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STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Name: Date:
Section: Quarter 3 – Week 1

RANDOM VARIABLES AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

Background Information
In statistical analysis of data, the concept of probability distribution is very essential. This is
particularly true when we try estimating the true value of a variable. For us to understand probability
distribution, we need to understand first the concept of random variables.
Study the following terms related in understanding random variables.
▪ Statistical Experiment – It is an activity which can be done repeatedly under similar conditions.
▪ Sample Space – It is the set of all possible outcomes in an experiment.
▪ Event – It is a subset of a sample space.
▪ Possible Outcomes – These are the elements of the sample space.
▪ Probability of the value of Random Variable – It is the ratio of the number of favorable
outcomes to the number of possible outcomes.
Let us identify the sample space of the following experiments.
• Tossing a coin once.
This experiment will only give you 2 possible outcomes: a head or a tail.
S = {H, T}
• Rolling a die once.
There are 6 possible outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
• Rolling two dice.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
5 (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
6 (6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
There are 36 possible outcomes in rolling two dice.
S = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3),
(3,4), (3,5), (3,6), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6), (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6), (6,1),
(6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}
Definition. A Random Variable is a numerical quantity that is assigned to the outcome of an
experiment. Capital letters are used to represent a random variable.

Example 1. Suppose a coin is tossed twice and we want to know the possible number of tails that
will appear. Let us use H to represent head and T to represent tail. Determine the
values of random variable X.
Solution:
Step 1. List the sample space of the experiment.
S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
There are 4 possible outcomes in tossing a coin twice.

Step 2. Count the number of tails in each outcome and assign this number to this outcome.
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Number of Tails
Possible Outcomes
(Values of Random Variable X)
HH 0
HT 1
TH 1
TT 2
Therefore, the values of the random variable X (number of tails) are 0, 1, and 2.
Example 2. A box contains 10 blue balls and 4 green balls. If three balls are taken from the box one
after the other, determine the possible values of the random variable Y representing
the number of blue balls.
Solution:
Step 1. List the sample space of the experiment. Let B represent blue balls and let P represent
pink balls.
S = {BBB, BBP,BPB, BPP, PBB, PBP, PPB, PPP}
There are 8 possible outcomes.
Step 2. Count the number of green balls in each outcome and assign this number to this
outcome.
Number of Blue Balls
Possible Outcomes
(Values of Random Variable Y )
BBB 3
BBG 2
BGB 2
GBB 2
BGG 1
GBG 1
GGB 1
GGG 0
Therefore, the values of the random variable Y (number of blue balls) are 0, 1, 2, and 3.
DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLES
A random variable maybe classified as discrete or continuous.
Definition. A Discrete Random Variable is one that can only assume a countable number of
values. Its possible values can be listed.
Examples:
1. number of apples in the box.
2. number of children in a family
3. number of defective Christmas lights in a store
4. number of students attending the first Friday mass
5. number of student buying in the school cafeteria
Definition. A Continuous Random Variable is one that can assume infinite number of values in
one or more intervals. It is usually a measurement that can take any value in the interval.
Examples:
1. amount of antibiotics in a vial
2. lifetime of lightbulbs in minutes
3. length of time it takes a truck driver to go from Tarlac to Manila
4. exact weight of student in VNHS.
5. average amount spent on electricity by a randomly selected household in a Tarlac
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DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

You have learned how to create a frequency distribution given a set of raw data in your
previous grade level. This time, we will create a probability distribution.
But first, let us recall how to make a simple frequency distribution.
The following data shows the favorite subject of the junior high school students in CATHS.
Construct the frequency distribution and fill out the table that follows.
AP ESP Science Math Filipino Science AP AP Math Science
Math Filipino Math TLE Filipino Math Science TLE ESP Filipino
English Math English TLE Science AP Math ESP Math AP

Step 1. Write the categories in one column (favorite subject).

Favorite Subjects Tally Number of Students
Filipino
English
Math
AP
ESP
TLE
Science
Step 2. Tally the numbers in each category (how many times that the category appeared).
Favorite Subjects Tally Number of Students
Filipino IIII
English II
Math IIII – III
AP IIII
ESP III
TLE III
Science IIII
Step 3. Count up the tally marks and write the frequency in the final column.
Favorite Subjects Tally Number of Students
Filipino IIII 4
English II 2
Math IIII – III 8
AP IIII 5
ESP III 3
TLE III 3
Science IIII 5
Frequency Distribution:
Favorite Subjects Number of Students
Filipino 4
English 2
Math 8
AP 5
ESP 3
TLE 3
Science 5
n = 30
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The distribution above is a frequency distribution which gives us the frequency of the
occurrence of a particular data in an experiment. In line with this, we can make a frequency distribution
of the values of the random variable then determine their probability. This will result to a probability
distribution.
Definition. The Probability Distribution for a Discrete Random Variable is a formula, a table, or
graph that gives the possible values of x, and the probability p(x) associated with each
value of x. The probability of a discrete random variable is also called probability mass
function.

