi a n tra der once loc a ted i n Lan caster ,

cou nty establishing a post on th e Conewago whence

, ,

h e moved to She a rm a n s Creek an d th ence to th e ’

,

region beyond the O hio the scene of his later ,

i nfamy .
 MA P O F

PE N N S Y L VA N IA
B E FO R E T H E O R G A N IZ A T IO N O F

L A N C AS T E R CO U N T Y .

BY I S
. . C LAR E .

S C A L E O F MIL E S .
46 B R IE F H I ST O R Y O F LA N C A ST E R CO UN T Y .

en ce of th e F ri e n d srestri cted th eir worship and

, ,

punish ed cases of disobedi en ce to th e i r l aws wi th

exil e a nd even w ith death .

O ne of the abl est leaders of th e soci ety th ere w a s

Willi am Penn a young man a rden t brave w ise
, , , , ,

deeply re ligio u sw it h well trai ned i ntelle ctu a l pow

,
-

ers gifted i n speech and a courtier i n m a nner In

, ,
.

fa vor wi th t h e ki ng be cause of the a chi evements

,

of his fa th er A dmir a l Penn i t is no t strange th a t

, ,

Ch arles II shoul d h ave granted him a provi nce i n

A m eri c a To th is province th e n am e of Pe nns
.
yl
v a ni a was given ;an d h ere i n th e a u tumn of 1 6 8 2 , ,

P e nn l a nde d with a number of E nglish Qu ak ers ,

a t th e pl a ce wh ere th e ci ty of Ch ester now st a nds .

In this s a m e ye a r h e made a tre a ty wi th th e

In di a n sa t S h a ck a maxo n on th e site of Phila d el
,

phi a A popu lar assembly a nd a Ch a rter of Liber

.

“
t ies were gran ted to th e people an d th e Hol y ,
”
E xperimen t was thus begun on th e banks of the
Delaw a re i n Pe nns y v a ni a .

Pennsylv a ni a rem a i ned i n th e h ands of th e Penn

fa mily until th eir cl a ims were purch a sed by th e
Commonwe alth i n 1 776 Pe nnsylv a ni a together
,
.
,

wi th Del a w are wh i ch Penn h ad purch ased w a s ,

originally divi ded i nto S ix co u nti es Phil a delphi a , ,

Bu cks Ch ester an d th e present counti es of the

—
, ,

st a te of Del a w are N ew C astl e Kent and Sussex ,

.

TH E O R I G I N A L C H E ST ER C O U NT Y .

Th e presen t L anc a ster county was a p a rt o f

Ch ester county u n til 1 72 9 I II this y ear by an .
,

a c t of the Legislatu re i t w asdecl ared th a t all th e

,
 B R I E F H I S T O RY O F L AN C A S TE R C OU N TY . 47

l ands wi thi n th e Provi nce of Penns y lv a ni a lying

to the nor t h w est of O ctor a ro cre ek a nd to th e west
w a rd O f a li ne of ma rk ed trees ru nni ng from th e
N orth Br a n ch of t h e s a id O ctor a ro creek nor t h ,

e a sterly t o th e S chuylkill b e erecte d into a county

, o ,

named a nd from hen ceforth to b e c a l led Lanc a ster

co u nty .

F I R S T W H IT E S E TT L E R S I N T H E P R E S EN T L AN C A S T E R
C O UN T Y .

The e a rli est w hite settl ers i n w h a t is no w L a n

c aster county w ere S w iss and Germ a n Mennoni t es ,

F ren ch Hu guenots S cotch Irish Pres b yteri a ns

,
-

We lsh Episcop a li a ns a nd E nglish Quakers .

Th e S wiss and Germ ans c a m e as e arly a s1 70 9 ,

a nd se t tled i n th e Peque a v a lley a nd on th e site

,

a nd in the vi cinity of th e presen t city of L a nc a s

ter .

T h e Scotch Irish wh o c a m e on the invi t a tion

-

of the first proprietor located th emselves on th e

,

Chi c kies creek a nd i n Doneg a l a bout 1 71 5 T he .

Fren ch from A ls a ce a nd L orr a ine occupie d l a nds

, ,

i n the Peque a vall ey T he Welsh set t l ed i n the pres

.

ent Cae rnarvo n township a nd on t h e Welsh mou n

tains Th e E nglish Qu akers settl ed i n wh a t a re
.

now S ads b ury a nd S alisbury townships .

B efore giving a n a ccount of th ese various settl e

m ents i t ma y be well t o b ri efly st a te the circum
,

st a nces that l ed to th eir est a blish ment h ere .

O RIGI N O F T H E M EN N O N IT E S I N G E R M ANY A N D
S W ITZ E R L AN D .

This reli gi ous sect w a s n a m ed from Menno

Simon It h a d its ori gin i n Western Germ any in
.
,
48 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C A ST E R CO U NT Y .

th e r e gion known as th e Palatinate of the Rhine ,

during th e stirring period of th e Reformation and ,

was a t first one of th e most e x trem e of th e Protes

tant sects Its adherents h ave always been dis
.

ti nguished for si mpli ci ty i n dress an d m anners for ,

th eir aversion to oaths to milit arv servi c e and to

,

th e use of law in settling difli cu lt iesor disputes .

O n account of th eir rel i gion an d politi cal fai th ,

th e Mennonites su ff ered persecutio ns for a lmost two

centuri es I n th e P a latinate and in Swi tz erlan d In .

the l atter country the severi ty of th eir pers e cution

w as so great as to call for remonstrances from other
n ations They were condemne d to pull ga lleys whil e
.

chai ned to their seats ;th ey were sol d to B arbary

pirates ;th e y were imprisoned be a ten and beheaded ,
.

A mong those who su ff ered i n Switz erl an d b e

tween 1 6 3 8 an d 1 6 43 were H a ns Landis a t Z u ,

rz c/z ; Hans Miller H a ns Jacob Herr Ru dolph

'

, ,

B achman U lri ch Mi ller O swal d Landis F anny

, , ,

Landis B arbara N e ff Hans Myli n and his two

, ,

sons Marti n Mylin one of these sons was a

.
, ,

famous Mennoni te preach er and writer an d fled ,

for refug e first to th e Palatin ate and a fterwa rd to ,

A lsace wh e re i n 1 6 45 h e wrote an accoun t of th e

,

su fferi ngs of his people B y an edi ct issued at .

Sch a ff hausen in 1 6 50 th e Mennoni tes were for

,

bidd en th e fr e e exercise of th eir worship i n that

canton A S i milar decree was issued by the Prince
.

of N euberg i n 1 6 53 Th ese e dicts l ed to a perse

.

c u t io n of such severity th at m any fled from th e

cantons o f B e rn e Zu r i ch and S ch a fl h au s
,
en t o
 B R IE F H I S T O RY O F LA N C A ST E R CO UNT Y . 49

A lsac e above Stra sburg wh er e they remained ,

some years and th e n emigrated to Pennsylvani a

,
.

The o ffense for whi ch th ese peopl e su ffered so

grievously was simply their refusal to h ear all
m anner of preaching they consi dering i t wrong to
,

a ttend publi c worship wi th oth er r e li gi ous sects .

Thus th ey incurred th e d isple asu s

e of o th e r denom

ina tio nsa nd th e wrath of ma i strates

g .

S UFFE RI N G S O F T H E P A L A TI NE S .

During the series of wars between Lo uis $ I V .

an d th e other m onarchs of E urope i n th e seven ,

t ee nth century th e Pal a ti n a te of th e Rhi ne was

,

i nvaded by the ar mi es of Fran ce an d ravaged wi th

fire and sword firs — t i n 1 6 74 whe n crops an d , ,

houses and fa rms a nd villages and towns were

, , ,

destroyed agai n i n 1 6 8 8 wh en h u ndreds of fl o u r ,

is hing villages an d no l ess than forty ci ti e s were

re du ced to ash es .

A mong th ese were M a nheim Hei delberg Sp i res , , ,

Worms O ppenh ei m and Bingen Th e order of

,
.

“ ”
th e Grand Monarqu e to desolate the whol e lan d
was most faithfully exe cuted .

In 1 6 93 Heidelberg was agai n d e stroy e d ; an d

men w o men an d chi ldren lost all their poss e s
,

sions and fled i n terror to th e fiel ds for safety The

,
.

peopl e were i ndu ced by th e E lector to retu rn and

rebuil d th eir city on th e prom ise th at th ey S hould
,

be exempt from taxation for thirty y ears an d

shoul d be allow e d full liberty of worship The .

E lector s promise was not ke pt an d a ba rba rous

’
,
50 B R IE F H I ST O R Y O F L A N C A S TE R COU N TY .

persecution ensued Many es cape d de ath by .

m eans of sudden flight A bou t of th ese .

fou nd th eir way to E ngland wh ere they were ,

wel com ed by a publi c proclam a tion issu e d by

Qu een A n n e i n 1 70 8 .

G E RM AN A N D S W IS S E MIGR A TI O N T O A M E RI C A .

It was ami d su fferings su ch as these th a t th e

Menno nites of the P a l atin a te and S w i tz erl a nd
resolve d to seek a p la ce of safety in A meri ca a —
place too wh ere they coul d worship as their fai th
, ,

approved T h e Swiss can to n of Berne had sen t

.

ou t Christoph er de G raffe nrie d an d Louis Mi ch ell e

to look for vacant lands i n Pennsylv a nia Virgini a ,

and N orth Caroli n a Prior to this tim e i n 1 70 6 or

.
,

1 0 7 Mi ch elle had be en i n A m eri ca a nd visited

7 , ,

th e In di ans a t Conestog a whil e i n s e a rch of som e ,

mi neral or ore The Quaker colony of Pe nns

.
yl
vani a h ad already be en founded by William Penn
whose creed provi ded freedom of religious worship ,

an d h ere these su ff ering pe o o le were o ffered an

a sylum A bou t the same tim e
.
— 1
7o 6 — a n u mber

O f persecute d Swiss Mennoni tes went to E ngl and

an d m ade a speci al arrangem en t with Penn for

l a nds in his provin ce In 1 70 8 m a ny Mennonites .

l eft B erne and went to Lon don There th ey .

pitch ed th ei r tents aroun d th e ci ty a nd were sup

ported a t th e pu b li c expense u ntil th ey coul d find a
way to com e t A meri ca Some of th ese settled in
o .

N ew Y ork som e i n Pennsylvani a others i n N orth

, ,

C arol ina In 1 70 9 many of th e se who wer e living i n

.
 B R IEF H IST O R Y O F LA N C A ST E R C O UN T Y . 51

Strasburg in A lsac e whith er they h ad fled from

, ,

the P a l a tin a te s a iled for A m erica In th e same

,
.

year abou t Mennon ites i n order to escape ,

persecution i n th e Palatinate foun d their way ,

t o E ngl an d ; and in 1 71 0 th ey cam e to N ew

Y ork some settling in N ew Y ork Ci ty som e i n
, ,

Livingston s Manor Columbia cou nty Ne w Y ork

’
, ,

others in Germantown and I n the present Lan

caster cou nty Pennsylvani a ,
.

F IR S T M EN NON IT E S E TT L E R S O F L AN C A S T E R C OUN TY .

In 1 70 9 several Swiss Mennoni t e fa mil i es whose

an cestors had settled in th e Pal a tinate emigrate d
to A m eri c a an d settled i n wh at is now Lancaster
cou nty Pennsylvani a Publi c docum ents and pri
,
.

vate p a pers in possessio n of Ab ram Myli n a nd

o thers of West L a mpeter township seem to indi cate
th a t this first settl em en t was m ade near Wi llow
S tre e t w h e re th e Herr s and Mylin s now resi de
'

’ ’
.
,

In th e s a m e year 1 70 9 Hans Mylin an d his sons

, ,

Marti n a nd John Hans Herr John Ru dolph , ,

B u nd e ly M a rti n Kendig
,
Jacob Mill er M arti n , ,

O berhol tz er Mi ch a el O berholtz er H a ns F u nk
, , ,

Wendel Bowm a n an d oth ers selected a cres

on th e north side O f Pequea creek in West ,

Lampeter a nd adj oining townships ;a nd i n 1 71 0

th ey obtain e d a w a rr a nt for this l a nd whi ch they ,

divided among th em in April 1 71 1 M a rti n Ken ,

.

dig w asgra n ted 1 8 55a cres i n th e present Str a sburg

township The others together wi th Christopher
.
,

F ran ciscus were granted tracts i n th e s a m e region

,
.
52 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F L A N C AST E R CO UNT Y .

In 1 71 2 A mos S t re tt le was given 3 3 80 acres i n th e

presen t Strasburg townsh ip a nd before 1 734 h e ,

s ol d this part in small lots to a nu mber of pur

chasers A mo ng t h es e were a fe w E nglish settl e rs
'

.
,

su ch as S ept imiu sRobi nso n an d Joh n Musgrov e ,

and som e F ren ch Hugu e nots Dani el F erre e a nd ,

Isaac Le fevre ;bu t th e l arger part of those who

s e cur e d lots were Swiss M e nnonites A mong th e .

l att e r were H e nry Shank U lri ch Brackbill George , ,

Snav e ly Christian Muss e r Joh n Jacob Hoover

, , ,

Sam u el Hess Samu el Boyer Christian Stoner an d

, ,

Henry Zimm e rman ( or Carpenter) .

A RRIV A L O F MOR E S W IS S E MIGR AN T S .

A co uncil of the soci ety was h el d for th e pur

pos e of selecti ng by lo t on e of th e n umber to go
to E urop e to bring th e famili es O f th e s e ttlers to
th e ir n e w hom e The lot fell upon Hans Herr,
.

th e i r venerabl e pre a ch er B u t th ey coul d illy .

spar e on e who stood as a leader among th em and ,

Marti n Kendig o ffe red to take his pl ace A ll .

v ery readily acced e d to this Marti n Kendi g a t on ce .

proc e ed e d to E urop e , an d after the lapse of som e

months returned with th e fa mili es togeth er w i th
m any n ew emi grants A mong th ese were Jacob Mil.

l e r Pe t e rY o rd e a Hans T s
,
c h a nt z H e nry F unk John
, , ,

Houser Joh n B achm an Jacob Weber V e nerick,

, , ,

Schl egel Gul di n and oth ers A t this time cam e

—
.
,

Hans Herr s five sons Christi a n E m a nuel John

’
, , ,

A braham and another whose nam e is u nknown .

Thr e e of Hans Herr s sons settle d i n wh at i s now’

54 B R IEF H IST O R Y OF LA N C AST E R CO UNT Y .

d e vise was e mploy e d to torture and to destroy thes e

defencel ess peopl e Half a million fled to E ng
.

lan d Holland an d Germany carrying their ar t s

, ,

and i ndustry w i th them Dani el F erree and his

.

wife Mary with their sons Dani el Philip and Joh n

, , ,

an d their dau gh ters C a tharin e Mary an d Jan e , ,

escape d from th eir hom e at Lin d a u near the Rhi ne , ,

across th e river i nto G e rma ny w h ere th ey remain ed ,

two y ears A ccompanying th em i n th eir fligh t was

.

a you ng man n am ed Isa a c L e fevr e whose family ,

h ad been kill ed by th e soldi ers Dan i el Fe rree .

died and his wi dow resolved to go to London to

,

see Wi lli am Pen n wi th a vi ew of m ak ing her hom e

i n Pennsyl vania U pon arriving i n Lon don S he
.

a sk ed to b e b e di re cted to Penn s resi d e n ce The ’

.

gentl eman who was abou t to direct h er at that ,

mom e nt observed Penn s carri age approaching ’

.

The carri a ge was stopped Penn i nvi ted her to a .

seat in i t and drove her to his hom e He treated

,
.

h er wi th the greatest ki ndness gave her a reco m ,

me nd a tio n to his ag e nt i n P e nnsylvani a and i ntro ,

d u ce d her to Queen A nne who received her very ,

graciously Th e F erree fami ly remain ed in Lon

.

don S ix months an d th e n embarke d for A m eri ca

,
.

A fter arrivi ng at N ew Y ork Ci ty th e y moved up

th e Hudson ri v e r to Esopus wh e r e they r e m ained ,

two years th e n wen t to Phil a delphi a th ence to

, ,

the Mennonite s e ttl e ment i n the Pequ ea vall e y .

Qu een A nn e grante d them letters patent giving -

them th e rights and privil eges of E nglish subj ects ,

wi th th e right to bu y and hol d lan d i n th ei r new

 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C A S T E R C OUN T Y .

settlem ent B efore th ey l eft Lo ndon the queen pre

.

sented them wi th a v a ri ety of fa rming impl ements .

These th ey used i n cle a ring th e l a n d upon wh i ch

th ey settled Isaac Lefevre rem a ined as one of th e
.

fa mily until they arrived i n A m eri ca w h en he ,

m a rri ed one O f th e daughters Cath a rin e F erree ,

.

F rom this u nion h ave descen ded a ll the L e fe v res

in L a ncaster coun ty i n oth er parts of Pe nns, ylv a

nia and in a ll parts of the U ni ted States Phillip

,
.

Ferre e one of t h e sons l ived for one y e a r with

, ,

A braham Dubois a F ren ch fa rm er at Esopus a nd

, ,

m a rried his daugh ter Leah at th e end of th a t tim e ,

after whi ch he brough t h er to th e Mennoni te set

t le me nt i n th e Pequ ea valley The F errees and .

L e fe v ressettled i n wh a t is now Para dise town

ship o n a tract of
,
acres whi ch w a spart of ,

the a cres Marti n Kendig h a d purch a se d

from Penn s Comm issioners Philip Ferree lo ca t e d
’
.

on a tr a ct of l and on th e north S id e of th e Pequea

creek i n the present L e a co k township
,
.

O R I G I N A L C ONE S T O G A T O W N SH I P .

In 1 71 2 a ll that part of Ch ester county lying

west of O ctora ro creek or west of the present Ches ,

ter cou nty and thus inclu ding all of the presen t
,

Lanc a ster cou nty a nd th a t part of Pennsylvani a to

th e northward an d westward was erected in to a ,

township called C o nes /og a named a fter Conestog a ,

creek whi ch derived i ts nam e from th e Conestoga

,

Indians .

S E TTL EME NT O F C ONE S T O G A T O W N S H IP .

Settlements had been m ade among the Indi ans

prior to 1 71 3 In th e latt e r year C hristo ph er
.
56 B R IE F H IST O R Y O F LA N C AST E R CO UN T Y .

S chlegel a G e rm an from Saxony took up

, ,

acres on a str e am flow i ng i n to th e C onestoga bu t ,

soon transferred his in terest to o th e rs .

A t this place the E nglish Indian ag e nts Joh n ,

a nd E dm u n d Cartli dge afterward resid e d In , .

B enedi ctus V e ne rick also a Germ an s e ttl ed

1 1
7 5 , ,

upon a tract n ear th e P a latines Th e se wer e j o i ne d .

by so me Swiss Mennonites wh o cam e i n 1 71 5 ,

1 1 6 and 1 1 7
7 7 A mong th.es e w e r e Hans Mayer ,

Hans K aigy Christi a n Hershey Hans Graaf (w h o

, ,

afterwards se ttled Graaf s Th al ) Hans B ru b ach er ’

, ,

Mi ch ael Shank Henry Bare Peter Lem an Mel

, , ,

chior B renneman Henry F unk Hans F aber , , ,

Isaac Kau ffm an Mel chior E risman Mi chael Mil

, ,

l er Jacob Lan dis Jacob Bo e hm Theodorus E by

, , , ,

B enedi ctus Wi tmer In 1 71 7 Jacob Gre i der .

( or Krei der ) Jacob Hostetter

,
Hans F rantz Shenk , ,

an d o th er Swiss Menno nit e s settl e d along th e C on

e s
t o ga .

PR O MI NEN T SE TTL ERS A M ON G TH E SW I SS .

A mong th e most promi n e n t of these Swiss Men

mo nit e settl ers w ere the well k nown brothers -

F ran cis N e ff and Doctor Hans Heinri ch N e ff ,

whose d e scend a n ts are very n umerous i n Lan

caster and Hunti ngdon counti es Pe nnsylvani a , ,

and i n Vi rgini a Th e y ha d fled from p e rsecut i on

.

i n Sw i tz erland to A lsace whence t h ev emigrate d ,

to A m eri ca and early settled on a small str e am

, ,

N e ff s R u n whi ch empties i nto th e West Bran ch

’
,

of th e Li ttl e Conestoga H e re F rancis N e ff took up .

a lar ge tract of land H ans H einri ch N e ff, fam i l.

 B R IE F H I ST O R Y O F LA N C A S TE R CO UN T Y . 57

ia rly called th e O l d Doctor w a squi te eminent

i
,

as a physi ci a n H a nS B ru b a ch e r located in what

.

is now E ast H empfield township His descendants .

ar e num erous in this and other townships .

Persecu ti on drove the K reid e rsa nd th e H o ste t

ters from th eir homes i n Switz erland to Wu rt e m
berg From th e l a tter pl ace th ey cam e to A m eri ca
.
,

and settl ed on th e north si de of Conestoga creek ,

a bou t two m iles south of the si te of th e presen t

Lan caster ci ty and there took up 800 acres of l a nd

,
.

Jacob Kre id e r sfirst hom e was a ten t m a de of tow

’

cloth This a ff orded hi m and his fa mily tem

.

p o ra ry shel ter u ntil au tumn when he erected a log ,

cabi n .

During th e winter h e w asvisited regul arly by

the neigh boring Indi ans who sought s hel ter i n ,

his cabi n an d comfor t by his fire They lived on .

terms of closest fri endship with th e Kre id erssup ,

plyi ng them with fish a nd venison for whi ch they ,

received bread in ex ch ange Fish were abun dan t .

i n the Conestoga a nd in the other streams of L an

caster county Th e Indi a ns c a ught them with
.

nets made of bark or speare d them wi th a gi g ,

m ade of a s h wood O n one occasion wh en Kreider

.

was visited by his Indi a n neighbors h e looked at

his alman a c for th e purpose of re g ul a ting his
,

clock by i ts in di cation of the rising a nd Setting of

the sun .

He noti ced that the moon woul d be eclipsed ln

a few weeks Turning to his Indi a n visitors he
.
,

tol d them th at on a cert ai n evening a few weeks

58 B R IE F H IS T O R Y OF LA N C A S T E R CO UN T Y .

hen ce th e moo n wo ul d hid e h e r face j ust as th e

clock woul d strik e a c e rtai n h o ur Th e y had .

often observ e d eclips e s bu t couldn t understand ,

’

h ow th ei r wh ite n eighbor shoul d know this b e fore ‘

i t occurred A t the appo mt e d even i n g fifty o r

.

six ty Ind i ans me t at the house an d wer e u tt e rly ,

amaz ed to see th e moon s face l e ssen as soon as th e ’

clo ck had stru ck O ne of them th e n sai d $ It is

.

th e whi t e man s G o d tells him this e lse h e would

’
,
”
no t know i t befor e han d .

EN G L I S H S E TT L E R S A M ON G T H E G E RM AN S A N D S W I S S .

I n 1 71 5 som e E nglish an d Welsh settl ers cam e

and located arou nd Smoketown Th e names o f .

thes e wer e Peter B e llas Dani e l Harm an Willi am , ,

Evans and James Smith In 1 71 6 Ri chard Carter .

,

an E nglishm an took up a tract of l an d be twe en

,

th e Conestoga an d P e q u e a creeks n e ar th e Sus ,

u e h a nna river and th erefore i n th e pr e sen t Con

q ,

es t o ga township In th e sam e y e ar other English

.

settl ers took up tracts o n th e sou th S i d e of th e

—
Conestoga A l e xander B ews A nthony Pre t t er o f ,

E ast Jersey and Joh n Gardiner of Philadelphi a

,

co unty In 1 71 7 Jos e ph Clou d secured 500 acres

.

near th e Pequ ea .

E N G L I S H A N D S C O T C H IRI S H S E TT L E R S O N T H E O C T O R A R O
-
.

In E nglis h Quak e rs an d Scotch Irish -

Presbyteri ans settled along th e O ctoraro creek .

A mong these w ere Willi a m Grim son ( constable of

Sadsbury townshi p ) th e Cooksons J e rv is ,
esIrwins , ,

and M a yes Som e years late r cam e th e Patt e r

.
 B R IE F H I S T O RY O F LA N C A S T E R CO UN T Y . 59

sons D a rbys Leon a rds Joneses Steeles M a th

, , , , ,

ew s esCowens Murr a ys Mill ers A llisons Mit ch

'

, .
, , ,

ells and oth ers .

S E TT L E M EN T S D O W N T H E C O NE S T O G A .

Betw een 1 71 6 a nd 1 71 9 settl em ents were made

down th e Conestog a creek towards the S u s q u e

hann a river Two E nglish Qu ak ers John C a rt

.
,

li dge and his bro t her E dmund an d D a vi d Jones a , ,

Welshman took up l a nds t here E dmun d Cart

,
.

li dge resided i n Darby township Chester coun ty , ,

a se a rly as 1 6 98 a nd i n Phil a delphi a county i n

,

1 71 1 John Cartli d ge w asa n Indi an trader for

.

m a ny years He w asappoi nted Justi ce of th e

.

Peace i n 1 71 8 Th e publi c records a t West Ches

.

”
ter state that h e sol d liquor by the small among
his neigt rson the banks of the Co nestoga before
18
1
7 .

B efore 1 71 9 Christi a n and Joseph S t ehman an d

—
S igismun d Landart a ll Germ ans took up lan d—
on an d n ear th e banks of th e Conestoga cree k .

In 1 71 9 Jenkin Davis a Welshm an secured , ,

a piece of l a nd on a branch of th e Conestoga and ,

George Stew art a Scotch Irishm an located near ,

-

th e Susqu eh ann a .

F R EN C H C ANA DI AN S E TT L E R S .

Jam es Le Tort th e French Canadi a n Indi a n ,

trader w a sgranted 1 00 acres a long th e S u s

, q u e

hanna Marti n C h artiere Peter B iz a illo n and L e

— —
.
,

Tort all French Canadi ans had resided among

the Indian sas traders some year sbefore settle
.
60 B R IE F H STOI R Y OF L A N C AST E R CO UN T Y .

m e nts w e r e m ade i n the pr e se nt Lancaster coun ty

Mart i n C hartie re had a trading post on the S ite of -

Washington borough before 1 704 a nd i n 1 71 7 h e ,

was grante d 30 0 acres This was transmitted to .

his son P e ter C h art iere Peter B iz aillo n had a

,
.

li c e ns e to trade wi th the In di ans before 1 70 3 and ,

i n 1 71 4 he was grante d a trac t on the Susqueh a nn a

at Paxtang o r wh e rev e r h e wish ed to locate .

S W IS S S E TT L E R S A M ON G T H E F R EN C H .

In 1 71 7 and 1 71 8 the F ren ch se ttlement of the

F errees and th e L e fev resw as increased by a number
of Swiss M e nno ni tes among whom were th e Slay ,

m ak ers the Wi tmers th e Lightners E shlem an

, , , ,

Herr Hershey E sbenshade B aer Gro ff Gra a f

, , , , , ,

Ko e ni g K e ne agy Denlinger B eck B e cker

, , , , ,

So uder Ream Zimm erm an and m any o thers

, ,
.

Th e most notable a mong these new settlers were

Matthi as Schl eiermacher ( afterw a rd A ngli ciz ed as
Slaym aker) and th e Zimm ermans Matth i a s .

S chlierma c he r emigrated from Strasburg in Ger ,

m any to L a n caster county about 1 71 0 He was

,
.

born an d re ared i n Hesse C assel The place h e .

settled i n A meri c a was known a sth e Londo n

L a nds a tract of
,
a cres i n what is now Para ,

dise township th e nam e S t ra s ,

bu rg having been
conferred by Schl ei ermacher O ne of th e broth .

ers of th e latter was Secret a ry of Legation from

the Germa n E mpire to Gre a t Bri t a in a nd a noth er ,

was m aj or i n the Kin g of Prussi a s full regiment ’

.

Henry Zim merman (or Carpenter) a rrived i n

62 B R IE F H IST O R Y O F LA N C A ST E R CO UN T Y .

N e ff Burkhol der Gra a f F unk Ken dig Bowman

, , , , , ,

Herr Brennem an Brubaker N issl ey B uckwalter

, , , , ,

Landis M a y e r Bare E rism a n Harnish Sn a vely

, , , , , ,

Good Eshlem an Hess B oyer Leaman Kau ffman

, , , , , ,

Sh ultz Houser Miller Zim merm an Slaym aker

, , , , ,

S h enk H o o v er N ewcom er Longe neck e r Mussel

, , , ,

m an E by Stoner Frantz S te hman R e am Roy e r

, , , , , , ,

Weaver Li chty Herm an Schnei der or Sny d e r

, , , ,

B ran dt
C O N ES T O G A M A N O R
.

—
.

In 1 71 8 the Conestoga M a nor afterward Ma nor

—
township was surveyed for th e use of th e propri e
tary of th e prov i nce of Pennsylvani a Wi lliam ,

Pen n and his h eirs and assigns forev e r by ord e r ,

of th e Commissioners of Property by Jacob Taylor , ,

Surveyor G e neral of th e provin ce The Conestoga .

Manor embrac e d all th e land be tween th e S u s q u e

h anna river a nd Conestoga cree k a sfar up th e

river a sthe l a nd a lready granted to Peter Ch ar
ti er e on th e sit e of Washington borough and
, ,

th en ce by a li n e ru nnin g east from that riv e r to

Conestoga creek Th ere were two M a nors i n th e
—
.

original Chester count y Brandywine M a nor and

Conestoga M a nor The l atter w a ssubsequ ently .

divi ded and sol d to purchasers among whom were ,

m a ny whos e d e scen dants still occupy th e lands on

whi ch th e origi nal Swiss Mennonites located The .

princip a l E nglish l an d own e rs i n th e Manor were

th e Wrights who h a d ,
acres and John Cart ,

lidge who had a l arge tract bet w een one an d two

,

miles north east of the presen t Safe Harbor James

-
.
 B R IE F s
H I TOR Y O F L A N C A ST E R CO UN T Y 63

Patt e rson a Scotch Irishm a n a nd an Indi a n trader

,
-

own ed a tract of l and abou t a mil e e ast of W a sh

ing to n borough This is now i n th e possession of
.

Jacob B Shum an A noth er Scotch Irishman

. .
-

nam e d J a m es Lo ga n own e d a tract a li ttl e north ,

of S afe H a rbor 41 4 acres of this la nd was granted

.

to Indi a n Town and Blue Rock comprise d 80 0 ,

acres A mong th e Swiss Mennoni te settl e rs h e re

.

we readily re cogniz e m any familiar n ames su ch ,

as Herr Kau ffman Witmer Wissler Esh leman

, , , , ,

Ke ndig Sto ner Mayer S t eh ma n N ewcomer Bach

, , , , ,

m an K ilha v er Miller Charles Shank Hostetter

, , , , , ,

Stau ffe r L a ndis Hersh ey O berholtz er Lintn er

, , , , ,

Zi egl er F unk and others ,

.

Th e Shum ans settle d near th e si te of Washi ng

ton borough in 1 772 Th e Manns located a li t t le .

east of this place about th e sam e tim e .

H AN S GR AAF A N D H IS S E TT L E M EN T .

In Hans Graaf settl ed Gr a a f s Thal oi

’
18
7 1 ,

G ro ff sDale in the e a stern part of th e present

’
,

West E arl township Hans Graaf w asa very .

prom i nent man i n the early history of th e cou nty .

He was born i n S w i t z erlan d a nd was among those ,

who fled from persecution i n th a t country to

A lsace In 1 6 95 or 1 6 96 h e emigrated to A m er
.

i ca A fter rem aini ng a short ti m e at Germ antown

.
,

h e came to the Swiss settl em ent i n the Pequea

vall ey O ne day his horses stra yed away ; and
.

whil e in pursu i t of th em i n a northerly d ire c ,

tion h e discov e r e d a fine S pring i n a v e ry thi ckly

, ,
64 B R IE F H IST O R Y OF LA N C AS T E R CO UNT Y .

wooded spot He at once resolved to settle there

. .

A fter finding his horses h e re t u rned to th e Pequ ea

settlement m erely to infor m h i s friends of his
,
“ ”
find and of his de termi nation to locat e n ear
the spring To th e latter pl ace h e then rem ov e d
.

w i th his fa mily an d buil t a c a bin u nder a large

,

white o ak tree h alf a mil e distant In the spring

,
.

of 1 71 8 h e took up a large tract of land and built ,

a house near th e cabin The spot where th e origi .

nal house stood is shown to d a y Here h e w a s -

.

often visite d by the Indi a ns who brou ght baskets ,

an d hi ckory brooms to sell He h ad S ix sons A S . .

som e of th em grew u p h e formed a partn ership

w i th them an d opened trad e wi th the Indi ans l i v
,

ing at Harris s F erry now Harrisburg Th e

’
,
.

trade consist e d of a n ex ch ange of bl a nkets and

o th er arti cles whi ch h e purch ased i n Phil a delphi a
, ,

for sk i ns furs e tc It is sai d th at h e spok e th e

, ,
.

Indi an l anguage flu ently Th e descendants of .

Hans Gr a af are very num e rous throughout the

county The nam e has u ndergone various changes
—Gro ff Grove an d Graeff being among these
.

— —
.
,

O ne of Hans Graaf s sons Sam u el was call e d ’

”
Gr a af der Jaeger ( th e hunter ) Wh e n th e .

m agis trates an d citiz ens of Lan c a ster co unty m e t

to settl e u pon the bo undari es an d nam es of th e
.

townships of th e co unty June 9 1 72 9 they nam ed , , ,

th e township i n whi ch Gra af lived E a rl i n

—
honor of him th e word E a rl being the Eng
, ,

lish word for Gr a af I n 1 71 9 Mr Wenger a . .

,

Swiss becam e on e of Hans Graaf s n eighbors

,
’
.
 B R IE F H IST O R Y O F LA N C A S TE R COU NTY . 65

Th e r e are many of his descendan ts to be found i n

various parts of the cou nty .

S E TT L E M EN T O F D UN K E R S .

A fter 1 71 8 settlem ents be cam e very general in th e

county In 1 71 9 or 1 720 som e Germans loc a ted
.

a long Cocali c o creek a nd i n oth er pl a ces In 1 708 .

th e religio u s se ct of th e D u nkersor T a nkersor , ,

F irs t D ay G e rma n B apt is ts w a sfou nded i n Ger ,

m any by A lex an der M a ck of S hries h eim and four

, ,

m en an d three wom en from Schw a rz enau who ,

m et for religi ous worship Like the Qu a kers and .

Mennoni tes th e Dunkers were S imple i n th eir

,

dress a nd hab its and averse to oaths to mili tary

, ,

servi ce and the use of law .

Like th e Mennonites they were severely perse ,

c u t e d i n Germ a ny i n consequ ence of whi ch they

,

fled to Holl a nd a nd to oth er p a rts of the continent .

The original soci e ty h owever remove d to Serus , ,

tervin i n Fri esland a nd from there emigrated to

, ,

A m eri ca a nd settled i n Pennsylvani a Som e of .

these settled a t Germ a ntown ;oth ers at O l ey an d

Skipp a ck near the Sch uylkill ;and others along
,

the Conestoga and Cocalico cre eks i n th e presen t ,

Lan caster county A mong th e early settlers along

.

Cocal i co creek were Conr a d B eissel Joseph Sh a ef ,

fer H a ns Mayer Hei nrich Hoeh n a nd several

, ,
‘

es
L a nd is .

S E TTL EME NTL A N C A S T ER AN D V I C I N I TY

O F .

The town of La n caster migh t be said to h ave

'

be gu n a searl y as 1 72 1 or 1 72 2 bu t i t wasnot lai d ,

66 B R IE F H IST O R Y O F L A N C A S TE R COU NT Y .

ou t u ntil 1 730 This was done by Jam es Hamil

.

ton E sq of Phil adelphia Tradi tion says that an

,
.
,
.

Ind ian vi llage occupie d the site of Lan caster ;that

a hi ckory tree stood i n the centre of the vill a ge ,

near a spring ;th a t th e Indi an coun cils were h el d

under this tree and th a t i t was from one of th ese
,

coun cils that a d e pu tation w a ss en t to confer wi th

Willi a m Penn at S ha ck ama xo n i n 1 68 3 Thi s .

Indi an natio n was call ed Hi ckory and th e village ,

was c a l le d Hi ckory Town before La n caster was

lai d ou t .

George Gi bson a tavern k eeper had a hi ckory , ,

tree painted on h is S ign i n 1 72 2 Th is tavern was .

i n th e place now occupi ed by the F irst N a t ional

B a nk on E ast King street A noth er Indian town
,
.

w as situated near th e Con estoga a nd a popl ar tree ,

wh ich stood o n i ts bank w asth e emblem of t hat

tribe .

S Q U A TT ERS W ES T O F TH E S U S Q U EH A N N A .

In the m eantim e som e persons withou t any ,

l eg a l right s e ttl ed on the west sid e of th e S u s

, q u e

h a nna river Joh n Grist one of th ese abused th e

.
, ,

I ndi ans to su ch an extent that th ey compl ain e d to

th e Governor of th e province Joh n Cartlidge by .
,

th e Governor s a u thori ty raised a posse comi tatus

’
, ,

to destroy th e buil dings of Grist and his a cco m

p li c e s Cartli
. dge h owever simply requested
,
Grist ,

and his party to move from th e l and T his th ey .

refuse d to do Th e Indians th en destroyed some

.

of t h e ic a t t le Grist went to Philadelphi a to mak e

.

complai nt against them bu t was lod ged i n j ail , ,

 B R IE F H IST O R Y O F LA N C A ST ER CO UNT Y 67

from whi ch h e was rea leas e d by th e Governor s

’

council on condition that h e woul d remove from

the land he was i llegall y o ccupyin g He retu rned .

hom e i n A u gust 1 72 2 and after gathering in his

, , ,

corn l eft th e place

,
.

CO L O N E L F R EN C H SN C I L W I T H TH E I N D IA N S A T
’
CO U

C O N ES T O G A .

Late i n A pril 1 71 9 the Conestoga Indi ans by a

, , ,

letter to Secretary Jam es L ogan inform ed Gover ,

nor Patri ck Gordon that severa l of th eir tribe

wh il e hu nting n e a r th e Potom a c had been a t ,

tacked and killed by a party of Virgini a Indi ans ,

who were on th e war path against the F iv e N a

tions Governor Gordon end e avored to qui e t th ei r
.

fears withou t a vail They addressed a letter to

,
.

him early i n Ju ne He then sent Colonel F rench

.

to m eet them in co uncil at Conestoga This m eet .

ing took pl ace Jun e 2 8 1 71 9 C anat o w a the qu een ,

.
,

of th e Conestogas a nd C aptain Civi li ty th ei r

, ,

c h i ef togeth er wi th sach ems of the C o ne w a gas

, ,

th e Shawanese an d th e Delawares were present ; ,

and a treaty w a sm ade whi ch re established peace -

and fri endshi p wi th them .

S E C R E T A R Y L O G AN S C OUN C I L ’
W ITH T H E I N DI AN S .

A t th e request of Governor Gordon Secretary ,

James Log a n met th e Indians a t th e ho use of John

Cartli dge Jun e 2 7 1 71 9 A t this coun ci l th e
, ,
.

chi efs of the Conestogas th e Sh a wanese th e Gaw , ,

anese an d th e Del awares were present Peter .

B iz aillo n th e F r e nch Canadian In dia n trad e r

, ,
68 B R IEF H IST O R Y O F LA NC A ST E R CO UN T Y .

act e d as i nterpreter A ss u rances of continu e d

.

peac e and fri en dship were gi ven on both S i des .

Promises of belts of wampum were m ad e and ,

these w e re sen t to Philadelphi a withou t d e lay ,

an d from th e re to th e I nd ia nS of V i rgi ni a as ,

pl e dge s of good fai th .

S A M U E L R O B I N S S EN T T O VIRGI N I A .

Gov e rnor Gordon and h is coun cil sent Samu el

Robins to Virgini a to del iver th ese wam p um b e lts
to th e Indi ans there O n h is return he brough t
.

with him t wo bel ts from th e Virgi ni a Indians ,

whi ch were se nt to the Conestoga Indi a ns He was .

au thor i z ed to assure the latter that th e Virgin i a In

di ans would not in the fu ture pass over the Poto
m ac river t o th e eastward o r northward or over th e ,

Bl u e Ridge This was o n condi tion th at the Con

.

es t o gasand th e oth er Indians north of t h e Poto

mac wo ul d not cross th e Potomac i nto Virgi ni a to
th e southward or eastward of the Bl u e Ri dge .

John Cartlidge deli vere d th e wampum bel ts and

i nt e rprete d th e m ess a ge from th e Virgina Indi ans .

G O V E R N O R K E ITH
UN C I L W ITH TH E I N DI AN S A T
’
S CO

C O N ES T O G A .

Th e quarrels b e tween the In d i ans of Penns yl

vani a and those o f Virgini a a bou t th eir h unting
grou nds distu rbe d th e pe a ce of Pennsylvania .

A fter a visit to Governor Spottswood of Virginia ,

Governor Wi lli am Keith of Pennsylv a ni a visited

th e Indi a ns at Conestoga to h a v e them ratify a
tre aty providi ng th at th e Indians on th e north
70 B R IE F H IST O R Y O F L A N C A ST E R CO UNT Y .

nor s direction Se cret a ry James Logan h el d a con

’
,

ference with G h es a o nt o n the

9 t h of July G h e sa .

on t expressed h imself well pl ease d wi th Governor

K e i th s treatm en t of th e Fi ve N ations
’
.

I N DI AN S DI S T U RB E D B Y I N TR U D E R S .

Soon after th e counci l wi th th e In dians at Con e

es t o ga Governor Keith was i nformed th at persons

,

from Phil adelphi a an d Maryland in s e arch of a ,

copper mi ne were abou t to survey a nd take u p

,

Indi a n l ands on t he West s i de of the Susqu ehann a .

Th e Governor went to th e scene of the threatene d

tro uble and prevented th e intrusion O n A pril
,
.

4 t h and 5 t h 1
7
,2 2 h e caused
,
a survey of 500 acres
on the west si de of th e river to be m ade He then .

returned to Conestoga wh ere h e a gain m et th e ,

Indians bu t th e parti culars of that meeti ng were

,

never recorded .

I N D IA N S A L A R M ED B Y M A RY L A N D I NT R U D E RS .

Soon afterward the In di ans were greatly al armed

at the threatened encroachments of the Maryland
ers O n June 1 5th 1 72 2 Governor Keith h el d a
.
, ,

coun cil with th e Indi ans at Conestoga t o get th eir ,

consent to the grant of a tract of l a nd to be sur

v e ye d u nder th e nam e of S firzhg e z t M a no r i n th e
‘

pr e se nt Y ork cou nty Th e Indians agreed to th e

.

survey so t hat the Governor woul d h ave a better

,

title to resist the Marylan ders .

A N O T H ER C O U N C I L W I T H TH E I N D IA N S A T C O N ES T O G A
n
.

Th e murder of an India by th e broth ers Joh n

and E dmu nd Ca rtlidge i n a quarrel al armed the , ,
 B R IE F H I S T O RY O F L AN C A S T E R CO U N TY . 71

wh ite se ttlers of Pennsylv a ni a who fe a red the ven , .

g e a nc e of th e Indians A n a ppeal being m a de to

.

Governor Kei th h e sent Secret a ry James Loga n

, ,

Colonel French a nd th e High Sheri ff of Ch ester

coun ty to the scene of the trouble Proceeding to .

th e house of John C artli dge th ey a rrested th e ,

b roth ers . A council w ash el d wi th th e Indi a ns

at Conesto g a M a rch 1 4 1 72 2 Civili ty a nd sev
, ,
.

eral of the older m en of the tribe together with ,

Sav a nnah chi ef of the Sh aw a nese Winj a ck chi ef

, , ,

of th e G a w a nes e T e kaa c h ro o a Cayuga and

, , ,

O w e eyek ano w a an d N o s h t a rghka me n Del a w a res , ,

were present on this occasion T he Indi a ns were .

s a tisfie d wi th t h e a ction of th e council Th e C a rt .

lid g es w ere t a ken to Phil a delphi a and lodged i n

j ail S a t ch ee ch o an Indian messenger was de
.
, ,

s p a t c h e d to the F ive N a tions Governor .Keith and

two of his council went to A lbany N ew Y or k , ,

an d there m et representati ves of th e F ive N ations

a nd gave them pledges th at j usti ce woul d be don e

to th e In d i ans These represent a tives expressed a

.

wish th at th e C a rtlid gesshoul d not b e punished

“
wi th death Th e Indi a n s a ch em sai d
. O ne life °

on this occasion is enough to be lost there shoul d

”
no t two di e .E ventual ly at th e earnest requ est
,

of th e In dians th e C a rtlid geswere set free

,
.

C O U N C I L W I T H T H E I N D IA N S A T C O N O Y T O W N .

In July 1 72 2 Governor Kei th h el d a coun ci l

, ,

wi th th e Indi a ns at Conoy Town i n Donegal town ,

ship . There were present at this tim e Jam es

Mi tch ell an d James Le Tort th e Indian traders , ,
72 B R IE F H I S T O RY O F LA N C A ST E R COU NT Y .

w i th the chi efs O f the Con estogas the Shawan es e ,

and the Conoys an d seve n chi e f m en of th e N anti ,

cok e s ;and th e former tr e aty of fr i e n dship wi th th e

E nglish was ren e wed .

G ERM A N S E TTL EM E NT S O N TH E SW A T A R A AN D T U L P E
H O C K EN .

In 1 72 3 a nu mber of German settl e rs who had

bee n livi ng i n S choh a ri e cou nty N ew Y ork emi , ,

grate d to Penns y lv ania and lo cated on th e Swatara

an d T u lpe h o ck en creeks A mong th e se were .

the W e isers from whom th e Muhl enbergs ar e,

descen ded .

S C O T C H I RI S H S E TT L E R S I N D ON E G A L T O W N S H I P
-

The terri tory betwe e n th e Big Chi ckies creek

a nd th e Susqu ehanna river was first settled by
Scotch Irish Th e family names of th ese were
-
.

S e mpl e Mi tchell Patterson Spe e r He ndr icks

, , , , ,

Ga lbrai th A nderson Scott Lowry Pedan Por

, , , , ,

ter S t errit t Kerr Work Lytle Whi tehill Camp

, , , , , ,

bell etc In 1 72 2 t h is territory was ere ct e d i nto a

,
.

n ew townshi p called D o neg a l i n a sm u ch as m ost ,

o f these settl ers cam e from Donegal coun ty i n Ire ,

l and J a m e s Hendri cks an d James Mi tchell h el d

.

successively the o flice of Justi ce of the Pe ace i n

the set t lement Som e of th e descendants of th e se .

Scotch Irish settlers sti ll own th e first possessions

-

of th eir ancestors .

J O H N H A R R I S A T P A XT ON .

John Harr i s th e Quaker Indian trader a n a tive , ,

of Y orksh i r e E ngl and first attempt e d to settl e

, ,

ne ar th e mo u th of C ono y cr e e k, not far fro m t he

 B R IE F H I S T O RY O F L A N C A ST ER COU NT Y . 73

si te of B a i nbri dge ;bu t h e afterwards located at

Paxton or P a xtang th e si te of H a rrisburg His
, ,
.

son John was the founder of Harrisburg as b e fore ,

noti ce d
S E TTL EM E NT O F C O L U M B IA
.

—
.

In 1 72 7 three Quaker E nglishm en John Wright

Robert B arber and Sam u el B lu ns —
to n settl ed o n
,

th e east side of the Susqueh anna so uth of th e ,

Chi cki es Hill This was th e beginning of th e

.

present town of Columbia B arber took

‘

acres so uth of Chi cki es Hill B lu ns t o n took 500 .

acres adj oini ng that hi ll Wrigh t took 2 50 .

acres south of B lu ns t o n s Hi s d e scendants h ave

’
.

since reside d i n Columbi a These three m en were .

acti ve e nterprisi ng an d usefu l citize ns ;and their

,

nam es were i ntim atel y associ ated with th e earli e r

history of Lanc a ster county When th ey first .

settl ed th ere th eir flour was brou ght o n pack

horses from th e Darby m ills near Philadelphi a , ,

through th e woods along an Indian path to the

Susqu ehann a T heir only n eighbors the Indi ans
.
, ,

often suppl ied them with m eat a nd received bread ,

and milk i n return The descendants of th e se

.

pioneers h ave si nce resi de d i n Lancaster county .

Swiss a nd Scotch Irish soo n settl ed in that

-

locali t y The l a nd back from the river was settled

—
.

chi efly by Swiss th e Fo rrys th e Garbers th e , ,

S tri ckl ers an d o th ers .

S E TTL ERS I N H E MP F I E L D .

H e mpfield township w a s so call e d becaus e o f th e

gre at quanti ti es of hemp raised th e r e Th e Pat .
74 B R IE F H I ST O R Y O F LA N C AST E R COU NT Y
s
.

tons who were Sco tch Irish settl e d on l a nd

,
-

a dj oining those of Wrigh t and B a rber Patton s ’

.

hill and Patton s c urrent derive th eir n ames from ’

those families Tr a dition stat es that a p a rty of

.

cruel white m en l ed by a man nam e d Bell on ce , ,

m assacred m any Indi a ns there Ma ny Indian .

graves were said to be i n the neighborhoo d and i t ,

was believed that a pi ece of cannon lav sunk i n th e

cu rre nt B elow th isw e re Germ an a nd Swiss set
—
'

t le rs S t eh mansKau ffmans Herrs R u pleysand , , ,

o th e rs .

S E TT L E ME N T O F R E A MS T O WM .

In 1 or 1 72 4 E v e rh ard Re a m a Germ an com

72 3 , ,

menced a settlem ent by t aking up 400 acres of

l a nd His descendants hav e si nce resi ded i n the
.

village n am ed after the first settler a nd proprietor

R ea ms zown When h e settl ed th ere t he place
‘
.
,

was o ccupied by Indians He took his horse a nd .

wagon i nto th e woods an d unloaded his furni ture ,

u nder a l a rge o ak tre e u n der wh i ch he took sh el ,

t e r u nti l h e h a d buil t a rude log c a bin His .

nearest m il l was on th e Br a ndywin e and th e M til ,

bach ers on Co c a li co creek were his ne a rest n eigh

bors O ther Germ a ns who soon settled aroun d
.

him were B u ch er Huber Kell er Leader Schw a rz , , , ,

wal der Schnei der Killi an Dock Forney Rupp

, , , , ,

B a lm e r Ma y Mayer H ah n R e ssl er B eyer Leed

, , , , , , ,

Schlott , Graaf Wolf Feiers te in Wei dman and

, , ,

o th ers .

W E L S H S E TT L E M EN T S .

In th e year that th e Pennsylv a ni a colony was

fou nde d a number of Welsh E piscopali ans pur
,
 B R IE F H I ST O R Y oF L A N C A ST E R CO UNT Y . 75

chase d acres of land of Wi lli am Penn situ ,

ated west of th e Sch uylkill U pon this they m ade .

a settlemen t Thei r numb e r incr e ased s

.

that i n less than ten years o r befor e 1 6 92

o rapi dly

—
th e y h ad settled si x townships Lik e th e Sw iss .

a nd P a l a tines th e Welsh sent persons to take up

,

th e l a nd a nd make the needed preparations for th e

reception of their fam il i es A mong these pioneers .

was Thomas O wen who wass e nt over by Row ,

land Ellis In 1 6 86 E llis an d 1 00 other Welsh

.

emi grant scam e In 1 6 98 others arr i ved among

.
,

whom were William Jones Rob e rt Jones Ro bert , ,

E vans Thom a s E v a ns O wen E vans C ad wall a der

, , ,

E v a ns Hugh Gri ffi th Jo hn Humphrey and E dw a rd

, ,

Fo ulke They bough t

. acres O f lan d of Robert
Turner i n G u ine d d township in Chester county
, ,
.

In 1 72 2 or 1 72 3 ano ther Welsh s e ttl e m ent was m ade

i n th e Welsh Moun tai n region This extended i n .

th e direc tion of and as far as Ch urchtown Here th e .

pri ncipal settl ers were E Davis Z Davis E v an s .

,
.
, ,

Douglas Hen derson Morgan J e nkins E dwards

, , , , ,

Robinet Ford T orbet Lardne r Billing and

, , , ,

S penger Th e Welsh also settl ed along A ll e

.

h eny creek a small branch of th e T l e h o ck en

g ,
u p .

S E TTL E M E NT O F WE A VER L A N D .

In 1 72 3 or 1 72 4 som e Swiss and Germans set

t le d in th e region south of th e eastern part of th e
Conestoga cre e k i n th e present E ast E arl town
,

ship This settl em ent was called We ber T 12a ] or

.
,

Wea r/ er L a nd from th e Webers o r W e avers w h o

, , ,

took u p sev e ral thousan d acres of land h er e Jacob .

76 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F L A N C A ST E R CO UN T Y .

Weber He i nr i ch Web e r George Weber an d H a ns

, ,

Good who were all Swiss Mennoni tes were the

, ,

first s e ttl e rs adj acent to th e Wels h The plain or .

,

t/z a l h ad no timber wh en th e settlem e nt was made

, .

Hans Good settled i n wh at is now Brecknock town

sh ip Lan cast e r co unty where many of his d e ce nd
, ,

ants have si nc e resided B e fore they settled h e re .

,

th e Webers and Goods had live d for t welve or fif

t ee n years near th e si t e of Lan caster ci ty Their .

d e scendants h ave sin ce became wealthy an d num

e ro u s Som e h ave e m i grated to th e West and
.
,

oth e rs to Canada The Martins the Mill ers the

.
, ,

Ru ths the Zi mm e rm ans the S ch na d ersand oth er

, ,

Swiss Mennoni tes soon settle d a mong th e Weavers .

S E TT L E M EN T O F N E W H O L L AN D .

In 1 72 7 abou t Swiss and Pal a tine Menno

ni tes cam e to wh at is now Lan c a st e r county Th e .

E ckm ans th e D iffe nd e rfe rsthe E cker t s the Bow

, , ,

m ans th e E berlys the Zugs th e S hu ltz es the

, , , ,

F unks the Frantz esand th e Mayers were among

,

th e m These people soon after coming subscribed

.

to a wri ting declaring their all egi a n ce to th e Ki ng

of Great Bri tai n and fidel ity to the propri etary of
th e provi nce of Pennsylvani a A lexander Dif .

fe nd e rfe r settl ed i n O ley now i n B erks cou nty ,

.

His broth e r John Di ffend e rfer settled at Saen e

, ,

Sch wamm now N ew Holl and Joh n s grandsons

,
.
’
,

Davi d Di ff enderfer an d Jacob Di ffenderfe r served ,

i n the Revolu tion O th e r German fami lies soon.

settled there A m ong th ese we find the names

.

of Ran ck Bach e rt Beck M a yer Brimmer Ko ch

, , , , , ,
78 B R IE F H IST O R Y OF L A N C AS T E R COU NT Y .

John Cart e r w e re appoi nted a com i tte e to i nv e sti m

gat e the ch arges against th ese people and report th e ,

facts to the n ex t A ssembly This committ e e di d .

so and i n 1 72 8 m ade a report favorabl e to th e G e r

,

m ans an d Swiss who had been in vited by William

,

Penn to settl e i n his provi nce Th e report stated .

th at they had honestly pai d for th eir lands an d ,

$

were a qui et and in dustrious peopl e fai thfully dis ,

charging their civil and religi ous du ti es .

T R O U B L E W I T H TH E I N D IA N S .

A s se ttlemen t spread a nd th e whi tes cam e i n con

,

tact wi th th e Indi a ns acts of viol en c e an d blood

,

sh ed som etim es o ccurred betwe e n th e two races .

O n September 1 1 1 72 7 Thom as Wri gh t a drunk en

, , ,

E nglish man was k i lled by several dru nk en I n

,

di a ns near th e house ofJoh n B urt an Indi an trader ,

at Snaketown now Harrisb urg The quarrel was

,
.

c a used by B urt s selling th e Indi ans too mu ch rum

’

and th en insul ti ng them Th e colonists of Penn .

sylvani a su ffered from o utrages and robberies on

th e part of non resident In dians
-
.

In th e spri ng of 1 72 8 th e whit es feared that war

wou ld break ou t between several Indian tribes ,

becaus e th e Shawanese h ad kill ed two Conestoga

Indi ans In th e back settl em e nts wh ol e famili es
.

fled from their hom e s .

G O V E R NO R G O RD ON S C OUN C I L W ITH T H E I N DI AN S
’

A T C ONE S T O G A .

John Wrigh t i nformed Governor Patri ck Gor

don of th e con dition of a ffairs an d th e Gover ,

nor at o nc e wen t to th e Con e stog a Ind i an town ,

 B R IE F H IST O R Y O F LA N C A S TE R COU N TY . 79

where h e h eld a coun cil with th e Indi ans Ma y 2 6 , ,

1 72 8 . Captai n Civil i ty and th e oth er chiefs of th e

Co n e stogas were present at this coun cil So were .

th e chiefs of th e Shawanese the Gaw ane s e a nd the

,

Delawares Two Indi an in terpre ters were also

.

there along wi th Peter B iz aillo n John S cull and

, ,

N i cholas Scull assistant i nterpreters Th e Gov ,

.

e rno r s obj ect w asto preserve peace between the

’

whi tes a nd th e In dians a nd between th e v a rious

Indi a n tribes themselves A ssuran ces O f peace and .

goo d will an d desires for continu ed pe a ce were

e xpressed both by th e Governor and by the Indian
ch i efs present A fter th e council the Governor
.

returned to Philadelphi a .

F I RS T I R O N W O RK S I N TH E C O U NT Y

H az ard s Re gi ster states the following $

’
Kurtz ,

i t is supposed establishe d th e first Iro n Works in

,

1 26
7 ,
wi thi n th e present bounds of Lan c a ster

coun ty The Grubbs were distinguish ed for th eir

.

industry and enterprise They comm enced opera .

tions i n 1 72 8 .

S E TT L E M EN T O F E PH R A T A B Y T H E S E V EN TH D A Y
B A PTI S T S .

In 1 72 5 or 1 72 6 E phrata was settled by th e

S z e be n T a eg e r ( S eventh Day Peopl e ) ; so call ed
'

bec a use th ey k ept th e s e v e nth day of th e week

( S aturday ) instead of
,
th e first ( Sund a y ) a s th e ,

Sabbath This settl em en t w asknown by th e v a ri

.

ou s nam e s o p n ra z a or K lo s t e r or D a nke rte w n

‘

, ,
.

The l ast nam e was a ni ckn am e of th e Germ an word

B a nker or T a nker a corruption o f th e th e G e r
, ,
80 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C A ST E R CO UN T Y .

m an word T a eaf er mean i ng B aptis m Th e fou n ,

der of th e rel igious soci e ty at E phrata was Conrad

B ei ssel who s e c e ded from th e Dunkers or German
, ,

B aptists the reli gi ous s ect founded i n Germany i n

,

1 0 8 by A lexand e r Mack of S h re is h im in t he
7 e ,

Palati n a te Many of th e Dunk ers emigrat e d from

.

th e Pal atinate to Pennsylvan i a in 1 72 0 and 1 72 1 ;

and as we h ave seen some settled on th e P e q u e a
, ,

an d at Mu elb a ch or Mill Cr e ek on th e Co cali co , ,

creek A mong these was Conrad B eissel w h o

.
,

loc a ted at Mu elb a ch i n 1 72 1 In 1 72 9 A l exande r .

Mack th e foun d e r of the sect himself settled at

, ,

Mu e lb a ch Conrad Beiss e l separated from th e

.

Dunkers because h e beli e ved th e seventh day of

th e we e k to be th e tru e Sabbath In 1 72 5 h e .

retir e d from th e Mu elb a ch settl em e nt and l i v ed ,

for som e t i m e like a h e rmi t i n a cel l on the banks

of th e Cocali co Wh e n his a bod e be cam e k nown
.
,

others who h ad adopted his vi ews settled arou nd

h i m Th us arose th e religious soci ety of th e Seventh
.

Day B a ptists In 1 73 2 th eir sol itary life was

.

ch a nge d to a monasti c on e and th e m e mb e rs l i v e d ,

lik e th e m onks and nuns of th e Roman Catholi c

Ch urch Th e brethren adopted th e dress of th e
.

C apu chins or White F riars consisti ng of a sh irt

, , ,

trousers an d v e st wi th a long whi te gown or cowl

, ,

of wool en stu ff in wi nter an d lin en i n summer ,

.

Th e S isters wore petti coats instead of trousers The .

brethren and sisters a dopted m onkish names Is .

rael E ckerlein was n a med O nes z mu sand was m ade

'

Prio r . His su ccessor was Pe t e r Miller who was ,

 B R IE F H I S T O RY O F L A N C A S TE R CO UN T Y . 81

named j a eoee Conr a d B eissel th e founder of the

.
,

society was c a lled Fa i/z er a nd was gi ven the mon

, ,

as t ic n a mes of F ri ed s
a m a nd G o tt red n m eaning
'
‘

Pea cea ble a nd G o a rignt In 1 740 th ere were thirty

’
.

si x s ingl e brethren a nd th irty fiv e sisters in th e -

C loister ;an d at on e tim e the soci ety with th e ,

m embers living in th e n eighborhood numbered ,

three hu ndred A m eeting house cale d K ea a r

.
-
’
,

and a conv ent call ed Z io n were erected on a hill ,

call ed M ou nt Z io n They afterw a rds bui lt a sis

.

ters house c a lle d S a ro n whi ch h ad a large chapel ,

calle d S a a l attach ed to i t for hol di ng A g apa sor ,

Love F easts A b roth ers house c a lled B et/z a nia

.
’

was also b u ilt an d h a d a l arge meeting room for

,
-

publi c worship N ear by was a printing house a

.
-

bak e house a school house a nd oth er buil dings

-

,
-

on on e of whi ch w asth e town clo ck The build -

.

i ngs we re of singul a r archi tecture The rooms of .

th e sisters were h u ng wi th large S heets of elegant

penm a nship or ink pai ntings many being texts ,

from Scripture i n ornamente d Goth i c le t t ers c a lled

, ,

i n Germ an Fra ofa r S on rzf t e n This was do ne o n

-
.

large sh eets of paper m a de at th eir O W II m ill .

Many specim ens of ori gi n a l poetry were in th e

F ractur Schri ft en
-
Peter Mill er w a sB e is
. el s
s su c ’

cessor as Fa in er In 1 73 9 Lu dwig Hack er cam e

.

to Ephra ta from Germ a ny an d was appoi nted ,

teach er of th e common school He soon a fterward .

opened a S a bbath school The community con .

ti nned to flo urish for abou t fift y y ears wh en from ,

causes which seem to be u nknown i t began t o

82 B R IE F H I ST O R Y OF L AN C AST E R CO UNT Y .

declin e ;and to day th e r e i s l i tt e but w e ath e r

-

stai ned an d crumbl i ng walls and curious pie ces o f ,

antique workm anship as traces o f this i nteresti ng ,

peopl e Their h ab i ts o f i ndustry th ei r frugali ty

.
, ,

th eir s i mple mode o f l i v i ng and th eir devot e d pi e ty

doubtless ex e rted an imper i sh abl e influen ce upon
the n e ighborhood i n wh i ch th e y l i ved .

SW I SS AN D G ERM A N SE TTL ERS B E FO RE 735 1 .

A mong the Sw i ss and Germ an s e ttlers wh o cam e

h e re before 1 73 5 an d whos e d e sc e ndants are no w s
,
o

n um e rous i n Lancast e r county are su ch com mo n ,

n ames as Herr Hess Harnish H e rsh e y Hi estand

, , , , ,

Land i s Myl i n Brub a ker B ren neman Wi tm er

, , , , ,

Ke ndig Stoner H o chs,

t e t er o r Hoste tt e r Zimm er
, ,

m an o r Carpent e r Krei d e r o r Gr e i der E ckman , , ,

E ck e rt E llmak e r Schle ie rm acher o r Slaymaker

, , ,

B ecker or B ak e r B achman K illh av e r o rKillheffer

, , ,

Shae ffer Wenger Di ffen derfer Graaf Mu s

, ,
ser , , ,

Muss e lman Weaver Good Eshl eman Kau ffman

, , , , ,

Hoover Royer Boy er B ar e Bowman O v e r

, , , , ,

holt z er Garb e r N issl ey B urkholder Shank o r

, , ,

Shenk Wei dler W e idman Snavely Ho ffman

, , , , ,

F orney R i tter E berly G o ch e nau r Stambach

, , , , ,

Bomberger B assler B urkh ardt Shi ffe r Reist

, , , , ,

Sensenig S eld e nrid ge Shirk Keys e r Swop e

, , , , ,

D iffe nb ach We s t h a v er S a nd ero r Sou d e r Sherri ck

, , ,

or Shirk S his s le r Rohrer Stau ff er E rb E by E ris

, , , , , ,

m an Brandt R e am Leaman Shul tz Hous e r

, , , , , ,

Miller B u ckwalter Mayer or Meyer F unk N e w

, , , ,

com e r Long e n e ck er Ne ff Br e nner Mi nni ch and

, , , ,

many oth e rs .
 C H A P T E R IV .

E AR L Y M O D E O F L I FE .

F IR S T S E TT L E R S .

T
H E o ccupation of the first wh i te e migrants to
Lan c a ster county was farming .

The Swiss a nd Germ ans i n looking abou t for

,

land were attracted by the h eavy timbered por

,
-

“
tion Th e y sai d
. Where th e wood grows
heavi est the soil must be best
,
Thus they sele c
.

ted for settlement the limestone valleys i n whi ch ,

were th e ri ch m eadows an d th e heavy forest l and .

T h e Scotch Irish class being accustom ed to

-

a cou ntry wit h a rugged surfa ce chose th e hill ,

country for their homes Ther e th e forests were

.

—
lighter and more e a sily cl e a re d .

The S wiss Mennonites oft en called Palati nates ,

be cause th ey live d i n the Pal a ti n a te of th e Rhine

for some y e a rs after they were driven from Switz er
—
l a nd by persecu t ion were very intelligen t farm ers .

Th eir cont a ct wi t h th e F rench and Germans in th e

l a nd of th eir exil e had gi ve n th em a n opportuni ty
to see some of th e best managed a nd cul tivated
farms i n that be a utifu l agri cul tural region Th en .

i n th eir j ourn ey down th e Rhin e i nto Holland th ey

s a w an d l earned m uch th at was useful in both
farming an d housek eeping .

To th e i r native i nd ustry and thri ft they added

th e knowl edge and ski ll acquir e d by th eir contact
84 B R IEF H IST O R Y O F L A N C A ST E R CO UNT Y .

wi th th e Dutch Germ ans an d F ren ch Th erefore

, .

th e y came h ere wel l prep a red for the work before

them ;and th e great farms of Lan caster county ,

unrivalled i n fertil i ty an d high cultivation are the ,

evi den c e s we hav e to d a y of their intelligence an d

-

su ccess .

These peopl e brought wi th th em li ttle bu t th e

se eds they wish ed to plan t Their implem ents .

and suppli es th ey obt a ine d i n Phil adelphi a an d

Germantown where th ey s topped on landin g i n
,

Pennsylv a n ia While in Philadelphi a th ey tho ught

.

i t best to send ou t some persons of prudenc e and

j u dgm ent to s e lect si tes for homes O n th ei r .

return wi th reports of favorabl e places imm edi at e ,

appli cation was m ad e to the proprietary govern

m ent of th e prov i n e of Pennsylvani a to h ave the
c

sel ected tracts surveyed for th em B u t as th e sur .

v e ys could no t alw ays be m ad e at once and as they ,

were impati ent of delay th ey Often pro c e ede d ,

i mm ediatel y to th e pl a ces chosen t a ki ng their ,

fa mi li es wi th th em .

Sever a l families usually m a de the j ourney t o

gether T h e most impor t a n t househol d goods were
.

b rough t with them from beyond the s e a and con ,

siste d of st u ffs whi ch t hey had spun and woven

themselves These were packed i n l arge iron bound
.
-

chests These ch es
. tst o ge t h e r wi th household u ten
,

sils an d provisions were loaded in covered w a gons

, ,

whi ch were draw n by te ams of horses T he l atter .

w ere som etimes the j oint property of the pa rtie s a nd ,

sometimes they were hired for t he occ a sion T he .

86 B R IE F H I ST O RY OF LA N C A ST E R CO UNT Y
u pon th e stump of a tree cu t th e proper heigh t , .

Th e m en gen erally ate first and the wom e n and ,

ch ildr e n afterward There was littl e o f mirth o r

.

levi ty a t th e gath e r i ngs o f famili es o r fri ends i n

‘

those early days a nd n e i th e r coarseness no r pro

,

fa nit y th e h i stori ans tell us

,
.

The children scoure d th e woods for what was

new and attract i v e and c arrie d th e water from th e
,

spri ng .

The boys o ccasionally shot s q u ir e lsand w i ld i

fou l or caught fish i n the n ear stream an d th us ,

furnished th e tabl e wi th game .

Th e wome n had st a rted a veget a bl e garden i n

th e m e anwhil e preparing th e beds wi th spade and
,

h oe Th e seeds and bulbs brought from th e i r far

.

away hom es were then pl anted .

Th e layi ng out of th e far m i n to fields and buil d

i ng fen ces n ex t occ u pi ed the menafter th e log cab i n
w as finished The O ld fa shioned woo d en plow an d
.
-

a h arrow m ade of a bu ndl e of brush were used to ,

prepare the fields for planti ng Strong roots an d .

immovabl e stumps adde d to th e di ffi culty of culti

v a t ing the ne w m ade fiel ds -
Patient constant and.
,

h a rd work was th e lo t of this pioneer fa rm e r Th e .

love of family a nd devotion to his religious fai th

amply sustain ed him however i n h i s toil a nd
, ,

tri als .

Whil e th e crops w e re growing temporary stabl es ,

were buil t for the horses The barn was considere d

.

th e most i mportan t building on th e fa rm but i ts ,

erection had to b e postpon e d for som e y e ars Le ss e r .

 B R IE F H IST O R Y O F LA NC A ST E R CO UNT Y . 87

i mprovements w e r e made from tim e to time The .

hou ses being m ade at first wi thou t cellars a turf ,

covered vaul t was made i n the hillsi de .

Pigs were imported from th e E astern settlem e nts .

Cows and oxen w ere b r o ught in Ditches were du g .

for irrigating th e l a nd a nd thus the growth of

,

grasses was v a stly i ncreased The ri ch m eadows .

were consi dered a v alu able part of th e farm Wh en .

the origi nal tracts were divided th e righ ts t o th e ,

m eadows were carefull y specifie d in th e ti tl e deeds -

th e use and control of th e stream being given to

the owners of the several tracts a certai n number
o f d a ys i n each week .

Th e summ e r was give n to raising crops of wheat ,

corn oats spelt barl ey buckwheat etc There

, , , , ,
.

was no lack of work i n th e autu mn Th en a second .

crop of h ay was m ad e m ore di tch e s were dug , ,

stones were quarri e d firewood for winter was cu t

, ,

th e fall seeding w a sdon e trees were fell ed rails , ,

were spli t acorns were gathered and logs were

, ,

h ewed for th e barn th at was to be built Trips were .

m ad e to the stores farther east for supplies an d to ,

th e mills for flour or to have grists ground These .

trips usu ally l aste d sever a l d ays as th e ne a rest ,

mills were on the Schuylkill an d the Brandy wine .

Several men went togeth er o n horseback carrying ,

bags o f grain an d bringing flou r an d meal i n

,

return .

The occupation of farming was regarded by th ese

peopl e as o ffering few temptations to worldlin ess ,

and thus i t b ecam e a sort o f h e redi tary vo cation .

88 B R IE F H IST O R Y O F LA N C A ST E R CO UN T Y .

F rom the allurements of o ffi ce and worl dly honors

th ey tu rne d a si de T he pl easures of l ife and th e
.
,

beau ti es a nd attractions of art an d n a ture th ey ,

though t were closely conn ected w i th th e lusts of

th e eye and S inful pri de They therefore altogether
.

rej e cted th em Many of th e Ol der people wer e

.

well edu cated bu t thei r rel i g i on taught th em th at

,

ed u cation e ngen dered vani ty a nd th us there grew

,

up a mong the peopl e a sentiment i n opposi tion to

l iberal education Th ere were how e v er alw a ys
.
, ,

schools or arrangem ents m a de at home for giving

, ,

instru ction in reading writing an d ari thm eti c

,
.

Musi c and dancing were among the recr e ations

prohi bited and plainness of dress and simpl i ci ty i n
,

th e ir hous e s were insisted upon .

The win ter season was an u neventful on e Its .

monotony was occasion a lly d isturbed by vagu e

ru mors of comi ng d a nger from th e In di ans or by ,

the su dden a ppe a ran ce of a few wil d deer i n the

newly fenced grai n fi e lds Hunting an d trappi ng
.

were very attract i ve to th e you ng peopl e bu t thei r ,

el ders discour a ged indulgen ce in th e s ports of th e

chase Coon and m uskra t skins nail ed against th e
.

stabl e doors i n di cated however that th e wishes of

, ,

th e l a tter in this m atter were not always respe cted .

C LO TH I NG .

F lax and hemp w e re largely cultivated by th e

early farm ers of th e cou nty From th ese were .

m anu factu red lin en for we aring app a rel and for
househol d us e S trength and durabili ty were th e
.

m e ri ts of th e material .
90 B R IE F H IS T O R Y
'

O F LA N C A S TE R COU NT Y .

weights Som e of th ese ol d hous e s a re still stan d

.

ing their walls as soli d a sth ey were wh en first

,

erected Mod ern al teratio ns in som e cases how

.
,

ever have greatly disfigured them

, .

F A RM W O RK .

The busy tim es of th e ye a r were th e h ay m aking -

h arvesting and frui t gatheri ng seasons -

.

Th e meadows were m owed earli er th an the

uplands T he h ay was dried by spreading an d
.

turni ng i t in th e field duri ng fair weather or ,

pu tting i t i n we a th er co cks if rai n was likely to

o ccur Boys an d girls di d a larg e p a rt of th e
.

ligh ter work i n the h a y ga th ering Many times -

.
,

th e you ng wom en i f they coul d be spared from th e

,

work i n th e house helped i n th e h arvesti ng O fte n

, .
.

th ey worke d wi t h a strong ski llful young h ar ,

vester who woul d gallantl ytake a littl e more than

,

his own h alf of th e work .

The apple gathering was usu ally a m erry m a k i ng

- -

tim e Gay you th s and happy m ai dens mingled

.

with their grave and stat e ly elders i n th e work of

pu tting away th e apples for wi nt e r use an d in par
ing th em for butter Then cam e th e apple butter .
-

boili ng whi ch was usu a lly a rolli cking o ccas i on

,
.

A bou t th e y ear 1 800 red clover a nd timothy

were intro duced These were grown on the u p
.

l a nds Th e farm er no longer depended o n his

.

irrigate d m eadows for h a y The E nglish scyth e .

now su pplanted th e clumsy Germ a n scythe and ,

fa rming impl em ents of a ll kinds were improvi ng .

The raising of wh e at gradu ally took the place of

 B R IE F H IST O R Y O F L A N C A ST E R CO UNT Y . 91

barley and spelt and after 1 8 20 th e Wheaten loaf

,

be cam e th e daily bre a d of th e peopl e The distil

—
.

ling o f th e coarser gr a ins rye barley and corn ,

i nto liquors became an industry in early times .

The wh e a t was general ly groun d into fio u r in the

mi lls a nd th e flour was h auled by th e fa rm te a ms to
,
”
Phil a delphi a a nd to N ewport Delaware Store ,
.

goods sal t and land plaster were brough t i n

,

r e turn .

C ON E S T O G A T EA M S .

Whil e most of th e hauling wa sdone i n the win

ter som e of the farmers had teams on th e road all
,

the year hauling goods between Ph il a delphi a and

Pi ttsb urg These w ere th e well known Cones
.
-

”
toga T e a ms someti m es figu ratively calle d the
,
“ ”
Ships o f Inl a nd Comm erce They were stately .

obj ects i n those days an d th e own ers a nd drivers

,

alik e took great pride i n ke e ping th ei r t e ams neat

and trim Th e team often consisted o f six or eigh t
.

h eavy horses wel l fed an d well c a red for good har

, ,

n ess an d sometim es orn am e nted with bows of bells

,

fitted so as to form an arch above th e collars Th ese .

b e l ls were sel e ct e d wi th a V iew to h a rmony and ,

form e d a sort of chime from the smal l trebl es on th e

,

l ead ers t o the l arge bass u po n th e wh eel hors e s .

92 B R IE F H IST O R Y O F LA N C A S T E R CO UNT Y .

Th e w a gon was m ad e o f strong durable m ateri al , ,

an d was pain ted r e d and blu e Th e cover was of .

strong wh ite linen or h emp e n materi al a nd was ,

drawn tightly over shapely bows fixe d to th e body ,

. ower near e r the mi ddl e and proj ecting front and

back som ething l ik e a bonnet Taverns o r i nns .

sprang up along th e principal roads for th e acco m

mo d a tio n of th e teamsters and th e ir horses an d ,

di d a flourishing business Most O f these to day .

-

are qui et farm houses or h ave been conv e rted to

,

other uses With th e comin g of th e rail road th e

.

day of th e tavern cam e to an end .

Drinking was v e ry common i n those d a ys Dis .

t ille riesw ere num erous an d al coholi c liquors cheap .

Bottl e s of whiskey or wine were i n th e fiel d during

th e day o n th e tabl e at m eal tim e an d w e re set
, ,

o ut d uri ng th e evening .

H O RS EB AC K RI D I N G .

B efore 1 8 30 very few farmers had pl easure car

ria g e s Those who rode i n ol d fashioned gi gs
.
-

were consi dered very stylish and proud B usiness .

an d visit i ng were done on horseback among th e

well to do people Chil dren were taken a long by
- -
.

being pu t in th e front on a pillow and infants were ,

carri e d on th e arm tightly w rapped i n a sh awl or a

quilt .

Wom e n becam e noted as fearl e ss and skillful

ri d e rs and mothers woul d often make j ourneys of
,

ten or fiftee n mil e s alon e on hors e b a ck wi th infants

i n th eir arms .

Y o ung ladies of sixte en or sev e nt e en years w e re

94 B R IE F H I ST O R Y O F L A N C A ST E R CO UN T Y .

father s house ri ding by her S i d e i n th e mi dst of a

’
,

company of m erry fri ends Th e t eams l aden with

.
,

h e r ho usehol d goods an d furni ture follow e d ;and a ,

noisy party of drivers brou gh t up th e r e ar driving

th e co ws whi ch were h er fath er s bri dal gift
’
.
,

His new du ti e s as th e h e ad of a hous e hol d h e

assumed qui te seriously H e and his young w ife
.

lived plai nly worked e arly an d late were fru gal

, ,

as well as industrious savi ng all th ey coul d wi th

,

th e vi ew o f buying a farm for th emselves T h ev .

g e nerall y j oine d th e church O f th e parents of on e or

th e oth e r avoi de d displ ay shunn ed worldly a ttra c
, ,

tions saved mon ey to start th eir childr e n i n life

, ,

lived to a good a ge an d die d worthy an d resp e cted

,
.
 CH APTE R V
’

GE O GR A PH Y .

L O C A TI ON B OUN D A RI E S A R EA
, , .

A N C A ST E R county is situ ated upon th e east

L bank of t he Susqueh a nna river i n the sou th ,

east e rn part of Pen nsyl v a n i a It is bounded on .

th e north by the cou nti es of Dauphin Leb a non ,

an d B erks ;on the east by Chester county ;on t h e

sou th by Cecil coun ty Maryland ;an d o n th e w e st ,

by Y ork cou nty Its bou ndary lines are chi efly
.

n atural ones F rom D a nph in county on th e

.

north west i t is separate d by th e Conewago creek

-

from Le banon cou nty on th e north by th e South

Mo untain fr o m Ch ester on th e e ast partl y by th e
,

O ctoraro creek from Marylan d o n th e sou th by

,

Mason an d Di xon s Lin e an d from Y o rk co unty on

’
,

th e west by th e Susqu eh a nna river Its greatest .

length from e ast to west is forty fiv e mil es from -

north to sou th forty on e mi les Central lati tud e i s

-
.

40
°
3 N
’
longi tu
. de
,
0 4 0 e a st from Wash ing° ’

ton ci ty Th e area o f the county is 9 73 square

.

m iles and th e popul ation by th e census of 1 890 is

,

T O P O GR A PH Y AN D DR A I NA G E
Th e gen eral slope of the cou n t y i s toward the
Susqu eh anna ri ver on the sou th west Its surface -

i s brok e n and diversified bv mountai n ri dges hills , ,

96 B R IE F H IST O R Y O F LA N C A ST E R COU NTY .

fertile valleys and b e a u ti ful streams The prin ci .

pal elevations are th e Sou th Mountain a long th e ,

northern boundary ;th e Welsh Mountai n on th e

e ast extending some d i stan ce into th e i nterior ;
,

Min e Ri dge and th e hills of th e O ctoraro on th e

sou th east ;and th e Ri ver Hills along th e sou th
-

west T hese ridges h ave t h e gen e ral direction

.

from e ast to wes t and with th eir ou t lying ranges of

,

hills divide th e i nterior of th e co unty i nto a nu m

be r of vall eys The longes t of th ese l ike the
.
,

Pequ e a Con e stoga and Chi cki es name d re s

, p ec ,

t iv e ly after th e streams th at flow through th e m ,

extend thro ugh the e ntire length O f th e county

from north east to so uth west Through th e cen
- -
.

tral por t ion how e ver th e line of div i sion betwe e n

, ,

th e valleys is so gradu al that th e whol e i nt e rior

m ay properly be regard ed as one l arge fer
til e valley N um erous streams flow through the
.

coun t T h ey all drai n i nto the Susqu ehan na

river . h e north central section is drain ed by th e
th e Con e stoga creek th e largest stre a m i n th e ,

cou nty / The m a i n branches of this stream a re th e

.

Li ttl e Conestoga Mill Creek th e Cocali co Hammer

, , , ,

Middle and Mu ddy Creeks Th e sou th central sec .

tion forms the large an d beau ti fu l Pequea vall ey ,

whi ch is draine d by the Pequea and i ts tri bu taries .

The section north of the Co nestoga is watered by

th e Big Chicki es an d Li ttl e Chi cki es creeks In the .

extrem e north west are th e Conoy and Con e wago

-

creeks ; i n th e sou th th e Conowingo th e O c ,

t o ra ro and F ishing Cre e k with the i r rug ge d and ,

98 B R IE F H I ST O R Y OF LA N C A ST E R COU NT Y .

atur e a nd w ith i ts soi l and oth er physi cal resources

, , ,

th e best condi tions to promot e an d enj oy life Lan .

caster coun ty h as never h ad an e ntir e failure of

crops .

I N D U S T R I ES AN D P R O D U C T S .

Th e great fert i lity of soil h as m ade agri cul tur e

th e leading in dustry Larg e harvests of grai n and .

abu ndant water pow e r e arly led our peopl e to erec t

-

grist mills an d engage i n th e busi ness of m anu

-

fac t u ring flour Som e attent i on is given to mi n

.

ing and grazi ng i n th e extrem e north a nd south .

Th e transportation of prod ucts O f vari ous kinds i s

qui te an important source of reven ue Th e cotton .

mills of Lancaster c i ty and the furnaces and roll

i ng mills at sever a l points of i nterest e mploy m any
-

m e n and contribut e m ateri ally to the wealth of th e

coun ty B esi des th e u su al farm produ cts special
—
,
.

attent i on is given to th e raising of tobacco 1 Mill .

i ons o f cigars are m ade ann ually i n th e SUI Ell towns

and villages Lim e is extensively burned i n a few
.

se ctions Cream eri es ar e foun d in n e arly every

.

neighborhood i n th e north ern and southern por

tions of the co unty and thousands of tons of butter,

are made and sh ipp e d yearly to Bal timore Phi la ,

d elphi a and Ne w Y ork F i ne building stone are .

qu a rri e d and excell en t bri ck burn e d from n a ti ve

cl ay N i ckel is m i ned i n paying qu a ntiti es at th e
.

Gap The materi al wealth of the coun ty i n round

.

numb e rs accordi ng to the o fli cial records is abou t

, ,
 B R IE F H IST O R Y OF L A NC A S T E R CO UN T Y . 99

P O L ITI C A L D IVI S I ON S
OUN TY O F T H E C .

Lan caster county consists of on e ci t y t e n bor

s
,

o u gh s and forty one town hips Th e ci ty o f Lan

m
-
.

t S EEt a nd th e onl y ci ty wi th in
caster i s t y
th e limi ts of th e county Th e ten boro u ghs be gi n .
,

ning wi th th e largest and naming them i n th e

order of their population are Columbi a Mari ett a , , ,

Manh eim E ph rata Mount Joy Liti tz E liz abeth

, , , ,

town Strasburg Washington an d A damstown

, ,
.

Wi th th e ex cepti on of A damstown all th e bor ,

o u gh s are directly conn e ct e d by railroad with th e

cou nty s e at -
.

L A N C A S T ER C I T Y .

La ncaster ci ty th e county seat is si tu ated on th e

,
-

north western bank of th e Conestoga an d about

-

eigh t miles west of the center of th e coun ty A c .

cor d i ng to the census of 1 8 90 i t had a popul atio n

of The faciliti es of th e city are not sur
passe d by any oth er to w n in th e State Th e .

water for th e ci ty is obt a i ne d from th e Conestoga

by m eans of h igh pressure Worthi ngton pumps
a er ated i n r e s e rvoirs i n the eastern limits of th e
'

ci ty A ll portions of th e town are lighted by m eans

.

of gas an d e le ct ric ligh tsand gasoli n e A s yst e m of .

electri c railways on th e pri ncipal str e ets exten ds

to th e four quarters of th e town and s e cures rapi d
transi t to all points i n th e city li mi ts A n electri c .

railway also conn e cts th e c i ty with th e v illage of

M i ll e rsvill e i n Manor township four mil es s ou th
, ,

west from th e ci ty Lan caster i s locate d o n th e .

m a i n li n e o f th e Pennsylvania Ra i lroad an d i s ,
100 B R IE F H I ST O R Y OF L A N C A ST E R COU NT Y .

th er e for e i n d irect comm uni cation with a ll poi n ts

e ast and west It is also conne cted by the Reading
.

Railroad wi th Reading Leb a non a nd Quarryville , ,

and by a bran ch lin e of th e Pennsylvania recently ,

complete d with N ew Holl a nd Its ce ntral posi

,
.

tion i n a ri ch agri cul tur a l section an d i ts excell e nt

shippi ng faciliti es h ave m ade i t noted for its m ar
k e ts The general househol d m arket is h eld dai ly
.

i n on e or several of t h e five publi c mark et ho uses -

located in di ff eren t sections of th e ci ty N O town i n .

th e cou ntry h as a ch eaper an d more abundant sup

ply o f every arti cl e of househol d consumption Th e .

thriving character of th e shipping an d exch ange

m ark e t is shown by the ni nety or more tobacco
warehouses i n th e city th e l a rge nu mber of grain
,

warehouses sal e and ex ch ange stabl es a nd houses

, ,

i n th e wholesal e mercan tile trade .

The i ndustri al enterprise of the city embraces

n e arly all kinds of busin ess A mong th e principal .

m ay b e m entioned a fu rnace a rol ling m ill loco ,

-

motive works half a doz en large co tton an d wool en

,

mills empl oyi ng sever a l thousand workm en a ,

watch factory coach factories a l arge number of

, ,

smaller m anu facturing est a blishm ents of various

ki nds large an d w e ll equipped stores first cl ass
,
-

hotels and a number of N ational Banks som e of

, ,

whi ch o ccupy l a rge a nd spacious edifices .

The e du cational an d ch a ri tabl e insti tu tions of

La n caster are among th e fin est i n th e State Frank .

li n and Marshall Coll ege the lea d ing ins t it u t io n of

,

th e Reform ed Ch urch in th e U ni ted States i s ,

102 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA NC AST ER CO UN T Y .

O L U MBI A B O R OU GH C .

Columbi a is th e l a rg e st and m ost importan t

borough i n Lan cast e r cou n ty It is located on th e .

Susquehanna riv e r ten miles dir e ctly west from ,

La ncaster ci t y It h ad a popul ation o f over

.

by the census o f 1 8 9o and is a thriving town A ,

.

railroad bri dge on e an d on e eigh th miles i n l ength

,
-

crosses th e riv e r from Col umbi a to Wrigh ts v ille on ,

th e opposi te si de of th e river Th e town is on th e .

main l i ne of the Pennsyl v a ni a Rai lroad and is th e ,

pri ncipal fr e igh t station between Harrisburg an d

Phil adelphi a Li nes of railway also conne ct i t
.

wi th Readin g with points sou th along th e Sus

,

q u e h a nna an d w i
,
th B altimore a nd Washington by
w a y of Y ork Its l arge rou nd house i ts freigh t
.
-

y ard i ts furnaces and rolling mi lls itS la rge t ra fii c

,
-

,
‘*

i n lumber coal an d s ,
and m ak e it qui te an i nd us ,

trial c e nter Th e town h as a n umber of fin e resi

‘

d enc es several of the finest ch urches i n th e in

,

t e rio r of th e State an O pera Ho use that cost $ 1 00

, ,

00 0 and a fin e system of general edu cation

,
.

T H E O TH E R B O R OU GH S O F L AN C A S T E R C OU N TY .

M a riet ta on th e Susqu ehanna thr ee mil es

, ,

north wes t from Col umbi a is the se cond borough i n

-

siz e and popul ation i n th e cou nty The census .

of 1 8 90 gives i t a populati on of over Th e

Pennsylvani a Railroad passes through the town .

Th e chi ef industry of th e pl ace is in i ts l umb e r

trade and m anu facture of en am elled work upon an
ext e nsiv e scal e Th e long riv e r fron t and the
.
-
 B R IE F H IST O R Y O F L A N C A ST E R COU NTY . 103

beautiful scenery of th e hills across the river m ake

Mari etta a deligh tful town i n summ er .

M ou nt j oy and E liz a bethto w n boroughs are

lo cated o n th e Mount Joy bran ch of the Penns y l
vani a Railroad connecting Lan caster with Harri s
,

burg and also on the Lancaster and Harrisburg

,

turnpike Mou nt Joy borough is wi t hi n a few

.

hundred yards of th e Littl e Chi ckies creek and ,

between Mount J o y and E a st Doneg a l to wnships .

Th e town lies tw e lve mil es north west from L a nc as -

ter an d contains th e fi nest publi c sch ool buil ding in

,
-

the county outsi de of L a nc a ster E liz abeth town is

,
.

si tu ate d between the townships of Mo unt J o y an d

West Donega l and eigh teen miles north west
,
-

from Lanc a ster Within the p a st few years its

.

streets w e re regraded and m acadamiz ed and im ,

r me ntswer e made i n bui ldings Th e town

p o v e .

is on e of th e best built i n the county .

Th e borough of M a nn e im is situated along

th e R e adin g and Col umbi a R a ilro a d an d is abo u t ,

el even mil e snorth west from Lancaster It is

—
-
.

bounded o n th e north west a nd sou th west by -

R aph o township and on the east by th e Big Chi ckies

,

creek whi ch separates i t from Penn township

,
.

Manh ei m wi th i ts railroad conn ectio n with L a n

,

c ast e r Columbia Reading and Lebanon h as

, , ,

grown rapidly in recen t years and is the third bor ,

ough in population whi ch was almost by th e

,

census of 1 8 90 It has a few of th e finest and

m
.

largest stores of ge n e ral erchandise i n the cou nty .

Th e n e w borough o f L ititz is also s i tuate d along

104 B R IE F H I ST O R Y O F L A N C A ST E R CO UNT Y .

th e Reading and C olumbi a Ra i lroad It is wh olly .

wi thin th e limi ts of Warwi ck township an d eigh t ,

mil es directly north from Lancast e r Li t i tz i s an .

ol d Moravian settlem ent long noted for i ts young ,

m e n s academy an d you ng lad i es s e minary for

’ ’
,

i ts beautiful spring grounds and as a h ealthful ,

summer resort .

Th e n e w borough of E pn ra ta is likewise s i tu ated

along the Reading an d Columb i a Railroad It i s .

e ntirely wi th i n th e limi ts of Ephrata townsh i p and ,

is locat e d o n C o cali co creek th irteen miles north ,

e a st from Lan caster Ephrata has grown wond er

.

fully in popul atio n during r e c e n t years h aving ,

almost by th e census of 1 890 Just east of .

th e town are th e E phrata Ridge with i ts lofty ,

observatory an d the Ephrata Springs not e d as a

, ,

summer resort
—
.

S t ra s
bu rg borou gh wholly with i n the lim i ts of
Strasburg townsh ip an d eigh t miles south east
—
-

from Lancast e r i s on e of the old est towns i n th e

county Th e sm all est boro ughs i n th e county are
.

Wa s h ing t o n and A d a mst ow n W a shington is on .

th e Susquehann a three mi les so uth east from

,
-

Columbi a ;being wash ed by th e ri ver o n i ts western

si de an d bounded by Manor township on th e
,

north east an d so uth A d a mstown i sI n the north

,
.

eastern part of the co unty bordering on the B erks ,

county lin e and between E ast Cocali co and Bre ck

,

noc k townships .
106 B R IE F H IST O R Y O F L A N C A ST E R CO UN T Y .

S fa e H the
a rbo r, oS usqu ehannan at.
th e mou th ,

of th e Conestoga This place is S i tu a ted o n th e

.

Col umbi a an d Port Deposi t Railroad an d Wa s ,

noted for i ts iro n works consisting of a furnace ,

a nd a rolli ng mill -
.

In th e sou th eastern part of th e cou nty i n Sads

-

bury township is C n ris t ia na located on th e O cto

, ,

raro creek j ust on th e li ne of Chester count y It

, .

i s on th e Pennsylvani a Railroad twenty mil es ,

sou th east by east from Lancaster an d h as a

-

foun dry a m ach in e shop an d several other m an n

,
-

fa c tu ring est a blishm ents .

In th e sou th ern part of the coun ty on th e line ,

of E den and E ast Drumore townships is Qu a rry

-

v ille so ,
calle d from i ts extensive quarri es Th i s .

pl ace is si xteen miles sou th e ast by south from -

Lancaster an d is connected wi th Lan caster Read

, ,

ing and Col umbi a by the Qu arryville branch of

th e R e ading and Colu mbi a Railroad .

TH E T O W N S HI P S .

The l o cation boun d a ri es stre ams and v i llages

, ,

of th e several townsh i ps of th e coun ty c a n be seen

by referen ce to the ma p of th e county as at present .

Pequea h as th e highest rati o of we a l th Manor is .

th e most popu lous township i n the coun ty and has

th e gre atest aggr e gat e wealth It is gen erally undu .

d u la ting except along th e river i n th e south west e rn

, ,
-

p art Wh e r e a ridg e extends known as Turkey Hill

, ,
.

A mong th e most ferti l e weal thy and populous ,

townships are E ast Donegal th e H e mpfield sth e , ,

Lam peters th e L e a co cks th e E arls Manh e i m

, , , ,
 B R IE F H I ST O R Y O F L A N C A ST E R CO UN T Y . 107

Penn p a rt of R aph o S a lisbury Ephrata Stras

, , , ,

burg a nd Warwi ck Th ese town al l li e

.

on i n the great
ar e ly u ndul a ti ng .

The o nly hills of consi derable si z e i n this section

are th e Welsh Mount a i ns i n th e north ern p a rt of
,

Salisbury ;the E phr a ta R id ge inE phrata township ; ,

and C hestnut Hill i n th e H e mpfi eld s The town

,
.

ships a long th e border o f th e county are more roll

ing but nearly a ll contain portions of choi ce fa rm
,

ing land West Cocali co is rugged i n th e northern

.

part bu t south of Schoeneck i t is as l evel as a floor

,

and a sfertile as i t is beautiful Brecknoc k has .

fine m e adow l ands Caernarvon is reputed to ra i se

.

a superior quali ty of tob a cco Sadsbury Drumore .

,

and Marti c have th e finest an d most pi ctur e squ e

scenery A trip over th e Marti c Hills or along
.
,

F ishi ng Creek i n Drumore or a long th e O ctoraro i n ,

Sadsbury is worth t a king at any season of th e

,

year Providence h as th e ri chest deposi t of iron

.

ore The to w nships i n the sou thern p a rt of th e

.

county are best a d apted to th e pro du ction of corn ,

those i n the northern part to h ay an d thos e i n th e ,

central part to th e culti vati on of wh eat Th e .

traveling fa cili ti es of t h e cou nty are ex cellent ,

the industri es v a ri ed a nd th e populati on honest

,

and progressive .
 C H A PTE R VI .

B E FO R E TH E FR E N CH A N D IN D I A N WA R .

E R E C TI ON O F L AN C A S T E R C OUN TY .

H E city of Chester on th e Delaware ri ver

T ,
.
,

som e twelv e mil es b e low Philadelphia was the ,

first cou nty seat o f Chester cou nty Here wer e

-
.

k ept th e cou n ty records th e wills the deeds th e

, , ,

mortgages and l an d surveys The i nhabi tants of.

what is no w Lan caster and adj oining counties were

on this accou nt obl i ge d to m a ke a j ourney of over
one h un dred miles when e ver they desired to a ttend
t o any l egal business or to disch arge th eir duties
as j urors witnesses or publi c o ffi cers A ccord
,
.

ingly e a rl y in 1 72 9 th e settlers living west O f th e

, ,

O ctor a ro creek an d on both si des of the S u s q u e

hann a river petitioned th e Governor and his Coun cil

to mak e a new co unty Governor Patri ck Gordon
.

an d his Coun cil who were at this tim e i n session

,

a t Philadel phi a granted the peti tion i n F ebruary

, ,

1 72 9
. A t the same time a commission of twel ve
prominent a nd i nflu e ntial m en was appoi nted , who
were t o m eet John Taylor th e publi c S u rveyor of ,

Chester county to survey an d m a rk th e boun dary

,

li ne be tween Ch e ster a nd th e new coun ty These

twelve m en —
.

th e first S ix from what is now Chest e r

county an d th e last S ix from what i s now Lan cast e r
,
110 B R IE F H I ST O R Y OF LA N C A ST E R CO UN T Y
all th a t part of Pennsylvania to th e north east -

north north west and west of the pres e nt limi ts of

,
-

th e county Its first redu ction in S iz e w asm ade

.

by th e ere ction of Y ork county i n 1 749 It was .

still fu rth er redu ced i n siz e by the formation o f

Cumberl and cou n ty in 1 750 B erks coun t y i n 1 752 , ,

N orthu mberland cou nty i n 1 772 and Dauphi n ,

co un ty in 1 78 5 Lan c aster cou nty was finally .

reduced to i ts presen t lim i ts by th e erection of

Lebanon co un ty i n 1 8 1 3 .

T H E F I R S T C OUN T Y OFF I C I A L S .

O n May 8 1 72 9 th e Gover nor and Cou n ci l of

, ,

t h e provin ce of Pennsylv a ni a a ppoi nted th e follow

i ng p ersons Justi ces of th e Peace i n the county of
Lancaster $ John Wrigh t Tobias Hendri cks Sam u el , ,

B lu ns t o n A n drew Cornish ,
Thomas E dwards , ,

Cal eb Pierce Thom a s Re a d a nd Sam uel Jones

, ,

E sqs The Governor an d Cou ncil also a ppoi nted

.

Robert B arber to th e o fli c e of S heri ff of th e n ew

county an d A n drew Galbraith to th e o fli ce of
,

Coroner
O R G A N I Z A T I O N O F T O W N SH I PS
.

The magistrates of th e new co un ty called a

m ee ting of the l eading citiz ens of th e coun ty at
Joh n Po s t le t h w a it s tavern i n Con estoga township
’
, ,

n ear Conestoga creek This pl ace is the site of .

th e o ld hom estead of the Fehl s i n Conestoga

i

’
,

townsh ip Th e publi c m ee ti ng w a shel d there

.

Ju ne 9 1 72 9 and the n ames and bo undaries of

, ,

townsh ips of th e new county wer e th ere a gre ed

upon Th e m agistrates court met a t th e sam e
.
’
 B R IE F H I ST O R Y O F LA N C A ST E R CO UNT Y . 111

place A ugust 5 1 72 9 and confirm ed t h e report

, , ,

of th e ci tiz ens publi c m eeting

’
.

NA M E S O F T H E T O W N S H IP S .

O f th e sev e nteen townships three were outsi de ,

of th e prese n t limi ts of L a n caster coun ty O f .

these Derry and Pes h t a nk (now P a xton ) town

ships a re i n th e present D a uphi n co unty an d ,

Lebanon township forms a p art of what is no w

Lebano n county The oth er fourt e en townships
.

all of whi ch w e re within th e present lim its

—
of Lan caster cou nty were Drumor e S adsbury , ,

Martock Conestoga H e mpfield Donegal E a rl

, , , , ,

Warwi ck M a nheim Lan c a ster Leacock Lam

, , , ,

p e ter S alisbury a nd Caernarvon T h e boundary

,
.

and origin a l extent o f th ese townships can also be

seen by referen ce to th e ma p of Lan caster county
as i t was upon i ts orga niz a tion .

D E RIV A TI ON O F T H E T O W N S HI P NA M E S .

O f th e original townships of L a nc a ster cou nty ,

Conestoga Donegal a nd T u lpeh o cke n had been

,

townships of Chester cou n ty before th e formation

of Lan c a ster ;an d T u lp e h o cke n is no w a township
of B erks co unty Conestoga and T u lpeh o cken are
.

Indi an nam es Donegal was so nam ed bec a use i ts

.

early settlers cam e from Donegal cou nty Ireland ,

.

H e mpfi e ld was so nam ed on accou nt of th e great

quanti ti es of hemp raised th ere Manhei m was .

nam e d after th e ci ty of that nam e i n Germ a ny ,

from wh i c h m any of th e early settl ers came War .

wi ck was so n ame d by Ri chard Carter who cam e ,

1 12 B R IE F H I ST O R Y OF LA N C A S T E R CO UN T Y .

from IMarw rcks hire E ngl a nd E arl was nam ed

,
.

after Hans Graaf E a rl b e i ng th e E nglish word for

,

G ra af Ca e rnarvon was so nam ed by its early s e t

t lerswh o cam e from Caernarvo n county i n Wales
, , .

L e aco c k was so n am e d by an e arly S cotch Irish -

settler Lampeter w a sn am e d after Lampeter i n

.
,

Wales th e native pl a c e of a few of th e se ttl e rs

,
.

Lan caster was n am ed after Lancaster E ngland , .

Salisbur y and Sadsbury are named a fter places i n

E ngland o f whi ch th e e a rly Q u a ker s e ttl e rs were
,

n ativ e s Drumore an d Martock were n a med aft e r

.

places in Irel and where th e Scotch Irish settl e rs

,
-

came from Lebanon township now in Lebanon

.
,

county is a Scriptural nam e give n to th e township

,

by i ts early i nhabi t a nts Pes

h t a nk now i n Dauphin
.
,

cou nty was an Indian nam e l ater Pa x ta ng now

, , ,

P a x to n Derry also now i n Dauphi n county was

.
, ,

so named by i ts e arly Scotch Irish settlers w ho -

cam e from county Derry Ireland Co cali co town ,

.

ship wh i ch was a lso form e d i n 1 72 9 bu t several

, ,

months after th e first seventeen were erect e d was ,

th e Indian nam e of th e creek flowing through it .

Th e followin g tabl e shows the nam e s of the

original townships wi th th e de rivation of their
,

names and th e townships i nto wh i ch th e y h ave

,

since been divi ded $

114 B R I E F n1s
ro xv '
O F L AN C A ST E R C OU N T Y .

F I R S T E L E C T E D C OUN TY OFF I C E R S A N D C OUN TY C OU RT .

O n the 4t h of O ctober 1 72 9 a n ele ction for , ,

cou nty o ffi cers was hel d Robert B arber of .

,

H e mpfi e ld township an d Joh n Galbraith o f Done , ,

g a l ,
were chosen as S h e rifis ; a n d B arber w a s com
m issio ned on th e sam e d a y Josh ua Lowe was .

el ecte d an d commission ed Coron er A t th e sam e .

el ection four Coun ty Commi ssioners and six

A sse s sors were also chosen .

The first Court of Qu a rter Sessions was h el d at

the house of John Postlethwait in Conestoga town ,

ship in A ugust 1 72 9 John Wrigh t and five asso

, ,
.

ci a te j usti ces h eld th e court The first gran d j u ryT .

consisted of six teen m en four of whom w e r e ,

Quakers an d th e remai ning twelve S cotch Irish -

.

The non appearance of Germ an names on this list

-

seems to in di cate th at th e M e nnoni tes decli n e d to

serve as j urors .

Th e first case tri ed was that of Morris Cannady ,

*T h e C o mmi s s i o nersw er J h n P o s tl e th wa i t nd A nd re w C o r e o a

ni s h o f C o ne s
,
to g to w ns h i p ;G eo rg e S tu art f D o ne ga l ; nd
a ,
o a

Jo h n D v i s f C e rna r o n T h e A s
a ,
o saes so rs w e re P tri c k C mp
v . a a

b ll o f D o neg l J s
e ,
hu L o w e o f H emp field nd R i ch rd H fl
a o a ,
a a u
’
,

J o h n D e re r J o h n C llwell nd I sac R b i ns
a ,
ao n o f S l isbu ry a a o , a

to w ns h i p R i ch ard M rs
. d e n w a st h e fi rs t c l e rk t o t h B o rd o f
a e a

C o mmi s si o n rs nd A s s
ess o rs
e a .

T T h fi rs t g r nd j ury w e re J amesM itch el ] G o rge S tu rt

e a ,
e a ,

A nd rew G a lb rai th J ame sR o dd P tri ck C a mpb ell J o h n G l

,
y ,
a , a

b r it h
a nd E ph r i m M o r
a ll o f D o n g l ; E d w a rd S mo ut
a o e, a e a ,

J o h n nd J mesH e nd ri c k s ll o f H e mpfi eld ;Fr nci sJ o nes o f

a a ,
a a ,

S ds
a bu ry; S mu e l T yl o r o f S al i sa bu ry E d mu nd C rtl i dge
a ,
a ,

T h o m sB ld wi n a nd M tth e w Atki ns
a a o n a ll f C o ne s
ato ga a nd ,
o

W i ll i am H ay o f P a xto n , .
 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F L A N C AS T E R C OUN T Y . 1 15

who was indi cted for l a rceny He was accused of .

having stol en fourteen pou nds a nd seven shillings

from Dani el Cookson who owned a mill at th e ,

h ead of Pequea creek i n Salis b ury township The ,

.

j ury found th e defendant gu ilty ;a nd h e was

$ $

sentenced to restore th e mon ey stol en pay an equ al ,

a mount as fine a y costs of prose cution pay two

p , ,

pou nds an d eigh teen shilli ngs to pl a inti ff for the

loss of tim e i n prosecu ting th e case and st a nd com ,

mitted to th e Sh eri ff s custody u ntil all the fin es ’

and costs w e re pai d He w a s furth er sentenced to be

.

“
publi cl y wh ipped on his bare back wi th tw e nty
”
one stripes well lai d on He re cei ve d th e whipping .

and restore d the amoun t stol en but w a sunable to ,

pay th e fines and costs He was accordingly kept .

in j ai l one y ear at th e end of wh i ch the S h e rifi was

,

ordered by th e cou rt to sell hi m to th e highest

bi dder for a ny term not e xceeding six yea r s and ,

*T he gra nd j u ro rsw ere J o h nH nd ri c k snd J amesH e nd ri ck s e a ,

o f H mpfi eld to w ns
e h i p ;Franci sJ o n s o f S ds bu ry ; S mu l e ,
a a e

T ayl o r o f S l i s
,
bu ry ; J mesM i tche ll Ge o rge S tu rt A nd rew
a a ,
a ,

G albra i th J o h n G alb rai th E ph r i m M oo re P tri ck C a mpb ell

, ,
a ,
a

a nd J me sR o dd y o f D o ne g l ;E dw a rd S m ut o f H empfi eld ;
a ,
a o ,

E dmu nd C rtl i dg e T h o masB a ldw i n a nd M tth ew At ki ns

a ,
on of a ,

C o nes to ga ; nd W i ll i m H y o f P xto n T h e fi rs
a a t fo u r a ,
a .

menti o ne d w ere Q u a k ers t h e res t w re S co tc h I ri s h s e en o f e -

,
v

th em fro m D o neg l to w ns hi p
a .

T h e j u ry th a t t ri e d M o rri sC a nna d y w e re J o h n L w re nce o f a ,

P xto n;R o b rt B l ack s

a e h w nd T h o m s G l e f L mp et r ;
a a a a ,
o a e

J o h n M i tc h ell nd J o s a e ph Wo rk e o f D o ne g l ;J o s e ph B u rt o n , a ,

E d mu nd D o ugh e rty R i c h rd H o ugh nd J o s,

hu M i ns
a h ll o f a a a ,

H emp fi eld R i c h a rd C a rte r o f W rw i c k D a i d J o ne so f C o n

,
a v ,

es t o ga a nd L aw rence B ank s on .
1 16 BR IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C AS T E R C OU N T Y .

that the money thence arisin g be appli ed for or

towards paym ent of th e fine an d costs afore
”
sai d H e was sol d by th e S he rifl for six years t o
'

John Lawren ce of Paxton township for sixt e en

, ,

pounds ;bu t only fourteen poun ds and five shil

lings were collected .

E S T A B L I S H M EN T O F TH E C OUN TY S EA T -
.

By th e act establishi ng L a n caster county John ,

Wright Cal eb Pierce J a m es Mitchell an d Thom as

, ,

E dwards were empow ered to purch a se a site for th e

county court house an d prison Three si tes were
—
-
.

proposed Wrigh t s F erry now Col umbi a ; Joh n’

,

Po s t le th w a it spl a ce
’
now Feh l s i n Conestoga
,
’
,

township ;a nd Gi b son s place th e site of L a ncas ’

,

ter T he Sheri ff Robert Barber was so certai n

.
, ,

th a t Wrigh t s F erry wh ere h e resi ded woul d be

’
, ,

selected th a t h e bui l t a strong wooden building for

a county j a il near his residen ce Th e first county
,
.

courts were h eld a t Po s t le t h w a it sfrom Jun e 1 72 9

’
, , ,

to A ug u st 1 730 ; and a tempor a ry wooden court

,

house and j ai l were ere cted th er e Thre e of th e .

m a gistrates appointed to select th e coun ty seat

—
-

Wrigh t Pi erce a nd Mitch ell agree d upon a pi ece

,

of land for a permanent cou nty seat ;an d their -

report was confirmed by th e Governor and his

Co uncil Ma y 1 1 72 9 This was a lot o f la nd lying
, ,
.
“

on or near a sm a ll ru n of water between th e p l an ,

t a t io nsof Rudy Mire Mi chael Shank a nd Jacob ,

I mb le abou t ten mil e s from Susqu ehanna river

”
.
,

Governor Jam es H a milton who l a i d ou t th e town ,

of Lancaster o ffered two places

,
th e ol d Indian
1 18 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LAN CAS T E R C OU N T Y .

F i eld High Plain G i bson s Pasture Sand e rson s

, ,
’
,
’

” “
Pasture b e ing o ne place ;th e oth e r th e Waving
, ,

Hi lls e mbosom ed i n wood bou nde d by Roaring ,

”
B rook on the west The road from Ph i ladelph ia .

to Harris F erry ( now Harrisburg) passed through

’

th e cent e r Gibson r e sid ed n e ar a fine spr i ng wi th

.
,

a l arg e hi ckory tree b e fore his door This was a .

favori te tree of th e Indians ther e who were calle d ,

“ ”
Hi ckory Indi ans Th e Dark Haz el Swamp .

and th e Long S wamp were near th e cen ter of th e

proposed town wh i ch was l ai d o ut i n 1 730 an d ,

n am ed L a nca s
te r .

F I R S T L I C EN S E S GR AN T E D .

In N ovember 1 730 th e co u n ty court at Lan , ,

caster allowed th e peti tion o f thirt e en p e rsons who

ask ed to b e lic ens e ne d as Indian traders
*
A t the .

sam e t im e permission was gi v e n to ni ne persons to

k ee p publi c houses o f entertai nm ent These per .

sons were allow e d to sell all k i nds of spiritous an d

m al t liqu o rs] L

TH E KI N G S HIGH W AY F R O M L AN C A S T E R T o PH I L A D E L PH I A
’
.

A ft e r the ere ction of Lancaster coun ty and th e

organi z ation o f townships th e principal Obj ect of ,

th e inh abitants was th e l aying out of roads and

d i a ntra d e rsw ere J mesP atte rs

*T h e I n o n E d mu nd C a rtl i dg e
a , ,

P ete rC h a rt ie re J o h nL aw re nce J o na sD av e npo rt O l i v e rW all i s

, , , ,

P atri ck B o yd L z aru sL o w ry W i ll i am D u nl a p W i ll i m B es
,
a , ,
a

w i ck J o h nW i l ki nsT h o masP e rri n nd J o h n H a rri s

, ,
a .

T T h e t v e rn
a k e e p e rsw e re J o h n P o s
tl e t h w a i t J o h n M i ll er , ,

J co b Fu nk Ch ri s
a ti a n S to nem n J a co b B i ere E d mu nd D o ugh
,
a , ,

e rt y S a mu e l T a yl o r Fra n
,
ci s J o nesa nd M a ry D e nny
,
.
 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C AS T E R C OU N T Y . 1 19

th e building of bridges O n January 2 9 1 730 th e .

, ,

magistrates gra n d j ury a nd other i nhabitants of

,

Lancaster coun ty prese nted a peti tion to the p ro

v inc ia l Cou nci l at Philadelph ia to lay o ut a road ,

by way of Po s t le th wa it si n Conestoga from th e

’
, ,

Co nestoga In di an town to Philadel phi a .

The Cou ncil gran ted a petition and a ppoi nted a

commission of fourtee n prominent men seven from ,

Lan cast e r and seven from Chester county to V i ew ,

an d la y ou t a road by w a y of Po s t le th w a it s i n
’
, ,

Conestoga from t h e Conestoga Indian town to the

,

King s high road in Chester coun ty l eading to

’ -

Phil a delphia The vi ewers made th eir report O cto

.

ber 4 1 733 and th e Council thereupon approve d

, ,

an d confirmed i t and th e road thu s laid o ut was

,

d e clar e d th e K ing sH zgfz w ay This is the road

’
.

now passing east from Fehl s through Strasburg ’

‘

an d th e Gap o n to Philadelphia
,
.

Q UA K E R S I N L AN C A S T E R C OUN T Y .

A t th e tim e of th e erection of Lan caster cou nty

Qu ak e r famili es were settled within i ts limi ts ,

their settleme nt sextending from th e O ctoraro to

th e Susqu ehanna .

E X C ITI N G E L E C TI ON C ON T E S T F O R T H E A S S E M B L Y .

In 1 73 2 th e re w a sa remarkabl e pol iti cal contest

i n Lan c aster county for m embers of th e provi ncial
*T h o masE dw a rds E dw rd S mo ut R b ert B rb e r H ns
,
a ,
o a ,
a

G raa f C l eb P i erc S mu l J nes nd A ndr w C o rni s

,
a e, a e h of L no a e ,
a

cas ter co u nty; a nd T h o masGre n G eo rge A s to n W i ll i m e , , a

P as ch l R i ch a rd B u di ngt n W i ll i m M a rc h S mu e l M i ll e r a nd
a ,
o ,
a ,
a

R o b ert P a rk e o f Ch es
,
terco u nty .
120 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C A S T E R C OU N T Y .

A ssembly . A ndrew Galbraith

of Donegal town ,

ship was th e candi date o f the Scotch Irish ; and

,
-

Joh n Wright of H e mpfield township was th e

, ,

candidate of the Qu ak er E nglish Mrs Galbr a ith . .

mounted h er favorite mare N elly fastening a spur ,

“
to her ankl e an d with her red C loak flowing to
,
”
th e wi nd sh e rode o ff to canvass the coun ty i n
,

th e i n teres t of h er husb a nd Her e fforts wer e .

crowned wi th su ccess as A ndrew Galbrai th was

,

elected a nd ret urned a member an d took his s e at ,

i n the A ssembly The oth e r m embers of th e A s

.

s e mbly from L a n c a ster cou nty were George Stuart .

Thomas E dwards an d Sam u el B lu ns to n John .

Wrigh t contested t h e el ection of A ndrew Galbra ith ;

bu t a fter h eari ng the cl aims of both at the b a r of
,

the A ssembly th e A s s
,
emb lv resolved th at A n
drew Galbraith is duly returne d a m ember for th e
county of Lancaster John Wrigh t was soon
.

after el ected to the A ssem b l y to su cceed George

Stuart who had died soon after his el ection
,
.

CR E S A P S
’
WA R .

In 1 73 2 Colonel Thom as Cres a p of M a ryl and , ,

established a ferry a nd built a cabi n C lose to th e

lands of th e Indian trader James Patterson on the
west side of the Susqu eh a n n a Cres a p a nd his .

M a rylan ders c a m e for the pur pose of driving Pat

terso n and all of Penn s settl ers from their l a nds
’

west of th e Susqu ehann a river an d seizing th ese

l ands for th e mselves Th ey shot several of Patter
.

son s horses Patterson obtai n e d a warrant from

’
.

Justi c e s John Wrigh t and Samu e l B lu ns to n at ,

122 BR IE F H IS T O R Y OF LAN C A S T E R C O U N T Y .

th e Lancast e r cou nty court for th e erect i o n of

townships i n th at re gi o n ;an d in N ov e mber 1 73 5 , ,

th e townships of Pe nns b o ro u gh and Hopewell were

organi z e d Th e s e are now i n Cumberl an d co u nty
. .

B O RD E R C ON T E S T S W ITH TH E M A RY L AN D E R S .

Th e und e fined boundary between Pennsylvani a

and Maryland l e d to a struggle between th e Lan
cast e r p e opl e an d the Marylan ders in 1 73 6 M a ny .

Germ ans and others had settl ed west o f th e Sus

eh a nna i n wh at is now Y ork cou nty un der l and
q u , ,

ti tl e s from th e Penns bu t a ccepted titles from Lord

,

B altimore i n ord e r to escape p a ym en t of taxes to

Pennsylv a n i a F eeling i nsecure i n th eir l a n ds
.
,

th ey renounced th e ir alleg i ance to Maryland and ,

sought pro te ction from Pe nnsylvania There upon .

th e S h eri ff o f B altimor e county Maryl and wi th , ,

3 00 m e n att e mpt e d to drive th e German settl ers

from th ei r l ands west of th e riv e r ; bu t Samu el
Smi th th e Sheri ff of Lan caster county l ed a pos
,
se ,

co mita t u s composed of C itiz ens of this

,
cou nty ,

across th e ri ver to p rotect th e Germ an settlers

th ere Sheri ff Smi th i nduced th e M a ryl anders to
.

withdraw witho u t violence B efore long Colonel .

,

Thom a s Cresap led a party of abou t fifty Marylan d

ers a gainst th e G e rmans west of the riv e r to seize
th eir l ands an d kill ed an E nglishman nam e d
,

Knowl es who resisted th em ; bu t Cresap was a t

,

t a cked wou nde d a nd take n prisoner by the Lan

,

cast e r county Sh eri ff s posse an d was taken to’

,

th e Phil a d e lphi a j ail Governor O gl e of Maryl a nd

.
, ,

s e nt t w o men to Philadelphi a to demand th e releas e

 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N CAS T E R C OU N T Y . 1 28

of Cresap ; b ut Governor Gordon of Pennsylv ania , ,

and his Council refused to surrender him In .

retaliation by Governor O gl e s order four German

,
’
,

settl ers west of th e S usqu ehann a were then seiz ed

a nd carri ed prisoners to B a l timore ;and a band of

Maryl a nders u nder Hi ggenbotham attempted to

, ,

drive the Germans from th eir country By order .

of Governor Gordon s Council th e Sh eri ff of Lan ’

,

caster county headed a posse to prote c t th ese Ger

m ans T he Maryl a n ders then retired but returne d
.
,

after h e was gon e Captures were m ade on both

.

S i des . The German settl ers w est of th e river were

a nnoy e d constantly many being driven from their
,

farms and oth ers prevented from tilling th eir

,

l a nds In Ma y 1 73 7 th e Cou nci l of Pennsylv a nia

‘

,
.
,

sen t S a mu el Preston a nd Joh n Ki nsey to Governor

O gl e to tre a t for peace on th e border but their ,

mission fa il ed In O ctober 1 73 7 Ri ch a rd Lowder

.
, , ,

at th e h ead of si xteen daring M a ry l a nd ers brok e ,

open th e j ail at Lancaster and release d th e M a ry

landers i mprisoned th ere his bro ther bei ng one of ,

them A n order from th e King of E ngl a n d pu t an

.

e n d to th e dispu te a nd al l prisoners on both sid es

,

wer e rele ased on bai l .

G E R MAN S E TT L E R S N A T U R A L I Z E D .

In 1 73 8 the Pennsylvani a A ssembly p a ssed an

act n a t uralizing as British subj ects th e Germ a n set
t lers of Lancaster county who a ppli e d for n aturali
z a t io n Som e of th ese h ad come to A meri ca i n
.

1 2
$

7 7,
but most of th em came be twe e n 1
73 1 and 1
73 5 .

A mong th e number was John B ushong a Fr e nch ,

 124 BR IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C AS T E R C OU N T Y .

Hugu enot som e of whos e desc e ndants l i v e i n E ast

,

Lampeter township
S E TT L E D —
YO RK FOU N D E D —
.

R E I N H O L D S V IL L E L AN C A S T E R
A B O R OU GH .

B etween 1 73 5 an d 1 740 th e neighborhoo d of

R e inh o ld s v il le was settled by Germans — Hans
B ee lma n Hans Zimm erman and Peter S h u ma c h er
.

, ,

l arge l andhold e rs and oth ers In O ctob e r 1 741 ,

.
, ,

the town of Y ork was l ai d out by Thomas Cook

son Depu ty Surv e yor o f Lancast e r co un ty by
, ,

order of th e Penns O n May 1 1 742 Lancaster .

, ,

w as i ncorporated by C harter as a borough .

N E W T O W N S H IP S .

Th e Lancaster coun ty court erect e d th e follow

i ng townships east of th e Susqu e hanna o n peti tion ,

of th e i nh ab i tants H a nov e r townsh ip out of ,

Paxton township i n wh at is now Dauphi n county , ,

F ebru ary 1 73 7 Li ttl e Britain ou t of th e sou th e rn

, ,

part of Drumore a nd Col erain e ou t of the sou th ern , ,

part of Sadsbury in F ebru a ry 1 738 B ern e town , ,

ship from p a rt of T u lpeh o cke n township i n wh at

, ,

i s now B erks county i n 1 73 8 ; Be th el township , ,

from part of Lebanon townsh ip i n wh at is now ,

Lebanon cou nty i n 1 739 R aph o out of that part , ,

A mo ng th o s e w h o c a me w i th h im re s u ch w ell k no w n G e r
* a -

ma n n mes s H i esa ta nd B eye r Frey C rl K eys

a e r C o bl e, , ,
a , , ,

L eh man Lutz R o th S c h w rtz W ei s W i rtz S ch ro d er B il

, , ,
a , , , ,

me i e r H o rs
,
ch nd o th e rs A mo ng th o s
a e n tu r l i z e d a re s .u ch a a

n mesas
a B e nd e r M i ll e r K ell e r B a re B ec k e r S c h e ffe r S tu mp
, , , , ,
a , ,

P i ck el R utt K l e i n H o rs
, ,
t G ra ff B as s l e r Y o u ng I mmel
, , , , , ,

E i ch e lb e rge r S ch re i ne r E ll m k e r H rt m n W i tme r B i nk l ey
, ,
a ,
a a , , ,

B u ck w alte r S te tl e r H a rni s
,
h L em n nd o th e rs
, ,
a a .
126 B R IE F H IS T O R Y OF LAN CAS T E R C OU N T Y
vani a i n 1 71 4 H e was a m e mber o f the A ssembly
.

for Chester cou nty and for m any years afterward

,

for Lan caster county A s a Ju dg e for Lancast e r.

co un ty h e was noted for h is promptness ho nest y , ,

candor an d inflexible i ntegrity Th e people o f .

Lan caster coun ty esteemed him so highl y that th ey

conti nued to elect hi m to th e A ssembly until his
death . His constant desir e was to sho w his
good will to m ankin d his lov e of p e ac e and good ,

order H e d ie d i n 1 751 i n this sam e Lancaster

.
,

county for whose wel fare h e h ad labored so dil i

,

gently for m any years and whose interests h e h ad ,

so long an d fai thfull y served .

TH E M ENNON IT E S A G A I N M I S R E PR E S E N S E D .

I n 1 741 th e German an d Swiss Mennonite settl e rs

of Lancaster cou nty were again misrepresented to
th e provi ncial governm en t of Pennsylvan i a being ,
“
virtu ally C h arged wi th dislo yalty wi t h being de ,

t ermine d no t to obe y th e lawful au th ori ty of gov

ernme nt
— disposed to organiz e a governm ent of
”
their own The A ssembly i n a m essag e to
.
,

Governor George Thom a s vi ndicated th e Menn o

ni tes calling th em a
,
laborious in dustrious ,
” “
peopl e and sayi ng t h a t th e A ssembly h ad a d
,

mit t e d th e Germ a ns to partake o f th e privileges

”
enj oyed by the king s n a tural born subj ects’ -
To .

overcom e these unfou n ded prej udi ces th e Menno ,

ni te bishop Hans T s ,
ch a nt z and th e el ders i n a ,

C h urch coun ci l at Marti n Mylin shouse i n Lam

’
,

peter township ki ndl y reprim a nded Myl i n for

,

buil din g h is sand ston e m ansion b e ca u s e th e

-

,
B R IE F H IS T OR Y OF LA N CA S T E R C OU N T Y . 127
128 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N CAS T E R C OU N T Y .

“
palace was too showy for a M e nnon i t e an d ,

because i t m ay h av e exc i t e d th e j ealousies of th e

provin c i al au thorit i es .

M R S E RG EAN T AN D TH E S H A W ANE S E I N DI AN S
. .

In 1 741 Mr S e rg e an t a Ne w E ngl and gentl e

.
,

m an un dertook to teach th e Shawan e se In di ans

,

th e C hristian religion bu t th ey rej ected h i s o ffer .

Th e y r e proach ed C hristi ani ty j u dgi ng it by th e ,

l ives o f thos e who professed i t They tol d him .

that th e whi te traders woul d li e C h eat an d do ,

oth er wi ck ed things They also sa i d that th e

.

S e necas h ad given th em th eir cou ntry and had ,

tol d them n ev er to recei ve Christiani ty from th e

E ngl ish .

O M I S H S E TT L E R S NA T U R A L IZ E D
’

In 1 742 th e O mis h of Lancast e r cou nty p e t i t i on e d

th e A ssembly of P e nnsylvani a for a speci al act of
naturaliz at i on as their rel igi on forb a de th em tak i ng
,

oaths thus pr e v e n t i ng th ei r n aturalization u nder

,

existing l aws A sp e cial act was passed i n con

.

formi ty w i th th eir request .

C OUN T ZI N Z EN D O R F I N L AN C A S T E R AN D W YO MI N G V A L L EY .

In 1 741 C o u nt Louis N i chol as Zinz en dorf the ,

great Moravi a n mission ary arriv e d i n A meri ca ; ,

an d i n 1 742 h e visi ted Lancaster and pr e ach e d i n

the court house He made conv e rts wh erever he
-
.

w e nt George Klin e adopted his vi ews and aided

.
,

i n advan cing th e Moravi an Chu rch i n L a n caster

cou nty Zinz en dorf s m ai n obj ect was th e Chris
.
’

t ia niz ing of the In dians ; and for this purpose h e

v i site d a d i stant part of wh at was then Lan caster
130 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N CAS T E R C OU N T Y .

and tol d their companions th at th e Gr e at Sp i r i t

protected th e o ld m an as th ey had fo un d th at h i s ,

only door was a blanket an d as they h ad se e n a ,

l arge rattlesn a ke crawl over him wi tho u t attempt

i ng to h urt him This C ircumstance and th e
.
,

arrival of Conrad Weiser soon afterward wo n th e ,

fri endship and confidence of th e Indi ans for Z i n

z endorf H e pass e d twen ty days at Wyomi ng an d
.
,

then returned to B ethle h em He return e d to .

E u rope in 1 743 and died at Herrnhu t i n Boh em i a

, , ,

i n 1 76 0 His co ffi n w ascarried to th e grave by

.

thirty two pre a ch ers a nd missionar i es whom h e

-

had reared som e of whom had labored i n Holl a n d

, ,

E ngl and Irel and Greenl and and N orth A m eri ca

, , .

S C O T C H IRI S H C ON D U C T
-
A T A N E L E C TI ON .

In 1 743 there w asanother bi tter poli ti ca l contest

between th e E nglish Qu a kers an d th e Scotch Irish -

i n Lan caster county T he Scotch Irish forced th e .

-

Sh eri ff to rece i ve su ch ti cke ts as th ey approved ,

a nd to de cl are el ected whom th ey wish e d to have

returned The A ssembl y passed resol utio ns cen

.

“
suring th e Sheri ff s act i n assuming to be sole ’

” “
j udge a t th e el ection as being i ll egal u nw a r ,

ra nt ab le and an i nfringemen t of th e liberti es of th e

”
peopl e of th e provi n ce The A ssembl y also passed .

a resol utio n th a t th e Sheri ff of Lancast e r cou n ty b e

admonished by the Speaker of the A ssembly The .

Sheri ff appeared before th e A ssembly and was

admonished and promised to observ e th e law i n
,

fu tur e . He also alt e r e d th e r e turn th u s gi v i n g ,

 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N CAS T E R C OU N T Y 13 1

S a mu el B lu ns t o n the Qu aker candi date the s e at

, ,

to wh i ch he was righ tfully elected .

I N DI AN TR EA TY A T L AN C A S T E R I N 744 1 .

In 1 744 Mu rh ancellin a Del aware In dian C hi e f

, ,

murdered John A rmstrong and his two servants o n

th e Juni ata river He was a rrested and imprisoned
.

at Lanc a ster for sever a l months a ft er whi ch he ,

was taken to Phil a delphi a j ail Governor Thom a s .

h eld a counci l with th e Indians at Lancaster in

1 744 an d agents from Maryland and Vir gi ni a an d
,

from the Six N ations of Indians were a lso present .

A ll disputes be tween th e wh ites and th e Indi a ns

were settl ed by treaty The In di a ns a gree d to
.

prevent th e F ren ch an d thei r In di an a lli es from

m arching through their cou ntry to att a ck th e
E nglish settle ments i n Pennsylvani a Maryland and ,

Virgini a Bu t th e encroachm ents of th e white

.

settl ers and th e condu ct of the whi te traders who

,

furnished th e Indians wi th li quor i n vi ol atio n of

th e law an d who C h e a ted them ou t of th eir sk i ns
,

and wampum when th e y were dru nk still thre at ,

“
en ed trouble E ven Governor Thom a s sai d $
. It
is no t to be won dered at th en if wh en th e Indians ,

recover from their drunken fit they sho ul d tak e ,

”
severe revenge The Indians committed many
.

petty a cts to th e annoyance O f th e E nglish They .

took the bark from th e w al nu t trees belongi ng t o

Joh n Musser u sing i t a scovering for their cabins
,
.

Musser compl a ined to th e Governor asking six ,

“

pou nds dam age ;b u t th e Assembly vot e d h im onl y

thr ee pou nds .
13 2 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F LAN CAS T E R C OUN T Y .

E L E C TI ON F R AU D S .

In 1 749 Jam e s Webb compl ain e d to the A ssembly

of Pennsylvani a th at a m e mber of th e A ssembly
from L anCas t er cou nty had be e n u nfairly elected
a nd return e d and ask e d for redress of th e wrong
,
.

Eviden ce was given before th e A ssembl y that th e

election had bee n con ducted i n a violent and unbe
coming m anner that vo tes h ad be en re ceived by
p e rsons u nauthoriz e d to receive them an d particu ,

la rly two by C hristian Herr one of the i nspectors

,

that m any persons had vote d as oft e n as four five ,

six and even ten tim e s th at a C an didate who was

,

el ected encouraged th em and that votes had

b ee n receive d altho ugh th ere had be en l ess th a n
,

persons on th e groun d Th e A ssembly con .

firm ed th e el ection but voted that th e election

,

o ffi cers b e censur e d and admonish ed by th e Speaker

of th e A ss e mbly Th e l atter ex ecuted the order
.

w i th d ue degree of s e ver i ty .

O RG AN IZ A TI ON O F YO RK C U MB E R MA N D AN D B E RK S
,

C OUN TI E S .

O n p e tit i o no f th e s e ttl ers wes t of th e S u s q u e

h anna r i ver th e Governor an d Legislature of

,

Pennsylvania er e cted th at p a rt of Lancaster county

west of th e river i nto a n ew coun ty c a lle d Y e r/é ,

A ugust 1 9 1 749,
Cumberland coun ty was ere cted
.

west o f th e r i ver north of Y ork Janu ary 2 7 1 750

, , ,
.

B erks cou nty was erected ou t of parts of Lancaster ,

Phil adelphi a an d B ucks counti es M a rch 1 1 1 752 , ,

.

D I S P U T E S B E T W EEN T H E S C O T C H IRI S H A N D T H E G E RM AN S
-
.

A s th e r e w e r e fr e qu e nt dispu t e s b e tw e en th e
13 4 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N CAS T E R C OU N T Y .

th e r e establish e d a rel i g i ous comm u nity of its own

like th e one at B e thl e h e m Th e v i llag e thus .

form e d was nam ed L ititz aft e r a village in

,

Boh e m i a from whi ch th e ancestors of th e m e mbers

,

o f th e soc i ety had emigrated Th e Brothers and ’

.

Sist e rs Hous e s w e r e bui lt i n 1 758 an d I 759 Th e

’
.

foundat i ons of th e famous i nstitutions of l earni ng

—
at Lititz th e Y ou ng Gentlem en s A cademy an d ’

—
th e Y ou ng Ladi es Seminary w e r e lai d i n the
’

early years o f the settlem e nt These schools were.

buil t b e sid e the C hurch and th e parsonag e and ,

wer e u nder th e directio n of th e Mo rv ian so ci ety

at Liti tz These schools attained a wi de cel ebri ty
.
,

and were a tten ded by pupils from di fferent p a rts of

Pe nnsylvani a an d from m any oth e r States of the
U nion . B esi de sits institu tions of l e arning Li ti tz ,

be cam e not e d for its beautiful spring grounds and ,

i n the cou rse of years became a summer r e sort for

p e opl e from various p a rts of th e country .
 CH APTE R VII .

DU R I N G TH E FR E N CH AN D I N D I A N WA R .

M U RD E R S B Y T H E D E L AW A R E S A N D S H A W AN E S E .

A N C A ST E R cou nty bore an importan t part I n

L th e F rench and Indian War whi ch broke o ut ,

be tween the E nglish an d F rench colonies i n N orth

A m eri ca in 1 754 and whi ch lasted ten years
,
The .

most import a n t Indian tribes of Pennsylv a ni a that

ai ded th e Fren ch in th e war were the Delawares
a nd th e Shaw a nese who committed th e most cruel
,

m urders among the frontier se ttlements of Pen n

sylvani a Th e French in cited th es e Indians by
.
‘

promising to restore thei r l a nds to them after con

quering them from the E nglish .

I N DI AN OU TR A G E S AF T E R B R A DD O C K S D EFEA T ’
.

To oppose th e F rench i nv a sio n of Pennsylvani a ,

Benj ami n Frankl in was commissione d to procure

1 0 wagons and pack horses In a few
5
-
.

weeks all the wagons an d fifty pack hors e s were -

obtained i n Lan cast e r Y ork and Cumberlan d

,

cou nti es Th e wagons a nd pack hors e s wi th th e

.
-

necess a ry provisions were sen t to General B rad

,

dock and me t him at Wil l s Cr e ek now Cumber ’

,

land Maryland Braddock s defeat and death i n

,
.
’

th e battl e O f th e Monongahela Jul y 9t h 1 755 , , ,

produ c e d alarm througho ut th e English colonies ,

as i t e xpos e d th e whol e w e st e rn fronti e rs o f P e n n

13 6 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N CAS T E R C OU N T Y .

sylvan i a Maryland a nd Virgi ni a to th e ravages of

,

th e French and their Indi an alli es Th e Indians .

roam e d u nmol este dly an d fearl essly ov e r the back

cou nti es of Pennsylvan ia committing th e most ,

dreadful ou trages and cru el murders upo n the

whi te settl ers Th e sav a g es ravag e d o n both si des
.

of the Susqueh ann a ; destroyi ng th e settl em ents

at th e Great Cove i n Cumberl and county and
, ,

others on t h e T u lpe h o cke n i n B erks count y ,

.

The Sevent h Day B aptists at Ephrata gav e th e i r

C loisters ,
C hapels and m eeting rooms for th e sh e ] -

ter of the whi te s e ttlers whom the Indi a ns drove

from the T u lp eh o cken i n B erks county and from , ,

Paxton township i n Lancaster coun ty

,
.

B L O C K H OU S E E R E C T E D A T L AN C A S T E R
-
.

Late i n 1 755 a block house or w oo d e n fort was

-

, ,

erected at Lancaster then a town of ,

inh ab i
tants Two l etters from E dward Shippen a ,

le ading citiz e n of Lan caster to Jam es Hamilton , ,

Es q ,
of Philadelphi a con cerning
,
this block hous e -

sh ow the al arm among th e Lancaster peopl e caused

by the Indian ou trages Som e of th e Paxton set .

t lerspeti tioned th e A ssembly of Pennsylvani a for

a militi a la w an d asked th at Co nrad Weiser be
,

sent among th e Indi ans at Shamokin on a miss i on

of p e ace .

M O R E I N DI AN OU TR A G E S .

In Janu ary 1 756 F rench and Ind i an m arau ding

, ,

parti es attacked the E nglish s e ttl ements on th e

Ju ni ata river m urd e ring and S calpi ng su ch of the
,

s e ttl ers as did not fle e from their homes or w e r e

13 8 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N CAS T E R C OU N T Y .

William Joh nson through th e m edium o f th e S i x

,

N ations h ad i ndu ced these tri bes to make pe a c e

,

with th e English The Governor then i ssu ed a .

pro clamation of peac e and i n N ovember 1 756 , , ,

h el d a council wi th these In dians at E aston A t .

this coun cil Governor Morris succeede d i n m aking

a treaty o f p e ace with T e e d yu s c u ng the C h i ef of ,

th e Del awares and also wi th th e chi efs of th e

,

Shawanes e .

R EN E W A L O F I N DI AN OU TR A G E S .

N O sooner h ad th e Treaty of E asto n been con

cl u ded th an white s e ttl ers south o f th e B l u e
Mounta i ns were cru elly m urdered by th e In dians ,

and th e frontier settlers agai n fled i n to th e i nterior

for safety Th e Governor an d Cou nc i l of Penns
.
yl
vani a ra i sed twen ty fiv e compan i es amou nting to
-

m en to defen d th e settl em ents agains t th e

,

savages N in e of th ese compani es w ere u nder th e

.

C omm and of Li eut e n ant C olon e l Conrad Weiser ,

and w e r e stat i one d at various poi nts from the Del e

war e to th e S usqu e hanna Th e other compani es .

were u nder th e comm an d of Maj o rJ a mesBu rd an d

Colonel Joh n A rmstrong an d wer e stationed pri nci ,

pally w e st o f the Susqu eh a nna Th e Del a w a res .

a nd th e Sh a wanes e in cit e d and ai ded by th e

,

F rench kept up thei r war on th e English un ti l

,

1 75 7. Th e Fren ch and W e ster n Indians com

mitt e d m an y m urders among th e E nglish settle
m ents Cumb e rland B erks N orthampto n and
.
, ,

Lan caster counties w ere k ept i n continual al arm

and Indi an scalping parti e s cam e to with i n thirty
m i l e s o f Ph i lad e lphia .
 B R IE F H IS T O R Y OF LAN CAS T E R C OU N T Y . 13 9

I N DI AN TR EA T Y A T L AN C A S T E R I N 1 757 .

O n May 2 9, 1 Denny O f Pe nns

757, G overnory l ,

v a nia h el d a council wi th th e Indi an C h ie fs of th e

,

Six N ations at L a ncaster and m ad e a treaty with ,

them Th ey pres e nted th eir gri evances and s a i d

.
,

that th e F rench tol d them a sfollows $ Children

“
,

you see and we have often tol d you how th e

, ,

E nglish you r brothers s e rve you

,
Th ey pl an t ,
.

all th e cou n try a nd drive you b a ck ;so that in a ,

li ttl e time yo u will h ave no land It is not S O with

,
.

us Though w e bu il d trading houses on yo ur l ands

.
-

we do not plan t We h a ve our provisions from over

.

”
the great water The famou s chief Ki ng B eav er
.
, ,

w as also present and m ade the following spee ch

,
“
Wh en our Gre a t F ather came first we stood on ,

the Indian s p a th W e looke d to th e sun as h e

’
.

rose i n the e a st We g a ve th e E nglish venison

. .

T he E nglish gav e us many m any good things ,

.

B ut the E ngl ish trod o n ou r toes We t u rnc d our .

fa ces to the west The E nglish trod on o ur he els

. .

We walked on Th e E nglish followed We

. .

walke d on no t knowing wh ere to rest The E ng

,
.

lish were at ou r h eels F ath er we are w e ary .

, .

”
We wish to rest .

A t this meeti ng the Indi a ns complai ne d of so

m uch inj usti ce don e them by the E nglish settl ers
th a t m any con ce ssions w e re m a de by th e co un
C ilo rs This was don e to secure the fri endship and
.

good will of th e Indians and to al i enate th em

from th e F re n ch To str e n gth e n this fri endly
.
140 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LAN C AS T E R C OU N T Y .

fee l i ng th e P e nnsylvani ans agreed to furnish them

,

wi th cattl e flour an d k egs of rum

,
.

I N DI AN TR EA TI E S A T EA S T ON I N 757 AN D 758 1 1 .

In A ugust 1 757 th e Del awares Sh awanese a nd

, , ,

other tribes m ade a tre a ty wi th th e authoriti es of

Pennsylvani a at E aston In O ctober 1 758 th e
,
.
, ,

Governors o f Pennsylvani a and Ne w Jersey made

a definitive treaty wi th th e Delawares und e r th ei r
C hi e f
,
T e ed yu s c u ng and wi th the Six N ations
, ,

the Co noys th e N anti cokes and oth er tribes at

, ,

E aston . Sir W i lliam Johnson and o th e r agents

w e re also present Th e Indians agr e ed to a ces
.

sation O f hostili ti es an d to tak e up arms wi th th e

E nglish against th e F rench .
’

B A RR A C K S FO R TR OO P S A T L AN C A S T E R .

A fter th e E nglis h u nd er General Joh n F orb e s had

, ,

taken F ort Duqu e sne [d u kan e] from th e F rench -

i n N ovember 1 758 that post was garrisoned b y a

, ,

part of Forb es s expedi tion u nd e r C olonel Hugh

’

M e rc e r ;whil e th e o ther troops were m arched to

an d quartere d at L a n cast e r R e adi ng a nd Phila ,

delphi a The c i tiz ens of thos e plac e s compl ai ned

.

gr e atly on account of t h e condu ct of th e sold i ers

an d th e oppressio n of th e o ffi cers The A ssembly .

of Pennsylvani a after vai nly remonstrating agains t

,

th e s e ou trages ordered a barracks for 500 m en to

,

be ere cted at Lan caster i n 1 759 Willi am B aus ,

.

m an wasappoi nted barracks m aster -

.

C ON TI N UE D I N DI AN OU TR A G E S .

The Shawanese and the West e rn Indians still

comm i tt e d m urders and oth er outra ge s on th e
142 BR IE F H IS T O R Y OF LA N CAS T E R C O U N T Y
—
.

scalps mangle d bodi e s h ack ed

, ,
l i mbs th ese w e re
th e e vi denc e s of Indi an cruel ty and barbarity Such .

horr i bl e si ghts an d fi e ndish atro cities ex c i ted th e

fi e rcest rag e an d i n dignation among th e p e opl e of
Paxton Hanov er an d Don ega l townsh ips ;an d th ey
,

b e cam e desperate i n th eir d e term i natio n for re

veng e on th e savag e butch ers of their ki nsm e n and
relatives .

I N D I AN S C L O S E L Y W A T C H E D B Y T H E P A XT ON A N D D ONE G A L
R AN G E R S .

Th e C onestoga In dians h ad n e ver be e n at war

wi th th e whi t e s and h a d always be e n classe d as
,

fri endly Indi ans B u t several oth er fri en dly

.

Ind i ans tol d the whites th at Bill Sock a well ,

known Conestoga In di an had commi tted several ,

m urders C o lo nel J o h n Hambrigh t Mrs Thompson

.
,
.

an d A nne Mary L e Roy of Lancaster borough and , ,

A lexand e r Steph en an d A br a h a m Ne wcom er of ,

Lancaster cou n ty m a de a ffi dav i ts aga i nst Bil l

,

So ck sayi ng that he h ad made threats of m urder

, ,

an d th at h e h ad bee n seen acting susp i c i ousl y .

India ns had been trace d by sco uts to th e wigwams

at Conestoga The Paxton an d Donegal Rangers
.

watch ed th e h ostil e and friend ly Indians very

cl osely In September 1 76 3 th e Indians elu ded
.
, ,
“
th e ir closely searching pursu e rs Th e Paxton .

Boys a nd th ei r neighbors after vainly asking pro ,

t ec tio n from th e Governor and provin cial a u t ho ri

ti e s a t Philadelphia det e rmi ned to str i k e terror
,

in to all In dians by ext e rminating the Con estoga

tribe and thus pu t a stop to Bill Sock s and G e orge
,
’
 BR IE F H IS T O R Y OF LA N CA S T E R C O U N T Y 143

Sock s prowling aroun d the count ry and to their

’

d a n ces a t Conestoga .

M A S S A C R E O F T H E I N DI AN S A T C ONE S T O G A B Y T H E PA $
T O N B OY S .

O n Wednesday December 1 4 1 76 3 a company

, , ,

of abou t sixty men from Paxton Hanover an d ,

Donega l townships calle d the Pa x ton B oysa nd

, ,

comm an ded by Captai n Laz aru s Stewart attacke d ,

th e Conestoga Indian town i n Manor township , ,

and b a rbarousl y massacred th e six Indians at

hom e among whom was th e ol d ch i ef S h ah eas
, ,

who had alw a ys been noted for his fri endship

tow a rd th e whites Th e oth e r five vi ctim swere a
.

son of S hah easGeorg e Harry Sally an d another

, , ,

ol d wo man Most of the In dians were absent at

.

th e tim e A fter slaugh tering an d scalping th e six

.

at hom e th e Paxton Boys burned th e I ndi a n hu ts

, ,

thus destroyin g the vill age Th e n ews reach e d .

Lancaster th e same day through an Indian boy

who escaped and a Coroner s j u ry wen t t o the
,
’

scene of th e tragedy Bill Sock an d several oth e r

.

Indians who h ad gon e to Thom as Sm ith s Iron

,
’

Works in Marti c township to sell baskets and

brooms fled for protection to Lancast e r borough
, ,

as di d th e Indians Joh n Smi th an d his wife Peggy

with th eir child an d young Jo e Hays who h ad
, ,

been at Peter S warr sabo ut two and a half mil es ’

,
-

north wes t from Lanc a ster Th e magi strat e s o f

-

Lancas t er brought th e oth er survivors i nto town

t o pro t ec t th eir l ives condol ed with them o n th e
d ,

massacre of th e ir kinsm e n took th e m by th e hand ,

144 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LAN CAS T E R C OU N T Y .

and promised th em protection The Ind i ans w e r e .

pl ac e d i n the n e wl y ere ct e d work hous e to i nsure -

th e ir safe ty Wh en the n e ws of th e m assacre

.

r e ach ed Phi ladelphia and the eastern co unties o f

Pennsyl vani a i t caused great e xcitem ent among
th e Q uak ers and th e coloni a l authori ti es ; an d
Gov e rnor John P e n n issu ed a proclam ation d e ,

no u ncing th e ou trage and o fferi ng a large r e ward

for th e arrest and punishm ent of th e m urderers .

M A S S A C R E O F T H E C ONE S T O G A S A T L AN C A S T E R B Y T H E
P A XT ON B OYS .

Th e Paxton Boys wer e two m u ch exasperated

an d too terribly i n earnest to pay any attent i on
to th e Governor s proclamation ; and as soon as
’

they h eard th at th e o th er C onestoga Indians were

at Lancaster they proceeded to th at to wn storm ed ,

th e j ail and work ho us e an d m ercilessly massacre d

-

th e fourteen In dians confined th ere for protection ,

Tu esday December 2 7 1 76 3 The unarm e d an d

, ,
.

defenseless Conestogas prostrate d themselv e s with

their children befor e thei r i nfuri ated m urderers ,

protesting their inno ce nce and their love for th e

English a nd pl eading for their lives ;bu t the only
,

answ e r made to their piteous a ppe a ls was th e

h atch et Th e m urderers di d their work with
.
'

r i fl e s tom ah awks a nd scalp i ng knives Th e vi c

,
-
.

tims were horr i bly butch ered som e hav i ng their ,

brai ns blown ou t oth e rs the i r legs chopped o ff

, ,

oth ers thei r h ands c ut o ff B ill Sock an d his

.

wi fe Molly an d th eir two childr e n h ad th e ir h e ads

spli t op e n and scalp e d Th e other v i ctims were Joh n
‘

.
146 B R IE F H IS T ORY oF LA N CAS T E R C O UN T Y .

Sm i th and h is wi fe Peggy Capt a i n John a nd his

,

wife B etty an d th eir son L ittl e John th e li ttl e ,

boys Jacob Christy and Li ttl e Pet e r an d Peggy

, ,

and a noth er little girl The m a ngled bodi es of

.

th e vi ctims were all bu ried at Lan caster Su ch .

was the sad end O f the Conestoga Indians th e rem ,

nant of th e once powerful S usqueh anno cks who a ,

ce ntu ry before h el d domi nion over a ll the o t h ei

In di an tribes of th e S u squeh ann a Vall ey and those
on the shores of th e Ches apeake Sher i ff Joh n H a y .
,

of L a ncaster county at on ce wrote to Governor

,

Joh n Penn a t Philadelphi a i nforming hi m of this ,

second m a ssacre Thereupon th e Governor issu e d

.

anoth er pro cl a mation d eno u nc mg th e murderers

,

and o ff ering a l arge reward for their arr e st and pun

ish me nt bu t wi tho u t e ff ect
,
.

T H E P A XT ON B OY S AT PH I L A D E L PH I A .

A s soon as the Paxto n Boys h e a rd th at the

Moravian Indians had been pl aced for s a fety i n th e
b a rracks at Phil a d e lphi a th ey pro ceeded to th a t
ci ty and spread t error a mo ng itspeopl e Governor .

John Penn fled to Dr Frankli n s house for s afety ;

.
’

a nd only t h e vigorous m e a sures of t h e i nh abitants

saved the ci ty from th e fury of the exasp e rated

Pax ton Boys who were disposed to wreak venge
,

an ce on th e authori ti es an d the Quakers w ho had

u nderta ken to prot e ct th e Indians The Paxton .

Boys fin a lly conclu de d to return peacea b ly to their

hom es l eaving two of their num b er J ames Gibson
.
, ,

an d Matthew Smi th to presen t th eir V i ews to Gov

,
 B R IE F H IS T O R Y OF LAN C AS T E R C OU N T Y . 147

c ruor Penn an d to l ay thei r grievances before th e

Governor and th e As sembly of Pennsylvani a .

M A S ON AN D DIX ON S L I NE ’
.

In 1 76 1 th e Bri tish governm ent appointed two

eminent surveyors George Mason an d Jerem iah
,

Dixon to ru n a li ne between Pennsylvani a and

,

Maryland so a sto end the long dispute bet ween

,

those two E nglish coloni es abou t th e boundary line

betwe en them These surve yors finis h e d thei r
.

work i n 1 76 7 and the lin e fixed by them has ever

,

sin ce be e n c a ll ed M a s on s a na D ix o n sL ine This

’ ’ ’
.

lin e forms the sou th ern bou ndary of Lancaster

county as well a sof th e S tate of Pennsyl vania .

N E W T O W N S HIP S .

O n peti tion of th e inhabit a nts th e Lan caster ,

co u nty court erected th e north eastern part of -

Warwi ck township i nto a new township called

E tzz a oetnfrom th e furn a ce of th a t n am e i n 1 757
’

, ,

and the north e a stern part of Don eg a l township

-

into a new township called M o u nt j oy in 1 759 ,

.

During this pe r iod also M a no r township was

, ,

formed o ut of th e Conestoga Manor whi ch had ,

hi therto been th e sou thern part of H empfie ld town

ship an d S t ra s bu rg township was form ed ou t of
that part of Leacock township south of the Pequea ,

whi ch th e n i n clu d e d wh at is now Strasburg and

Paradise .

A D A M S T O W N AN D M AY T O W N FOUN D E D .

In 1 76 1 Willi am A dams l ai d out A damstown ;

and i n 1 76 2 Mr Doner laid ou t Mayto w n so cal l
.
,

ed because it was lai d ou t on May day .

148 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LAN CAS T E R C OUN T Y .

FOUN DI N G O F M AN H E IM B Y B A R O N S T E IG E L .

In 1 76 0 or 1 76 1 th e e ccentri c G e rman baron ,

Wi lhelm Heinri ch Steigel who h a d m an aged th e ,

Eliz abeth iron works for m a ny y ears wh e n they

were own ed by Benez et 81 C O of Philadelphi a .
, ,

began his strange care e r A fter purchasing 2 00 .

acres of land from th e Messrs Stedm an of Phila .

delphi a h e built a grand ch ateau or castl e v e ry

, , ,

S ingular in stru cture an d aft erward lai d ou t a

,

—
town whi ch h e nam e d a fter his native C ity in Ger
many M a nn ez n This town was lai d ou t in 1 76 1
'

z .
,

and i n 1 76 2 i t h ad thre e houses A ndrew B artru ff .

,

another German father of Colonel John B artru ff

, ,

ere cted th e third house an d kept th e first grocery .

Baron Steigel erecte d a glass hous e where h e ,

carri e d o n th e m a n ufa cture of all kinds of gl ass for

ma nv y ears A ft er h im Mr Je nkins was engaged
. .

in the same i ndustry in th e sam e h ouse of whi ch ,

noth ing now remains S teigel who was a baro n i n .

,

Germany w asa n i ron m aster a gl ass ma nu fa c

, ,

turer a preach er and a te a cher ri ch an d poor at

, , ,

l iberty and imprisoned in A meri ca wh ere h e , ,

di ed a schoolm aster Th e A ssembly of Penns .

yl
vani a passed a spe ci a l a c t for his reli ef Decemb e r ,

2 4 1 774
,
Duri ng the Revol u tion he was a Tory
.
,

siding w i th t h e Bri tish governm e nt an d was vis ,

it e d a t various tim es by th e Bri t ish gen erals .

*A ni o ng t h e fi rs t s e ttl e rso f t h e t o w n w e re t h e N a a ma ns ,

Minnich sW h e rlys K a i s
, ,
e rsL o ng sa nd H e nt z e lma ns I n t h e
,
.

v i ci ni t y w e re t h e L i ght ne rsR e i s tsH ers ,

h ey sH o s tettersL e h
, , ,

ma nsL o ngene ck e rsB ra ndtsW i tme rsH ella rsa nd o th e rs

, , , ,
.
150 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LAN CAS T E R C OU N T Y
nu t Glade along the north e rn l in e o f what was
,

then Lan caster and Ch e ster count ie s wher e th er e ,

was h e avy timb e r .

L AN C A S T E R C OUN T Y M E MB E R S O F TH E A S S E MB L Y .

B efor e 1 776 Lancaster co unty e l e cted fo ur m e m

b e rs of the Pennsylvan i a A ss e mbly Th e m em .

b e rs of th e A ssembly w e re th en elect e d yearly as ,

they were th ereafter unti l 1 8 74 Duri ng th e .

earli e r y ears of the county great care was tak e n

to el e c t only m en of abili ty an d of local promi

*T ho s e fre q u e ntl y e l e cte d b fo re t h F re nc h a nd I nd i n W r

e e a a

w e re J h n W ri ght T h mas
o E d w a rd sA nd re w G lb r i th J a me s
,
o , a a ,

M i tc h ell J mesH a mi lto n nd A rthu r P tters

,
a on D u ri ng t h e
a a .

sme p e ri o d G e rg e S tu rt J o h n M u s
a o gro v e J o h nC o yl e S amue l
a , , ,

B l ns
u t o n T h o m sE w i ng T h o ma sL i ndl ey A nt h o ny S h a w
,
a , , ,

C l v i n C o o p era nd P e ter W o rra ll w ere ea ch l ecte d s

a e v e ra l t i mes e

a nd T h o msR ee d J o h n A nd rs
a o n nd S
,
mu el S mi th w e re e ch
e a a a

o nce e l e cte d T ho s .e fre q u e ntl y c h o se n du ri ng t h e p e ri o d o f t h e

Fre nc h nd I nd i n W r nd du ri ng t h e i nte r l b etw e n th a t

a a a ,
a v a e

w r nd t h e R e o luti o n w e re J m s
a a v W ri ght J mesW e bb nd
,
a e , a a

E ma nu e l C rp nte r a T hos e e el e cte d s.e e ra l ti me sdu ri ng t h e v

sme p ri o d w ere J o h n D o ugl s

a e sI s c S u nd e rsG eo rge R o s a ,
s aa a , ,

Jo s e ph Fe rree M tth i s ,S l o gh a nd J co b C rp e nt e r ; nd th o s
a a u e a a a

e l e ct e d but o nce w e re W i ll i m D o wni ng a nd I s a c Wh i t e l o c k

a a .
 CH AP TE R VI II .

DU R I N G TH E R E V O L UT I O N .

P U B L I C M EE TI N G A T L AN C A S T E R I N 1 774.

A N C A S T E R cou nty bore h er full sh a re i n th e

great struggl e for A m eri can indepen d e nce and ,

many of her sons were foun d among th e patriots who

swelled the Continental a rmi es The patrioti c .

indign a tion exci ted i n a ll the English coloni es i n

N orth A meri ca by th e pass age of th e oppressive
Bosto n Port Bill i n 1 774 was th e first occ a sion
whi ch c a ll ed forth p ubli c action i n Lan c a ster
county during th e Revolu tionary stru ggl e O n .

Jun e 1 5 1 774 the citiz ens of Lancaster borough

, ,

hel d a publi c m eeting at th e court h ouse Thi s -

.

was i n answer to a c all from the Commi ttee of

Corresponden ce of the city of Phi l a delphia sent by ,

th eir cl erk Charl es Thompson Esq to Wi lli a m

, ,
.
,

A tl ee of Lancaster and m ade known by th e latter

, ,

to his fellow townsm en This m eeti ng adopted

-
.

resolu tions censuri ng the British Parliam ent and

expressing sympathy with the Bostoni a ns It agreed .

to unit e with th e people of Phil a d e lphi a i n re

fusi ng to import or export anything t o or from
Great Brit a i n u ntil Parliam ent repealed th e Bos
t o n Port B ill A nu mber of promi nent citi z e ns
.
152 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F LA N CASTE R C OU N T Y .

were a ppoin ted a Comm ittee of Correspondence $$

for Lanc a ster to correspond wi th the Gener a l Com

,

mit tee of Correspondence i n Philadelphi a .

P U B L I C M EE TI N G O F T H E C ITIZ EN S O F T H E C OU N TY .

In answer to a requ est from th e Philadelphi a

Commi ttee of Corresponden ce for a m ee t ing of the
Pennsylvani a Assembly at Philadelphia and a ,

meeti ng of th e various cou nty committees of the

provin ce wi th th e Phi l a delphi a Commi ttee of Cor
respon dence at th e sam e tim e an d pl ace th e Lan ,

caster commi ttee m et July 2 1 774 In connection ,

.

wi th this busi ness th e L a nc a ster commi tt ee call ed

,

a p u b li c m eeting of th e peopl e O f L an caster

co unty The c al l for this m eeti ng Wassigned by
.

E dw a rd Shippen th e chairm a n of the Lan caster,

commi ttee an d printed copi es of th e c a ll were

,

sent ou t a nd posted a t a ll th e publi c places i n

th e cou nty In a nswer to this call a general
.
,

m eeting of th e citiz ens of La ncaster coun ty was

hel d at the court house i n Lancast er July 9 1 774
-

, , ,

wi th George Ross as chairm an This m e eti ng .

expressed loy a l ty to King George III but denie d .

,

th e righ t of P a rli a m ent to t a x the coloni es withou t

th eir consent expre s sed symp a thy wi th the peopl e
,

of Boston and opened a subscripti on for their reli ef ,

and call ed for a close union of all th e A nglo

A m eri c a n coloni es to resist th e un consti tu t ion a l
* d w rd S h i pp n G rg R s sJ s p r Y t s M tth i s
E a e ,
eo e o ,
a e ea e ,
a a

Sl o ugh J mesW bb $Vi ll i n Atl W i ll i m H nry Lud w i g

,
a e ,
a1 ee, a e ,

a a ,
m n a nd C h rl esH ll fo rme d t h e c o m
L u m n W i ll i a m B au s a a a

mit t ee .
154 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N CAS T E R C OU N T Y .

The A ssembly appoi nt e d th e d e l e gate s ;an d th e

Continental Congress m e t at Ph i lad e lph i a Septem ,

ber 5 1 774 ,

P A TRI O TI S M O F TH E L AN C A S T E R P EO P L E .

The patrioti c peopl e of Lancaster w e re very

m u ch in e arnest i n th e d e termi nat i on wh i ch
th ey had express e d at th e ir m eeting of Ju n e 1 5 ,

agai nst th e importation of Br i tish goods

—
1 74
7 , .

When two m erchants Josi ah an d Rob e rt Lock

—
h a rt were ch a rge d with violating th e agreem ent
m ad e at that m eeting by bri n gi ng i n t e a on whi c h
the du ty h a d b e en p a i d the committee i nvestigated
,

th e matter and onl y a cqu itted th e Lockharts wh e n

,

i t was proved th a t no d uty h ad been pai d on that

tea bu t that i t had b een seized at th e Phil a delph i a
,

custom house an d bough t by the origin al own er

-

who th en sol d i t .

C O M MITT EE O F O B S E RV A TI ON O F L AN C A S T E R C OU N TY .

Th e action of th e Continent a l Congress at Ph i l a

delphi a was as warml y sustaine d i n Pen nsylvani a
a si n th e other twelve E nglish colon i es O n .

N ovember 2 2 1 774 th e commi ttee of th e borough

, ,

of L a ncaster call e d upon th e freeholders and

el ectors of Lan caster co unty t o meet i n th e court
house at Lancaster De cem ber 1 5 1 774 This
, ,
.

m eeting w a sto be h el d for th e p urpose of el e cting

a Commi t t ee of O bservati on a srecomm end e d by ,

the Con tin ent a l Congress to all citi es towns and ,

cou nti es i n th e thirteen coloni es Printed han d .

bills for this call w e re post e d i n all publi c pl aces

throu gho u t Lanc ast er co u nty and an e l e ct i o nw as
,
 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C A S T E R C OU N T Y 155

held i n all the townships of th e coun ty for m em

bers of th e proposed commi ttee A ltogether ther e .

were seventy six persons el ected a sa Commi ttee of

-

of whi ch twenty on e were from -

P a xton U pper P a xton Derry Londonderry and

, , ,

H a nover townships now i n Dauphin cou nty an d , ,

from Hei del b erg B ethel an d Lebano n townships , ,

now in Lebanon county The obj e ct of this com .

mit t e e w a sto se e that th e agreemen t not to im p ort

to or export from Great Britain any goods was
fully observed a nd not to h av e any de a lings with ,

any one who h ad commerci al int e rcourse wi th the

—
Mother Country in other words to boy cott “ ”
,

su ch persons a swell a sBri tish goods The enemi es

,
.

of the p a triot cause w ere as closely watch e d i n

L an caster county a sin any o th er p a rt of Pe nns yl
vani a or i n a ny of th e oth er t w elve coloni es .

E L E C TI O N O F D E L E G A T E S T o A PR O VI N C I A L C ON V EN TI ON .

Th e Lan caster cou nty Committee of O bservation

m et a t th e court house at Lan c aster Janu ary 1 4 -

, ,

i n a nswer to a call from th e Phil adelphi a

1
775 ,

commi ttee to elect d e lega t eS J to a general co nv en

,
L

*Amo ng t h e m s t p ro mi ne nt me n o f L ncas
o te r co u nty el e ct d a e

memb rs f th i s C mmi ttee f O b s

e o e rv a t i o n w e re
o E d w a rd o

S h i pp e n G o rge R o s
,
sJ mesW ebb J s
e p er Y t es W i ll i am
,
a ,
a ea ,

Atl ee Ad m R e ig rt nd W i ll i am B u s
,
a m n o f L nc s
a a t er b o r a a , a a

o ugh ;B rt r m G lb r i th nd Al e x nd e r L o w ry O f D o negal
a a a a a a ,

P ete r G rubb o f W rw i c k ;E m nu el C rp ente r nd A nth o ny

,
a a a a

E ll m k e r o f E rl t o w ns
a ,
hi p a .

TA d m S i m n K uh n J me sB u rd J m sCl ms
a o on ,
P et r a ,
a e e ,
e

G rubb S b s ,
ti n G r ff D i d J enki nsa nd B rtra m G lb r i th
e a a a ,
av a a a

w e re pp i nte d d l e g te s
a o fo r L nc ster co u nty in t h e p r p o s
e a ed a a o

v enti o n o f th e pro v i nce o f Pe nnsl v ani

i Q

con y a .
156 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C AS T E R C OU N T Y .

tion of th e provi nce of P e nnsylvani a to m ee t a t

Phi ladelphia J a nu a ry 2 3 1 775 E dward Shipp e n
, ,
.

was C hosen chai rman of th e m eeting A com .

‘

mu nica t io n was read from th e B erks county com

mit t ee urging patrioti c action .

C O M MITT EE M EE TI N G AF T E R T H E NE W S F R O M L E X I N GT ON .

The n ews of th e first bloodsh e d in th e R ev o lu

tion at Lexington an d Con cord Massach usetts , ,

re a ched L a n caster o n Tu esd a y A pril 2 5 1 775 si x , , ,

days after the o ccurren ce of the mom entous event .

Th e borough commi ttee m et two days later A pril ,

2 7 1 775 at the Grape T a v ern th e ho u se of A d am

, , ,

R e iga rt to t a k e any a ction deem ed necessary E d

,
.

ward Shipp e n presi ded at th e T his

m eeting c a lled a meeting of the cou nty commi ttee
a t A d a m R e iga rt s house on Monday Ma y I s t a nd
’
, ,

printe d hand bills o f the call were circul a ted i n all

-

p u bli c places throughout the cou nty Th e cou nty .

committee m et at th e appointe d t iine and pl ace ,

a nd resol ve d to form m ili t a ry compani es to defen d

th eir rights and liberti es with th eir li ves an d fo r r

tu nes .

MI L IT A R Y C O M P AN I E S FR O M L AN C A S T E R C OU N T Y .

Th e w a rlike a ction of the cou nty commi ttee was

followed withi n a week by th e formatio n of m ili
tary companies c a lle d A s so oz a to rs The first of
'

th ese L an c a ster county compani es i n the R e v o lu

*T h e th e r me mb rsp res
o e nt w e re W i ll i m Atl
e W i ll i m a ee, a

B us
a m n W ll i m P tte rsn Ch rl esH all C s
a ,
i a a o ,
p e r S h ff n r
a ,
a a e ,

E b erh rt M i ch el a nd Ad a m R e ig rt
a a a .
158 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LAN CAS T E R C OU N T Y .

O L D C O U RT HO US E . (C EN TRE S Q U AR E . )
 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C AS T E R C OU N T Y . 159

by the Continental Congress Colonel George .

Ross was C hosen presi den t of th e m e eting an d ,

Colonel Davi d Clym er secretary This m ilitary.

convention ele cted Dani el Roberdeau and Jam es

Ewing brigadier generals of th e Flying C a mp
-
.

B R ITI S H PRI S O NE R S A T L AN C A S T E R .

Many British prisoners were confined at Lan

caster a t di ff eren t times during th e Revolu tion ,

from O ctob er 1 775 to th e end of the w a r A mong

, ,
.

thes e prisoners were th e Hessians captured by

General Washington at Tren t on December 2 6 , ,

1 776 ,
a nd th e Bri tish prison ers captured at Prin ce

ton Janu a ry 3 1 777 Many O f th e B ri tish an d

, ,
.

Hessians made prisoners by B urgoyn e s surre nder ’

at S a ratoga O ctober 1 7 1 777 were confin ed at

, , ,

Lancaster and Y ork A mong th e prisoners a t .

Lan c a ster at one t im e was the unfortunate M aj or

A ndre I nJ u ne 1 777 th e prisoners at Lan caster
.
, ,

cause d great al a rm by threatening to burn th e

town a nd Congress took me a su res to guard th em
,

mor e s e curely In 1 78 1 there was a darin g plot

.

among the prisoners at th e Lancaster b a rracks to

e ffect their escape but the plot w a sdiscovered i n
t im e to prevent i ts being carri ed ou t and they ,

were closely gu arded by A m eri can troops under

General Haz en .

I N C ID EN T S A T L AN C A S T E R E PH R A T A A N D M AN H E I M
, .

Dr John Ke arsl ey Christoph er Carter and a

.
,

m an nam e d Brooks were arreste d i n Philadelphi a

o n a char e of t r e ason i n try i n t o in d e B r it is h
g g u c
160 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LAN CAS T E R C OUN T Y .

troops to invade P e nnsylvan i a an d oth e r colon i es .

These m en w e re sen t to Lan caster and wer e ,

there confin e d dur i ng th e fall and winte r o f 1 775 . .

O v e r 500 wou nd ed A m er i can sol diers from th e

battl e fi eld of Brandywi ne Sept e mber 1 1 1 777
-

, , ,

were brough t to Ephrata wh e r e 1 50 of th e m di ed ,

.

Wh en th e British took poss e ssion of Philad el

phi a Sept e mber 2 6 1 777 th e Contin ental C on
, , ,

gress fl e d from that city to Lancast e r bu t after an

i nformal m eeti ng h er e th ey went ov e r to Y ork ,

wh e r e th ey m et September 30 1 777 and remai ne d , ,

i n sess i on unti l th e following Ju n e

Wh i le th e Bri tish o ccupi e d Philadelphi a the Con
t ine nt a l m on ey was pri nted at E ph rata A m erican .

soldi ers were qu artered at th e barracks at L ancas

—
ter d u ri ng th e winter of 1 777 78 an d also i n the ,

Lu th eran an d Reform ed ch urch es at Manh e im .

C OU R S E O F T H E N O N -
R E S I S T AN T S E C T S D U RI N G T H E WA R .

Th e only consi d e rabl e bo dy of p e opl e i n L ancas

ter county who oppos e d t h e action of th e patriots ,

and who were th erefore denou n ced by th e patr i ots

“ ” “
as Tori es and e nemi es of A m eri ca w e r e th e ,

non resistant se cts su ch as th e Quak e rs th e Men

-

, ,

noni tes and th e Dunk e rs whose reli gion t e ach e s ,

th em not to bear arms and not to resist const i tu t e d

“
au thori ty as St Paul sai d
,
. Resist no t th e
”
powers that be for th ey are ordai ned of God
, .

These sects beli eved i t wrong to tak e u p th e sword

“ ”
or to r e sist th e powers that be u nd e r any cir ,

stances B esi d e s this th e M e nnon i t e s w ho had

.
,
16 2 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F LA N CAS T E R C O U N T Y .
 CH APTE R IX .

A FT E R TH E R E VO L UT I O N .

E R E C TI ON O F D AU PH I N A N D L E B ANON C OU N TI E S .

N 1 78 5 Harrisburg w a sfounded o n the site o f

H a rris F erry by Joh n H a rris son of Jo h n Har
’
,

ris th e p i oneer Indian trader ;and i n th e same year

,

the Pen nsylvani a L e gislature on petition of th e ,

i nhabi tants e rected all th a t p art of Lanc a ster

,

county north of th e Conewago creek wi th p a rt of ,

N orthumberl and county i nto a new county calle d ,

D an p h i n. In 1 81
3 the State Legislature on peti ,

t i on of th e inhabi tants erected a new co unty ,

call e d L e ba no n ou t of Leb a non B ethel and

, ,

Heidelb e rg townships L a nc a ster county with part

, ,

of Dauph in co u nty th us reducing Lan caster

,

coun ty to its present limits .

L AN C A S T E R T H E S T A T E C A PIT A L — L AN C A S T E R C IT Y
. .

Lancaster was the c a pi t a l of Pennsylvania from

1 799 to 1 8 1 2 when th e State capi tal was remove d
,

to Harri sburg O n peti tion of th e C i t iz ens Lan

.
,

cast e r was in corporated as a city by a C h art e r

grante d by act of th e State Legislatu re i n 1 8 1 8 .

—
Two of Pen nsylvani a s Governors are buri ed at ’

Lancaster Thomas Wharton wh o died th ere i n ,

1 8
77 ; a n d G e n e ral Th o m a s M iflli n fiw h o h ad bee n ,
16 4 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F L A N C AS T E R C OU N T Y .

Governor twelve y ears and who had also been ,

presiden t of th e Contin ent a l Congress He die d .

th ere whil e a m ember of the Legisl a ture and his ,

rem ains li e buri e d at th e Trini ty Lu th eran Church ,

on Sou th Duk e street .

B O R OU GH S O F L AN C A S T E R C OUN TY .

S muel Wrigh t son Jam es Wrigh t and gra nd

a ,

son O f John Wrigh t the pioneer settler O f Wrigh t s

,
’

F erry l ai d out th e town of C o lu mbia on i ts present

,

site in 1 78 7 T his pl ace was one of three si t e s

.

proposed i n Congress i n 1 790 asth e place for th e

—
permanent capi tal of the U ni ted St a tes th e oth e r
two be ing Phil a delphi a a nd the si te of the
present capital Columbi a was in corporated by
.

act of th e State Legisl a ture i n 1 8 1 4 Jam es A n .

d e rso n laid ou t th e town Waterfo rd at A nderson s ’

F erry in 1 80 4 n ext to ~the town of N e w Haven

, ,

whi ch h a d bee n lai d ou t by Davi d Coo k i n 1 80 3 .

In 1 8 1 2 those two towns were i n corporated as a

borough c a lled M a riett a by act of the State
,
,

Legislature Th e V ill a ge of S t ra s
. bu rg founded ,

before 1 740 was in corporated as a boro ugh by a ct

,

of the Legisl atu re i n 1 8 1 6 .

In 1 80 7 th e village of Woodstock w a sbuil t o n

the river in Manor township a few mil es sou th of
, ,

Col umbi a In 1 8 1 1 Jacob Dri tt laid o u t th e tow n

.

of W ashington on th e site of this V illage an d in

1 8 1 4 Joseph Charles l a i d ou t Charl eston j ust north ,

of Washington I n 1 8 2 7 th e two towns were iii

.

c o r o ra t e d by a c t o f th e State Le i slatu re as th e
p g
16 6 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LAN CAS T E R C OU N T Y .

sio n of th e l arger townships i nto two i n order t o ,

se cure better townsh ip governm ent and to provid e

better school facil iti es .

T U R N PI K E S A N D R A I L R O A D S ‘

A bo ut a cen tury ago great attention was pa i d to

turnpike roads i n Pennsyl van i a The turnp i k e .

leading from L a n cast e r to Philadelphi a was erect e d

i n 1 79 2 and is the ol dest turnpike i n the U n i ted
,

mpfi eld to w ns
*I n 1 8 1 8 H e h i p w a sd i v i d e d i nto t wo to w nshi ps ,

c a ll e d re sp ec ti v el y E a st H e mpfi ela a nd Wes t H em pfi e la

’ ’
.

I n 1 8 2 7 t h e w es tern p a rt o f E arl t o w ns h i p w asfo rme d i nto a

ne w to w ns h i p c ll e d Wes a t E a rl I n 1 83 8 C o c l i c o t w ns
. hip a o

w s a d i i d e d i nto th ree new to w ns

v h i p sna me d res p c t i el y E a s
e ,
t v

C oca lico Wes ,

t C oca lico nd E ph ra ta a I n t h e sme ye r ( 1 83 8 ) . a a

D o ne g l to w ns
a h i p w sdi v i d e d i nt t w o ne w to w ns
a h i p sc ll e d
o ,
a

re s pe ct i v el y E a s t D o neg a l a nd Wes t D o neg a l I n 1 841 L a m .

p ete r to w ns h i p w sd i v i d e d i nto t w o ne w t o w ns
a h i p s name d re ,

s p e c tvi e ly E a st L a mp e t e r a nd W e s t L a m peter I n 1 842 t h e .

h l f o f Wes
a t D o nega l t o w ns h i p b o rde ri ng o n t h e ri r w a s v e

e re ct e d i nt o ne w t o w ns
a h i p call e d C o no y I n 1 843 th at p art o f .

L ea co c k to w ns h i p no rth o f M i ll C ree k w sfo rme d i nto a new a

to w ns h i p c ll d U pper L ea cock I n t h e sme year ( 1 843 ) t h e

a e . a

e s
a tern h l f O f S tr s
a bu rg to w ns
a h i p w as re cte d i nto a new to wn e

s h i p c ll d Pa ra d is
a e e I n 1 844 t h e w e s
. tern h l f o f L i ttl e B ri ta i n a

t w ns
o h i p w sfo rme d i nto a ne w to w ns
a h i p n me d F u lto n in a ,

h o no r o f R o b e rt Fulto n w h o w asb rn w i th i n it sl i mi ts I n
,
o

1 846 t h e w e s te rn p rt o f W rwi ck to w ns
a hi p w a sfo rme d i nto
a

a new t o w ns h i p call e d Penn in h o no r o f Wi ll i m P e nn I n

,
a .

1 851 t h e e s t e rn h l f O f E rl t o w ns
a a h i p w a se recte d i nto a new
a

to w ns h i p name d E a s t E a rl I n 1 8 53 th ree ne w to w ns h i p sw e re
c rea t e d —
.

the e s te rn p a rt o f M rti c b e i ng e recte d i nto new

a a a

to wns h i p call e d Pro v id ence t h e eas tern h al f o f C o nes to ga i nto

a ne w t o w ns h i p n me d Pequ ea nd t h e e s
a te rn h al f o f E l i z a
a a

b eth i nt o ne w to w nsa h i p call e d C lay in h o no r o f H e nry Cl ay , .

I n 1 855 t h e w e s tern p art o f B a rt t o w ns h i p wasfo rme d i nto a

ne w t o w ns h i p call e d E d en .
 BR IE F H IS T O R Y O F L A N C AS T E R C OUN T Y . 16 7

States The other turnpikes in th e coun ty were

.

afterward constru cted The Philadel phi a and .

Columbi a Railro a d was completed abou t 1 8 3 5 .

This railro a d was a fterw a rd extended from Col um

bia to H a r risburg T he H a rrisburg and Lancaster
.

Railroad by w a y of Mo u nt J o y a nd E liz a bethto w n

, ,

uni ted with the o t h er rai lroad at D ille rv ille a nd

near Mi ddletown m aki ng t w o r a ilway rou tes from
,

Lanc a ste r to H a rrisburg Th ese bec a m e part of .

the great Pennsylvani a Railroad completed i n ,

1 854,
thus establishi ng on e continuous railw a y lin e
between Philadelphi a and Pittsburg .

L AN C A S T E R C O U N T Y D U RI N G T H E WAR O F 1 812 .

During the second war b etween th e U nite d

States a nd Great Britain i n 1 8 1 2— 1 81
5 L a n c a ster , ,

county fu rnish ed a l arge number of sol di ers for th e

U nited St a tes servi ce bu t no compani es se nt from
this county took p a rt i n any battl e C a ptai n John .

Hubley comm a n ded a company from L an c a ster .

During the British i nvasion of M a ryl an d a nd attack

on B a ltimore i n 1 8 1 4 G overnor Simon S nyder
, ,

called ou t the mili ti a of L a n c a ster and th e neigh

boring cou nties i n all a bo ut ,
m en to rendez ,

vous a t Y ork Th e c a pture a nd burni ng of Wash

.

ingt o n brough t out many volunte ers from L a nca s

-

ter county ;but non e of th e militi a a nd volunteers

from this coun ty were called to meet th e en emy ,

as th e Bri tish retire d from Maryland after thei r

repulse a t B al timore .
16 8 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F LAN C AS T E R C OU N T Y .

L AN C A S T E R C OUN TY D U RI N G TH E W A R W ITH M E XI C O .

D u ring th e w a r betwe en the U nited States and

Mexi co from 1 8 46 to 1 8 48 Lancaster cou nty fur
, ,

nis h e d a consi derabl e number of vol u nteers for th e

a rmi es of Ge nerals Scott and Taylor bu t no com
p a ny w asorga niz ed i n this county for that servi ce ,

and th e volunte ers who went from h ere j oin ed d if

fe re nt comm ands at H a rrisburg Philadelphia and ,

other pl a ces A mong those from Lancaster city

.

was H A Hambrigh t aft er wards a colon el i n th e

. .
,

Civil Wa r Som e of the L anc aster cou nty v o lu n

.

teers served u nder Gen er a l Taylor at P a lo A lto ,

Resaca de la P a lm a Monterey a nd B uen a Vista ;

,

and oth ers served un der General Scott at Vera

Cruz a t Cerro Gordo a nd at th e battl es before th e
,

Ci ty of Mexi co
S L A V E R Y AN D TH E UN D E RGR OU N D R A I L R OA D .

In 1 780 the Pennsylvan i a Legislature passed a n

a c t for th e gradu a l a b oli tion of sl avery in the
St a te . The Qu ak ers were very a c t ive i n t heir
opposi t ion to slavery S l a ves were h el d i n man y
.

parts of L an caster county T he O ld iron m a sters .

-

were th e prin cip a l slave hol ders i n this county -

Curtis Gr u bb bei ng t h e largest owner of S laves .

Whi le the Pennsylv a nia L egislature was discussing

the act of 1 780 Colonel A l ex a nder Lowry of
, ,

Doneg a l township th en a m ember from Lanc a ster

,

cou nty a l though himself a sl a ve hold er u rgently

,
-

appe a l ed t o th e Legislature t o i nsert a clause i n

the l aw to preven t slav e fam ilies from being
divi ded a nd sol d to di ff erent masters T here were .
170 B RIE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N CA S T E R C OU N T Y .

i ng sl aves could direct and p a ss th e fu gitiv es

from one fri end to another Th e prin cipal of
.

“
these stati ons i n L anc a ster cou nty were C o
l umbi a a nd Dani el G ibb o nssplace on e mil e west
’
,

of Bird in Hand Som etimes h a lf a doz en or more

- -
.

ru n a w a y sl a ves were pl ace d i n the care of th ese

s ecret agen ts This was done so se cre t l y th at
.

very few were ever discovered an d prosecuted an d ,

for this re a son this secre t concert of action w a s

“ ”
call ed the U nderground Railro a d This c a used .

m u ch ill feeli ng between th e peopl e of the Free

St a tes and those o f th e S lav e S tates .

T H E C H RI S TI ANA RI O T .

Th e first confli ct a nd bloodsh ed i n th e U nite d

St a tes c a used by the F ugitive Sl a ve Law passed ,

by Congress i n 1 8 50 occurred at Christi a na Lan

, ,

caster cou nty A gang of k i dn a ppers iii th e vi ci n

.

i ty of the Gap h ad be en i n th e habit of catching

free negroes an d selling them a ssl a ves i n the
S ou th . The n egroes and thei r whi t e friend s i n
S a dsbury to w nship put th emselves on t heir gu ard ,

secretly a rming themse lves a nd k eepi ng w a tch

a g a i nst surprise from str angers a nd suspi cious
ch a r a cters O n September 9 t h a nd ro t h 1 8 51
.
, ,

S a m uel Willi ams a colored ma n reporte d th a t h e

, ,

h ad seen a number O f strangers T here were thre e .

ru naw a y sl aves i n the house of Will iam P arker a ,

colored ma n livi ng ne a r Christi ana These were .

cl ai med b y E dw a rd Gorsu ch a M a ryla nd sl ave ,

lI O ld e r who O b tained a w a rr a nt for th ei r arr e st

,
 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F L A N C AS T E R C OU N T Y . 1 71

from the U nited S t a tes Commission ers i n Phila d e l

phi a U nited S t a tes Deputy Marsh a l Henry H
. .

Kli ne was handed th e w a rrant Kli ne a nd a few .

assistants from th e neighborhood a ccompani ed by ,

E dward Gorsuch th e claimant a nd his son Di ck

, , ,

inson Gorsu ch and sever a l relatives J M Gor

, ,
. .

such Joshu a Gorsuch and Dr T hom a s Pe a rce an d

,
.
,

sever a l oth er men appeared a t P a rker s house ,

’

before daylight on September 1 1 1 8 51 and , ,

att e mpted to take a w a y th e runaw a y slaves by

force Th e report of a gu n a nd th e blowi ng of a
.
‘

di nner horn by the inm a tes a roused the neighbor

-

hood an d th e fri e nds of the ru naway sl aves has

,

ten ed to th e pl a ce Depu t y M a rsh a l Kline hi d .

himself i n a corn fie ld a nd Gorsu ch a nd his p a rty

-

retired a short dist a nce Castn er H a nway E lij ah .

,

L e wis an d Joseph Sc a rle t cam e to the rescue and ,

advised th e sl ave owners to l e a ve ; whil e colored

-

p e opl e a rmed wi th gu ns scyth es a nd clubs were

, , ,

comi ng from a ll direc t ions E dward Gorsu ch .

“
agai n a pproached th e house sayi ng $ I will h a ve ,

my property d ead or a live His sons an d .

nephews followed him but th e n egroes fire d ,

u pon th e party E dw a rd Gorsu ch w a smortally

.

wo unded a nd one of his S l a ves spli t his h ead wi t h

,

a cornstalk cutter His son Di ckinson Gorsu ch

-
.
, ,

was badly wou n ded Joshu a Gorsuch a nd Dr . .

Pearce were also woun ded The latter only saved .

his li fe by t aking Castn e r H a nw a y s a dvi ce and ’

ri ding a w a y o n his h orse A S h e left a S how e r of .

,

m issil e s was sent a fter him This even t caused a .

172 BR IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C AS T E R C O UN T Y .

great s e nsation throu gho ut th e coun try an d led t o ,

the d efe at of William F Johnston for Gov e rnor by .

several thousan d vot e s Th e n e gro Joh nson wh o .

,

shot his m ast e r arrived safely i n Can ad a by th e

,
”
the U nd e rground Railroad Co nstables from .

Lan caster terror i z ed the n eighborhood a nd took ,

m a ny colored m en to j ail C a stn er Hanway .

,

E lij ah Lew i s Joseph Scarlet an d m any colored

,

me n were arrested an d i ndi cted for treason i n the

,

U ni t e d St a tes Co u rt at Philadelphi a Hanway .

w a sfirst tried a nd was acqui tted ,

Th e others .

were not brough t to trial There w e re th ree .

j urors from Lan caster county o n this noted case

Peter Marti n of Ephrata township ;J a m es M Hop
,
.

kins o f Drumore township ;an d James Cowden o f

, ,

Col umbi a .

O P E R A TI O N S O F TH E FU GITIV E S L A V E L A W A T C O L U M BI A
The first retu rn of a fugitive slave to h is m a ster
un der th e F ugi tive Sl ave Law o ccu re d at Col um
b ia i n th e fal l of 1 8 50 when Willi am Baker a , ,

ru n a w a y sl ave w asarreste d a nd return ed to his

,

m a ster Th e colore d people of Colu mbi a after

.

ward bought his freedom Th e first m a rtyrdom .

u nder th e F ugi tive Slave Law also o ccurred at

Col umbia A pril 30 1 8 52 A lbert G Ridgely a
, ,
. .
,

sl a ve catch er from B al timore and a on e arme d

- -

m an name d S n
,

yder a rrested a co lo re d man n amed

'

William Smi th cl aim i ng him as a sl a ve owned by

,

George W Hall of Harford county Maryl and

.
, ,
.

The colored m an brok e a w a y from his captors ,

whereupon Ridgely S ho t him killing him instantly ,

.
 CH APTE R X .

DU R I N G T H E C I V I L WA R A N D S I N C E .

L AN C A S T E R C OUN T Y D U RI N G T H E C IVI L W A R .

A
S i n e v e rv o th er part of th e loyal S tat e s th e ,

attack on Fort Sum ter i n A pril 1 8 6 1

, , ,

arous e d th e patrio tism of the peopl e in Lancaster

county and nobl e responses were made to Pres i
dent Lin col n s calls for troops
’
Thou gh th i s
.

county was the h om e of Presid ent Bu ch an an dur ,

ing whose administration the plans of the R e b e ll

i on were prepared it was also th e home of Thad
,

d e us Stevens who was th e l ead e r of the m aj ority

,

i n th e N ation a l House of Representatives whi ch

a ssiste d i n devisi ng measu res for th e suppr e ssion

of the Sl aveh ol der s Rebell i on Th e regim ent

’
.

composed wholly of vol un teers from Lancast e r

county w asth e well known 79t h P e nnsylvani a
-

commanded by Colonel Hambrigh t wh i ch took ,

part i n th e b a ttl e of Chi ckam auga a nd i n Sher ,

m a n s A tl anta camp a ign an d his m arch th rough

’

Georgi a and the Carolin as Th e Pennsyl vani a

.

Reserves h a d thei r du e share of m en from Lan

caster cou n ty m a ny O f whom lost thei r li ves i n
,

defense of th e U nion on the m any b a ttl e fiel ds of

th e Rebellion S ol di ers from Lancaster cou nty
.

were foun d i n greater or l e ss nu mb e r i n a bou t

S i xty oth er re gim e nts from Pennsylvan i a wh i ch
 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F LA N CAS T E R C OU N T Y . 1 75

served for longer or shorter periods during th e war ,

as well as i n several militi a regi m ents called ou t

for a few months duri ng th e Confedera te invasions
of Maryland a nd Pennsylv a ni a i n 1 8 6 2 and 1 8 6 3 .

The 47t h regiment O f Pennsylvania militi a of 1 86 3 ,

commanded by Colonel James Pyle Wi ckersh am ,

pri ncipal of th e Millersville S tate N ormal School

h a d among i ts m embers th e stu d ents of th a t insti
t u t io n whi ch closed i ts session for sever a l months
,

i n consequen ce of the invasion .

A L A RM C AU S E D B Y TH E C ONFE D E R A T E I N V A S I O N S .

The i nvasion of M a ryland by the Confederate

army u nder General Le e i n September 1 8 6 2 , ,

caused gre a t alarm i n Lanc a ster cou nty as well as ,

i n a ll th e border counti es of Pennsylvani a ;but

this alarm subsided after Lee s defeats at South ’

Mount a i n and A nti et a m a nd his retreat i nto Vir

,

ginia Th e peopl e of L a nc a s
.
s t e r a nd th e oth er
s outhern counti es of Penns y lvani a were a gai n
greatly alarmed when Gen eral Lee s army march ed ’

north i n June 1 8 6 3 and invaded Marylan d an d

, ,

Pennsylvani a Thousands of farm ers fro m F rank

.

lin Cumberl a nd A d a ms a nd Y ork co unti e s fled

, ,

i nto Lancaster coun ty with th ei r horses an d ,

rem ai ne d during the i nvasion The a l a rm i ncreased

.

as th e i nvaders cam e nearer a nd when t h ey o ccu

,

pi ed Gettysburg H a nover and Y ork sh elled Car

, ,

lisl e and thre a tened H a rrisburg th e p e opl e of ,

L an caster county a s w ell as those o f o th er co unti es

, ,

w a rmly responded to th e c a lls of President Li n

coln an d Gov e rnor C urtin for troops for th e de fens e
176 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C AS T E R C OUN T Y .

of Pennsylvania against the i nvaders Compani e s .

of Lan caster coun ty militi a u n d e r Colonel E ml en ,

F rankli n were at all th e ferri es and towns of the

,

Susqu ehann a from th e Dauphi n cou nty li ne t o the

borders of Maryland When a Confe derate detach .

m ent u nder General E arl y occupi ed Y ork Jun e 2 7 , ,

1 863 ,
a bri g ade of mi li ti a was sent to hol d the
bri dge at Col umbi a Less th an . m e n crossed
th e ri v e r to Wrightsville an d fortified th ems e lves ,

on th e h eigh ts back of th e to wn but were soon ,

driven from th eir posi tion by a Confederate de

t a c h me nt and force d to recross th e river to C olum
bia In order to preven t th e inv a ders from cross
.

ing the river Colonel Fri ck caused th e bridg e to

,

be burn ed down that evening S und a y Ju ne 2 8 , , ,

1 86 3 . A l l alarm p a ssed away with th e gr e at d e fe a t

of Lee s army at Gettysburg a few d a ys lat e r an d
’
,

th e re tre a t of th e i nvaders from th e State .

T H E P A TRI O T D AU GHT E R S O F L AN C A S T E R .

A mong th e m a ny soci eti es organiz ed by wom e n

throughou t th e loyal States to mi nister to th e
w a nts of th e sol di ers th e first was a t L a nc a ster ,
.

O n A pril 2 2 1 8 6 1 t en days a ft er th e att a ck on

, ,

Fort Sumt e r th e l a di es of Lan caster h el d a m eet

,

i ng at the court house an d formed an asso ciation

-

c a lled the Pa trio t D a ng /t lersof L a nca s te r Th e .

o fli c ers of this asso ci ation w e re $ Mrs R Hubley . .

,

presi dent ; Mrs E E R e iga rt vi ce presi dent ;

. . .
,

Miss A nn i e A Slaymaker s e cretary ;Mrs J F

.
,
. . .

Lon g t reasur e r
,
.
 C HA P T E R $ I .

A G R I C U LT U R E .

I N DI AN FA R M I N G I N L AN C A S T E R C OU N TY .

H E Indians were th e first farm ers i n Lan caster

cou nty . A mong them th e farm work was
don e l argely by th e squaws A fter th e trees h ad
.

be en gird led and tri mm ed do wn by the m en th e y ,

scratch ed th e grou nd wi th crooke d sti cks and ,

levele d i t wi th shells an d sharp ston e s Th e i r .

crops were generally corn and beans Th e corn .

stalks a nd weeds were b u rn e d to the ground i n th e

fall O f th e year The obj ect of this was to prev e nt
.

th e sprou tin g of the forest tre e s Th ere was one

—
.

variety of trees a m ost persistan t grower a ki nd

—
,

of scrub oak th a t baffl ed all th e i r e fforts E ven

-
.

fire wou l d no t kill i t These scrub oaks after

.
-

alternate b urnin g an d sprou t i ng formed thi ck ,

kno tte d clumps on the surface of th e groun d th us ,

m aki ng the tilling of it very d ifli cu lt for th e wh i te

peopl e who afterward be cam e its possessors There
,
.

usuall y rem a i ned som e uncultivated land whi ch , ,

aft er the burni n g stopped was soon overspread

,

—
wi t h youn g forest trees To thes e th e n a m e
.

w a sgiven
”
of G ru b e nland a nam e d e rived
”
from th e word grub m ean i ng i n th e Germ an
,

langu age “
a sm a ll tre e ”
A gre at nu mber o f
these In di an fields wer e foun d i n Lan caster cou nty .

O n e l ay j ust west of th e present borough o f L i tit z .

A noth e r and l arg e r on e was i n Ephrata townsh i p ,

 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F LA NC AS T E R C OUN T Y 1 79

between Mi ddl e Creek a nd th e Co cali co Th e .

forests i n th ese som e t imes be cam e so dense th a t

cattle str ayi n g into th e m were hard to find B ells .

were for this reason put on som e of th em to in

, ,

d ic a t e the wh ere a bou ts of th e herd To the sam e

.

end bells were put on horses that w e re tu rned ou t

,

to p a sture duri ng th e nigh t .

T he Indi ans h a d also th eir d eer p a stures These .

were th e n a tur a l meadows wh ere i n e a rly ti mes th e

grasses had grown into a so d too close for t h e seeds
of trees to lodge T hese meadows th e whi te set
.

t lersenl arge d a nd irriga ted in this w a y convert

,

e d them i nto valu able p a sture lands Thus wh en .

t h e first wh i te se ttlers came to wh at is no w Lan

c a ster county th ey found three ki nds o f l a nd
th e lim estone portion mainly covered wi th he avy
,

timber ; th e sh al e a nd sandston e ri dges i n th e

sou th ern bel t covered with light timber ;an d th e
,

m eadow l a nds i n terspers e d wi th swamps

,
.

EA R L Y FA RM I N G I N L AN C A S T E R C OUN TY .

The st a pl e farm pro du cts of Lan c a ster cou nty i n

early days were spel t b a rl ey o a ts rye corn bu ck
, , , , ,

wheat fl a x hemp a nd a variety of garden v e ge

, ,

tables Whe a t subsequently took th e pl a ce o f bar

.

l ey and spel t O rchards were soon pl a nted and th e

.
,

farm er had abundan t crops of fru i t Th e imple .

m ents used i n farmin g in th e very earl y tim es

were th e Germ a n scyth e the S i ckl e an d the flail
,
.

These were suppl a nte d later by th e E nglish scy th e

a nd th e gr a in cradle Plough s were early i ntro
.
.

d u c ed bu t wer e very r u d e and c u mbrous

,
.
180 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LAN CAS T E R C OU N T Y .

In 1 8 1 4 forty Stat e banks were e stabl ished i n

Pen nsylvani a Spe cul ati on ran wild th e pr i c e of
.
,

fa rm l a nd advancing to $ 200 an acre The pani c .

that cam e on a li ttl e more th an twen ty years after ,

as a consequ e n ce of th e fai lure of these banks ,

a ffe cted th e pri c e of these farm l ands gre a tly bring ,

i ng i t down i n a short t i m e to $ 5 0 an acr e Many .

persons who h ad purch ased lands at hi gh pri c e s ,

wi thout su ffi cien t m one y to pay thei r full valu e ,

foun d themselves bankrupt These were palmy .

days for th e Sheri ffs who be cam e very ri ch In ,

.

these tim es the j ails wer e fille d wi th debtors th e ,

l aw of imprisonm en t for debt no t h avi ng yet been

abolish ed i n this State .

N ew l an ds were now taken up by som e persons ,

an d th e timb e r u pon them cu t and sold som e ,

times for fire wo o d Someti mes the saw m ill ers and
-
.
-

wagon m a kers bought it an d i n oth er cases th e

-

i ron m aster purc h ased i t an d co nverted i t into

-

charcoal for furn a ce use .

The lan d cl eare d i n this m a nner w a s farmed

usually for s e veral years until it w a s worn ou t and ,

th en wasab a ndoned Many of th ese b a rren tra cts

.

exist e d i n Lan c a ster coun ty and h ave been sin ce ,

re cl ai med and cul tivated To fertiliz e these bar .

ren fiel ds l an d plaster was first use d The far

,
-
.

m er gen erally sow e d i t broadcast on th e grass

fiel ds an d sprinkl ed i t on the you ng corn and the
,

th e g a rden vegetabl es i n th e early spri ng A b o u t .

1 8 20 lime was i ntro du ced a s a fertiliz er and by i ts

'

j udi cious u se m an
y of these “
ligh t ”
or wo rn o u t -
18 2 B R IE F H IS T O R Y OF LA N CAS T E R C OU N T Y .

an early tim e is still use d i n this co unty bu t h as

, ,

been greatly i mproved Instead of th e b ulky drag .

wi th wooden mould board i t is no w a li ght easy -

, ,

runn i ng i mpl em en t with smooth gro u nd chill e d

iron and ste el worki ng parts .

Th e first horse rak e s w e re very simple In 1 8 30

-
.

th e double tooth tumbli ng grai n rak e was i ntro

- -

d u ced This h as more l at e ly been su ppl anted by

.

th e Wi re tooth e d sulky ra k e whi ch wi th one m an

-

, ,

and a horse can do as m uch work a sformerly

,

required six m e n in the same l ength of tim e a nd ,

certainly wi th m uch l ess expense of muscular

power .

The preparatio n of th e grou nd for wh e a t was no

sm a ll t a sk i n th e earl y days The wheat grou nd .
-

was plowed twi ce th e secon d time m erely o n th e

,

surface The farm er then walked ov er the fi e ld

.
,

scatter i ng the see d broadcast Th e field was th en .

h arrowed i n th e sam e dire ction i n whi ch i t had

'

l ast been plowed Thus the gra i n grew i n rows

.
,

and was m uc h l ess a ff ected by freezing .

A bou t 1 842 th e grai n dril l was brou gh t i nto the -

State This sowed th e grain in rows and rendered

.
,

u nnecessary th e second plowi ng .

In th ese modern days th e farmer delights i n

workin g w i th im proved cultivators h arrows rol l , ,

ers etc an d puts his grou nd i n ord er wi th great

,
.
,

ease and i n a short tim e

,
.

In I 8 5I th e first Mc C o rmick re a pers were

brought into the county Many improvem ents .

h av e been m ade in th i s r e aper si n ce th at time as ,

 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C AS T E R C OUN T Y . 183

for I nstance th e wooden cutter bar has been re -

placed by on e O f steel Various kinds of self ra kers .

-

hav e been added and these h a ve been followed by ,

self binders The enterprisi ng Lancaster county

-
.

farm er is ev e r on th e alert to se cure th e l ates t a nd

best me chani cal ai ds to d o his work a nd at pres ,

ent there ar e i n genera l u s e mach ines for lo a di ng

h a y o n th e w a gon paten t h ay forks steam thresh , ,

ers and separators ete ,

.

L A T E R FA RM I N G .

Th e fa rmer of Lan caster coun ty had oth er d iffi

c u lt ies than trees and stumps to en co un ter Weeds .

an d insects were n umerous a nd destru ctive i n many

pl aces .

Th e granary weevi l was an insect th at i nfested

barns an d frequ ently a t e o ut th e gr ai n after i t was
housed The only rem edy for this pest was st a r
.

vation By stacking the wheat i n the fields for

.

som e ye a rs keeping th e b arns entirely empty t he

, ,

farmers could eve ntu ally ri d th emselves of this in

se ct .

The potato beetl e in l a ter y ears h as tri ed th e

-

patience an d i ngen uity of the farm er to a con

s id e rab le degree an d so far as we know nothi ng , ,

but Paris gree n h as been fou nd e ffectual as a

remedy and this m ust be a dministered in repeated
,

dos e s .

It h as been Observ ed th a t sometim es a vegetabl e ,

a kind of grain or a variety of frui t will flo urish

for a tim e and th en appear to run o ut Th e pra c
,
.

t i ce h as b e en among i nt e lligen t farmers i n th e

18 4 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C AS T E R C OU N T Y .

county to plant som ething else tryi ng som et i mes ,

m a ny di ff eren t things unti l th e proper on e is found .

When th e a ppl e and th e pl um h ave ei ther wholly

or parti ally faile d their place h as be e n suppli ed by
,

the s t rawberry th e pear an d th e improved na t iv e

,

grape Western wh eat som e y e a rs a go cam e into

.

disastrous competi tion wi th th e hom e raise d whe at -

an d a sa consequen ce Lan c a ster county farm ers

turne d their a tten tion to th e cultiv a tion O f tobacco .

The l atter i nd u stry has prove d to be very success

ful an d lu crative Th e profits O f th e farm are not
.

derived wholly from th e great fields an d orch a rds .

Th e produ cts of th e dairy of th e poultry yard a nd ,

-

t h e tru ck patch are a lso very remun erative

,
Fo r .

these there is a good home market i n Lan c a ster

ci ty a nd the l arger towns of th e co unty M a rk et .

d a y in these pl a ces is ch a r a c t eriz ed by great b u stle

an d busi ness and processions of w a gons m ay be
,

seen along the pri ncip a l roads l eadi ng to th ese

towns on th e gre at m a rke t days The farm e rs .
’

wives an d d au ghters give to th ese a peculi ar a nd

i nteresting pi cturesqu eness .

The m arke t wago n of lo ng ago and th at of

-

to day are i n striking contrast Th e form e r w a sa

-
.

h e a vy whi te covered four horse wagon an d in

-

,
-

those days c a me to m a rket once or thri ce a year .

Th e latter is a ligh t easy ru nning one horse ,

-

,
-

spring wagon drawn by an active well fed tro t

, ,
-

ting hors e and now carries th e m a rk et products to

,

the city once or twi ce a week .

186 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F L AN C A S T E R C OU N T Y .

O I L S AN D S u B S O I L s
S .

Th e various states in establishi ng and equip

,

i ng surveys for th e thorou gh stu d y of th e geology ,

h ad for th eir Obj ect the developmen t of their agri

cul tu ral an d mi neral we a l th Th e relt aio n of
.

geology t o good fa rming is i ntim ate B ut y et i t .

is d oubtful wh ether those to be b enefit t e d always

realiz e this Su ccessful tillage an d at th e same
.
,

tim e improvem en t o f th e soil depe nd largely upon

,

a thorough knowledge o f the soils a nd subsoils

to be oper a ted u pon Thei r nature ori gi n an d
.
,

subst a n ce must be understood Knowing th e matute.

and origin of the soil th e m eans by whi ch i t ma y

,

be most C he a ply i mprove d m ay be de termi ned .

T hen agai n the i ncre a se i n th e average of the

a rabl e surface must be m ad e to k eep pace with

th e i ncre a si ng popul ation and n eeds of the State .

T his i nvolves th e use O f fertiliz ers an d th ey m ust ,

be of such a min eral ch aracter as to be a dapted to

the nature of th e soi l and to supply i ts w a nts .

C O MP O S ITI O N AN D H O W FO RM E D .

Soils and subsoils are composed of v a ri abl e mi x

tures of sand and clay wi th consi derable propor
tions of vege tabl e mol d and i ron oxi de They also .

contain s a l t s of li m e a nd m agnesi a and som e alka

li es as pot a sh a nd sod a with ph o s
, , p o ric acid T h ey .

h ave bee n produ ced m ainly by th e deca y and wear

of the ro c k surface through the action of water
,
.

T he u nion of th e oxygen of th e water wi th some

of the constitu en ts O f th e rocks forms n ew co m
pou nds an d breaks up the r e si due Th i s action i s .
 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C AS T E R C OUN T Y . 187

oft e n facili tated by the roots of tr e es Growing .

into th e crevi ces wi th in creasing siz e th ey force ,

th e rocks ap art an d furnish l arger surface for th e

action of chemi c a l a gen ts .

A C TI ON O F W A T E R .

Water in th e form of i ce and frost is th e most

importan t factor i n th e prod uction of th e soils .

N early always presen t i n t he rocks i t by its e xpa n , ,

sion i n freezi ng spl its th em and gr a du a lly red u ces

,

th e m to small parti cl es These m ove d by ru nni ng

.

water rubbing agai nst another and scoring th e ,

s u rface over whi ch th ey are carri e d are a ctive ,

agents in erosion Th e process goes on year aft er

.

year until w h a t w er e once l a rge angul a r ro cks b e

com e fin e s a n d an d mu d the sil ts th a t m ak e up
,

the soils an d sub soils of the earth s surface

-
’
.

C L AS S ES Q R S O IL .

Soils m ay therefore b e th e result of decomposi

tion of the ro cks a bove whi ch th ey li e and couse ,

qu en tly of th e sam e ch ar a cter ; or th ey m ay be

produ ced in the same m anner but removed by ,

water to other sections or regions The latte r .

are call ed soils of lra ns o rla lz o n th e fo rme r s i s

’

fi o l ,
w

of Sou th of th e 3 9t h par al lel i n

the E a stern U ni ted S tates most of th e soils b elong
to the latter class ;north of th a t p a ra lle l to s oils .
-

O f transportation carri ed by th e gre a t glaci ers

,

that once exis t e d th ere B y disin tegr a tion the

.

most important soils are th e sa n dstone t h e sh al es ,

an d soft cl ays th e l i m e stones grani ti c and that

, , ,
188 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F L A N C AS T E R C OU N T Y .

resulting from breaki ng up of trap an d other vol

ca mi c m ateri al .

S h a desand s of t sla t e swhe n ever they contai n a

large am ou n t O f argillaceous matt e r form h eavy

and comp a ct soi ls Th ough they h ave a great deal
.

O f reten tiveness yet th ey are di ffi cult to ti ll suc

,

c es sfu lly an d th erefore un desirabl e

,
Wh e n h ow .
,

ev e r th e clayey el em ents are mixed wi th a s

,
u ffi

ci e nt am ou nt O f S and th ey form ligh t and loamy

lands easy of till age a nd su ffi ci ently retentive of
,

water a nd fertiliz ers O n the oth er h a nd soils.

,

derived from th e breaki ng up of s mz d s

to u e are no t
so desir a bl e They are so open and porous th at
m
.

moisture is r a pi dly evapor a ted from the T his .

makes th em subj ect to extrem es of temperatu re for ,

a dry san dy soil u nder direct sunlight becom es

gr e atly heated Then too i t rapi dly loses its heat
.
, ,

by radi ation a t ni gh t Sandstones cement e d to .

gether with cl a yey m at e ri al by disintegration form

som ewh at better soils more reten tive of fe rtili z mg
,

age nts O n th e whol e however th e s a ndstone

.
, ,

soils are of low grad e .

Th e limes to ne soils are of high grad e Most of .

th e m hav e been produ ced by the bre aking u p of

l i m eston e rocks by th e action of wat e r wh i ch a t , ,

th e sam e tim e dissolves o ut th e

.

,
He a vy ,

cl ayey soils are thus produ ced U sually how ever .

, ,

th ey con tai n su ffi ci ent san d to m ak e th em ligh ter

L i me isp res
* ent ins u ch s u ffi ci ent q u a nti ti es
o i l sh o w e v e r ins , ,

to s
uppl y th at i ngre d i e nt fo r l o ng ti me t o t h e mo s t ex h a u s
a ti v e
amo ng co mmo n cro p s —to b cc a o .
190 BR IE F H IS T O R Y O F LAN CAS T E R C OU N T Y .

an d rai n Th e capi llari ty i s i n cr e as e d and fert i

.
,

liz ersof the proper ch a racter are made to ai d th e

p rocess These a re m ade to i nduce th e four co n
.

d it io nsof fertili ty I
) easy pe n etrabil i ty by roots ,

( )
2 retentiveness ( 3) color an d
, (4) textur e Th e , .

l ast t wo a re e sse nt ial con diti ons i n th e absorption

of th e solar heat .

Th e rene w a l of th e soi l is s e cure d by both n at .

ural and artificial me a ns A s shown by Darwin by .

exp e rim en t an d a long seri es O f Observations earth ,

worms do a great de a l for the farm er The worms .

bu rrowing throu gh the soi l loosen it up Th ey .

fe ed upon earth containing som e veget a bl e mol d ;

and this i n passi ng through t h eir bodi es is m ad e
, ,

more avai labl e for plant T h ey as well as th e .

,

expans i on cause d by freez ing give greater capil ,

la rit y to th e soil .

Th e se natural agents ar e largely a i ded by the

—
artifici al m eans b y the hoe th e h arrow and th e ,

plow Then furth er the ren ewal m ay b e ai ded by

.
,

de ep ti ll age by subsoiling an d by th e use of fe rti

, ,

liz ers .

T /t eso ils of L a nca s

te r cou nty are a ll chi efly soils
of disintegration an d therefore partak e of th e
,

nature of th e ro cks upo n whi ch th ey li e The .

sou th ern belt comprisin g m a i nly th e l a nds lying

,

i n th e six lower townships has soils deri ved for th e ,

grea t er p a rt from gn e isses and mi ca schists Th e y -

.

a re not n early so fertil e as those of the belt j ust

north of i t bu t i n some sections th e cultivati o n

,

of grai n and tobacco is carried on wi th good su ccess .

 B R IE F H I S T OR Y O F LA N C A S T E R C OU N T Y . 19 1

The l i mestone soils the most produ ctive i n th e

,

cou nty are i n th e cen tral v a ll ey an d o ccu py a n

, ,

a rea of a bout 300 squ a re miles T h ey have re .

s u lt e d not a lone from decay of th e rocks bene a th ,

bu t have been further enri ch ed by detritu s b rought

from oth er areas In a l a rge part of the vall ey
.
'

th erefore th e soil h as th e texture a nd fertili ty of

,

the best O f bottom l a nds .

The bre a ki ng u p O f feld sp a r an d thorough mi x

- -

ing w it h san d and som e oth er i ngre d i ents has furth er

enri ched this belt a nd h as a t th e sam e tim e pro
,

d u ce d extensive b e ds of bri ck cl a y -
.

j ust north of th e lim eston e l ands is a bel t o f

sh al es stretching east and west for som e distanc e
through t he county The bel t i s brok e n a nd o c
.
,

c u pie sdi ff erent ridges often separated by v a lleys

,

wi th entirely di ff eren t soils .

The sandstone soils cover t h e m esozoi c ro cks O f

th e north ern border They a re very vari a bl e i n
.

color tex t ure a nd thi c k n ess a nd Oft en di ffi cult to

, ,

work T h ey l a ck re t e n t iveness bu t w it h s killfu l

.
,

cu lti v a t ion good crops h a ve been raised T hough .

not produ cing so great a yi eld of grai n per acr e ,

th e wei ght per bush el is h eavi er than th at grown

i n lim estone sections .

W O O D L AN D S O N TH E DI FFE R EN T S O I L S .

The prim i tive forrests of the central valley

m ust h a ve been stately and beautiful N ow onl y .

isolate d woodl a nds rem a in wi t h stately oaks wal , ,

nu ts an d sh ell barks m aj esti c elms and the beau

-

if u l ash i n locali ti es favorabl e to their growth .

192 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F L AN C A S T E R C O UN T Y .

In th e oth e r geological belts the trees are o f som e

what small er siz e be caus e O f S lower growth B ut
, .

their w oo d is of fin er grain .

S PRI N G S .

T he beau ti ful str e ams O f Lancaster cou nty ar e

fed by spri ngs that are abu nd a n t in n e a rly all sec
tions Th e character of th e spri ngs an d of their
.

waters vary wi th the geologi cal format i on Th ey .

ar e most abundant in th e sh al e l ands w here th ey ,

are small a nd th eir waters soft In th e lim estone .

bel t th e springs are of d eeper origin th e waters ,

a re clearer an d impregnated wi th carbonate o f

lim e whi ch gives th em thei r h ardness In this bel t
,
.

th er e are m any b eau tifu l springs of strong flow and ,

pur e w a ter Th e Li ti tz Spri ngs i n th ese respects

. ,
,

are j ustly celebr a ted O thers are no less remark

.

abl e bu t l ack th e s u rrou ndings and the histori c

,

i n t erest a t tach ed to Li ti t z .

Th e energy of th e peopl e i n conne ctio n wi th th e

ri ch est n atural endowm en ts O f soil a nd clim ate has
m ade L an c a ster cou n ty pre e mi n en t ly the greatest
''

agri cultural secti on i n the U ni te d Stat es With .

a to tal l an d a rea of -
a cres no l ess than ,

acres is u n der s killful an d profit a bl e cul

t iv a t io n .This l eaves abo ut 1 5 per cent O f th e .

total area unprodu ctive B u t m u ch of this proba.

,

bly more than one h alf is forest l an d of high valu e

-

, ,

being covere d wi th m aj esti c oaks .

Th e cou nty contains abo ut farms thus ,

m aking th e averag e siz e O f each farm abou t 52 5 6

acres of improve d land Th e r e si den ces an d farm
.
194 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F L A NC AS T E R C OUN T Y .

n u e from th is i ndustry e xce e ds $ 500 0 00 every ye a r

. .

A nother important source of i ncome is th e d a iry ,

produ c i ng about pounds of bu tter .

Wi th only on e C i t y m arke t to su pply wi th milk

an d bu tter th e co unty still ranks high i n dai ry
,

produ ction The report O f the Com mission er of

.

A gri culture at Washi ngton i n 1 8 78 stated that

, ,

th e best farming i n th e U nited St a tes is done i n

this re gi on and th e census O f I 880 showe d th at
,

this cou nty produ ced fift y per cent more a gri .

cu ltur a l produ c ts th a n any o t her cou nty in t h e

U n i on
.
 CH A PT E R XII
E DU CAT I O N .

EA R L Y M ENN O N IT E S C H OO L I N P E Q UEA V A L L EY .

th e Swiss Mennoni te settl ers i n the

I Pequ e a vall ey n ear th e site of Willow Street
N 1
7
12

, ,

i n the present W e s t Lamp eter township e rected a ,

log stru cture to serve the two fold purpos e of a -

m eet i ng house for religious worsh i p on Su nday

-

an d for secular instru ction during th e we e k Th e .

latter consisted chi efly i n teaching th e children to

read an d wri te Su ch te a ch ing was i n accord a n c e
.

wi th th e precepts of Menno Simon th e fo under O f ,

t e Mennoni t e se ct who advised his follo wers to

h ,

t e a ch th eir ch ildren to read and wri te to spi n and ,

to do other ne cess a ry a nd proper l abor su i ted to

th ei r a ges and persons Th e schools i n th e Pequ ea
.

and Conestoga valleys a re now among the b e st i n

t h e cou nty .

S C H O O L S O F TH E S E V EN TH D AY B A PTI S T S A T E PH R A T A .

In 1 73 3 th e Seventh Day B aptists est a blish ed a

school at Ephrata This school was su ccessfully
.

co ndu cted for many years A m ong the b ran ch es .

taugh t were th e cl a ssi cs German an d musi c ,

.

Much atten t ion was devote d to a very pe culi a r

kind of vocal m usi c Penm a nship is believed t o
.

have been taugh t by two wom en wh o m ad e some

fin e chirographi cal charts or i nk p a i ntings wh i ch
,
-

,
lilti B RI E F H IS T ORY o nLA N C A S T E R C O U N T Y .

a re st i ll in ex i sten ce Th i s sc hool wasatten d ed

.

by pu pi ls from a bro a d a nd w aso ne of t h e fi rst ,

boar d ing schoo ls i n A m eri c a .

T he fi rst teach ers o f th i s E ph rata school were

Conr ad B eissel a nd Lu dw i g Hack er B e i ssel was .

t he fo un d er a nd le a d er o f t he Seventh D a y B a p
t is ts and w a sa g o od t e a ch er and a n expert i n
,

mu s ic . H e d ie d in ( 76 8 H i s su ccessor J oh n
.
,

Peter Mille r tr ansl a t e d t h e D e cl a r a t i on o f l u d e

,

e nd e n in to fi ve d i f
f e ren t l ngu ges for th e
p c e a a

U ni ted St a t e s G overn me nt a nd coul d s peak L a ti n ,

flu ently .

ln I 74o L udwig H a cker fo rm ed a pl a n o f hol d

i ng a school o n S a tur d a y a ft e rn o on the S a b b a th ,

o f t h e Seventh D a y B a ptists T his wa st he fi rst .

S a bbath school recor d e d in his t o r y L u dw i g .

H a ck er con d u cte d th e school su ccess fully thirty

seven y ears u nt i l Se ptem ber 1 777 wh en the
, , ,

bu il d i ngs were given to th e U ni ted S t a tes ( lo v e m

m en t for a hos pi t al ( ) ve r 5o o woun d ed A mer i c a n
.

s o l di ers from t he ba ttl e hel d of llI a nd yw ine were -

‘

c a r e d fo r th er e T he S a b b a th s c ho o l w a sd iscon
'

t i nned fro m th a t tim e T he n o ted o ld cl a ssi c a l

.

school w a sa ls o fin a lly cl o se d .

EA R L Y M O R A VI AN S C H O O L S .

I n 1 745 t he M o ravi a ns est a blished a sch o ol ne a r

Re a ms t o wn T he te a ch ers occu pied th e school
.

house a nd wer e instru cted t o te a c h th e ch i ld ren

,

of th e c o mmuni ty a nd to give religious ins t ru c

t ion to t h e pa ren ts o n Sun d ay whenever the regular
mi niste r wasa bsent .
198 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C A S T E R C OU N T Y .

EA R L Y S C H O O L S O F L A N C A S T E R C ITY .

As early a s1 746 schools were establish ed i n L a n

c a ster b orough by German Prot e st a nts belonging
to the L u theran and German Reformed ch urch es .

Th ese s chools were at first intende d only for the

children of m embers of those ch urch es Th e .

teachers were th e organists O f th e ch urches A s .

org a nists th ey w e re paid salari es by th e church .

A S teachers th ey were pai d by those who were able

to pay whil e th e ch ildre n O f th e poor were taugh t
,

fre e of cost These schools were ve ry su ccessful ;

.

an d from 1 745 to 1 784 they a fforded a lmost th e

only opportuni ti es for edu catio n in the cou n t y ,

except the schools of E phra t a a nd L i t itz and th e

classi c a l school at the Pequea Presby teri an ch urch
i n Salisbu ry township .

Th e high est eccl esi a stical bodies of the Luther a n

and Ger man Reformed C hu rch es ma ni fested great
i nterest i n th ese chu rch schools of L an c a ster ci t y .

Th e Reformed S ynod of A mst e rdam i n Holland , ,

sent teach ers and books here and elsewh ere In .

1 746 th at synod sen t th e Rev Mi ch ael Schl atter

.

to establish schools He su cceede d very w ell i n

.

L an cas ter In 1 752 th e provinci a l au thori t i es of

.

Pennsylvani a appoi nted a commission to esta blish

schools in th e provi nce Am ong the m e mb e rs of
.

this commission wer e G overnor j a mes Ham i lton ,

of Pennsylvania B e nj a mi n Frankli n a nd Conr a d

,

Weiser .

In 1 750 th e Mor a vians of Lancaster buil t a par

s om a ge and school house o n th e corner O f O ran ge
-
 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F L A NC AS T E R C OUN T Y . 19 9

a nd Market streets T h ese buildings are yet

.

s t andi ng tho ugh the school h asbeen discontinu ed

,

for m a ny ye a rs In 1 750 this Mora vi a n school w a s

.

t a ugh t b v George and Susan O h ne b erg .

In 1 76 0 th e Reform ed church had a school i n

L a ncas t er taugh t by Mr S toy a nd a t tende d by
,
.
,

s ix t y pu pils T h e early te a ch ers of this school

.

w ere sen t t h ere b y th e Refo rm ed ch u rch i n Hol

l a nd a nd th e reports of th e school w ere k ept among
,

th e procee dings of th e ch urch th ere .

A bou t 1 78 0 an a cademy for boys was established

i n L a n c a ster b y j a sper Y eates a nd o thers Th e .

Y ea t es A c a demy w asa t first ver y su ccessful bu t ,

w as s u bsequen t ly supplan ted b y F ranklin College ,

w hi ch w a sopen ed i n 1 78 7 and w a sco nducted ,

under t h a t name until 1 8 2 1 .

O L D S C H O O L I N C AE R NA RV ON .

A s e a rlv a s1 750 th e B a n g or Church S chool was

i n o pe ra t l o n i n C a erna rvon t o w nship This w a s .

condu cted under t h e a uspi ces o f th e Bangor Epis

cop al church In 1 790 George Hudson an d N a
.

t h a n E v a ns l eft l egaci es {a th e B angor church ,

minis t er a nd school T his s chool a ft erw a rd b e

.

cam e a priv a t e su b scriptio n school bu t h a slong ,

ago ce a se d to exist .

O L D S C H OO L I N S A L I S B U R Y .

A S early as1 760 a noted classi cal school exist e d

n ear th e Pequ e a Pres b y teri a n chu rch i n Salisbury ,

t ownshi p T his school was fou nded an d t a ugh t

.

b th e R e v R ob e rt Sm i th D D an d wasa cl as
y .
, . .
,
200 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N CASTE R C OUN T Y .

s
ical an d th eologi cal i nstitu tion of th e highest
character L a ti n was th e Onl y l anguage a llowe d
.

to b e spok en i n th e school room and a ny on e who -

spoke a word i n any othe r langu a ge w a smarked a s

a deli nqu en t O ne O f th e teachers who ai de d Rev
. .

Dr Smith was j a m es Waddell afterw a rd the cel e

.

‘
,

b ra t e d blin d pre a cher of Virgi nia th e su bj ect of ,

William Wirt s composi tio n en ti t le d T ae B lind

’

P rea cn A mong the Rev Dr Sm i th s pupi ls

—
’
er . . .

w ere th r ee of his sons Sam u el S tanhope S mi th ,

j ohn Bl air Smi th and William Smi th S a mu el .

Stanhope Smith was th e first president of Hamp

den Sidney Coll ege Virgini a ,
.

Th e most emin ent of Rev Dr Smi th s pupils . .

’

w a sj ohn Mc Milla n D D th e apostl e of Presby

,
. .
,

t e ria nis m i n the West a nd th e fou nder of j e fferson ,

Coll ege at Cannonsburg Washi ngto n coun t y

—
Pennsylvania th e fa mous pre a ch er a nd t each er
, ,

of th eology i n his log c a bi n The Re v Dr Mc . . .

Mill an sen t more m en i nto th e mi nistry th a n any

oth er ma n i n A m eri ca before the tim e of theo
logi c a l semi naries A ong o t hers wh o attai ned .

promin en ce was a n earl y Governor of Pe nns y l

vani a Rev Dr Smi th s school ende d wi th his
. . .
’

death i n 1 79 3
,
.

EA R L Y S C H OO L S O F EA R L T O W N S H I P .

A s e a rly a s1 76 5 a log school house was standing -

at L a urel Hill i n E arl township ,

The sam e .

ground is still use d for school purposes In 1 772 .

a school house w a sbuil t i n W e averl a nd A bou t

-
.

1 8 one w a sbu il t in Hinkletown In the sam

7 3 e .
202 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F L A N C AS T E R C OU N T Y .

tim e wh en th e common schools were not in session .

In a ccordance with th at act schools have sin ce

,

been i n s e ssi on during th e sum mer .

O L D S C H OO L I N D ON E G A L .

It is known th at as earl y as1 772 a log school

house stood near th e O ld Don egal P r esbyteri a n
ch urch whi ch h ad been erected i n 1 72 2 full h a lf
, ,

a century before . In this log edifice a parochi a l or

ch urch school was kept T h is school house .
-

w a s constru cted of h ewn oak roof floor ,

and furni ture consisting of th a t materi al .

Here th e common bran ches a nd th e doc

trin es O f th e Presbyterian ch urch were t a ugh t .

A nigh t school was also h el d on ce a week for those

who were not a ble to a ttend the d a y school Thi s .

O ld Don eg a l school w a s supported by subscri ptions ,

“ ”
an d th e teach ers bo a rded round T he cou nty
.

court appoi nted trustees to visi t th e school on ce

i n si x months Th e school w a sdiscon ti nued wh en
.

th e publi c free schools cam e i nto existen ce .

EA R L Y S C H OO L S O F S TR A S B U RG B O R OU GH .

A s early a s1 790 a family school existed in

Strasburg borough This school was taught by
.

th e Rev N a th a ni el W Sampl e wh o re ceived a

. .
,

number O f stu dents i nto his house Mr Sampl e s . .

’

ch i ef Obj e ct was t o a id yo ung m en to prepare

th emselv e s for th e ministry Som e of his pupils
.

afterward becom e very prominent Presbyteri an

clergym en .

A bou t 1 8 0 0 j oh n VVhites id e e stabl i sh e d a clas

 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F L ANC AS T E R C OUN T Y . 208

sica l school i n Strasburg borough in w hi ch Latin , ,

Greek a nd Hebrew were taught .

In 1 80 8 a celebrate d classi cal academy w as

established in S t rasburg b orough by the Rev .

Robert E lliott who w a sa fterward a cha plain to

,

Congress Th is ac a de my w asa tten de d by pupils

.

from Del a w are a nd Maryl a nd a swell as from

'

Pennsylvani a It w asa fterw a rd condu cted by N e a l

.

Mc C lo y .

O L D S C H OO L IN L ITT L E B RIT A I N .

The E astl a nd school i n Lit t le Bri t a i n to wnship

, ,

was i n existence as e a rl y as 1 79 6 .

T H E S C H O O L S O F L AN C A S T E R C O UN T Y F R O M 8 9 T O 834 1 0 1 .

U nder t h e la w O f 1 80 9 embr a cing the peri od ,

from 1 8 0 9 to 1 8 34 l ittle w a sdone to edu cate the

,

chi ldren of th e m a ss of th e people There were few .

good t e a chers except i n the city the b or ou ghs

, ,

a nd th eir vi ci niti es The furni ture was ru de ;a nd

.

t h ere was no app a r a tus no su itable text books ,

-

,
“
no classific a tion T he schools were call ed pau
.

”
per school s and were despised by the ri ch and
,

shunn ed by th e poor U nder th e la w O f 1 809 th e

.

schooli ng of th e poor chil dren was pai d for by the

cou nty a nd su ch chil dren were classe d a s poor
,
“

” “ ”
schol ars or cou nty schol a rs Thus th e law
.

created a n unpl easant feel ing of caste in the

school and i n th e comm uni ty Many par e nts .

wo ul d keep th eir chil dren a t home rather than ,

say to the townsh ip assessor $ Pu t m e on th e poo r

lis t
.
”
Many poor children re fused to go t o school ,
204 B R IE F H IS T O R Y OF LA N C AS T E R C OU N T Y .

“
becaus e th ey were taunte d w i th th e remark $ O h ,

you a re a co unty schol a r .

U nder th e l aw of 1 80 9 th e exp e nse of buil d i ng

school houses was paid by volunt a ry contr i butions
-
.

Whenever a commu ni ty desired a school house -

o n e was built a t som e poin t conveni ent t o those

who con tribute d toward i ts erection Th e patrons .

of th e school sel ected trustees whose du ty i t was to ,

tak e ch a rge of the school property and to select a

teach e r for th e school If the t e acher whom th e
.

trustees sel ected w asabl e to Obtain pupils enou g h

to pay for his teaching h e woul d open th e school
,
.

If not h e woul d look for a school e lsewhere The

,
.

teacher w a sp a i d b y his patrons if they were able ,

to do so ;i f not th e tuition of th e children was

— ,

pai d by the coun ty bills for that purpose being

presen ted by the te a ch er to the Coun ty Comm i s
sio ne rs The amou nt of pav for e ach pupil was two
.

dollars per qu a rter or thre e cents per day Th e

,
.

pupi l s o utfit cost on e doll a r an d consisted of an

’
,

E nglish Re a der or a N ew Testam ent a C o mly s ,

’

or B ye rly sS pelling Book a P i ke s or Rose s A r i th

’
,
’ ’

m e ti c a sl ate a nd pen cil six sheets of foolscap

, ,

paper sti tched toge ther a smal l i nk bottl e i n a

,

broad cork stand and a goose quill

,
.

N ex t to the academ i es th e f a mily s c/z oo lswer e

,

th e best schools of th at per i od They were far b e tt e r .

th an th e trustees schools Th e most enlightened

’
.

and progress i ve s chool sentim en t a t this tim e

exists i n the lo caliti e s wh e r e thos e family schools
ex i st e d .
206 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F L AN C A S T E R C OUN T Y .

chil dren of all parents ri ch and poor migh t be , ,

edu cated a t th e publi c expense E a ch ci ty bor .

,

ough an d townsh i p w a sto consti tute a sep a rate

school distri ct whose schools wer e to be m a in
,

t a ine d by general t ax a tion E a ch distri ct was to .

h a ve a board of school di r e ctors for th e m anage

m en t of i ts school a ffa irs the employment of ,

t each ers etc ,

E ach township w a s gi ven si x
di rectors and e a ch ci ty an d b orough a certai n
,

n umber i n proportion to population T he di rc e .

tors were to be el ected for a term of th ree years by

the voters at the ye arly city boro ugh and townshi p ,

ele ctions ;one th ird of th e directors O f e a ch distri ct

-

bei ng el ected each y ear .

TH E F R E E S C H O O L S F R O M 834 T O 854 1 1 .

U nder th e school l a ws O f 1 8 34 and 1 8 3 6 th e

publi c schools of La ncaster cou n ty in cre a sed i n
n umb e rs and e ffi cien cy A t th e en d O f t hese .

twenty years th ere were som e good schools i n

Lan caster ci ty and i n th e various boro ughs of t h e
cou nty There were also some good schools i n
.

som e of t h e Bu t in m any th e m odes

o f teaching were v ery defective T e a chers were in .

di fferent a nd in compe t en t cl assifica t ion was want ,

ing an d l ittl e attention w a sgiven to the you ng

,

pupils Th ere were however som e very excellen t

.

, ,

t e a c hers Som e O f t h e dire ctors a lso t ook great

.

i nterest in th e schools .

*I n th o s t D o neg l t h e H mp field st h e L m
e o f M a no r E a s ,
a ,
e ,
a

p ete rs P e qu e C o nes
,
to g S tra s
a, bu rg Parad is
a,e E rl B rt nd , ,
a ,
a a

se v e r l o th e rs
a .
 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C A S T E R C OU N T Y 207

TH E F R EE S C H O O L S S I N C E 1 854 .

school la w of 1 8 54 provided for a Cou nty

T he
S u p erin tenden t of Common S chools for each
cou n t y in Pennsylvania to b e el ec t ed every th ree ,

ye a rs by the di rectors O f th e county The du ties of .

th e County S uperi n te nd e nts are to ex amine those

w h o apply for positions as teachers i n the C ommon
schools to visi t these schools e a ch term to hol d
, ,

a n annu a l Cou n t y T each ers Insti tute and to report

’

y early th e edu cation a l progress of th e county U nder .

th e Cou nty S u perint e d e nc v the common school s

h a ve bee n graduall y adv a n cing i n every resp e ct .

T he N orm a l School la w of 1 8 57 whi ch brough t ,

i n t o existence the State N orm a l S chools h as been ,

t he m e a ns of sup plying most ex cel len t teachers .

The Coun ty S uperintend en cy a nd th e S tate N or

mal Schools are t he agen ci es to w hi ch the progress
of the common schools is i n debt e d The following .

hav e been th e Cou nty Superi ntendents of C om

mon S chools of Lancaster cou nty
J A M E S P WI C K E R S H A M fro m 1 854 t o 1 856 w h e nh e res
. i gne d
, , .

j o H N C C R U M B A U O H fro m 1 856 u nti l h isd eat h inJ nu ary

.
, a ,

1 8 59 .

D VI D
A VA N S fro m 1 859 t o 1 8 72
E , .

B F S H A U B fro m 1 8 72 t o 1 88 3 w h e n h e re s
. .
,
i gne d , .

M I L TO N J B R E C H T s
i nce 1 883
.
,
.

A C C E PT AN C E O F F R EE S C H O O L S B Y TH E S C H OO L DI S TRI C T S .

T he present fre e school system w a saccepted by

th e var ious school distri cts of Lancaster cou nty as ,

follows
IN 1 83 4 .

E s
t D o negal
a ,
M ri tt b
a e a o ro ugh , W es
t H empfield ,

E as
t H empfi eld ,
M nr a o , Wa s
h i ngto n b o ro ugh ,

S tras
bu rg b o ro ugh ,
B ar , t mo re
D ru ,

C aernarv o n ,
and fou r o th ers .
208 BR IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N CA S T E R C OU N T Y .

C o lumb i a b o ro ugh ,
C o no y ,

W es t Don g l e a , L i ttl e B ri tai n ,

S tra s bu rg to w nsh ip ,
M arti c ,

C o l erai ne , M a nh ei m b o ro ugh .

E a rl ,

IN 1 83 8 .

L a nc s
ter ci ty a .

IN 1 8 42 .

M u nt j
o oy to w ns
hi p .

IN 1 843 A N D 1 844 .

L ancas
ter to w nshi p E p h ra ta t o w ns
, hip ,
L ea co ck ,

S adsbu ry a nd E l i z b ethto w n b o ro ugh a .

IN 1 846 .

E a s
t C o cal i co .

IN 1 847 A N D 1 848 .

B reck no ck , W est E a rl , E l i z ab eth to w ns hip ,

M a nh ei m to w ns
hi p ,
W arwi ck ,
U p p e r L ea c o c k .

P e nn ,

IN 1 8 68 .

Wes
t C o c l i co a .

Th e n ew townsh i ps a nd boroughs whi ch h ave

be e n fo unded si nce the p a ssage of th e fre e school
l aw have al l acce nted th e fre e school syst e m s i n ce
th ei r format i on so th at the b e ne fice nt syst e m ex
,

is ts i n every distr i c t
F IR S T T EA C H E R S M EE TI N G—
.

S C H OO L J OU R NA L
’
.

The first teach ers m eeting i n Lanc a s ’

ter coun ty
w as h el d i n L a n c aster in j une 1 8 50 a bou t twen ty
, , ,

te a chers bei ng present A t a subsequen t m eet .

ing this so ciety adopt e d th e n a me O f th e L a n

210 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C AS T E R C OU N T Y .

Th e th ird meeting of th e Ins t itu te at Hinkletown , ,

i n N ovember 1 8 54 adopted a resol uti on c a lling

, ,

u pon th e Coun ty S uperintenden t to c a l l a Cou nty

Teach ers Insti tute to rem a i n i n sessi on three
’

months The Co un ty Superi nten den t Professor j

.
,
.

P Wi ck ersham de cl a re d his willingness to h ol d

.
,

such an Insti tu te i f he could find s u i t a ble buil d

ings The t ru stees of th e Mi ll ersville A cademy
.

O ffere d th ei r building to the County S u perint e n

den t and a greed to pay
,
to w a rd th e expenses
O f th e Insti tu te This O ffer was re a dily a ccepted ;
.

an d th e th re e m ont hs In sti tu t e w ash eld i n t h e

-
’

Millersville A c a dem y i n th e summer of 1 8 55 , ,

u n der Cou nty S uperi ntendent Wick e rs h a m sdirec ’

tion The school w a sc a ll ed th e L a nca s

. te r C ou nty
N o rma l I ns t it u t e Its wonderful su ccess in du ced
.

the trustees to conti nu e th e school as a perman en t

ins tit u t io ny a nd i t becam e th e L a nca s te r C ou nty
N o rma l S cn oo l on N ovember 1
,
18
55 wi th j oh n , ,

F S toddard as prI nC I pa l
. In t he fa ll of 1 8 56 .

Pro fessor Wi ckersham resi gned th e O ffi ce of County

S uperint enden t and became prin ci pal of the new
,

Cou nty N orm a l S chool whi ch becam e t he first ,

S t a te N o rma l S ch o o l of Pen nsylvani a on December

2, 1 859 .

D I S TRI C T I N S TIT U T E S .

The first D is t rict T ea chersI nst it u te i n Lancaster

’

co u nty was h el d i n the j ackson street school house -

i n Str a sburg boro ugh b y th e teachers o f S tras b u rg

,

borough an d township j u ly 1 2 1 8 51 A mong th e , ,

.

le a de rs inth e movem e n t w e r e D S Ki e ffe r Amos . .

,
 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F L AN C A S T E R C OU N T Y . 21 1

Row E L a mborn a nd T K White This Insti

,
. . . .

tu te a dopted ei gh t progressive resolutions a nd ,

ele cted five delegates t o the L a nca s te r C o u nty

T ea cli e rs C o nv e nt io n h el d in L a n c a ster A ugust
’
,

2 1 8 51
,
T here have sin ce been Distri ct Insti tu tes
.

in v a rious townships O f t he co unty .

UN D E R TH E A C T O F 8 9 1 0 .

F r a nkli n Coll ege closed in 1 8 2 1 for some years ,

a sdi d als o t h e pri vate cl a ssi c a l academy som e

tim e a fterward U nder the la w of 1 80 9 a number
.

of schools were opened i n L a n caster ci ty for th e

edu catio nof poor chi ldren bu t the t e a chers were ,

incompetent .

UN D E R TH E A C T O F 8 1 22 .

O n A pril 1 1 8 2 2 t h e Pennsylv a ni a Legislature

, ,

p a ssed a nact to provi de for th e edu cation of th e chi l

dren of the ci ty an d boroughs of L ancaster county
a t the publi c ex p ense U nder this law th e Court .

of Common Pl eas O f La nc a ster cou nty a ppointed

twelve directors e a ch year an d th e expenses of the ,

schools were pai d ou t of the co unty treasury A .

l arge school house was erecte d on th e sou th east

- -

corner of Prin ce and Chestnu t streets a nd w a s ,

opened for th e instruction of boys and gi rls in

1 823 .

General Lafa y ette visi ted this school i n 1 8 2 4

and addressed th e children Th e girls were tau ght .

n eedl e wor k This school lasted u ntil 1 8 38 when

-
.
,

the pr e sent free school system was a dopted by Lan

caster city Th e building i s now used for school
.

p ur pos e s by th e c i ty school bo ard

212 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F L A N CAST ER C OU N T Y .

AN C A S T E R C O UN T Y A C A D E M Y
L .

In A pril 1 8 2 7 th e Pennsylvani a Legislat u re

, ,

passed an ac t i ncorporating th e L a nca s ter C o u nty

A ca d e my . Th i s a cademy l asted unti l May 1 5 ,

18
39
,
wh en th e buil di ngs were convey ed to th e
trustees of F rankl i n Colleg e whi ch agai n open e d ,

an d used those buildings unti l 1 8 53 whe n i t was ,

consoli d a ted wi th M arsh al l College un der th e n am e

of F ranklin and Mars h all Coll ege .

TH E A B B E VI L L E I N S TIT U T E .

Th e A ooe o ille I ns t it u te was in corporated i n 1 8 3 5 ,

and was an academy of high rank Its l eading .

founders were Dr j ohn L A tle e Bishop Samu el

. .
,

Bowm an an d Honorable A L Hayes This inst i . . .

t u t io n l asted only a few ye a rs .

L A DI E S S E MI NA R Y
’
.

In 1 843 a l a di es semin a r y was condu cted su c

’

c es s fu lly in L a n c aster by j ames D a m ant .

YEA T E S I N S TIT U T E .

Th e Y ea t esI ns t it u te of Lan cas t er was in cor

r a t e d A ugust 1 8 1 8 57 for the educa t ion of

p o , ,

yo u ng m en i n all th e custo ma ry branch es o f a

thorough academ i cal course of l earnin g Th e in .

s t it u t io n w asn amed a ft er Miss C a th arin e Y eates ,

who li b erally endowed i t The school was on ce .

closed b u t reopened Sep t ember 1 1 8 78 In 1 880

, ,
.

i t w a sremoved t o the presen t b uil ding at the north

e a st corn er of Duke and Walnu t stree ts whi ch ,

h ad j u s t b ee n ere cted o n a lo t purchase d t h e yea r

'

b efore .
214 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F L A N CA s
TE R C O UN T Y .

ol d soc i e ty of th e the S e v e nth Day Baptists

at E phrata w e re i ncorporate d by the State Leg
is la t u re In 1 8 3 7 this corporatio n fou nde d th e
.

E ph ra t a A ca d e m y This . insti tu ti on was in opera

tion u ntil 1 8 55 wh en th e building was l e ased t o
,

th e school bo a rd O f E phra ta township a nd i t has ,

ever si nc e be e n used for p ubli c school purpos e s .

I N S TIT U TI ON S A T M T J O Y . .

In 1 8 3 7 C ed a r H ill Fe ma le S emina ry was estab

lis h e d ne ar Mou nt j o y by Rev Ne h em i ah Dodge .

a n en thusiasti c teach er an d an a cti ve work e r

i n e very good cause Th i s seminary be came a .

flourish i ng and cel ebrat e d insti tution an d at var ,

ious times was attended by young ladies from ele

ven di fferent States In 1 8 74 Professor David Den
.

linger becam e pri n c i p a l and both sexes were a d ,

mitt ed to th e institu tion th e nam e be i ng ch ange d ,

to C ed a r H ill S e mina ry This i nsti tuti on un der .

Profe ssor D e nlinger scharge lasted several years ’

,

a nd b e longed to the e state of i ts fo und er I II 1 838 .

M o u nt j oy I ns t it u te for boys was establish ed by j .

H Brown a sprincipal bu t was not long i n op e ra

.
,

tion In 1 8 51 M ou nt j oy A ca d emy w a schartered

. .

E L Moore a nd j W Simonton were associate

. . . .

prin cipals of this insti tuti on whi ch flourish ed for ,

som e y e ars bu t was aft e r a time discont i nu ed In

n
.
,

1 8 6 5 th e build w aspu rch ased by th e State for

a Soldi ers O rph an School and w asused for that
’
,

purpose un t il 1 8 89 .

S TR A S B U RG A C A D E M Y .

In 1 8 39 th e S tra s bu rg A ca d e my was founded by

 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C AS T E R C OU N T Y .

t he Rev Davi d Mc C a rt er
. This was one of t h e .

most flourishing ac a demi es i n th e co unty for man y

years a nd was a t tended b y stude nts from all t h e
,

S tates from the Great L akes to the Gulf Mr Mc . .

Carter w asprin ci p a l unti l 1 8 53 an d thr e e assis t a n t ,

te a ch ers were employed T his academy l asted .

unti l 1 8 58 a nd the building was a fterw a rd sol d

,

an d converte d in t a private resi d en ce The pub o .

li c high school of S trasbu rg borough n ow fills t he

place m ade v a can t by the disconti nuance of th e
academy .

I N S TIT U TI ON S A T P A R A D I S E .

In 1 842 t he Pa ra d is e A ca d e m w a s i n oper a tion

y ,

wi th E nos S tevens aspri n cip a l In 1 8 54 th e .

Y ou n L a d ies S e mina r at Paradise was founde d

’
g y
un der th e pri ncip a lship of the Rev Dr Killi . .

Kelly bu t was soon closed on a ccount of fin an cial

,

tro ubles The bui ldi ng was u se d awhile for a

.

Sol diers O rphan School an d S in ce fo r a private

’
,

residence A noth er Pa ra d is e A ca d e m w a s founded

.
y
by a stock company i n 1 8 59 and flou rish ed for ,

several y ears u nder the man agem en t Of E j . .

Rogers bu t w asdiscontinu ed i n 1 8 6 5 T h e bui ld

,
.

i ng was sold an d has sin ce been used for a privat e

,

residen ce .

C H E S T NU T L E V E L A C A D E M Y .

Th e C n es t nu t L e v e l A ca d e m y w a s found ed in
1 85 2. P W Hous e keeper Esq donated an acre
. .
,
.
,

of l a n d and $ 1 50 for i ts use an d others contri bu ted ,

sums of $ 75 each Th e trustees th en borrowe d .

money to er e ct a l arge boarding house t hus ia -

,
216 B RIE F s
H i TO R Y O F L A N CA S T E R C O U N T Y .

volv i ng th em i n debt Th e bu il dings wer e sol d .

a t Sheri f f s sal e to S a nders Mc C u llo u gh who pre

’
,

sented them to th e Presbyterian Church whi ch ,

still owns th em an d now l e ases t h em for school

pur poses The ci tiz ens O f th e surroundi ng coun tr y
.

still liberally patroniz e t h e academy .

C H U R C H T O W N A C A D E MY .

The Presbyteri a n Church establish ed t h e C n u rc/i

t o w n A ca d e m y i n C e rn rvo n townshi p i n 18 4
a ,
a
5 , ,

wi th j am es E G iffin a si ts first prin ci pal T he

. .

trustees aft erwa rd l eased th e buildin g to Thom a s

H Rei fsnyder who co ndu cted the a cademy u nti l
.
,

1 8 2 when i t was final ly closed The buildings

7 ,
.

are yet st a nding .

U N I ON H IGH S C H O O L I N C O L E R A I NE .

The U nion H igh S chool i n Col erai ne townsh ip , ,

was foun ded i n 1 8 59 by j am es W A ndrews wh o .

,

becam e i ts first prin cipal This was designed for .

th e edu cati on of both sexes .

W A G N E R S AC AD E MY ’
.

In 1 8 74 Wag ner sA ca d e my for boys was e stab

’

lis h e d i n Lan caster township j ust outsi de th e limits

'
,

of Lan caster city j H B Wagner was pri ncipal. . . .

O f this academy whi ch was under Catholi c con

,

trol and whi ch was attended by students from

,

abro a d .

P A R O C H I A L S C H OO L S .

Th ere are several p a ro chi al schools i n Lan caster

city connected respecti vel y wi th the three C a t ho
,

li c chu rch es wi th Zion s Lu theran church and

,
’
,

wi th S t j ames E piscop a l church Th e r e is a

.
’
.
218 B R IE F H IS T OR Y O F LAN CAS T E R C O UN T Y .

YOUN G L A DI E S
E MI NA R Y A T L ITITZ ’
S .

(L I N D E N HAL L ) .

L ind e n H a ll S emina ry at Li titz was open e d i n , ,

1
794 . It was first conducted partl y i n th e S is t e r s ’

H ou s e and partly i n an adj acent hous e Th e new .

buil ding buil t expressl y for school purposes was

, ,

first o ccup i e d i n 1 804 It is 1 00 feet long 6 0 fe e t.

,

wi de and three stori e s high In th e baseme n t is

,
.

a l a rge d i ni ng room In th e first and s e cond

-
.

stori es are th e school rooms prin cipal s resi d e n c e ,

’
,

and a ch apel d e signe d for religious devotion Th e .

th i rd story consists O f a d o mit o ry an d a si ck room .

In th e rear of th e bui l ding is a l arg e yar d wi th a ,

pavilion seats swings etc for th e pl easure an d

, , ,
.
,

am usem en t O f th e pupils Th e i nstitu tion h as an .

extens i ve l i brary Th e course of instruction is de

.

si gn e d to a fford a practi cal educatio n to you ng

l adies Considerable att e ntion i s giv e n to ins
. tru c
tion i n m usi c a nd ornamental n eedle work is
,
-

taught wi th rare su ccess E ach school room is .

-

constantly un der th e supervision of a teach er wh o ,

h as a watchful ey e over h er respective pupils Th e .

pri ncip a l is aided i n his work by a vi ce pri n cipal -

This i nsti tution of a centu ry has enj oyed an u nin

t erru pt e d career of prosperi ty an d h as duri ng this ,

en tire period rank e d wi th th e best l a di es semi ’

nari es of Pennsylvani a It is condu cted on a pl an .

adopte d several centuri es ago i n E urope an d ,

has h ad stu d e nts from almost e very State of th e

U nion .
 BR IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N CA S T E R C O U N T Y . 219

YOU N G G EN T L E M EN S A C A D E M Y A T ‘
L IT IT z .

( JO H N BE CK S
’
SCH OO L .
)

—
A s we have seen th ere were two schools a t
,

Lititz in the early days o f th e vill a ge th e War

wi ck school for chil dren from th e surrou nding
country not belongi ng to th e Moravian soci ety ,

and the o ne belongi ng to th e so ci ety an d condu cted

by th e R e v B ernhard A Gr u be A s Warwick
. . .

township b e cam e m ore settl ed the cou ntry chil ,

dr e n w e re no more sent to school i n th e vill age .

The villag e school for boys was condu cte d for

m any years by Christian S ch ro pp In 1 8 1 5 j ohn .

B eck took charge of the school whi ch h e conduct ,

ed for fifty y ears u nti l h e resigne d i n 1 8 6 5 j oh n

,
.

Beck was one of th e most famous and su ccess ful

t e achers of his time His school for boys or Y o u ng
.
,

G e ntleme n sA ca d e my Obtai ned a wid e repu tation

’
, ,

and was attended by stu dents from many States

an d from Canada an d the West Indi es When .

Mr B eck took ch arge of the sch ool i t was h e l d i n

.
”

an O ld bui lding In 1 8 2 2 th e prese n t bri ck build

.

i ng was erected on th e same spot and as th e num ,

ber o f pupils i ncreased each y ear th e l a rge buil d

i ng form e rly called th e B ro tn e r sH ou s e was used
’

for the school A s th e school i ncrease d Mr Beck

.
,
.
,

as principal was assisted by o th er teachers Th e

,
.

i nsti tu tion remained i n active op e ration abou t

tw e nty years aft er Mr B e ck s retirem ent .
’
.

S UNNY S ID E C O L L E G E FO R YOUN G L A DI E S .

This i nsti tution was establish e d in 1 8 6 3 by Rev .

220 BR IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N CAS T E R C OU N T Y .

j T B eckl e r who d ie d i n
. .
,
18 6
7 , wh e n th e ins
tit u
tio n was closed permanen tly
A BR A H A M B E C K S FA M I L Y S C H OO L F O R B OYS
’
.

( A U D U O N VI L L )B A .

This school was establish ed i n 1 8 6 5 by A braham

Beck and is still i n su ccessful operation
,
.

O RIGI N O F F R AN K L I N A N D M A R S H A L L C O L L E G E
—
.

Th i s i nstitu tion the l eadi ng coll e ge of th e R e

formed Ch urch i n the U ni ted S tates owes i ts —
origin to th e consolidatio n or u nion O f two older
I nstitutions F rankli n Coll ege at Lan caster an d
, ,

Marshal l Coll ege at Merc ers b e rg whi ch c o nsolida ,

tion took place i n 1 8 53 .

L AN C A S T E R H IGH S C H OO L .

The L a nca s te r H zg/i S cn oo l fou nded by j asper,

Y eates and o th er g e ntlemen about 1 780 for th e

e du cation of th eir sons an d whi ch closed severa l
,

y ears l ater o n accou nt O f th e teach er s violent ’

temper su ggested th e establishm e nt of anoth er

,
.

F R AN K L I N C O L L E G E .

O n March 1 0 1 78 7 th e P e nnsylvani a Le gisla

, ,
-

tu re passed an act in corporating an insti tution at

Lancaster nam ed F ra nklin C o lleg e i n honor of Dr ,
.

B enj ami n F rankl in This insti tutio n was und e r

.

th e m an agemen t of a board of trustees The act .

of i ncorporation provi ded th at th e youth shoul d be

taugh t i n the Germ an E ng lish La ti n Gr e ek a nd
, , ,

oth er l e a rned l a nguages in th eology in the useful

, ,

arts sciences a nd literature The Coll e ge was

,
.

en dowed wi th ten thousand acres of land It was .

222 B R IE F H IS T O R Y OF LAN CAS T E R C OUN T Y .

for th e consol i dat i on o f F rankl i n C oll e g e w i th Mar

sh all C olleg e th e l att e r inst i tut i o n b e i ng thus re
,

move d from Merc e rsbu rg to Lancaster thus ending ,

i ts h istory as a separat e i nsti tu t i on Th e t wo co l

.

l eges th us becam e a u nit e d i nstitu t i on at Lancast e r ,

u nd e r th e nam e of F ra nklina nd M a rs n a ll C o lle e

g .

The n e w coll e ge charter wen t i nto e ffect when th e

board O f trustees first m e t i n j anu ary 1 8 53 The ,
.

colleg e op e ned i n May 1 8 53 ;and th e event was

,

formally sol e m niz ed by a publi c c e l ebration in

F ulto n Hall i n th e evening o f j u ne 7 1 8 53 ,
.

The coll e g e was con ducted in th e F rankl i n C o l

lege buil ding on N orth L i m e Str ee t u nt i l A pril ,

1 85 6
. Th e city an d cou nty of Lan cast e r rais e d a
fund of wh i ch was use d i n purchasi ng a
fin e tract of grou nd on th e w est si d e o f th e city and
erect i ng a coll e ge buil ding th er e on Th e n ew .

bu ilding was ded i cated wi th appropriat e c e re

moni e s May 1 6 1 8 56 E ach of the two l i terary
, ,
.

so cieti es O f th e col lege e rect e d a large beau ti fu l ,

and com mod i ou shall Th e h all of th e G oat/l ea n

.

L ite ra ry S ocie ty i s o n th e sou th side o f the col

lege building an d th at of the D iag not/z ia n L it
,

c ra r S ocie ty is on the north s i d e These two

y .

halls thus hol d th e relation of w i ngs to the col lege

e difice an d were formally opene d o n Tu esday
, ,

j uly 2 8 1 8 57 Sin ce then F ra nkli n and Marsh all

,
.

College h as had a wonderful car ee r of prosper i ty .

F r a nkli n and Marsh all Coll ege is under th e im

medi ate car e of th e Reform e d Church b u t on e ,

th i rd o f i ts bo ard O f tr u ste es ar e m emb e rs o f oth e r

 B R IE F H IS T O R Y OF LAN C AS T E R C OU N T Y . 223

religious d e nomi nat i ons It is thus a publi c in

—
.

t ere st i n the full sense of the term a n int e rest i n

whi ch th e State is as m u ch con cerned as th e

Church There is a gre a t deal of local in terest and
.

pri de felt i n th e institu tion It thus holds a doubl e .

rel a tion to th e Reformed Ch u rch and to th e

communi ty arou nd it It is the leading coll ege
.

of th e Reform ed Church in th e U ni ted States The .

centenni al of th e est ablishm ent of Frankl in Col

lege w ash el d i n j une 1 88 7 The college C O II I
,
.

mencement is a l ways h el d early in j une of each

year The anniversari e s of th e li terary so ci eti es of
.

the college are h el d shortly before the comm en c e

ment The presi dent of th e col lege now is Dr
. .

j ohn S Stahr . .

F R AN K L I N A N D M A R S H A L L A C A D E M Y .

In 1 8 53 th e trustees of Frankli n an d M arshall

College fou n ded Fr a nklin and Marshall A cademy ,

designed as a preparatory school for th e coll ege ,

a nd under the supervision of th e coll ege facul ty ,

bu t bei ng no part of th e college proper .

R EFO R M E D TH EO L O GI C A L S E M I NA RY .

T he Th eologi cal Sem inary of th e Reform ed

Church i n th e U ni ted States has been at Lan
caster since 1 8 71 and uses the bu il dings of F ra nk
,

li n and M a rshall College This th eologi cal semi .

n ary wasfounded a t Carlisl e i n 1 8 2 5 ; removed

to Y ork in 1 8 2 9 ; to Mercersburg in Frankli n ,

coun ty in 1 8 3 7 ;and to Lancaster in 1 8 71 It i s

,
.

th e Ol d est e du cation al i nsti t u t i on o f t h e R e form ed

224 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N CAS T E R C OU N T Y .

C h urch i n th e U nite d States , an d is open to stu

d e nts o f all C hristi an d e nomi nations .

L AN C A S T E R C OUN T Y NO RM A L I N S TIT U T E .

Th i s flourishing i nsti tut i on ow e d i ts origin

dir e ctly to th e influ en ce of the first Cou nty Sup e r
I nt e nd e nt O Lan caster Cou n ty j P Wi ckersham
f ,
. . .

Duri ng a visit to Millersv i lle Professor Wi ck e r ,

sh am allu ded in a publi c l ectur e to th e proj e ct of

fou nding a N ormal School for th e training of teach
ers Th e trustees O f th e n e w buil ding design e d
.

fo r an academy at Millersvi ll e O ff ered this building

to th e C o unty Superi ntendent wi thou t charge .

He accepted th ei r o ffer a nd opened th e L a nca s

,
te r
C o u nty N orma l I ns t it u te at Millersvill e i n A pril ,

1 85 5 w
,
i th 1
35 stu dents th e t e rm ,
b ei ng thr e e
months .

L AN C A S T E R C OUN T Y NO RM A L S C H OO L .

The trust e es at once e nl arge d th e buildings for

a p e rman ent N ormal School an d th e L a nca s ,
ter

C o u nty N o rma l S c/t oo l ope ne d abo ut N ovemb e r 1 ,

18
55 wi
,
th Professor j oh n F Sto ddard as. pri nc i pal .

In 1 8 56 Mr Stoddard resigned wher e upon th e

.
,

trustees elect e d County S up e rinten dent Wi cker

sham as pri ncipal Mr Wi ckersham th en re
. .

ig ne d th e Cou nty S uperintendency and took ,

charge O f the N orm al School wh ich h e l a unch e d ,

on an u nbroken care er O f prosperi ty From 1 8 55 .

to 1 8 59 th e i nsti tu tion under th e title of th e L a n

,

ca s t er C ou nty N o rma l S choo l was wholly i n private ,

h an ds ; but was virtually doing th e work O f a

Stat e N ormal School as i ts stu dents cam e from all
,
226 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F L A N cA S T E R C OU N T Y .

fe s
sor E d wa rd Brooks who h ad bee n conn e cted ,

with th e school S in ce 1 8 55 an d who was at that ,

ti m e i ts popular professor of mathem at i cs th en b e ,

cam e pr i n cipal a nd remai ned i n thi s posi t i o n se v

,

e nt e e n y ears In 1 8 6 9 a l arge add i tion was m ad e

.

to the ladi es buil ding The great growth of the

’
.

school m ade larger a ccommodations ne cess ary an d ,

a ne w buildi ng w a sere cte d i n 1 8 74 The building .

consi sts O f l ibr a ry h a lls ch a pel recitation rooms , ,

and a la rge d ining room -

.

In 1 8 75 a n additional story was put on th e gen

t le me n s buil di ng Dr E dward Brooks retired from
’
. .

th e pri n cip a lshi p in th e fa ll of 1 8 8 3 a nd was su c ,

cee d e d by Professor B F S hau b In th e fall O f

. . .

1 8 8 7 Professor Sh aub re tired from th e prin cipal

shi p and was succe eded by Dr E O L v t e a gra d

,
. . .
,

u ate O f th e i nstitu tion and who had been a teacher

,

and professor i n the school for twen ty y ears U n der .

Dr Lyte s a bl e man agement th e S chool has taken

.
’

new stri des In 1 8 90 a gymnasium bui lding was

.

erected .

M E C H AN I C S L IB R A RY A S S O C I A TI ON
’
.

The M echa nics L ibra ry A s ’

s o cia t io n foun d ed i n
,

1 82 by som e m ech a ni cs of Lan caste r city for th e

9
benefit of their fellows a nd of appr e nti ces is the ,

Oldest l iterary o rga niz a t io n in Lan c a st e r coun ty .

This a ssoci a tion has now a large circulating library ,

an d deserves credi t for i ntrod ucing seri a l lectures

a nd nigh t schools i nto Lan cast e r ci ty .

L Y C EU M O F NA T U R A L S C I EN C E S A T M A RI E TT A .

A L yce u m of N a t u ra l S cienceswas organiz ed at

Mari e tta i n 1 8 3 7 through th e e fforts o f j osiah H o l
,
 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C A S T E R C OU N T Y . 227

brook In 1 8 74th e M a rietta L yceu m of N a tu ra l

.

H is to ry was in corporated This soci ety has a large

.

coll e ction of sp e cim ens and a fin e library .

A T H E N IE U M A N D HI S T O RI C A L A GR I C U L T U R A L A N D M E
,

C H A N I C A L S O C I E TY .

In 1 8 57 the H is t o rica l A g ricu lt u ra l a nd M e

,

ch a nica l S ocie ty was organiz ed i n Lan caster city ;

a nd in 1 8 5 8 th e A the nmu m was also organiz e d in

th e city In 1 8 6 0 th e two s
. . oci e ti e s were consoli
d a ted i nto one associ a tion calle d th e A the nme u m ,

a nd H is to rica l A g ricu lt u ra l a nd M ech a nica l S o

,

cie ty . This so ci ety has no t be en i n act i ve op e ra

tion for som e y e ars .

L I N N zE A N S O C I E T Y

s
.

In 1 8 6 2 Profes or S S R a t h v o n the note d en

. .
,

t o mo lo gis t and oth er citiz ens organi z ed th e

,

L innma n S ocie ty in L a n caster ci ty This as so c1a

s
.

tion h assince be e n one of th e mo t important

sci entific societi e s i n E a stern P e nnsylv a ni a It .

h a sa v ery l a rge and val u a ble collection of sp e ci

.

m ens i n a lmost every departm en t of n atural sci e nc e .

It a lso h aspapers and books of rar e v a lu e .

A GR I C U L T U R A L AN D H O RTI C U L T U R A L S O C I E T Y .

In 1 8 6 7 th e A g ricu lt u ra l a nd H ort icu ltu ra l S o

cie t a nca s e r C ou nt a sorgan i z e d Dur i ng
y f o L t y w .

i ts e a rlier ye a rs i t publish ed a monthly paper call e d

the L a nca s te r Fa rmer .

L AN C A S T E R C OUN T Y L Y C EU M .

T he Lan caster County Lyc e um was organi z ed in

1 8 3 6 ;and j ohn B eck th e w e ll known t e ach e r of
,
-

Li tit z was its first pr e si d e nt It di d no t l ast lon g

,
. .
228 B R IE F H IS T OR Y OF L A N CAS T E R C OU N T Y .

EA S T L AN D L Y C EU M .

Th e E a s t la nd L yce u m in Littl e Bri tain town ,

ship was organi z e d in 1 841 m a i nly through th e

, ,

e fl o rt so f Mary F ell Th e ly ceum erected a hall

.

i n 1 8 44 bu t h as not be e n i n active op e ratio n s i nce

,

1 860 .

AN C A S T E R C ITY L Y C EU M
L .

Th e L a nca s
ter C ity L yce u m was e stablish e d i n
1 85 2 bu t soon discont i n ued an d its valu abl e c o l
, ,

l e ction o f apparatus was placed i n th e ci ty h i gh

school .

L ITITZ L Y C E U M .

Th e L ititz L yceu m found e d i n 1 8 70 soon h ad a

, ,

l i brary and read i ng room -

.

PI ON EE R L IT E R A R Y S O C I E TY .

Th e P io neer L itera ry S ociety i n West Donegal ,

township was founded i n 1 8 72 It built for i tself

,
.

P io nee r H a ll costi ng about $ 1 0 00 and coll e ct e d a

, ,

l arg e l i brary .

O TH E R L YC EU M S .

During th e wint e r season lyceums are i n active

operat i on i n various parts of th e county .

J U L I ANA L IBR A R Y .

Th e j u lia na L ibra ry was fou nded in Lan caster

i n 1 76 5by Thomas P e nn and was nam e d i n honor ,

of his wi fe j ul i ana Penn It was m e rged into

,
.

anoth e r l i brary whi ch was finall y sold .

M E C H AN I C S L IBR A RY .

Th e M echa nicsL ibra ry was fou nded i n L a ncas

’

t e r i n 1 8 2 9 by th e Mechani cs Library A ssoc i at i on ’

.

A T H E N IE U M L I B R A R Y .

Th e A thenmu m L ibra ry was fou nded i n L ancas

 C H A PT E R XIII .

E A R LY P R I N T I N G .

H E Soli t ary B rethren of th e comm uni ty at

E ph rata possessed as early as 1 743 or 1 744 su c h
facili ti es for pri nting as e xisted nowh ere else i n the
county They owne d a ru de pri nting press and
.
-

operated a paper m ill and book bindery In 1 745

- -
.

a book enti tl ed A pplesof G o ld in Ves

,
s
e lsof S ilv e r ,

B ea u t if u l PVo rd sa nd T ru thsN eces sar

y t o S a lv a

t io n was issu ed from thei r press

,
It was fol lowed .

by m any books a nd pamphl e ts i n n umber a bou t ,

1 00,
on e of t he m os t noted of whi ch was th e
C h ro nico nE ph ra te ns e publish e d i n 1 8 6
, 7 .

Th e rarest of th eir publi c a tio ns at th e presen t

time are som e of th e pa mphlets O ne of th ese w a s .

on a C o me t a nd w a sdesigned to S how th a t t h e
,

com et was sent as a warnin g .

This comm uni ty took th e i ni ti ative i n issuing

school books A s early as 1 78 6 th ey h a d pub
”

-
.

lis h e d a [( u rz G ef a sz t es z u d edition
,
whi ch w a s ,

used i n t h eir own schools The book corresponds

.

to a spel ler an d reader combined gra d i ng from ,

a primary to abou t a secondary school re a der

‘
.

In 1 747 th e Brethren entered into a co ntr a ct to

transl a te from the Du tch l an gu age in to German ,

and to prin t th e Mennoni t es G rea t P oo h of M a r

’

tyrs Th e first volu me appeared i n 1 748 an d th e

.
,
 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F L A N C AS T E R C OUN T Y . 23 1

second i n 1 749 The nex t copy i n th e German

.

language i n A m eri ca was publish ed in Lan caster

i n 1 8 1 4 S ubsequ ently i t w a str a nslate d by Rupp
.
,

and issued wi t h imprin t n ear Lampeter S qu are i n ,

18 but a ctu a ll y printe d in L a nc a ster This work

37,
.

di d no t appe a r i n A m eri ca a ga i n unt i l 1 8 8 9 .

N O Bibl e was ever issu ed from th e E phrata

press bu t i n 1 78 7 th ey printed a N ew Testam ent
,

i n the Germ a n language .

Mos t of th e publi cations of th e Ephrat a Brethren

were on theol o gi cal subj e cts a nd m usi c They .

wrote all of t h ei r o w n hymns a nd se t them to a

pecul i a r m usi c S om e of these w ere publish ed
.
,

whil e o thers rem a ined i n m an u script embellish ed ,

wi th ornament a l figures an d l etters .

In Lan c a ster prin ti ng was begun a bou t 1 747 b y

j a mes Coul t er who iss u ed firs t a p a mphlet
,
An .

a lm a n a c w a sprinted i n 1 751 by j a m es Ch a ttin .

It is gen erally un derstood th a t there existed i n

O ctor a ro a press con t em pora ry wi th th e one at
E p h rata N othing d efinite ho wever is k no wn
.
, ,

ex cept th at from i t th ere prob a bly was issu ed a

sm a ll lo cal paper .

EA R L Y N E W S P A P E R S .

B efore and during th e R e volu tion th ere were sev

er a l newsp a pers publish ed i n Lan cast e r county i n
both th e E nglish and Germ a n l a nguages The .

first one ever pri nted i n L a nc a ster city was th e

L ancas ter G a z et te T his w a sissu ed in 1 752 by
.

S Mill er and S Holland a nd was a bi we ekl y

. .
,
-

newspaper ; It h ad but a tra ns i e nt e xist e nce t he ,

23 2 B R IE F H IS T O R Y OF LAN C AS T E R C O U N T Y .

l ast issue be i ng th at Of j u ne 1 753 A fter th at ,

.
,

u nt i l 1 778 there was no newspaper publ i sh e d In

che Z ie t u n W
,
.

that y e ar D ie Pe nns y lv a nis

g a s issu ed .

Th e Suprem e E xecu tive Co un ci l bei ng th en i n

s e ss i on in Lancaster fiv e h u ndred cop i e s were s ub
,

scribed for by them an d c i rcul ate d gratu i to usly .

This was at th e t i me the Bri t i sh w e r e i n poss e ssion

O f Ph i ladelph i a O n their wi thdrawal i n th e s
. u m

mer of that y ear to N ew Y ork th e Cou n c i l return e d ,

to Phi lad e lphi a and wi th that e vent th e publica

tion o f th e pap e r c e ased N um erous other n ews .

pap e rs w e r e started seem ed to flourish for a short

,

season then collapsed In 1 808 a German paper

,
.

was issu ed in this ci ty un der th e nam e of D er

Vo lhs fru n d u n d B e o ba ch t e r The first e di tor was
.

Will i am Hamilton It in now published by j oh n

.

B aer s Sons
’
.

O n th e 8 th d ay of A u gust 1 78 7 app e ared th e , ,

first n umb e r o f th e N e u U npa rthenis che L a nca s te r

Z e itu n g u nd A roz e i e N och riech t e r
g This pape r .
,

u nd e r d i ff er e nt nam e s was issu e d for a numb e r of

,

y e ars The pr e s e nt L a nca s

. te r I ntelligencer m ay
be sai d to h av e b e en begu n in 1 794 u nd e r the ,

nam e of th e L a nca s ter j ou rna l This was after .

ward u n i t e d w i th th e D a ily A d v ertis er an d after ,

s e veral chang e s o f e di torship took th e nam e of the ,

L a nca s te r I ntelligencer u nd e r whi ch n am e i t is

,

publ i sh e d to d ay .

The first dai ly n e wspaper i n Lan caster was th e

E xpres s fo unded i n 1 8 56
,
This co ntinu e d t o .

exist for tw e nty y ears The other daily and .

 CH A PTE R XIV .

R E L I GI O N .

R E L IGI ON INOUN TY T H E C .

M ON G the early e migrants to Pennsylvania

A almost ev e ry Prot e stan t sect was re pre s e nte d .

We have l earne d th at m any of these peopl e cam e

h e r e to e scap e pers e cu t i on i n E urope Among .

th e m were n um erous repr e sentatives o f non resist -

a nt s e cts
,
su ch as th e Germ an and Swiss Mennonites .

Th e se p e opl e of pl ai n and simpl e tastes and h ab i ts

, ,

fo und h ere th at fr e edom of consci enc e wh i ch was

den i ed th em in th eir o w n coun try In Pe nns yl .

van i a th e re never e x i sted a u nion of ch urch and

state Thus thei r religious fai th and practi c e was
.

never interfered w i th by coloni al or State au thori ty ,

and th e adherents of oth e r ch urch es ex ercised only

tol e ration toward th em T h e Golden Rul e as
.

practi c e d i n le tt e r and spir i t amo ng all r e ligious

denominations i n this State greatly augm e nted
th e i nflu en c e of th e generous wise and fr i e ndly ,

poli cy O f i ts founder .

V A RI O U S R E L IGI OU S D ENO MI NA TI ON S .

In L an caster c ity and county we find w e ll estab

lishe d ch urch e s wi th larg e congregations of Rom an ,

C atholi cs E piscopali ans Presbyterians Lu therans

, , , ,

M e thodists Baptists and R e form e d Th e E van

,
.

e lical A ssociation C hurch o f G o d th e Morav i a ns

g , , ,
 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LAN CAS T E R C OU N T Y 23 5

th e Wineb re nnarians th e Swe denborgi ans are , ,

also represented her e .

Th e Q u akers have m e e ting hous e s in th e south ern -

an d south ea stern partsof the county The Men

-
.

noni tes th e Reform e d Mennoni tes the A mish

, ,

and the Dunkers h ave num erous places of wor

ship in th e rural parts of the county In th e .

north western part are fou nd th e River Brethren

-

w ho h o ld t h e ir r e ligious s e rvi ces largely i n the

.

houses Of th e members F ew p laces o f public .

worship e xist among th em In Lancast e r ci ty th e .

Hebr e ws h ave a synagogue .

A mong th e e arly German settlers of t h e county

w e re a great many Lu therans and th e Trinity ,

Luth eran church was organiz e d as e arly as 1 733 .

Here th e R e v Dr H e nry Melchoir Muhle nberg

. .

o ccasionally o ffi ci a ted His son the renowne d Dr .

,
.

Henry E rnest Muh le nberg was pastor of th e con ,

r a tio n from 1 780 until his de a th in 1 815

g ge a ,

peri od of thirty fiv e y e ars A German Reform ed

-
.
,

now Reform ed church was established here by

,

the Rev Mi ch a e l Schl a tt e r O f St Gall Switz er

.
,
.
,

land This sect i n crease d in numbers very rapi dl y

.
,

m a ny of th e early G erm an set t l ers O f th e cou nty

hol ding to that fai th wh en th ey cam e to Am eri ca .

Th e Moravians buil t a chu rch an d sch ool house -

on O ra nge and Mark et Streets i n Lancaster very , ,

early i n th e history Of th e ci ty .

Th e school house whi ch was once use d as a par

-

so na g e still stands
,
.

Th e Old e st M e thod i st ch u rch i n the county is

236 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F L A N C AS T E R C OU N T Y .

known as Boehm s Chap e l It is s i tu ated one mil e

’
.

south of W i llow Stre e t This was bu il t i n 1 780

.
,

an d named after th e R e v Henry Boe h m who die d .

,

as late as 1 8 75 at th e a dvanced age of o ne h undred

y e ars a nd a few mon ths He was born i n 1 775
. .

O ne o f th e churches th a t h as i nteresting bistori

cal asso ci ations is th e S t j am es E piscopal i n Lan
.
’

caster c i ty The first congreg a tion here was o r

.

g a niz e d i n 1
7 7
1 by th e Soci e ty for the Propagation
o f th e Gospel i n F oreign Parts .

In 1 744 th e parish was organiz ed and a ch urch

soon built Thom as Cookson and j am es Postl e
.

thwa i te were w ardens at th at tim e In 1 745 th e y .

rece i v e d a special li cense from th e provin ci al gov

e rnm e nt to carry on a lott e ry to provide funds for

th e erecti o n of th e ch u rch Th e first rector O f im .

portan ce was Th om as B arton who had charg e of ,

th e ch u rch from 1 759 until after the Revol utionary

War During th e war servi ce here was suspend e d
.

for th e reason that the rector and m any m embers

O f th e co ngregation w e r e Tori es Th e presen t .

ch urch was built i n 1 8 20 Th e style is u niqu e .

,

being i n ch aracter Lombardi c The edifice is .

no ted for be a utiful and costly m em ori a l wi ndows ,

and i n th e church yard are burie d m any persons of

distin ction among others th e noted j asper Y eates
, .

We have already called attenti on to th e pla i n

se cts O f r e ligious peopl e who early c a m e to the
co u nty It migh t no t be amiss to parti cul ariz e
.

th ese a sth eir influ en ce has extended far an d wi de

through th e co u n ty and th e State .
238 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LAN CAS T E R C O UN T Y .

serv i ces b e i ng gen e rally condu ct e d i n th e ho u s es o f

m e mbers The name i s deriv e d from j acob A m en
.
,

of A me nt h al Swi tz erland a rig i d M e nnon i t e

, ,

preach e r of two centuri e s ago .

TH E D UN K E R S .

Th e Dunkers or Tunkers also known as German , ,

Baptists call th emselv e s Br e th r e n Th ey s e ttl e d

,
.

in this cou n ty before 1 72 1 and form e d a congrega ,

tion with Peter Be cker as preach er They m ay be

,
.

foun d to day i n almost all th e German sections o f

-

th e cou n ty .

The ch urch pr e scrib e s a very rigi d discipli ne ,

and r e quires baptism by immersion declaring i t ,

th e only true m ethod Of adm i nisteri ng that ord i

nance In m any points they resembl e th e M e n
.

nonit e s A s for exampl e simpli city o f dress an d

.
,

mann e rs oppos i t i on to war refusal to app e al t o

, ,

l aw and r efusal to vote or to hol d O fli c e

,
.

TH E S E V EN TH D AY B A PTI S T S .

This sect was found e d by Conrad B eis s

ell a t E ph

rata i n very early tim e s Th e nam e arose from th e .

fact that they Obs e rve Saturd a y th e s e venth day ,

o f th e we e k as th e Sabbath thus di ffer i ng from

, ,

most Christ i an sects who ke e p th e first day S un , ,

d ay a sth e Sabbath Thes e people seceded from

,
.

th e Dunkers or German Bapt i sts Th e y are to day

,
.
-

fe w i n number and th e s e ar e fou n d i n or n e ar the

,

o r ina l place of settl em ent

g .

TH E RIV E R B R E TH R EN .

Th e se p e opl e are so called i t is sai d b e ca us e th e , ,

s e ct or i ginated n ear th e Susqu ehanna River Th e ir .

 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LAN CAS T E R C O U N T Y . 239

founder was j acob E ngl e a Mennonite w ho organ

, ,

iz e d a congrega tion in 1 776 Th e y a re mai nly fou nd

.

to day i n Conoy and th e Donegal townships Their

-
.

creed prohibits th e m fro m wearing the dr e ss of th e

fashionabl e world It imposes non resistance and
prescribes that all dispute s
-
.
,

shall be s e ttl e d among

them by chosen arbitrato rs Lik e th e Q u akers .

and Mennoni tes th e y have no p a i d ministry

,
.
 C H A H T E R XV
GR A PH Y B IO .

C ON R A D W E I S E R .

M ON G the promin ent m e n in th e early h i story

of Lancaster cou nty was C onrad Weiser th e ,

famous i nterpreter He was born i n Germ a ny in

.

16 6
9 . In 7 9
1 0 wh en h e was
,
thirte e n years old h e ,

w e nt wi th his fa ther and seven broth ers a nd

sisters an d sev e r a l thousand other Germ ans to E ng
land wh ence th ey sailed to N ew Y ork w h ere th ey
, ,

arr i v e d j un e 1 3 1 71 0 In the fall of the sam e

,
.

year C onrad s fath er and hu ndr e d s o f these German

’

families were removed at Queen A n n s exp e nse ,

’
,

to L i vi ngston s Manor i n Col umbia cou nty Ne w

’
, ,

Y ork wh ere m a ny of th em remain ed u nti l 1 71 3

,
.

In th a t y ear abou t 1 50 of th e se families moved t o

Schohari e to occupy lands whi ch a Mohawk chi ef
,

pres e nted to Qu een A nn e for th e be nefit of th e s e

Germans While th ere Conrad Weiser s father
.
’

be cam e acqu ai nted wi th Qu a gna nt a Moh awk ,

ch i ef This chi e f proposed to the fath er to take

.

Conrad with him i nto hi s country and teach him

the Mohawk langu age Th e fa ther conse nted an d .
,

Conrad went wi th th e chi ef to his hom e i n th e fall

of 1 71 4 Th e re h e su ffe re d dreadfully from hu ng e r
.

and cold and his life was Oft e n threat e n e d by

,

drunken Indians Many tim e s h e saved h imself

.

by hi ding u nt i l th e Indians became sob e r A ft e r .

242 BR IE F H STI OR Y O F LA N C AS T E R C O U N T Y .

over Skippack and G o s

,
h e nh o pen During the .

French and Indian War h e was li eu tenan t colonel -

commanding the S e cond Battalion of th e Pe nns yl

vani a regiment consisti ng of ni ne compani es He
,
.

d i e d j uly 1 3 1 76 0 an d his remains were i nterred

, ,

two days later near Wom elsdorf .

G EO RG E R O S S .

Lan caster s signer o f the De claratio n o f I nd e pe n

’

den ce was George RO S S He was born at N ew Cas

.

tle D elew a re i n 1 730, , ,

and was admi tte d as an

attorn e y a t l aw in th e - -

courts O f Lan caster coun

t y i n 1 750 He was a .

m ember of th e Coloni al
A ssembly O f Pe nns y lv a

nia from 1 76 8 to 1 776 .

In 1 774 he was chosen

on e of t he seven d el e
gates to represent Penn
R R SS
GE O GE
sylvani a i n the Con ti
O

neu tal Congress at Philadelphia He rem a in e d .

a m e mber O f th e Conti nental Congress un t i l j an

u ary 1 777 when he re tired on a ccoun t O f ill
, ,

heal th Lan c a ster cou n ty Offered him the sum

.

of 1 50 po un ds for his servi ces in th e Contineu

tal Con gress bu t he refuse d to a ccept i t He
,
.

was a me mb er of th e Pennsylvani a convention i n

1 76
7 ,
whi ch adopted the first State Consti tu tion .

O nA pril 1 4 1 779 he was appointed j udge of the

, ,

C ourt O f A dmiral ty He di ed at La ncaster from

.
 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F L A N CAS T E R C OUN T Y 243

a sudden attack of the gou t i n j ul y 1 779 and was , , ,

buri e d i n th e graveyard of S t j am es Episcopal .

’

church .

E D W A RD H AN D .

Th e most prominent mili tary m an of L a n caster

cou nty during th e Revolution was G e n er a l E dward
Hand He was born i n King s county Irel and
.
’
, ,

Dec e mber 3 1 1 744 He c a me to Ameri ca i n 1 76 7

,
.
,

and settl ed at Lan caster i n 1 774 A t th e b e gi n .

ning of t he Revolu tion h e w asm ade li eu tenant

colonel of the First B attalion O f P e nnsylvania
R ifl e men He afterwards b e cam e bri gadi er gen
.
-

eral and later h e was mad e adj utant general o n

,

Washington s sta ff He practi ced medi ci ne b e fore

’
.

an d a fter the war He di ed at his farm R ockf ord

.
, ,

n e ar Lancast e r Septemb e r 3 1 80 2 , ,
.

J A S P E R YEA T E S .

A mong the prominen t m en of Lan caster during

the p e riod of the Revol ution was j asper Y eates .

He was born in Philadelph i a i n 1 745 and settl ed at ,

Lancaster i n 1 76 4 H e w a sa gre at l awy er an d

.

j u dge an d took a promin ent part i n publi c a ffairs

,

at Lan c a ster d uri ng th e Revolu tion He was ap .

pointe d j u dge O f th e Supre me Court of Pe nns l

yva
ni a i n 1 79 1 and passed twen ty fiv e y ears of his life
,
-

upon th e bench He di e d at Lancaster in 1 8 1 7 and

.

his rem ains were i nterr e d i n St j ames Episcopal .

’

c h urchyard .

E D W A RD S HIP P EN .

A mong th e l e ading m en of L a n caster of th e Rev

o lu t io na ry per i od was E dward Shippen a grandson
,
244 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F L A N C AS T E R C O U N T Y .

O th e E dward Shipp e n who emigrat e d from Y ork

f
shire E nglan d to Boston Massachusetts i n 1 6 6 8
, , , , ,

and mov e d to Philadelphia i n 1 6 93 He was born .

at Boston j uly 9 1 70 3 H e be cam e a m e rch an t

, ,
.

i n Phil a delphi a was a Coun cilman of th at ci ty

,

for m any years an d was finally ele cted Mayor

,

i n 1 744 In 1 752 h e r e moved to Lan caster and

.
,

was appo i nted Prothonotary of Lancaster coun ty ,

an d conti nued i n that O ffi ce u ntil 1 778 H e was .

paym ast e r for suppli es for th e Bri tish an d provi n

c ia l troops during th e F rench an d Indian War .

He w asalso a county j udge for Lancaster county ,

under th e provin cial and State governm e nts Of

Pennsyl vania He was also one Of th e fou nders o f
.

the N ew j ersey College at Prin ceton an d was o ne ,

O f i ts truste e s for twenty y e ars until 1 76 7 H e di ed ,

.

at a gr e a t age at Lancast e r and h i s rem ains l i e i n ,

the churchyard of St j ames E piscopal church .

’
.

His son E dward S hippe n be came Chi ef j usti ce O f

, ,

th e Supreme Court of Pennsylvani a i n 1 799 O n e .

of his daughters m arried B e nedi ct A rnold i n 1 778 .

TH O M A S M I FF L I N .

O ne O f the most active Pen nsylvanians during

th e Revol ution was General Thomas Miffi in He .

was born at Philadelphi a in 1 744 He was a m em .

ber of the Conti nental Congr e ss i n 1 774 A l t hough .

h e was a Quaker h e j o ine d th e patriot army i n

, ,

1 75 and soon rose to th e rank of maj or general

7
-
.
,

A fter th e w a r h e agai n becam e a member O f th e

Continental Congr e ss and was president of that ,

body at A nnapolis Maryl and wh e n Washington , ,

246 B R IE F H IS T O R Y OF L A N CAS T E R C OUN T Y .

grating from Germ any th e family was fou nded i n ,

this country by Henry M e l chior Muhl e nberg the ,

great teach er d i vin e and patri arch o f the G e rman

, ,

Lu th e ran Church i n A m eri ca The unassum i ng .

and distinguished servi ces

of his sons j oh n Peter G a
,

bri el th e patriot preach

,
-

er and Frederi ck A ugus

,

tus Conrad th e minister ,

statesman won for th em,

no mean place i n A m er
i can History N o t less
.

emi nen t for his servi ces to

sc i ence was th eir brother ,

Gotthilf Henry E rns t who H M UH E B R

,
R E V . G . E . L N E G.

was b orn at N ew Provi den ce Montgom ery county , ,

in 1 753 He with oth er broth ers was sen t at

.
, ,

a pro pe r a g e to Hal le in Germany to b e e du cat e d

,
,

and there h e grad uat e d i n 1 770 Returni ng to .

A m e ri ca h e w asat once ordai n ed a minister

,
.

F or th e n ext nin e y e a rs h e was eng a ge d i n mi n

is t e ria l work in Phil a delphi a and N ew j ers ev p a rt ,

of th e time acting a shis father s a ssistant ’

.

In 1 78 0 h e received a call fro m a ch urch i n Lan

caster This h e accepted and filled i ts pulpit until
.
,

his death i n 1 8 1 5 Though fai th ful and disti n

.

u is h e d as a minister ye t i t w a schiefly because O f

g ,

his sci e ntific attainm ents th at h e becam e not e d .

His contributions to b o tany whil e i n Lan caster , ,

placed him i n the fron t rank o f m en emin ent for

sc ie ntific e rud i tion .
 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C AS T E R C OU N T Y . 47

He corresponded wi th all the gre a t sci entific

writ ers of th a t d ay among them Hu mbol dt and ,

Bonpl a n d both of whom visi te d him A ma n of

,
.

v a ri ed a ttainments and profound sci e ntific j udg

ment he w asa promi nent m ember a nd corres
,

ponde nt of a ll th e importan t philosophi c a l and sci

e nt ifi c soci e t i es of that ti me in both E urope a nd ,

A m eri ca .

His works characteriz ed by cle a rn ess preci s

,
ion ,

a nd fa ithful descri ption are st a n d a rd s among ,

writers of science Wri tten i n Latin th ey a re not

.
,

so well k nown a slater E nglish works .

Though he wrote On m a ny sci entific subj ects yet ,

his servi ce to th e sci ence O f botany was th e most

import a nt He l eft i n m a nuscript a work en titl ed
.

Flora L a nca s triens

is from whi ch most of our
,

knowledge of the ri ch an d v a ri ed indigenous flor a

of L a nc a ster cou n ty has been Obt ained .

His bro t h er F re derick A ugustus Muhl enb e rg

, ,

was Speaker O f th e House O f Represent a tives O f th e

First a nd T hird Congresses but di d not represent ,

this Co ngressional District though h e w a safter ,

w ard a resi dent of L a n caster .

D A VI D R A M S AY .

The first great A m eri c a n histori a n was Dr .

D a vi d Ramsay who was born in Drumore town

,

ship L a ncaster cou nty Pennsylv a nia A pri l 2

, , , ,

1 4
7 9 . T h e house i n whi ch he was born i s still
st a ndi ng He gradu ated a t Prin ceton Coll ege N ew
.
,

j ersey i n 1 76 5 and at th e Medi cal College of Phila

, ,

d e lphi a i n 1 772 H e r e mov e d to C harl e ston Sou th

.
,
248 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F L A N C AS T E R C OUN T Y .

Carolina i n 1 773 He was a m ember of th e South

,
.

Carolin a Legisl a tur e d uring th e Revol ution an d ,

to o k an active part i n the patriot cause He was .

also a m ember of th e Privy Council an d was ,

banished to St A u gusti n e F lori d a by Lord Corn

.
, ,

wallis In 1 78 2 h e was elected to th e Conti nen tal

.

Congress an d was re elected to that body and was

'

, ,

chosen president pro tempore d uring th e ill ness of

j oh n H a n co ck He resum ed th e practi ce of m edi
.

cin e and wa squi te a disti nguished physi ci an He

,
.

becam e a great histori an a nd w asth e first person

,

who took ou t a copyright u nder th e l aws O f the

U ni ted St a tes His histori cal works w e re a
.

H is to ry of the R e v o lu t io n in S o u th C a ro lina pub ,

lis h e d i n 1 78 5 a H is to ry of the A me rica n R e v o lu

t io n publish ed i n 1 790
,
a L ife of Wa s h ing t on ,

publish ed i n 1 80 1 a H is to ry of S o u th C a ro lina ,

published i n 1 80 8 a U niv ers to ry an d a H is

a l H is

t o ry of the U nited S t a t es He was mortally wou nded

.

by a mani ac a nd di ed Ma y 7 1 8 1 5
, ,
.

R O B E RT FU L T O N .

The ma n who firs t su ccessfully appli ed steam to

n avigation — Robert F ulton was also a native O f —
Lan c a ster county He was born i n 1 76 5 i n that
.
,

p a rt O f th e township now n a m ed after him bu t ,

whi ch w a sth en a part of L i ttl e Britai n township .

A t a sui tabl e age h e was a pprenti ced to a j e w eler

at L ancaster wh ere he a ccidentally caugh t a taste
,

for pai nting A t the a ge of seventeen h e went to

.

P h iladelphi a wh ere h e pr a cti ced drawing and por

,

trai t pai nti ng wi th skill a nd profit for several y ears

-
.
250 B R I E F H IS T O R Y OF L A N C AS T E R C OU N T Y .

ease O ther experiments at th e expense of th e

.

F rench government were partly succ e ssful but ,

that governm ent at last refused to patroniz e th e

schem e In 1 804 F ul ton acc e p te d an i nv i tation
.

from th e Bri t i sh governm e nt whi ch appoin t e d a ,

commission and m ade trials wi th his torp e do In .

1 8 0 6 F ulton returned to Ne w Y ork wh er e wi th , ,

Robert R Li vingston s help he perfect e d his gr e at

.
’
,

proj e ct o f steam navigation In 1 80 7 his boat .

, ,

th e C lermo nt was l aunched at N e w Y ork an d

, ,

m a d e the trip to A lbany in t hi rty two hours This -

.

vessel made regular voy a ges from N ew Y ork t9

A lbany i n fift e en hours bu t this rate was soon ,

in creas e d by improve d m achi nery Th e nu mb e r .

of steamboats ra pidl y m ul tipli ed on A m eri can

rivers . Several other larger vessels were built
und e r F ulton s directi on ’
In 1 80 6 he marri ed
.

Harriet daugh ter O f Walter Livingston He di e d

,
.

i n N ew Y ork Ci ty in F ebruary 1 8 1 5
, ,
.

L I N D L EY M U R R AY .

Li ndley Mu rray the E ngl ish grammari a n was

, ,

born in 1 745 n e ar th e Swatara i n wh a t was then

, ,

a part O f Lan c a ster coun t y bu t is now i n Dauphi n ,

coun ty His G ra mma r of the E ng lis

. h L an g u a e
g ,

issu ed i n 1 79 5 was for many years the best au thor

,

i ty o n that subj ect A fter m aki ng cons i derable

.

mon ey i n m e rcantil e pursui t h e went to E ngl and ,

on accou nt of i mpaire d health wh e re he di e d on ,

his estate a t Hol dgate ne a r Y ork i n 1 8 2 6 , ,

.

J A M E S B U C H ANAN .

j ames B u chanan th e fifteenth Pr e siden t O f th e

,

U nit e d States was a citi z en of Lan caster co unty

,
.
 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F LA NC AS T E R C OUN T Y . 251

He was born n ear Mercersburg F ranklin county , ,

Pennsylvania A pril 2 3 1 79 1 of Scotch Irish

, , ,
-

parentage . His father

j ames B u ch a nan h a d em ,

igra t e d to Franklin cou n

t y Pen nsylvan ia
,
fr o m ,

Done g al cou nty Irel and ,

i n 1 783 Y o u ng j ame sen

.

t e re d Di ckinson Coll ege ,

a t Carlisle in 1 80 an d
, 5 ,

graduated th ere wi th high

honors i n 1 80 9 He stud .

ied law wi t h j am e s Hop J M B UCH A ES ANAN ,

kins at Lan caster and w as a dmi tted to t h e bar

,

th ere in 1 8 1 2 In th e Wa r of 1 8 1 2 he enlisted
.

Captai n Henry Shippen s comp a ny He w a s ’

.

el ected to the Lower House of th e Pennsy lvani a

Legisl ature i n 1 8 1 4 and a ga i n in 18 1 5 In 1 8 2 0
,
.

h e was ele cted to th e Lower House of Congress

from th e La n cast e r distri ct and was r eelected ,

e very two y e a rs unti l 1 8 30 A t first h e was a .

F ederalist bu t in 1 8 2 8 h e becam e a D e mocrat

,
.

In 1 8 3 1 Pr e si den t j ackson appoin ted him U ni ted

S tat e s Mi nister to Russi a In 1 8 34 h e was el ect e d.

U ni t e d Stat e s S enator from Pennsylvani a to fill

a vacancy and was r ee lect e d i n 1 8 3 7 and agai n
, ,

i n 1 843 but h e resign ed i n 1 845 wh e n Presi d e n t ,

Polk appoint e d him S e cretary O f State In 1 849 .

h e retir e d t o pri vat e li fe and in 1 8 53 Presiden t ,

Pierce appo i nted him U ni ted States Minister t o

England . In 1 8 56 h e was e lect e d Presi dent o f
252 B R IE F H IS T O R Y OF L A N CAS T E R C OU N T Y .

th e U nited States as th e Democrati c can di dat e ,

over Colonel j ohn Charle s F remont the first R e ,

p u blican candidate and o ver ex President Mil

,
-

“
lard F illmore th e candidate of the A m eri can
,
“ ”
or Kno w N othing party In 1 8 6 1 Mr E u
. .

chanan r e tired to his farm at Wheatl and half a ,

m i le west of Lancaster He di ed th ere j un e I

.
,

1 86 8 ,
and his remains li e buri ed i n Woodward
H i ll Cem e tery Lan caster,
.

TH A DD EU S S T E V EN S .

Th e great le a der i n th e House o f Representa

t iv esor Lower House of G o ngres
, sdur i n g the Civil ,

War and for several years,

th ere a fter was th e R e pre ,

s e nt a t iv e fr o m L an caster

c o u nt y T had d eu s Ste m

“
vens th e Gre a t Coni
,

mon er He was born at

.

Danvi lle Cal edoni a cou n ,

t y V e rmO I t A pril 4 1 79 2
,
I
, ,
.

His early edu cation was

obt a i ne d i n the common
schools an d at Peach am
TH EU S T E E S
AD D S V
A c a demy
N
His paren ts .

were poor and h e taught school du ring vacation

,

i n order to get mon ey to finish hi s edu c a tion In .

1 8 1 0 he ent e red the Vermon t U niversi ty at B urling

ton bu t wh en th at i nsti tu tion close d on accou nt

,

of th e War of 1 8 1 2 h e went to Dartmou th Coll ege

, ,

where h e graduated i n 1 8 1 4 with high honors He .

then stu di ed law wi th j udge Mattocks In 1 851 .

254 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C AS T E R C O UN T Y .

Republi c a n m aj ori ty in th e House O f Repr e sent a

tiv es duri ng th e Civi l War and ther e after until his
death He di ed at Wash ington D C A u gu st 1 1
.
, . .
, ,

1 86 8. A s th e other cem et e ri es ex cl uded color e d

p e rsons from b uri al wi thi n th eir limi ts h e was at , ,

his request b uri ed i n the small cem et e ry O n W e st

,

Chestn u t str e et L a ncaster ,

.

G ENE R A L J O H N F R EYNO L D S . .

Lan caster s gre a t h ero i n th e Civ i l War was

’

Maj or General j ohn Fulton R e ynolds who was

-

kille d at G e ttysburg ,

j u ly 1 1 8 6 3 He was ,
.

born at Lancaster S e p ,

tember 2 1 1 8 20 He ,
.

was taught i n th e schools

o f his native ci ty an d ,

in 1 8 3 7 b e cam e a cadet
at th e West Point Mil
it a ry A cad emy wh er e ,

h e gradu ated with hon

GE N
J .R E . S F .
01 i
Y NO L D n .
I S 41 H e was
‘

then appoi nted a li e uten a nt in the Thi rd U nit e d

States A rtillery whi ch was st a tion e d at Bal ti
,

m or e S t A ugusti n e and Ch a rlesto n u ntil th e

,
.

war w i t h Mexi co broke ou t In 1 846 h e was br e .

v e t e d c a pt a i n for bravery at Monterey and i n 1 847 ,

h e was breveted m aj or for gallantry at B uen a Vista .

A fter th e war wi th M e xi co h e was stationed i n com

mand O f v a rious posts throughou t th e U ni ted Stat e s
until the bre akin g o ut O f th e Civil War in 1 8 6 1 .

In A ugus t of that y e ar he was appoin ted briga

 BR IE F H IS T O R Y O F L AN C A S T E R C OU N T Y . 255

dier g en eral O f volu nt e ers and was given th e c o m

-

mand of th e First Bri gade O f th e Pennsylvani a R e

serves He took p a rt i n th e camp a i gn of th e A rm y
.

of th e Potomac o n th e Virgi ni a peninsul a an d i n

th e S even Days Battles n ear Ri chmond i n 1 86 2
’
,
.

He also fough t i n General Pope s army during that ’

g e n e ral ’
s disastrous campaign in A ugust 1 8 6 2 , ,
.

O n S eptemb e r h e was appointed to

comman d th e —
militia called ou t by Gov ernor
Curtin O f Pennsylvani a to defen d th e State against
Lee s invasion bu t a fter L ee s defeat at A n t i etam
’ ’
,

R e ynolds rej oined th e A rmy O f th e Potomac He .

c apt u red th e Confederate wor ks on th e l eft at

the battl e of Fre d eri c ksburg D e cember 1 3 1 8 6 2 , ,
.

A fter the battl e h e was appointed mi li tary governor

of Frederi cksburg .

He led the a dv a nce of the U nio n army and

open ed the figh t a t Gettysburg where h e lost his ,

life i n defense of th e U nion an d of his n ative State

against invasio n j ul y 1 1 8 6 3 His remains were
, ,
.

brough t to Lan c a ster j uly 4 1 8 6 3 and were in

, , ,

t e rre d i n Lancaster Cemetery where they rest b e ,

neath a neat monum en t H e is also honor e d wi t h

.

a fine monumen t at Gettysburg and wi th an equ es ,

trian statue i n Philadelphia .

Genera l Reynolds was one of our country s ’

greatest soldi ers His troops had th e warm est

.

a ffection for h i m He sh a re d th eir hardsh ips their

.
,

toils and th e dangers of the camp th e m arch and ,

the fiel d H e was devote d to his profe ssion and

.
,

was ever actuated b y those nobl e and lofty pri n

256 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C A S T E R C OU N T Y .

c iple swhi ch m a ke an A m eri can soldi er worthy to

b e come th e d efender of his country He fell at th e .

beginning of the great and bloody confli ct l eading ,

a corps of brave and determin ed p a triots wh o fol ,

lowe d h im i n figh ti ng the gre a t decisive battl e of

th e Civi l War He di ed fighting gallantly for the
.

U nion an d i n defense O f the homes of h is n ei gh

,

bors an d ki nsmen .

G ENE R A L S A M UE L P E T E R H E I N TZ E L M AN .

Samu el Peter Hein tz elm an a m aj or gen eral in ,

-

t h e U nion army during th e Civi l War was born at ,

Manh eim th is coun ty abou t 1 80 7 He gra du a ted

, ,
.

at West Poi nt i n 1 8 2 6 He served a scolon el in the

.

first b a ttle O f Bull Ru n j uly 2 1 1 86 1 and soon , , ,

afterward bec a me brig a di er gen er a l He com -

.

mand e d a corps in the Seven Days Battl es before ’

Ri chmond j une 2 5—
,
j uly 1 1 8 6 2 and took p a rt i n, ,

th e second battl e O f Bull R u n A ugust 30 1 86 2 , ,

.

He di ed a t W a shi ngton D C i n 1 8 80 ,
. .
,
.

J O H N w F O R N EY . .

j ohn W Forney a celebrated j ournalist and

.
,

poli ti ci a n was born at Lanc a ster i n 1 8 1 7 He

, ,
.

bega n to e dit th e L a nca s t e r I nte llige nce r abou t

18 8
3 . In 1 8 4 h e removed to Philadelph i a wh e re
5 ,

he edited th e Pe nns y lv a nia n a d a i ly j ournal , ,

for m a ny y ears chi ef orga n of th e Democrati c

party i n Pennsylv a nia He w a sClerk of the U nited
.

States House of Representativ es from 1 8 52 to 1 8 55 .

Through his e fforts j am es B u chan an carri ed Penn

sylvani a and w asthus ele cted President in 1 8 56 .
258 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C A S T E R C OU N T Y .

h i m Secretary O f War but he r e s i gn e d i n j anuary ,

1 86 2 when th e P resident appo i nted him Minister

,

Plenipoten ti ary to Russia He r e turned hom e in .

1 8 6 3 an d was a third ti me e l ect e d U ni t e d States

,

S e nator by th e Pennsyl van i a Le gisl ature i n 1 8 66 .

He was re éle c t e d i n 1 8 72 He r e s i gned i n 1 8 77 .

,

an d retir e d to private life H e d i e d in 1 88 9 at the .

,

age of ni nety .

S A M UE L B O W M AN .

The Righ t Rev Sam u el Bow man D D Bishop .

,
. .
,

in th e Protestant E piscopal church was the fourth ,

chil d of C a pt a i n Samu e l Bowm an an O ffi cer O f ,

the A meri can arm y duri ng the Revolu tion who ,

settl ed at Wilkesbarre this State at th e close of , ,

that war Bishop Bowman was born at Wilkes

.

b a rre May 2 1 1 800 He was edu cated at the

, ,
.

academy th ere after whi ch h e stu di e d law i n

,

Phil a delphi a He soon aban done d th e practi ce of

.

l aw an d took holy orders in th e Protestant E p i s

,

copal c h urch Bishop White admi tted him to th e

.

diaconate i n 1 8 2 3 an d to the priesthood in ,

1 8 24 In 1 8 2 3 h e b e ga n his m inistry at St
. .

j ohn s church at Pequ e a i n Sal isb u ry township

’
, ,

this county wh er e h e remained two years He

,
.

n e xt had ch a rge of Trini ty ch urch at E aston this ,

S tate for a short t im e

,
He then re turn e d to h i s .

first ch arge a t Pequ ea an d remai n e d there u nti l ,

1 82
7 wh
,
e n h e took ch arge of St j ames ch urch at .
’

Lancaster whi ch post h e re tain e d until his death

,
.

In 1 845th e cl ergy e l e cted him Bishop o f the Diocese

O f P e nnsylvani a bu t th e la it y re fus e d to con cur
‘

, ,
 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LAN C AS T E R C OU N T Y . 259

and he then de clined th e honor In 1 848 h e w as .

ele cte d Bishop of the Diocese of Indi ana bu t he ,

refus e d th e position In 1 8 58 h e was chosen an d

.

consecrated A s s sit ant Bishop of th e Diocese O f

Pennsylvani a He di ed s . u dd énly A ugust 3 1 86 1 , ,

i n A ll eghe ny coun ty whil e on his w a y to the O i l

,

Region His rem a ins were brough t to Lancas

. ter
and i n terred i n St j ames Episcop a l church y a r d
.
’
.

J O H N W I L L I A M S ON NE VI N .

j oh n Wi lli amso n N evi n D D LL D presiden t ,

. .
,
. .
,

of Fra nklin and Marshall College a nd th e l eading ,

divin e and th eologi an of th e German Reforme d

Chu rch i n th e U nite d States w a sborn i n F rankli n ,

county Pen nsylvani a F ebru ary 20 1 80 3 His

, , ,
.

ancestry was Scotch Irish a nd w a sconspi cuous

-

in statesmanship and li terature His m aternal .

grandmother was a sister O f Hugh W i lli amson ,

on e of th e fram ers of th e U nite d S t a tes C o ns tit u

tion and a noted l i terary man He was born and
,
.

reare d a Presbyterian His fath er a fa rmer w as .

, ,

a grad uate of Dicki nson College at C a rlisl e i n , ,

this State In 1 8 2 7 th e subj ect of this sketch en

.

t e re d U nion C oll ege N ew Y ork wh ere h e gr a du

, ,

ated wi th honor i n 1 8 2 1 I n 1 8 2 3 h e entered the .

T h eologic a l S e minary a t Prin ceton N ew j ersey ,

.

In 1 8 2 6 h e tempor a ri ly filled the chair of O riental

an d Bi bli cal Li terature i n th at i nstitution during ,

whi ch he wrote his B iblica l A nt igu it ieswhi ch had ,

a l arge circul ation i n A meri ca a nd E urope In .

1 8 2 8 he was li censed to preach by th e Presbytery

o f C arl i sle h e l d at Ph i lad e lph i a

,
In 1 8 2 9 h e b e .
26 0 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F L A N C AS T E R C OU N T Y .

came professor o f Bibli cal Literatur e i n th e new

th eologi c a l sem i nary at A llegh a ny this State , .

He hel d that posi tion t en years during whi ch h e ,

preach e d regularly at Braddock s F i eld an d occa ’

s io na lly at o t h er places contr i b ute d arti cles to th e

,

Presbyteri an C hris t ia n H era ld an d e di t e d T he ,

F rie nd in the i nter e st of the Y oung Men s So ci e ty

’
,

of Pi ttsburg and vi c i ni ty He di d m uch for the .

Western Theologi cal Seminary now such a power ,

in th e Presbyteri an Ch urch In his sermons and .

l ectures and wi th his pe n he was an u nco m

, ,

promising oppone nt O f slaver y infideli ty fashi on , ,

abl e amusem ents l adi es fai rs and the a tri c a l e nter

,
’

t a inme nt s In 1 840 he entere d the Reform ed

.

C hu rch by a cceptin g th e professorshi p O f th eology

i n the Reformed Theologi c a l Semin ary at Mercers
burg Frankli n co unty Pe nnsylvani a a nd i n 1 841
, ,

h e becam e presid en t O f Ma rsh all Coll e ge at th e

same place He was e di tor of th e M erce rs
. bu rg
R e v ie w from 1 8 49 to 1 8 53 During this period h e.

wrote m any theologi cal works and contributed ,

arti cl es to th e R ef o rmed C h u rch M es sen er

g He .

resigned his professorship i n th e Reform ed Theo

logi cal Seminary in 1 8 51 an d th e presi den cy O f ,

Marsh a ll College in 1 8 53 wh en the l a tter ins ,

tit u
tio n was remove d to Lan caster He sti ll preached .

an d wro te In 1 8 6 1 h e becam e professor of his

.

tory and ae sth eti cs i n Franklin an d M arshal l Col

l ege a t Lancaster and i n 1 8 6 6 h e be cam e presi
,

dent o f that i nstitu ti o n whi ch position he h eld ten

,

years res i gning i n 1 8 76

,
His n u merous theo
.
26 2 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N CAS T E R C O U N T Y .

posi tion h e h el d until 1 8 6 9 H e was an e nt h u .

s ia st ic supporter of th e publ i c schools an d s e rved ,

his ci ty i n th e capaci ty o f school dire ctor fo r

forty y e ars H e proved hi mself an e ffi cien t m e m
.

b e r of the boards of trustees of m any publ i c ins t itu

tions H e di e d O ctober 1 1 88 5
.
, .

TH O M A S H B U R R OW E S . .

Th e fath e r of th e fr e e school syst e m of Penns y l

vani a was Thomas H Burrow e s a n ativ e and mm
.
,

dent of Lancast e r cou nty .

He was born at Stras

burg N ov e mber 1 6 1 80 5 , ,
.

He was ed ucated at Que

be c Canada and at Tr i n , ,

i ty Coll eg e Dublin Ire , ,

l and wh e r e his par e nts ,

resi d e d for som e years .

In 1 8 3 1 an d 1 8 3 2 he was
el ected to th e Hous e o f
T H M S B URR W ES
O A H O Representatives O f th e
Pennsylvani a Legislature as a Whig In 1 8 3 5Gov .

e rno r j oseph Ri tn er appoi nted him Secretary O f

th e Commonweal th whi ch w ,
a sthe b e gin ning o f

his labors i n the cause of popul a r ed ucation Wh e n .

Governor Ri tn er s term end e d i n 1 8 39 Mr Bur

’
, ,
.

rowes re tired to his farm n e a r Lancast e r H e re .

turned to his profession as a lawy er i n 1 845 He .

presided over an edu cational conventio n at Harris

burg i n j anu ary 1 8 50 In 1 8 51 h e commen ced the
,
.

publi cation of th e Pe nns yl v a nia S choo l j ou rna l to ,

whi ch h e devot e d mu ch of his tim e an d att e ntion

 B R IE F H IS T O R Y OF LAN C AS T E R C OU N T Y . 26 3

until a few years before h is de ath By act of the .

S t a te Legislature i n 1 8 55 the Pe nns ylv,

a nia S ch oo l ,

[o u rna l was m a de th e organ of th e school depart

m e nt of th e State In 1 8 54 Mr B urrowes prepare d
.
‘

for th e St a te d e scripti ve matter for Penns yl v a nia

S choo l A rch itect u re a vol um e of 2 76 pages ,

He .

wrote nearly all the important school laws pass e d

by the Pennsylvani a Le gisl ature aft er 1 8 36 and his ,

great act i n this p arti cular was th e drafting O f th e

N ormal S chool law In 1 8 58 h e was el ect e d Mayor
.

of Lancaster an d i n 1 8 60 h e was appoin t e d State

,

Sup e ri ntendent of Common Schools In 1 8 6 4 Gov .

e rno r Curtin appoint e d h im Superi ntende nt of

S oldi ers O rph an Schools a nd h e establish ed th ese
’
,

insti tutions in di fferent parts of the State In 1 8 6 9 .

h e w asel ecte d presi den t O f th e Pennsylvani a A gri

‘

cultural Coll e ge He di ed March 2 5 1 8 71.

,
.

J O H N B EC K .

j oh n Be ck the well known pri n cipal of th e

,
-

Y oung Men s A cademy at Li titz w asborn i n Grace

’
,

h am Maryl a nd j un e
, ,

16 1
, 79 1 S oon af
. t er his
birth his p a rents moved
to Moun t j oy this coun ,

ty. He re cei ved his edu

cation i n th e Moravi a n
school a t N az are t h this ,

State and at th e age

,

of fifteen i n Obedi ence ,

to th e wishes O f his pa
rents l e arned sho e m a k
,

ing w i th a worthy m an J H B CK O N E .
26 4 B RIE F H STI ORY O F LA N CA s
TER co u N T Y .

i n Li titz to whom he had been appren ticed His

, .

employ er s a i d h e w asth e best and qui ckest wor k

m an h e ever h ad an d wh e n his trade was com
,

p le t e d he gave him a fine sui t of clothes an d

fifty dollars The peopl e of Li ti tz after som e
.
,

p e rsuasion ind u ced him to take ch arge O f their

,

school He o ccupies a promi nen t pl a ce i n th e his

.

tory of pop u lar edu cation in this cou n ty He di ed .

F ebruary 1 1 1 8 73 ,
.

sS H A L D E M AN . . .

Sam u el S t ehma n Hal dem an th e not e d natur ,

alist and linguist was born at Locust Grove a

, ,

family h omestea d o n the Susqu ehann a in wh at is ,

now Conoy township Lan caster co un ty A ugust 1 2 , , ,

181 2 .

He w a se du cat e d in th e publi c schools and after ,

ward at a cl assi cal acad emy i n Harris b urg and

at Di cki nson Coll ege Carl isl e He l eft college ,
.

in t wo ye ars a t the age of eighteen wi thou t

, ,

gr a du ating a nd after ward ed ucated himself pass

, ,

ing most of his time i n his libr a ry He atte nded .

le ctures in the Pennsylvani a U ni versi ty in Phila ,

d elphia i n 1 8 3 3 a nd 1 8 34
,
.

He h a d already made large col l e ctions of speci

m ens in n a tu r al history and h a d a lso colle cted a ,

scientific and l inguisti c libr a ry .

He n e xt a ssisted his fa ther i n a saw mill at -

Chi ckies wh e re h e buil t his residen ce after m arry

,

ing He was also a partn e r i n a blast fu rnace then

.

erected a t Chi cki es an d aft erward entere d i nto th e

,

i ron busin ess as a silent partn e r with his broth ers ,

26 6 B R IE F H IS T O RY O F LAN CA s
TE R C ou nTY .

of oth er parts O f th e world He Often lectur e d b e .

fore Lyce ums and Teachers Insti tutes He to ok ’

.

a promin e nt part i n scientific conventions i n this

country He was a m ember of m any sci en tific s
. o

c ie t ies i n A m er i ca an d E urope an d was pr e si dent ,

of the A m eri can Philolo gi cal A ssoc i ation .

He corresponded wi t h N oah Webster who credi ,

ted hi m wi th many words and defini tions i n his

Di ctionary He was also e ngaged on th e N a t io na l
.

D ict io na r on Worcester s Di ctionary and on ’

j oh nson s Cy clop ae di a
’
H e also h elped t o organi z e
.

t h e Spelling Reform Associ ati on .

In 1 844 he wrote a pap e r on S peciesa nd their

D is t ribu t io n whi ch was highly praise d by th e great
,

E nglish nat uralist Charl e s Darwi n i n the pr e fac e

, ,

of hi s work th e O rigin of S pecies In 1 8 58 he

,
.

issu e d th e T re v elya n Priz e E s s a

y whi ch was pub ,

lis h e d i n 1 8 6 0 as A na lyt ic O rthog raphy an d wh i ch ,

con tains specim ens of abou t seven ty l a ngu age s and

dial e cts as h e a rd from th e li ps of the n a tives th em
selves For this work Professor H a ldeman gaine d
.

a priz e o ffered by S ir Wal t er Trevelyan of E ng ,

l and over six teen competitors who were among

, ,

th e best E urope a n philologists Dr Haldeman . .

d ied September 1 0 1 8 80 a t th e a ge of si xty eigh t

, ,
-
.

S sR A T H V O N
. . .

Simon S nyd er R a t hv o n the noted Lan c a st e r ,

entomologist wa sborn at Marie tta A pril 2 4 1 8 1 2

, , ,
.

He was a resident of Lan caster from 1 8 48 u ntil his

de ath He w a sa sci entist w h ose entomologi c a l
.

research es extend e d through ou t th e world He .

 I
BR E F H S T I OR Y O F LAN C A S T E R C O U N T Y . 26 7

was a corresponding or honorary member of all

th e important associations of entomologists i n this
country an d i n E urop e .

F rom 1 8 2 7 until wi thin a month of his death

h e worke d almost continuously at the tailor s ’

b e nch During his si xty four y ears as a tailor

.
-

Mr R a t h v o n devoted his nigh ts to stu dy an d

s
.

sci e ntific res e arch He h ad enormou c apacity

‘

for work gi ving from e ighteen to tw e nty hours

,

e ach d a y to his trade an d to his researches .

His work attracte d the attention o f sc ie n tists .

He was m ad e pro fessor of entomology i n th e P e nn

sylvan i a Horti cultu ral Society and corr e s po nding,

member of the A cadem y of N atural Sciences i n

Phil adelphi a and o f the A mer i can E ntom ologi cal
,

So ci e ty N umerou s foreign so ci eti es honored him

.

with m edals and m emb e rship He was o ne Of th e .

founders o f th e Linn ae an Soci ety i n La n cast e r In .

1 8 78 Frankli n and M a rshall Coll e ge conferr e d

upo n him th e degree of Doctor of Phi losophy .

H e wrote a great deal for th e n e wspapers an d for

scientific and agri cultural j ournals He was edi tor .

of th e L a nca s t er Fa rme r from 1 8 6 9 u nti l i ts sus

pensio n i n 1 884 a per i o d of fifteen years H e h a d
,
.

a large stock of i nformation on almost all subj ects

of h uman i nter e st but dur i ng all his long l ife
aft e r th e age of fifteen h e was obli ged to mak e a
l i velihood by w orking at his trade attending to its ,

du ti es dilig e ntly wh ile attaini ng his gr e at reputa

tion a sa naturalist especi ally as an entomologist
, .
 26 8 B R IE F H IS T O R Y OF LA N CAS T E R C O UN T Y .

Dr . R at h v o n d ie d
i n Lancaster March 1 9 1 8 9 1 in , , ,
th e 79 t h year of h i s ag e .

J A M E S PY L E W I C K E R S H A M .

A mong th e great e du cators o f Penns yl van i a an d

o f th e U n i t e d Stat e s was j ames Pyl e Wi ckersham ,

who was born O f Qu ak e r

paren tage on a Chest e r
cou nty farm March 5 , ,

1 82
5 His a nc est o rswho
.

cam e from E ngl and t wo

hu ndred years ago were ,

among th e early Qu ak er
settl ers of Chester cou n
ty He was educated at .

t h e U nio nv ille A c a d emy

,

Ch ester cou nty wi th th e ,

famous B ayard Taylor

J W . PER SH M
. IC K an d oth ers
A .
.

H e foun ded th e Mari e tta A cademy i n Lancaster ,

coun ty i n 1 845 wh en h e w asonly tw e nty years

, ,

old He condu cte d that i nsti tu ti on successfully

.

u ntil 1 8 54 wh en h e was elected th e first Cou n ty

,

Superintend e n t of th e schools O f Lancast e r coun ty .

He resigned th e County Superintenden cy in

1 85 6 to be com e Prin cipal of th e Lancast e r County
,

N ormal School at Mill ersville whi ch becam e ,

th e first Stat e N ormal School of Pennsyl van i a ,

D e c e mber 2 1 8 59 He remained pri ncipal of that

,
.

school un til 1 8 6 6 and his ten years principalship

,
’

plac e d th at i nsti tu tion upon th e firm fou ndation o f

i ts wonderful prosp e ri ty .
270 B R IE F H IS T O R Y OF LAN CAS T E R C OU N T Y .

nia , a nd was twic e Presi d e nt O f th e N atio nal T e ach

‘

e rs A ssociation
’
He was an act i v e Gran d Army
.

man an d was promi nent i n Gran d A rmy c i rcles

,
.

Dr Wickers h a m sgr e atest work and th at fo r

.
’
,

whi ch h e w i ll be longest rem embered was i n the ,

cause of popular e du cation To this h e was thor .

oughly an d most en th usiastically d e voted N O .

m an di d m ore for th e su ccess o f th e common

school syst e m O f Pennsylvani a than h e an d no ,

other gave i t su ch whol e sou le d and e nthus i ast i c

-

devotion .

He w a sa publ i c spirited an d en terprising c i ti z e n

-
.

He to o k an activ e i nterest i n literary an d busin e ss

enterprises and en couraged ev e ry m easu r e d es i gn e d
,

for th e publi c wel fare He d i ed suddenly March .

2 5 1 89 1
,
at th e age of s i xty si x years
,
-
.
 CH APTE R XVI .

GO VE R N M E N T .

C IVI L OFF I C E R S .

ENN S Y LV A N I A h ad from its begi nning the

P coun t y system In this i t served asa m o del
.

for m an y of the oth er States of th e U nio n T he .

coun ty o fficers have been for som e y ears el e cted b y

th e peopl e thus giving the governm en t a truly rep
,

res ent a t iv e character .

C OUN TY O FF I C E R S .

The county o ffi cers are two j udges of th e Courts ,

th e Sheri ff Prothonotary R egister of Wills R e

, , ,

corder of Deeds County Treasu rer Coroner three

, , ,

Coun ty Commission ers thr e e Cou nty A uditors two

, ,

j u ry Commissioners Distri ct A ttorney Clerk O f

, ,

Qu a rter Sessions Clerk of O rphans Court Coun ty

,
’
,

S ol i citor Cou nty Surveyor Prison Keeper si x

,

Dire ctors of th e Poor six Prison Inspectors all ,

, ,

—
el ected by th e vo ters of th e cou nty for three y ears ,

ex cep t the j udges who are ele ct e d for ten years

,
.

Th e Sheri ff s duty is to e xecute th e State l a ws

’

in th e county He or his depu ties execu te civil

.

a nd criminal processes i n th e co un ty He att e nds .

the courts and has charge O f the prison ers w hil e

attendi ng court and keeps th e peace
, .

Th e Prothonotary is th e chi ef clerk of the Court

of Common Pleas He e nt e rs an d enrolls all d e c
.

larat io ns pleadin gs j ud gm en ts , e tc ; m ak es o u t
, , .
272 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F L A N C AS T E R C OUN T Y .

j udi cial wri ts an d exe mplifica t io ns of r e cor d s ,

enters r e cogni z an ces etc ,

.

Th e Register of Wills k e e ps records o f w i lls an d

l etters of adm inistr a tio n .

Th e Recorder of Deeds keeps records o f d ee ds

and mortgages .

The County Treasurer h as charge O f the cou nty s ’

money rec e i ved from tax e s an d pays th e co unty s ,

’

debts expenses e tc
, ,
.

The Coroner s du ty is to inquire i nto th e causes

’

o f viol en t death .

Th e thre e County C omm ission ers l egisl ate for

th e county transact th e gen e ral busin e ss l evy
, ,

tax e s say what new improv e m ents sh all b e m ade

, ,

bridges built et c ,
.

The three A u d i tors au di t th e publ i c accounts of

th e county .

Th e two j ury Com missioners draw th e l ists of

thos e to serve as j urors from names pr e s e n t e d to
them for th at purpose .

Th e Distri ct A ttorney is th e co uns e l an d a d v o

cate of th e Commonweal th in prosecuting cr i mi nal
cases i n th e Court of Quarter Sessions .

The Clerk of Q uarter Sessions an d th e Cl erk O f

O rphans Court a re th e chi ef clerks O f those res
’
p ec

t i ve courts .

The Co unty Soli ci tor is th e a ttorn e y and legal

advisor of the Co un ty Commission e rs .

C IT Y OFF I C E R S .

Th e gov e rnm en t of Lan caster city i s like th at

o f oth e r citi e s o f its class i n Pennsylvania Th e .
274 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LAN CAS T E R C OU N T Y .

for o ne y e ar som e for three y ears an d j usti c e s o f

, ,

th e Peace for five years .

NA TI ONA L A N D S T A T E OFF I C E R S F R O M L AN C A S T E R C OUN T Y .

Lancast e r county sends on e m emb e r to th e

Ho use o f Represen tatives of the U nited States
Congress and comprises th e Tenth C o ngres
,
s io n
a l Distri ct of Pen nsylvania Th e county s
. en ds
eight m embers to the Pennsylvani a Le gislatur e ,

two Stat e Senators an d six m embers of th e House

—
O f Repres e n tatives or lower house of th e Stat e
,

L e gislature all el e cte d by th e voters th e S e nators ,

for four years and the R epresentatives for two y ears

,
.

Th e coun ty i s divided i nto t w o Stat e Senatorial

Distri cts and thre e S t a te Representative Distri cts
,
.

The N orth e rn Distri ct el e cts on e S e nator and three

Repr e sentatives to the S t a te Legisl ature The .

Southern Distri ct i ncl uding Lan caster ci ty el ects

, ,

on e Senator to th e Legislatur e The Sou thern

.

Distri ct wi thou t L a n caster ci ty el ects two Rep

, ,

re se nt a t iv e sto th e Legislature Lan caster ci ty

.

el ects on e Representat i ve of i ts own and thus ,

comprises a separate Repr e sentative Distri ct .

 CH A P T E R XVI I .

M A N U FAC T U R E S ,
B A N K I N G I N S U R AN C E
, , ET C .

I R ON W O RK S .

H E p i oneer i ron masters i n Lan caster cou n ty

T
-

were generally W e lsh We find among these .

su ch names as Davi d j enk i ns Davi d Caldwell , ,

j am es O l d an d Cyrus j acobs Th ese were from .

tim e to tim e the propri etors O f th e O ld forges i n Caer

n arvon an d E liz abeth townships Curtis Grubb .
,

a Welshm an was th e foun der and ori gi nal own e r

,

of th e Cornwall furn a ce now i n L e bano n cou nty

, .

Robert Col em an a Scotch Irishman and one of

,
-

th e most prominent of th e O ld iron m asters of this -

county after w ard became one of th e own ers O f th e

,

Cornwall furnace and O f the furnace and forges i n

E li z abeth township The Grubbs th e Freem ans
.
,

an d th e Col emans are to d ay th e most noted iron

m asters i n Lancaster a nd Lebanon cou nties There .

—
w e r e also among th e first iron masters of th e co un ty -

two Germans j a cob Huber th e fou nder of E liz a ,

beth furnac e and B aron Sti egel th e founder of

, ,

Manheim O n th e Conowingo an d th e O ctoraro

.

th ere were form e rly several furnaces an d forges ,

bu t th ey h av e not been i n operation for m any y e ars .

Marti c forge an d Col emanvill e forge and rolling

mill bo t h located on th e Pequea were i n op e ration
, ,

u ntil a r e c e nt p e r i od Th e O ld charcoal furnac e s

.
,
276 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N CAS T E R C OU N T Y .

whi ch a t on e tim e were qui te num erous h av e ,

ceased to exis t since th e developm en t of th e a n

t hra c it e co a l mi nes and to d ay we fin d fl o u ris
h
i ng an thraci te furnac e s and rolling mills at Lan -

caster Columbi a M ari ett a Chestnu t Hill and S a fe

, , ,

Harbor .

P A P E R MI L L S -
.

Th ere was a paper mill establish e d at Ephrata -

abou t 1 8 20 an d on e was i n operation on the West

Bran ch of th e O ctoraro i n B a rt township In ,
.

*T h e O fo rgesw e re $ W i nds
ld o r P o o l a nd S p ri ng G ro v e in
, ,

C aerna rv o n t o w ns h i p ; S p ee d well a nd H o p e w ell in E l i z b eth ,

a

to w ns h i p M a rti c in M a rti c to w ns
,
h i p C o l em nv i ll e in C o ne s a ,

t o ga to w ns hi p ; S a ds bu ry in S a d s bu ry to w ns ,
hi p ; Pi ne G ro v e ,

Wh i t e R o ck a nd B l a ck R o ck in L i ttl e B ri ta i n to w ns ,
h i p ;a nd
M o u nt V erno n in W es ,
t D o nega l to w ns hi p .

T h e o ld c h a rco al fu rna c e sw e re $ T h o s e o f C o rnwa ll a nd

C o l eb ro o k no w in L eb a no n co u nty ; E l i z ab eth in E l i z ab e th
, ,

t o wns h i p M a rti c in M a rti c to w ns

,
h i p C o no wi ngo in w h at is ,

no w E a s t D ru mo re t o w ns h i p ;M o u nt H o p e in R ph o t o w n ,
a

s h i p ; M o u nt V e rno n in W e s t D o negal to w ns
,
h i p ; M o u nt
E d e n in wh a t isno w E d e n t o w ns
,
h i p ;a nd B l a c k R o ck in ,

L i ttl e B ri tai n to w ns hip .

T h e nth ra ci te fu rna ces

a h a v e b ee n S a ra h A nn inR a ph o to w n ,

s h i p ;S a fe H a rb o r in C o nes to ga to w ns
,
h i p C o nes to ga in L an ,

ca s ter c i ty ;Ch i c ki es a t t h e mo uth O f B ig Ch i cki esc re e k in

, ,

Wes t H e mp field to w ns hi p C o rd el i a in W es t H emp fi eld to w n .

s h i p S h aw nee S t Ch a rl e sa nd H e nry Cl y in C o lu mb i a a nd
,
. a ,

D o nega l M ari etta V es

,
ta a nd E gl e nea r M a ri etta
,
a ,
.

T h e ro ll i ng mi ll s -
h a v e b ee n Ch i c ki e snear t h e mo uth o f B ig ,

Ch i cki esc ree k in E as ,

t D o negal to w ns hi p ; S a fe H a rb o r a nd
C o l e ma nv i ll e in C o nes,
to ga t o w ns hi p ; C o no w i ngo in w h a t is ,

no w E a s t D ru mo re to w ns h i p R o h rers to w n in E as t H emp fi eld ,

to w ns h i p P e nn I ro n C o mp a ny sin L a ncas te r ci ty a nd S haw

’

nee a nd S u s q u e h a n n a in C o lu mb i a ,
.
278 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C AS T E R C OU N T Y .

*
ho u ses . The Lancaster Trust C om pany o f Lan
caster city est a blish e d in 1 890 is the first and only
, ,

institu tion of th e ki nd i n th e cou nty .

I N S U R AN C E .

Th e gre a t fire i nsuran c e companies Of A mer i ca

-

and E urope are r e pres e nt e d i n Lan caster ci ty .

There a re a n umber O f farmers mutual fir e ins u r

’

an ce companies i n exist e nce throughou t th e county ,

whi ch i nsure most O f th e prop e rty of our a gric u l

tural population A c cording to th e m utu al plan
.
,

th e members of each of these are j o i ned togeth e r

by agreeing to pa y their respective shares of loss e s
sustai ned by th ei r n e ighbors belong i ng t o the i r
associ ation O ur various l a rg e m etropol i tan life
.

insuran ce compani es also h av e agen cies i n Lan

caster ci ty and oth e r l arge towns of th e cou nty and ,

have a l a rge number of poli cy holders throughou t -

th e cou nty .

C H A RIT A B L E AN D PH I L AN TH R O PI C I N S TIT U TI ON S .

B e sides the Cou n ty A lms House and Hosp i tal -

there are sev e r a l private ch a ritabl e insti tu tions .

The O rpha n A s ylu mo

f L a nca st e r a n i ncorporated ,

institution c a res for fem al e orph ans betwe e n th e

,

ages of six and ten Th e B is hop B o w ma n C hu rch

.

*
O f the t we nty fi v e N ati o n l B nk ss
-
e v n a re in L a nc a s
a ate r e

ci ty th re e in C o lu mb i
,
t wo in M o u nt J o y t w o in M a nh ei m a nd
a, , ,

o ne in ea c h o f t h e fo ll o w i ng e l e v e n pl ces $ M ri etta E l i z a a ,
a

b e t h t o w n L i ti tz E ph rat a L i nc o l n N e w H o ll nd S t ra s
, , ,
bu rg ,
a , ,

G a p fC h ris
,
ti n a Q u rryv i ll e nd M o u ntv i ll e L ancas
a, a a ter c i ty .
,

C o lu mb i M a ri e tta a nd E l i z b thto w n h v e e ch a p ri v ate

a, a e a a

b nki ng es
a tabl i s
h me nt .
 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C AS T E R C OU N T Y . 279

H o m e , for th e a ged and i nfirm w asfou nded by ,

Bishop Sam uel Bowm a n an d is supported by vol ,

u nt a ry contributions Th e H o me f o r Friend les

. s
C h ild re n was established i n 1 8 59 by the e fforts and
contribu tions of Miss Mary Bowman and other
benevolent perso ns and w a si ncorporated by act
,

O f the St a te Legisl ature in 1 8 6 0 S t M a ry sH os

. .
’

p it al
,
a Roman Catholi c ins t it u tion w a sestab ,

lis h e d i n recent years .

S E C R E T AN D B ENEF I C I A L O R D E R S .

The Free Masons O dd F ellows a nd th e various

, ,

oth e r secr e t orders whose Obj ects are O f a philan

t hro pic a nd benefici a l ch a r a cter have organizations ,

i n Lancaster ci ty an d i n th e various l a rge and

small towns th roughout th e county Th e Gran d .

A rmy has a number of posts i n various parts O f

the cou nty T h e v a rious n ew secret orders have
.

r a pi dly est a blished themselv e s i n di ffer e nt portions

of th e coun ty The strength of these associations
.

here aswell a sthe nu mber of religious soc i eti es

, ,

shows th a t our cou nty is not behi n d th e a ge in

anything t h at tends to th e advancem ent an d happi
ness of our fellowmen .
 CH A P T E R XV I I I .

N AT U R AL H I S T O R Y .

G EO L O GY .

T
H E ro ck stru cture of L a ncaster coun ty though ,

comp a ratively simpl e is yet i nteresting Th e

,
.

rocks belong i n th e m ain to th e Older formations and

present no evidence upon the surfa ce of gre a t
ch a nges of posi ti on T hey h a ve not been folded
.
,

be nt or contorted asi n o th er regions wh ere geo

,

logical forces h a ve been more a cti ve B u t i f fol d .

i ng forces have not bee n active erosion h a sbeen an

,

import a n t factor i n sh a ping the surfa ce features an d

ad ding to th e potential we a l th of the cou nty This .

i t has done i n th e formation of the soil and i n ,

bringing to the surfa ce the valu abl e seri es of rocks

in th e m ain lim estone v all ey of th e coun ty Per .

h aps thousands of feet O f rock strat a h a ve been worn

away by this ever a ctive force .

TH R EE A G E S .

In i ts surfa ce features L an caster coun ty presents

three well marked series of ro cks that ru n entirely
-

across th e cou nty from east to west The seri e s .

form broad paral l el belts of n early equ al wi dth .

M E S O Z O I C S E RI E S .

Th e m ost northern of the belts is O f th e M e so

z oi c or Mi ddle life series composed m ainly O f sand
-

stone and a rgillite a thi n slaty rock l ik e shal e

,
.
282 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C AS T E R C OU N T Y .

la i d down Th eir thinni ng o u t as w e approach

.

th e nex t bel t i ndi cates that after th e y were bedded

th e e l emen ts r a pi dly disintegrated th e m Th e .

eroded m aterial from th em was carri ed away to

furnish compon ents for ot he r beds o r fo r th e soils ,

O f o th er se ctions .

P O S ITI ON .

Th e Mesozoi c sandstones h e r e li e directly upon

th e Trento n limestones though th e l atter belongs ,

m ainly to the older Palaeozoi c seri es The latter .

dips dir e ctly u nder th e former and was at o ne time

compl etely covered by i t as i s shown by the fact ,

that the higher hills are y et crown e d wi th sand

ston es .

P A L AEO Z O I C R O C K S .

The Trenton ser i es wh i ch forms th e mi ddl e bel t

,

of rocks through th e co unty is by fa r th e most ,

important Th e action of the air and th e water

.

upon i ts surface has produ ce d th at deep ri ch soi l

for whi ch this sectio n is famous A ll of th e best .

farms l i e i n this b e l t Th e rocks are l ai d down

.

along a great synclinal ax i s and form therefore , ,

a wide trough sh aped vall ey [ They m u s

,
-
t be of .

great thi ckness perh aps thousands O f fe et O wing

,
.

however to thei r posi tion and the smal l nu mber

,

and e xtent of th e ou tcroppings of th e e dges of the

rocks th eir d e pth c a nnot be e xactly ascertai ned
,
.

They h ave no t been subj e cte d to any great flexing

and fol ding hen ce th e section is comparatively
,

level Th e und ul ations presen t only gentle swells

.

wi th lon g slopes O ccas i onally alon g th e C on es

.
 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N CAS T E R C OUN T Y . 28 3

toga Creek a n ou tcrop presents compli cated fol d

ingsthat a re evidences of the wonderful power of
-

those subterra ne a n forces th at i n times long past

made and contorted o ur mou nt a i ns Th e y are .

eviden ces too of th e plasti c state of th e beds O f

sedimen t when ori gi nally l a i d down .

EFFE C T O F E R O S I ON .

fln n e arly the middle line of th e belt a l arge p a rt

o f the Tren ton lim eston es has been c a rr i ed away

by t h e action of rains and the streams This i n

—
.
,

three sections Chi cki e s N e ffsville and th e Welsh

—
Mountains h as e xposed rocks of an earlier age
,

C O M P O S ITI ON .

Th e limestones O f th i sbel t are b luish or gr a yish

an d are compose d ma i nly O f car b on ate O f lim e ,

though som e cont a i n a l arge proportion of m agne

sium Toward th e southern si d e of the bel t in
m an
.

y quarries th e limeston e con t a ins mu ch s chist ,

ei ther dissemi nated all through th e strata or as an

i ncrustation Wh en burned t h e carbonate of l im e
.
,

forms good qui cklim e or oxi d e of lim e In burn .

ing a su ffoc a ting gas carbo n dioxi d e is driven O ff

, , ,

and th e qui cklim e remai ns .

O RIGI N .

Th ey are m ad e u p almost entirely of th e shel ls

of m inute animals that at on e tim e existe d i n
coun tl ess numbers i n th e sea Like th e coral .

o ly t h ey were simple i n organiz at i on and secu r e d

p p ,

th e i r food an d materi als to bu ild up a sh ell cover

ing from t h e s e a wat e r .
28 4 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N CA S T E R C OU N T Y .

TH E A R C H E AN B E L T .

S o uth of th e Tren ton belt is th e last an d lowest

of the t h ree impo rt a nt seri es i n Lan caster coun ty
'

The ro cks belong to th e A rch aean era and m ainly

to th e E ozoi c or first life age Schistose sl at e s o r .
,

thos e sl a tes i n whi ch th e cleav a ge is i nto thi n lam

in a r plates are th e predomi nan t ro ck s
, ] Here th e
contr a ctil e force of th e earth s cooling is more e vi ’

d e n t an d shows i tself i n t h e contort e d ch aracter o f

,

th e strata i n th eir bent and folded posi tions an d

, ,

a lso i n th e gr e ater compli cation O f th e surface

fe atu res Instead O f th e long swells a nd gentl e
.

u ndulations ch aracteristi c of th e li m eston e belt ,

the hills pres e n t steep slopes sh a rper angl e s and ,

brok en crests .

1 I N TR U D E D R O C KS .

N o t only ar e th e Eozoi c rocks r e pres e nted i n

this section bu t oth e r seri es seem to be pushed i nto
,

th e pre domi n ant rocks Gn eisses m i ca schists

.
,
-

a nd serpen tin es crop ou t along th e bases O f m any

h ills Lik e all ro cks so low down they contai n a

.
,

great d eal O f iro n disseminated through th em Th e .

only outcrops of i ndustri al valu e is t h e Peach

Bottom ro o fing sl a te or tru e A rgillite
-

,
.

TH E P O T S D A M FO RM A TI ON .

Runn i ng i nto th e Tr e nton lim eston e from th e

w est is a well marked area in the form of a wedge
-

, ,

O f wh a t i s known as Ch i cki es quartzi te The rock .

i s an O ld sandstone and has be e n referred to th e

Potsdam age The ou tcrops o ccur at Chi ckies
.
,

fro m w hi ch place the format i on e xtends e astward

286 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F L A N CAS T E R C O UN T Y .

one m i le west o f Millersv i ll e there i s a lo cal o u t

crop o f abou t a mile i n length an d a few yards i n
width Great blocks of th e doleri te are nearly
.

a lways scatt e r e d over th e surface along th e lin e

of ou tbreak .

O RIGI N O F TR A P .

Th e rocks are e vi den tly of i gn e ous origin and ,

h a v e been forced up through fissur e s i n the

earth s crust
’
AS th e earth cooled o ff th e
.
,

outer crust b e cam e too small for th e i ntensely

heate d part with in h e nce fissures w o uld be form e d
and th e molten material w i thi n force d o ut B ut .

as th e crust gr e w thi ck and the part wi thin radi

at e d i ts h eat the i nterior woul d b e com e too sm a ll
,

for th e crust an d th e l atter wo ul d adj ust i ts e l f

,

to th e contracti ng m ass H e nc e the cr u st woul d .

b e thrown i nto folds and perhaps fis s

u re d wh e n
,

ben t a great deal Th e heavy outsi de sh ell press

.

i ng inward gr a dually forced basalti c materi als

upward i nto th e fissures and thu s caused th e trap
dykes These are most common i n th e M e sozoi c
.

san dston es .

O RIGI N O F O R E D E P O S IT S .

The Chestnu t Hill iron mi nes a re situ ated i n a

seri es of rocks of th e Ca mbrian age under bedd e d ,
-

wi th very ol d whi te sandstones Slaty rocks ri ch .

,

i n i ron parti cl es and i n m asses O f iro n pyri tes i n ,

som e forms called j a ckstones an d known also as , , ,

fool s gold overlaid the ser i es Water i n l eachi ng

’
,
.
,

th rough th e slat e rocks combi ned with the i ron to ,

form i ron oxide Carri ed down through th e per

.
 B R I E F H IS T O R Y oF LA N CAS T E R C O UN T Y . 28 7

meable rocks by th e water the sol ution grad ually ,

sa t urated the ro cks above th e wh ite sandston e an d

forme d the ri ch deposi ts of hemati te The posi .

t ion o f th e imperm e able sandstones was admirably

adapted i n every way to favor th e
T H E G A P N I C K E L MI NE S .

A ccording to th e traditions of th e neighborhood ,

the Gap copp e r mi nes w e re discovered abou t the

ye a r 1 71 8 F rom abou t this tim e un til 1 800 th ey
.

were irregul arly worked by various c ompani es ,

non e of whi ch w e re abl e to procure copper in pay

ing quan t i ties A fter lying i dl e for about fifty years
.
,

or i n 1 849 a company w asformed to enga ge i n cop

,

per ore m ini n g whi ch they continu ed u ntil 1 8 52

,
.

A t this ti me min ers i n t he U ni t ed States knew

nothing of n i ckel Th e nick el ore at th ese m i n e s
.

was th er efor e all th e time being thrown ou t a s

, ,

worthl ess material They thou ght i t m erely Sul .

”
h re t of Iron In th at ye ar Captai n Dobl e cam e
p u .

to work a sa mi ner He had an i ntim a te knowledge

.

of pra cti cal m i n i ng a nd at once announ ce d that ,

the so called iro n pyri tes was no t th a t material .

*M IN E R A L S .
—h
T i ro n o re mi nesin E a s
e re a re t D o nega l to wn
s h i p ne a r M a ri etta ;o n Ch es
,
tnut H i ll in We s t H e mpfi eld t o w n
,

s h i p o n T u rk ey H i ll in M a no r t o w ns ,
h i p in C o nes t o ga a
to w ns h i p nea r S a fe H a rb o r a nd S h enk sFerry in P eq u ea
,
’

t o w ns h i p ne ar P e qu e a V all ey in P ro v i d e nce a nd E d e n to w n
,

s h i p s nea r Qu a rryv i ll e o n b o th s
,
i d eso f B eav er C reek in ,

P ro v i d e nce a nd S tra s bu rg to w ns h i p s; in S tra s bu rg to w ns hip ,

ne ar M i ne R i dge a t s e e ra l pl a ce s in B art to w ns
v h i p in Fulto n
a nd L i ttl e B ri ta i n t o w nsh i p s a nd ins e v era l pl a ce s in C ae rna rv o n
t o w ns h i p o n t h e We l s
,
h M o u nta i ns .
288 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F L A N CA S T E R C O UN T Y .

Spe cimens were sent to several chemists on e Of ,

whom Dr F A G eu t h a skillfu l chemist o f

,
. . .
,

Philadelphi a m a d e a s a tisfactory analysis pro

,

no u nc ing th e ore ni ckel an d giving th e percentag e , .

The nam e of th e mi n e s w a sno w ch anged to Gap

N i ckel M i nes a nd were op e rated for som e y e ars by
,

sever a l companies bu t wi th little financial su cc e ss , .

j ose p h Wharton th e presen t owner how e ver by , , ,

s killful m ining and busi ness tact i n disp o sing O f all

the prod ucts has mad e th e min es pay
$ $
.

The ni ckel or e w hi ch i s fou nd i n th e form O f

mill e r i te or ni ckel sulphide forms an i ncrustation
, ,

on hornbl ende or li es i n con tact wi th schistose ,

rocks Th e min es si tu ated i n B art to wnsh i p ar e

.
, ,

n ear a tra p dyke i n th e E o z oi c bel t o f rocks Th e

-
.

region is surrou nded by limeston e s Th e horn .

bl e n de is i n a large lenti cular or wedge sh a pe d

mass imb ed ded i n th e schi sts
,
.

FL OR A .

B u t few portions of th e U ni ted S t a tes have a

mor e vari ed a nd m ore l uxuri an t flora than L a ncas
ter coun ty Its position i n lati tu de i ts gre at rai n
.
,

fall i ts prote c t ion by mount a ins on th e north i ts

, ,

many springs creeks an d rivers as well as its , ,

g reat fertility of soil u nite to g i ve larg e growth ,

fi ne ry t C md e n N ew j ers
*T h e re a ey is c ll e d t h e
a A me ri , ,
a

c n N i ck e l W o rk s
a T h e c rud e m te ri l ft e r s melti ng a t t h e a a a

mi ll sisk n w n asm tto A t t h e re fi ne ry fro mt h e ma tt is

a e mad e
. e

pu re ni ck l ni ck el o x i d e ni ck e l ll ys ni ck el c s
e ,
ti ngsni cke l ,
a o ,
a ,

sltspu re c b lt co b lt O x i d e co b lt ll o ys c b lt cas
a ,
o a ,
a ti ngs ,
a a ,
o a ,

co b lt s
a alt sc pp e r blu e v i t ri o l e t c
,
o , ,
.
29 0 B R IE F H IS T O R Y oF LAN CAS T E R C O U N T Y .

s e lv e s i n every d i r e ct i on i t s t re nu o u s ly res
is
,ts x

almost ev e ry e ffort m ad e to destroy i t .

Th e far mers how e ver st i mulated by a recen t

, ,

legislative e nactm en t imposing heavy fines upon ,

all l and own e rs who perm i t thes e pl ants to blos

-

som an d ripen seed h av e vigorousl y attack ed them

,

with scythe a nd ho e and have mad e su ch decided

,

progress agai nst them th at the l and area u surped

by th em i s y e arly growing l ess .

Th e wil d carrot is of l ater i ntroducti on It is a .

v e ry h ardy an d vigorous plant spreadi ng rap i dly ,

i n l ands devoted to th e growing of grasses Here .

i t m aterially lessens th e v al u e o f th e hay crop ,

and grea t ly i nterferes w i th the pasturing of cattl e .

Toad flax wil d garl i c ch amomil e and burdock

, , ,

all i mporte d from E urope are foun d i n m any ,

Of th e cult ivated distri cts b u t are k ept u nder con ,

trol by th e persisten t e fforts of th e farmer .

The o x ey e d daisy while found in a few places

-

i n th e county i s not as troublesom e h ere as i t is

,

i n som e of the n eighboring counti es The h igh .

state O f cul t i vation i n whi ch most of the lands

h ave been k ept has ten d e d to destroy a nd exter
minate al l weeds th at i nterfere wi th su ccessful
farm ing .

F O R E S T S AN D FO R E S TRY A S S O C I A TI ON S .

B efore th e discovery of an thraci te coal wh en ,

th e peopl e depended u pon wood for fu el for e sts ,

were bett e r cared for an d better preserved than

wh e n coal took th e place of wood .

Th e i ron works at first us e d charcoal thus also

-

,
 BR IE F H STI OR Y O F LA N CAS T E R C O UN T Y . 291

ind u mg e conomy i n wood E nti re for e sts wer e

c .

cu t down fo r su ch purposes and th e n permi tted to

grow up again Sou th Mou n tain th e Marti c
.
,

Hills a nd o t h e r woode d distri cts were h eld in

’

larg e tracts by iron maste rs who th us pr e s e rved-

the m and secured s e veral su ccessive growths of

timb e r .

F armers at that tim e pursu ed th e sam e course ,

c utting an acr e O f woodlan d for fuel every year ,

an d th e n letti ng i t grow again .

A s th e population i ncreased and the consumptio n

of coal b e cam e gre a t er al l this was ch anged .

Wh e never timberl ands wer e cl ear e d th e lands

w e re placed u nder cu lt i vation thus rapi dly r e du e ,

i ng th e ar e a o f for e st .

From this tim e som e p e opl e noti ced a change in

clim ate The ra i nfall b e came mor e irregular espe
.
,

c ia lly dur i ng th e seasons o f plant growth Ther e -

.

s ee ms t o b e greater uncertainty i n t he raising o f

crops some s e asons being very wet whil e o thers
,

are v e ry dry o n account O f th e destru ction of th e

,

for e sts The e ffects of erosion h ave become more

.

m arked During tim e s o f h eavy rainfal l the

.

sm aller streams rapi dly uni te to flow into th e

l a rger ones whi ch in turn ar e s w ell e d i n
,
to imp e tu
Ous an d devastati ng floods Th e rush o f th e .

small e r str e ams down the hills i des rapidly denud e s

th e m Of e arth and vegetation and soon removes
most o f the soil r e nd e r i ng th e m i n capable o f sup
,

porting veg e table growths o f any character Th e .

fo re st by m e an so f i ts roo ts an d m ass e s o f i nt e r
,
292 BR IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N CAS T E R C O UN T Y .

wo v en ro o tlet
. sholds th e so i l and p r e v e n ts e ros i on
, .

Th en to o w i th its l ay e r Of d e cay i ng leav e s ov e r

, ,

th e surface o f the earth i t holds a large amou nt

of wat e r E vaporat i on go e s o n mor e slo wly than
.

i n th e op e n fi e lds ; henc e the moistur e is mor e

e venly distri bu t e d t o th e air througho u t th e
s e ason The water i n th e so i l pass e s more slowl y
.

from th e wood e d hills i d e to low e r l ev e ls ;springs

rem a i n constant and streams are no t subj ect t o so
,

gr e at variat i ons i n vol um e .

S i n c e th e whol e sal e d e stru ction o f for e sts ,

cyclon e s and storm saccompani ed with hail h ave

, ,

becom e more fr e quent and d e struc t i ve .

Som e y e ars a go a pamphl e t was publ i sh e d call

i ng attent i o n to th e se phys i cal change s and re co m
m ending th e r e planting o f t i mber i n ava i labl e
pl aces .

Gov e rnor Hartranft of th i s Stat e d i rected the

, ,

attention Of th e L e gi sl at u r e to the n e cess i ty Of

r e foresting th e t i mberlands and recommended l e g ,

is la t io n to prev e n t th e u nn ecessary destructio n o f

pi ne for e sts i n th e l umber regi ons o f Pennsylvani a .

In May 1 8 79 a law was passe d by the State

, ,

Legislatu re en courag i ng th e plan ti ng o f tre e s

along roadsides A l aw was afterward pass e d
.

allow i ng a reduction of tax on lan d wh er e tr e es

were pla nt e d t In j une 1 88 7 a l aw was passed , ,

e n coura ging for e st cultur e and provid i ng penal ties

for i nj ury and d e stru ction O f for e sts .

I n 1 88 2 th e A merica n Fores t ry A s
so cia t io n w as

e stablish e d In j u n e 1 886 th e Pe nns

.
y,
l v a nia
,
294 BR IE F H IS T O R Y O F LAN CAS T E R C O UN T Y .

cannot r e scu e themselv e s Th ey fall i nto th e wat e r.

,

slowly d e compose an d nour i sh th e plant This

,
.

plan t has a large an d beautiful flower It blossoms

’

i n j u ne Related to this i n i ts h ab i ts is th e Su n
.

D e w ( Drosera rotun difolia ) a smal l plant growi ng ,

i n the swamp at D illerv ille and n ear Sm i thv i ll e .

This plan t h as ro u nd l e aves wh i ch are arm e d ,

w i th sti cky glands Th e l eaf closes wh e n an i ns e ct

.

lights u pon i t an d with th e a i d o f the glands t h e

,

i ns e ct is held until it is decomposed and us e d by th e

pl ant .

A v ery beau tifu l autumn flower i s th e fri nged

g e ntian (gentiana crinita) w hi ch grows along the ,

Li ttl e Conestoga so u th o f M i llersville

,
.

Th e A m eri can cowslip ( Do decath e on Mea d ia) i s

a rare and v e ry pretty flower It i s foun d o nMedia .

Hill n e ar Lancaster and o n the rock along th e

, ,

Li ttl e Conestoga .

Th e i nteresting a nd mu ch adm i r e d family o f

flo wers call e d th e orch ids are well repr e sented i n
Lancaster county N in e spe ci es O f h ab e nar i a (in
.

cl udi ng th e beautiful cili aris ) four spe c ie s Of spi ,

ra nt his a nd three of cypripedium are found in d i f ,

fe re nt parts of th e cou nty Liparis li lifolia grows .

i n th e N e ffsvi ll e h ills and Pogoni a v e rt i cillata i n

,

th e oak woods near Strasburg Bes i des th e s e m en .

t io ne d there are m any o ther rare orchids as w e ll as

, ,

rare pl ants of oth e r fam i lies .

Th e varied abu ndan t flora of this cou n ty was

amo ng th e first to re cei ve th e attention of botanists .

H e r e was th e hom e O f th e d i st i n guish e d Muhl en

 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F LA N CASTE R C OUN T Y . 295

b e rg who did so mu ch for A m eri can botany He

,
.

an a lyzed and classified most of the na t iv e plant si n

‘

the beginning O f the present century Dr Thomas . .

C Porter from 1 8 53 to 1 8 6 6 lived here and c a re

.
, ,

fully ex a mi ned all the speci es accessible to him in

those years He classified the pl a nts of the cou nty
.
,

an d gave i n his summary 841 speci es of exogenous

h ae no a mu s3 2 8 sp e cies of en do enous ph ae no
p g , g
gamus or 1 1 6 9 species of floweri ng plants i n th e
,

co unty .

B esi d es this h e analy z e d an d cl a ssified 1 99 sp e ci e s

of crypt o ga mu sm aki ng th e entire flora Of th e coun
,

t y consist of at least 1 3 6 8 sp e ci e s

FAU NA—
.

H O W I NF L UEN C E D .

In all i ts varie d forms th e anim al life native to

,

a ny region consti tu tes i ts faun a Many of th e lower

-

forms of an i m als fee d upon vegetabl e m atter an d ,

nearly every plant has i ts enemy that slowly saps i t

life or stunts i ts growth Hence where vegetation .

is luxuri an t th ere will be a l a rge number O f sp e ci es

of animals The fa un a th us depen ds directly upon
.

the flora ; and as th e latter is determi ned by cli

m ate posi tion an d such local influences as soil a nd
, ,

present or former ge ographi cal features the animal ,

l ife is distributed i n zon es or faunal realms Lan ,

.

c aster county si tu ated in the north temperate fau

,

nal realm is ri ch i n native pl a nts and ther e for e had

, ,

a vari ed animal life O f course m any of th e l arger

.
,

and destructiv e animals h ave disappeared with th e

s e ttl em e n t o f th e cou nty and thos e forms only th a t
,
296 BR IE F H IS T O R Y O F LAN CAS T E R C O U N T Y .

are no t re adily displ ac e d by agri cul tu ral d e velop

m ent r e m ai n abundan t .

I N S E C T L I FE .

Th e i nj ury done by ins e cts is e very y e ar mor e no

t icea b le Civili z ation an d cultivation have ch ange d
.

th e condi tions of life for th e nativ e i ns e cts By th e .

cl earing away O f forests and th e destru ction o f h e r

b ac eo u s pl ants in tilling the soil i nsects have bee n
.

depr i v e d of th eir natural food and th ey h av e i n ,

m any cases adapte d th e mselv e s to a n e w d i et o f cul

tiv a t e d plants This i n som e cases has b ee n v e ry
.

favorabl e to th e ir m ul tipli cation and the i r ravages ,

h av e therefore becom e so urces o f great loss t o th e

farmer and frui t gro w e r and sc ie nc e h as thus b ee n
-

call e d i n t o dev i se m e ans o f checking th ei r d e pre .

dations .

A n insect so nam ed b e cause i ts body i s cu t i nto

,

sections by cross l ines passes throu gh thr e e stag es

-

of growth th e larva o r i nfan t period th e pupa or

, ,

C hrysalis stage i n whi ch i t i s usually qu i escent and ,

th e i mago or adul t stag e The sc i ence o f i ns e cts and .

i ns e ct life is call e d E ntomology .

I NJ U RI OU S I N S E C T S .

Th e L ocu s t B o rer is one O f th e most d e stru ctiv e

O f our i ns e ct pests destroying one of th e most val
,

n able tre e s th e locust A line of young locusts

,
.

ma y frequently b e Observed wi th rough scarr e d bark

mo s
*T h e t no te d e nto mo l o gi s
tso f t h e co u nty h av e be en D r S . .

S R a t h v o n a nd P ro f S S H ald ema n Mr S amu el A u xe r o f

. . . . . .
,

L ancas te r h asa v ery fi ne co ll ecti o n o f i ns

,
e cts .
298 BR IE F H IS T O R Y OF LA N CAS T E R C O UN T Y
s
oil . Th e work is don e by subt e rran e an ca terpil
l ars th e larva o f several sp e c ie s Of moths Each
, .

plant probably has itso w n e n e my tho u gh i t m ay

.

b e th at th e sam e cate rpillar cu ts th e corn and th e

tobacco plant Th e moth o f th e cabbage c u t worm
-
.
-

“
has th e fore w i ngs o f a dark ash e n gray color ; -

”
w i th a l ustre lik e sati n In expans e i t is abo ut
.

o ne i nch an d thre e fourths i n l e ngth abou t thr ee

-

fourths Of an i n ch .

S PH I N X E S .

Th e Sph i nxes ar e moth ss o named by L i nn ae us ,

th e gre at Sw e dish botanist b e caus e h e fanci e d a re ,

s e mblanc e b e tw ee n th e larva o r cat e rp i llars i n c e r

ta i n postur e s an d th e gr e at E gyptian Sphi nx
Th ei r att i tu d e s ar e ind ee d r e mar kabl e Th e for e
, ,
.

part O f the body i s held erect fo r h o urs at a tim e .

The l arva O f th e Sphinxes ar e nearly all larg e cat

erpilla rs an d qui t e vorac i ous Th e di ffer e nt spec i es .

attack d i ffer e nt plants usually d e vour i ng th e l eav e s

,

complet e ly o r cu tt i ng th e m ful l Of holes E ach .

species seems to be confin e d i n i ts ravages t o a singl e

plan t o r t o th e plants o f a singl e g e nus o r som e ,

t i m e s to a fam i ly o f pl ants .

Many o f th e moths ar e large and fly rapi dly from

flow e r t o flow e r i n th e mornin g and e ven i n g twi
ligh t The i r movem e nts ar e so rapid and s
. o con ,

troll e d th at th ey can poise th e ms e lv e s before a

flow e r and extract i ts hon e y T o s e cure th e nectar .
,

th e y ar e prov i d e d w i th a long ton gu e varying ,

from o ne i nch to thr ee i n length This th ey carry .

roll e d up i n a groov e o n th e under s i d e o f th e h e ad .

 B R IE F H IS T O R Y OF L AN C AS T E R C OU N T Y . 299

From the i r mov e ments they are known as hum

mi ng bird
-
and hawk moths -
.

T O B A CC O M O T H

T O BA CC O WO RM C H Y R S A L IS .

Som e o f th e Sphinxes look lik e be e s and wasps ,

and fly with gre at rapidity Th e m embers Of th e .

group are kno w n asA lge ri ans and ar e diurnal in

th eir h ab i ts .

O th e rs aga i n are nocturnal an d also v e ry slow i n

th eir mov e m e nts A l l are i nj ur i ous and promi nen t
.
,

a mong d e stru ct i v e ones are the tobacco worm and -

t h e elmcat e rp i llar both l arva o f h awk moths

,
-
.
3 00 B R IE F H IS T O R Y OF LAN CAS T E R C O U N T Y .

U RI OU S AN D R A R E I N S E C T S
C .

Th e B ury i n g b e etl e i s o ne o f th e most int e r e st i ng

-

i ns e cts no t only o n accou nt Of i ts h ab i ts bu t also

, ,

—
b e ca u s e o f i ts ac u t e s e nse o f sm ell It is to the in .

s e ct world what th e vu lt u r e is t o b i rd life a tr u e -

s cav e nger .

A small animal o rbird dead an d d e caying is sel , ,

d om s ee n abou t th e fi e l ds o r i n th e woods simply ,

b e ca u s e th e y hav e the i r grav e d i gg e rs N O soon e r -

.

h as a field mous e fo r e xampl e di e d and b e gun to

-

, ,

d e cay than th e b u rrying beetl e s drop i n upon i t -

from all s i d e s to bury i t Crawling under th e ani

.

m al they b e g i n t o und e rm i n e E xcavating th e hol e

, .

de ep e r and deep e r th e an i m al is soon made to dis

,

app e ar b e neath th e surface covered by the earth as ,

i t i s thrown o u t by th e beetl es an d rolls back over

th e an i mal Her e b e n e ath th e s u rface th e b e etl e s
.

consu me th e d e cay i ng flesh

~
.

Th e T i g e r b ee tl e som e t i m e s known as th e sand

-

,
-

fl y i s Of in ter e st b e caus e o f i ts b e autiful colors an d

,

pr e datory h ab i ts O n warm bri gh t days they m ay

.

be se e n along sunny sandy roads qu i e tly awai ting

, ,

th e approach Of some hapl ess i ns e ct Should on e .

approach near enough i t would b e pounc e d upon ,

qui ckly s ei z e d i n th e strong j aws O f th e Tiger beetl e -

a nd kill e d They ar e among th e most beauti ful

.

and act i v e be e tl e s and fly assw i ftly as a wasp

,
.

F I S H E S AN D F I S H E RI E S .

Fi shes rank lowest i n th e scale of vertebrate l i fe ,

an d i n clud e som e low forms wh i ch i t is d i ffi cul t to

302 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LAN CAS T E R T
COU NT Y .

among those most abun dant and wi d e ly distri b u ted .

Tro u t an d pik e occur only i n c le ar cold stre ams .

F I S H FA R MI N G .

Th e Ge rman carp ar e Of t wo k i nds scal e a nd ,

l e ath e r A cross b e tw e en thes e t wo has pro d u c e d

.

a th i rd calle d th e m i rror carp Th e s e fish h av e .

b ee n ra i se d in G e rmany for s e v e ral c e nt u rie s i n art i

ficia l ponds Th e y ar e gre atly e st ee m ed th ere as
.
,

w e ll ash e re as an art i cl e o f food b e caus e o f th ei r

, ,

fin e flavor th e cheapn e ss o f production and th e

,

l i ttl e att e nt i on th e y re quire Th ey were introduc e d .

i nto this cou ntry from G erm any in 1 8 77 .

A prop e rly constru cted pond 1 00 fe e t sq u ar e w i ll

accommodat e from 400 t o 500 carp A st e ady .

str e am o f pur e wat e r i s n e c e ssary also a drai n and ,

ov e rflow p i p e .

As carp fe ed only o n v e getation l i v i ng i n th ei r ,

native wat e rs o n cress e s lili es grass moss and oth e r

, , ,

wat e r plants fish far mers shoul d s

,
o w th ei r ponds

th i ckly w i th w i ld ri ce and pl ant water cr e ss around

,

the banks o f th e pon d j ust at th e wat e r s e dg e ,

’
.

Roast potatoes beans cabbage or any su ccul e n t

, , ,

v e ge tabl e m ay b e fed to them bu t great car e must

b e tak en not to ov e rfee d th e fish an d no more ,

shoul d be fed th e m than what th e y e at promptly .

Th e b e st tim e to shi p carp is dur i ng th e spring

and fall A s th e y ar e very t e nacious o f l i fe th e y
.
,

may be sh i pp e d gre at d i stances i n cool weath e r by

pack i ng th em i n w e t moss or pl acing i n cans .

Th e ponds o f th e Doctors Dav i s are beaut i fully

s itu a ted o ne m i l e north o f Lan caster city Th ey
'
“

.
 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LAN C AS T E R C OU N T Y . 3 03

consist of four ponds th e largest O f whi ch contai ns

,

two acres and a h alf of water surface wi th an island ,

i n th e center T here is a dwelling for an overse e r

.

and a fis h hous e 1 00 by 2 4 feet

-
.

R E PTI L E S .

Reptiles are ai r breathing col d blooded v e rt e

-

,
-

brates disti nguishe d from birds by having th e ex

,

ternal covering of S cales or horny pl ates and from ,

amphibians by n ever bre a thi ng by m e ans o f gi lls .

They inclu de snakes l i z ards turtles and crocodil es

, ,
.

In the more thi ckly settled parts of th e county

th e v e nomous snakes h ave al most disappeared .

Formerly the copperh e a d a nd the rattl e snak e wer e

abund a nt N ow the only places i n which rattl e
.

snakes e xist are in th e northern and sou thern h ills .

T w o sp eci es of garter snak e a harml ess snake , ,

are fou nd all over th e coun ty O n e th e riban d .

,

snake i s no t common an d may be distingu ish e d

, ,

from the common garter snak e by its thr ee broad ,

well d e fine d stripes an d i ts slender shape

-
T he .

common g a rter snake is ben e ficial and pro bably ,

shoul d n eve rbe disturbed It feeds m ainly upon .

insects an d inj urious ro dents .

A great deal O f supersti t ious prej udi c e ex i sts

everywh ere against snakes N O qu e st i o n is ever .

though t of as to beneficial ch aracter whe no ne me e ts

a snake Hum an beings and sn ak e s se em ins
. t inc
tive enemies and th e resul t is th e weak er m ust di e
,
.

Th e racer t he pin e snak e and th e blowin g vip e r

,

all be nefit th e farmer by destroying a great m an y

inj urious i nse cts and rodents b u t from o u r natural ,
3 04 B R IE F H IS T O R Y OF LAN C A S T E R C OU N T Y .

antipathy th ey are dest i n e d to disapp e ar ent i rely

, .

Th e y ar e no t abundant no w .

T h e m i lk snak e o r house snak e is a common

, ,

ophi dian Of a grayish color wi th thre e s e ri es O f ,

’

brown roun d blotches bor d ered with bla ck stretch

,

i ng i n a dorsal line It is entir e ly h arml e ss though

.
,

generally though t t o b e v e nomous Th e wat e r .

s nak e i s abundant i n damp plac e s an d i n stre ams .

It fe e ds upo n fish frogs an d insects Th e gr ee n

, ,
.

snak e i s found though rarely in th e wood e d po r

, ,

tions It i s a most e xqu i si t e l i ttle cr e atur e

. .

BIRD S NU MB E R O F S P E C I E S
, .

A bout o ne hu ndred and fifty species of birds bre e d

regularly i n Pennsylvania O f this n u mb e r proba
.

bly on e h u ndr e d and ten may be found i n L ancas

t e r county Many migrants pass throu gh th e State
.

duri ng th e spri ng and fal l migrations i n all proba ,

bly on e h undr e d speci es some com i ng i n a u tum n

,

from th e shores O f Gre e nland som e from Labrador , ,

an d oth e rs from th e regi on situated aroun d Hudson

B ay and away northward o f that to th e bl eak and
d e solate shores Of th e i slands of the A rct i c A rchi
p e l ago .

The county si tu ated n ear th e li ne separat i ng

,

th e north and sou th a v i faunal belts of th e U ni ted

States and prot e cted on th e north by mountai ns and ,

not far from th e h e ad o f th e l i ttoral wat e rs Of C h e sa

peak e bay i s favorably located for th e e ntrance O f
,

straggl ers Thes e com e from th e N orth a nd from

.

th e So uth from th e mountains and from the s e a

,
.
3 06 B R IE F H IS T OR Y OF LAN CAS T E R C OUN T Y .

S W AL L OW S .

Si x species of swallows o f co u rse e xclu ding the ,

chi mn ey swallow popularly s o call e d,

though in -

correctly for i t is a Sw i ft are gen e rally distribu ted

, ,

in favorabl e localiti es Th eir food consists m ainly .

Of soft bodi e d two w i nged i ns e cts and th ey couse

-

,
-

quen tly restri ct th e ravage s o f s uch insec ts as th e

Hess i an fly , gnats and mosqu i to e s Sociabl e and .

gregar i ous i n th ei r n e st i ng h ab i ts th e y are always ,

le as m
p g .

W A RB L E R S .

Th e great Warbl e r fam i ly conta i ns som e l i ttl e

gems of bird life th e most attractive of al l o u r birds
-

, .

Th e h appy Vir e os t h eroll i cking ch at th e summ er

warbl er passing i n and ou t among th e fol i age O f
,

o u r sh ade tr e es l i ke a flash O f beau tiful su nligh t th e

Maryl and y e llow throat who constantly tells you -

, ,

sho u l d yo u a ppro a ch th eir swamp abode that there ,

“
ar e w i tch e s h er e are a few only o f this larg e ,

fa mily A ll of th e m are e m i nen tly b e neficial

. .

Many O f ou r common bene fici al birds are gifted

w i th th e pow e r of song A mong th ese ma y be .

named th e Robin the Brown Thrush and most gift, ,

ed O f all the Wood Thrush that wi th i ts cl ear bell

, ,

lik e voi ce makes i ts woodl an d hau nts ri ng The

,
.

Mocking bird too thou gh rar e ly i s foun d i n th e

-

, ,

county n e ar the so uthern border .

FL Y C A TC H E RS .

A n interesting family of th e great order of Pas

seres or sparrows is that of th e non m e lodious T y
, ,
-

rant F ly catchers T he B e e Marte nand the P e wit

.
 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F L AN C ASTER
‘

COU N TY . 3 07

a re th e best known of th e group A noth er not so .

,

well known is the Great Crested F lycatch er dis

, ,

t ing u ish e d for spirit dari ng and a singular nest ,

building habit N o n es t wi th them is compl ete nu

.

l ess lined with cast o ff snake s ki ns O r even d ead -

reptiles Th e obj e ct O f this p e culiar habi t is not

.

known .

R A PT O RI A L BIRD S .

Th e State by the rep e al of th e scalp act im

,
“
,

pli ed that most raptori al birds are be nefici al With .

a fe w ex ceptio ns th e hawk an d owls do a vast ,

amou nt o f good Prom i nen t among the owls here

.

are the Screech owl whos e diet is m ainl y insects , ,

th e B arn owl whose prey consists O f inj urious m am

,

mals and th e Short eared and B arre d owls A

,
-
.

few hawks are abundant promi nent a mong wh i ch ,

during th e W inter is th e Red tail ed Buzz ard hawk -

and at all t i mes th e Sparrow hawk .

I N JU R IO U sBIRD S .

Very few of the i ndigenous birds are a lto gth er

inj urious Th e crozv probably has more on his
.

“ ” “ ”
account o f h arm th an good Th e E nglish .

sp a rrow introdu ced i nto th e U ni ted States i n 1 8 74

, ,

since wh i ch i t h as spre a d over n early th e entire

country is a tru e sparrow a nd th erefore gra niv o r
,

O u s It is not only wi dely distribut e d

. but very
abund ant and pugnacious Directly destructive .

itself i t is a lso indire ctly a source O f great inj ury

, ,

for i t drives oth er birds away from th e far m an d

th e gard e n E nemi e s like th e scree ch owl are
.

probably growing u p wh i ch i f fostered wil l , , ,

restr i ct i ts d e pr e dat i ons

3 08 B R IE F H IS T O R Y O F LA N C AS T E R C OU N T Y .

G A M E B IRD S .

The Qua i l th e Ru ff e d Gro u se and the U pland

, ,

Plover are found in som e sections of th e coun ty ,

though not abundantly Wild Ducks Snipes an d .

, ,

Woodcocks at c e rtain s e a sons m ay be seen along

, ,

th e str e ams .

Th e B ird L a w sof P e nnsylvani a a fford pro t e c

t i o n to be neficial birds O f al l ki nds by absol ut e l y
prohibiting ( excep t fo r sci entific purposes) their
d e struction or th e robbing of th eir n ests Gam e .

birds by th e sam e law are no t to be m olest e d i n

any way d uring the breeding season .

MAM MAL S .

Mamm als o r a nim als th at bring forth th eir

,

young alive and nourish them with milk a re the ,

high e st vertebrates They br e athe by means of

.

lungs ; an d the heart is i n all cases divi d e d into

, ,

four ch ambers .

When the co unty was wild forest clad and in ,

-

,
-

habited by th e Indians an d th e few early whi t e

settlers wolves p a nthers bears an d deer were
, , ,

found Th e se anim als becam e th e prey of the

.

wh ite hunt e r as w e l l as of th e Indian bu t as the ,

coun ty becam e more settl ed by th e wh ites this

larger gam e gradu ally disappeared .

TH E F O $ AN D F O $ C H AS E S .

Two spec i es of fox es the red fox a nd t he gr a y

,

fox are found in this faun al realm The former is

,
.

most abundant i n th e north ern and th e latter in

th e so u th e rn part o f th e faunal belt B oth ar e .
3 10 BR IE F H IS T O R Y OF LAN CAS T E R C O U N T Y .

h as mor e th an two front or cutt i ng t e eth I ts .

slow motions ar e a wkward and cl umsy ;bu t wh e n

at full sp ee d as i t dash e s past you i t se e ms won ,

d erfu lly grac eful an d fleet an d can i n th e w i ldest ,

race m ak e turns o f almost i n cr e dibl e qu i ckn e ss .

It i s tak e n i n snares an d traps du g or drowned o u t , ,

an d hun ted by dogs and shot Its flesh i s del i cat e .

an d palatabl e ;an d i ts skins ar e used to m ake hats ,

and are dy e d to imi tat e more e xp e nsive furs .

In i ts hab i ts i t is mainly no ctu rnal hi ding i n th e ,

”
thi ck e ts forms and i n hollow logs during th e
, ,

d ay It is fond of su cculen t plants ;cons e quently i t

.

v i sits th e gard e n th e clover an d th e corn field an d

,
-

nurs e r ies o f yo ung tr ee s Dur i ng winters in whi ch .

snow covers t h e gro u nd for a month or mor e i t

'

i s lik e ly t o do a great d e al of damage to youn g

“ ”
tr ee s by bark i ng them to a cons i d e rable h e igh t
above th e grou n d .

TH E GR OUN D H O G O P O S S U M AN D S K U N K
-

, .

The Wood chu ck Pouch e d m armo t or Ground

-

,
-

hog i s a squi rrel lik e rod e nt a nimal adapte d in

,
-

i ts thi ck body an d short l egs to burrowing h ab i ts .

It digs i ts hom e in fiel ds hillsides or u nder rocks , , ,

wh ere i t passes th e wint e r i n a torpid state and dur ,

ing the summer m ay be s ee n sitting i n an erect

postur e basking i n the sunshine or e ating its food
,
.

Th e h e ad i s short and coni cal wi th short round e d ,

e ars cover e d wi th a thi ck growth O f hair e yes of ,

mo derate s i z e an d whiskers num e rous Th e fore .

feet have four to e s and a ru d i m e ntary th umb ;th e

h ind fee t fiv e to e s
-
It is a ct i v e and no m e a n a n
.
 BR IE F H IS T O R Y OF L AN C AS T E R C O UN T Y . 3 11

t ago ni t si n de fe nd i ng i ts
elf It is w i th som e p e opl e
.

th e obj e ct of a ri di culo us superstition .

The O possu m is a marsupi al animal abou t th e ,

siz e O f a large cat Its thumbs are opposabl e and

.

wi thout n ails and the tail bare and preh ensile for
, ,

its terminal h alf or more The brai n is small an d.

,

th e j aws ar e provi ded wi th fifty te e th In its .

feeding habits i t is almost omnivorous Wh en .

hard presse d by hu nge r i t will fee d gre e dily upon

d e ad and decay n anim als Wh e n caugh t i t .

feigns death an d will b e ar tortur e without fl inch

i ng all th e tim e watchi ng for an opportuni ty to
,

escap e Wh e n caught by a li mb i n a steel tr ap i t

.

w i ll lib e rate i tself by cu tting O ff th e l imb with i ts

sharp teeth Though t enacious of life ye t i t
.
,
‘

usually dies by such self a mpu tation from loss o f -

blood .

Th e Skunk is an A m eri can carn i vorous m am

mal closely relate d to th e weasel th e otter an d
, , ,

th e mink It is provided wi th a very e ff ecti ve

.

me ans of defen ce in th e form o f gl a nds whi ch

s e crete a n oily acri d flui d of a very O ffens i ve o dor .

Th e glands are controlled by strong m uscl es by

m e an s of whi ch the anim al is abl e to proj ect a
stre am of th e h orribl e feti d flui d to the distanc e
of fourteen fee t Th e anim al is i n bad r e pu te
.

among all classes of peopl e and th e farm e r es p ec

,
i
ally as it destroys l arge numbers of eggs an d
,

som etimes visits th e poultry yard It burrows a -

.

gallery i n a stra i gh t l i ne abou t t w o feet i n diam e

t e r b e n e ath th e su rfac e t o a l e ngth o f s e v e n o r
3 12 B R IE F H IS T O R Y OF LA N CAS T E R C O UN T Y .

e i ght fe et Th i s e nds i n a larg e excavat i on in

.
,

whi ch is plac e d a bulky n e st o f l eav e s H e re in .

winter it r e mains from December until March .

D O M E S TI C A T E D AN I M A L S .

The dom e st i cat e d animals all Of wh i ch w e r e

,

i ntrodu c e d from th e O ld World by th e e arly wh i t e

s e ttl e rs hav e a very gre at aggregate valu e T he
,
.

county sin c e i t i s mainly an a gr i cul tural r e gi on

, ,

o f cours e pays a gr e at d e al o f att e nt i on t o t h e

produ ction o f fin e stock .
3 14 B R I E F H IS T O R Y O F L AN C AS T E R C OU NT Y .

th e l egendary origin O f man was aki n to th at pres

e nt e d by the myths of all savage nations T his .

origi n they ascribed to a union O f E arth a nd

He a v e n E arth th e moth er and He a ven the
.
,

father The l a nguage of their myths is Often so

.

fa ncifu l and seemi ngly absurd th at the trend is

di ffi cul t t o understand O ne trad i ti on of m an s .
’

earl y existen ce w asthat his dwelli ng pl a ce was

u nder a g re a t l a ke that h e was fortun ately e xtri
,

ca t e d from this di smal abode by th e discovery

m ade by some on e of a hol e by m eans of wh i ch h e
ascended to the surface Whil e w alking about .

here h e found a deer This h e c a rri ed to his sub

.

terranean home and kille d H e an d his com .

panions findi ng th e flesh good they deci ded to ,

l eav e their h ab i tatio n of dark ness an d r e move to a

“
place wh ere th ey coul d enj oy th e ligh t of he a ven
”
an d have gam e i n a bundance .

In all th e l egends of savage peopl e there is a ten

den e y toward the d eifica t io n of ani mals The ser .

pent th e bat the owl th e eagl e the turtle are a ll

, , , , , ,

i n mythi c al tal es Obj ects of worship and a re always

, ,

of super terrestrial origin In th e l e g ends and stori e s

-
.

of the Indi an this refe re nce to his conn ection wi th

,

a nimals is a conspi cuous feature F or i nstance .

,

the ra bbit an d the groun d hog were rej ect e d a sarti -

cl es of food on the groun d O f their being rel ated

to t hem .

T he rat tl esnake he sa i d was grandfath er to the

, ,

Indian and every o ne was stri ctly forbidde n to in

,

j ure i t The warning given on one o ccasion to a

.
 B R IE F H I S T O R Y O F L A NC AS T E R C OU N T Y . 3 15

white man w h o w a sa bou t to kill one w as

,
$ If you ,

do that you are de cl a ring w a r a gainst them They .

a re a very da ngero u s en emy T ak e care you do

.

not irri tate them i n o u r coun try Th ey and th eir .

gran dchildren are on good terms and n eith er will ,

”
h urt th e other .

They h ave a story O f the Deluge whi ch is spre a d

throughout the N ew World from one pol e to t h e ,

other $ T he versi on of i t v a ri es slightly i n di fferen t

tribes O ne of t h ese is t h a t in rem ote ages th e
.

w a ters i nvaded the l a nd a sa pu nishm ent for t h e

crimes of m en A few people were sp ared and th ey
.
,

retired to a wooden h O u s e on the t o p o f a mou n t a in .

T h e sun i nt erfered and h id them th ere Wh en th e .

w a ters began to go down th ey l et loose some dogs ,

whi ch cam e back wet A few d ays l a ter th ey were

.

sent forth a secon d time a nd this tim e cam e back

,

soil ed wi t h m ud A t this sign th ey kn ew that th e

.

waters h a d raft ire d Th en th ey l eft th e ir retrea t

.
,

an d th eir posteri ty peopl ed th e coun t ry .

Among th e interes t ing stories fou nd in t he

”
A lgic R e searches is on e givi ng th e origi n of
th e robi n It runs thus
. In order to sec u re
through li fe a gu ardi a n geni us i t w asn ecess a ry ,

for a young man to fast for som e t im e as a prep

a rati on If a father was a mbitious t hat his son
.

should excel all oth ers t his fast m ust be qui te

,

long .

Th us it is said th a t a n O ld m an h ad a son n ame d

I a d illa He was desirous that this son should b e
.

renown ed fo r prow e ss and w i sdom H e therefore .

3 16 B R I E F H IST O R Y O F L A NC A S T E R C OUN T Y .

doomed h im to a fast of twelve d a ys a fter whi ch he ,

was to receive food a nd the blessing O f his fath er .

A li t tle lodge was prepared for him on the floor ,

of whi ch w a splaced a new clean mat U pon this ,

.

t he you n g man was to li e down Here d a y a fter .

,

day h e l ay in perfect composure his face covered

, , ,

awai ting th e mysti c V isi tation wh i c h was to s e al

his fortun e His fa ther visi te d him every m orning
.
,

a lways encouragi ng hi m to be pati e nt and perse

vere an d telli ng him of th e renown awaiting him

,

if he fasted th e prescr i bed period The boy never .

replied bu t la y silen t nev e r murm uring O n th e

, ,
.

ninth d ay how ever h e spok e thus to his fath e r

, ,
“
My father my dre a ms forbode evil May I bre a k
,
.

my fast now and at a more propi tious time m ak e

,

a ne w fast $ ”
T h e fa th er a nswered “
MY son $

you k no w no t what you as k If you get up now . ,

a ll yo ur glory wil l dep a rt Wai t wi th pati ence .

three days longer It i sfor your own good .

”
Th e .

son assented and l ay until the el even t h day when

, ,

h e repeate d th e request The fath er again refused .

,

b u t adde d th a t th e n ex t day h e woul d prepare h is

first m eal an d bring i t to him This he did O n . .

comi ng to the door of th e room wi th the report for

his son h e w a ssurprised to h ear him talking to
,

himself He stopped a nd looked through a sm all

.
,

a perture a nd foun d th e you ng ma n painted wi th

,

vermilion all over his bre a st an d i n the act of ,

finishing his work by laying the paint a sfa r back

O n h is shoulders as his h ands coul d reach s a ying to ,
“
himself while working $ My fa ther h as destroyed