Example 3. Suppose a coin is tossed twice and we want to know the possible number of tails that
will appear. Let us use H to represent head and T to represent tail. Create its
probability distribution.
Solution:
Step 1. List the sample space of the experiment.
S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
There are 4 possible outcomes in tossing a coin twice.

Step 2. Count the number of tails in each outcome and assign this number to this outcome.
Number of Tails
Possible Outcomes
(Values of Random Variable X)
HH 0
HT 1
TH 1
TT 2
Therefore, the values of the random variable X (number of tails) are 0, 1, and 2.
Step 3. Construct the frequency distribution of the values of the random variable X.
Number of Tails
Frequency
(Values of Random Variable X)
2 1
1 2
0 1
Step 4. Construct the probability distribution by getting the probability of occurrence of each
value of the random variable.
To get the probability of each value of the random variable, use this formula:
Frequency of the value of the random variable
P(x) =
Total possible outcomes

Number of Tails
Frequency Probability p(x)
(Values of Random Variable X)
2 1 1/4
1 2 1/2
0 1 1/4
Total 4 1
The probability distribution of the discrete random variable X is shown below:
X 2 1 0
P(X) 1/4 1/2 1/4
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Histogram of the Probability Distribution of Random Variable X

The probability histogram displays the possible values of a discrete random variable on the
horizontal axis and the probabilities of those values on the vertical axis.

Example 4. A box contains 10 blue balls and 4 green balls. If three balls are taken from the box one
after the other, construct the probability distribution representing the number of blue
balls.
Solution:
Step 1. List the sample space of the experiment. Let B represent blue balls and let P represent
pink balls.
S = {BBB, BBP,BPB, BPP, PBB, PBP, PPB, PPP}
There are 8 possible outcomes.
Step 2. Count the number of green balls in each outcome and assign this number to this
outcome.
Number of Blue Balls
Possible Outcomes
(Values of Random Variable Y )
BBB 3
BBG 2
BGB 2
GBB 2
BGG 1
GBG 1
GGB 1
GGG 0
Therefore, the values of the random variable Y (number of blue balls) are 0, 1, 2, and 3.
Step 3. Construct the frequency distribution of the values of the random variable Y.
Number of Blue Balls
Frequency
(Values of Random Variable Y)
3 1
2 3
1 3
0 1
Step 4. Construct the probability distribution by getting the probability of occurrence of each value
of the random variable.
To get the probability of each value of the random variable, use this formula:
Frequency of the value of the random variable
P(x) =
Total possible outcomes
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Number of Blue Balls

Frequency Probability p(x)
(Values of Random Variable Y)
3 1 1/8
2 3 3/8
1 3 3/8
0 1 1/8
Total 8 1
The probability distribution of the discrete random variable Y is shown below:
Y 3 2 1 0
P(Y) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8
Histogram of the Probability Distribution of Random Variable X

PROPERTIES OF A PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

1. Each probability must be between 0 and 1.
2. The sum of all the possible probabilities is 1.
Let us check if the distributions we have created in example 3 and 4 shows the properties of
a probability distribution.

Probability Distribution of Example 3:

X 2 1 0
P(X) 1/4 1/2 1/4
Property 1. Each probability must be between 0 and 1.
If we convert the fractions into their decimal forms, we can see that each
probability p(X) is between 0 and 1.
0 ≤ P(X) ≤ 1
P(X = 2) = ¼ or 0.25 P(X = 1) = ½ or 0.50 P(X = 0) = ¼ or 0.25
Property 2. The sum of all the possible probabilities is 1.
ΣP(X)= 0.25 + 0.50 + 0.25
ΣP(X) = 1
Therefore, the distribution above is a probability distribution.

Probability Distribution of Example 4:

Y 3 2 1 0
P(Y) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8

Property 1. Each probability must be between 0 and 1.

If we convert the fractions into their decimal forms, we can see that each
probability p(X) is between 0 and 1.
0 ≤ P(Y) ≤ 1
7|Page

P(Y=3) = 1/8 or 0.125 P(Y=2) = 3/8 or 0.375

P(Y=1) = 3/8 or 0.375 P(Y=0) = 1/8 or 0.125
Property 2. The sum of all the possible probabilities is 1.
ΣP(Y)= 0.125 + 0.375 + 0.375 + 0.125
ΣP(Y) = 1
Therefore, the distribution above is a probability distribution.
Learning Competencies
1. Illustrates a random variable (discrete and continuous) (M11/12SP-IIIa-1).
2. Distinguishes between a discrete and a continuous random variable (M11/12SP-IIIa-2).
3. Finds the possible values of a random variable (M11/12SP-IIIa-3).
4. Illustrates a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its properties (M11/12SP-
IIIa-4).
GENERAL DIRECTIONS. Read carefully the directions indicated in the following activity, then,
provide what is needed or asked in each item. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
WRITTEN WORK # 1
A. Discrete or Continuous?
Write D if the random variable is discrete and C if it is continuous.
________1. The number of arrivals at an emergency room between midnight and 9:00 a.m.
________2. The temperature of a cup of coffee served at a hotel.
________3. The number of heads in two tosses of a coin.
________4. The average amount spent on electricity each July by a randomly selected household in a Tarlac.
________5. The number of applicants for a job.
B. Probability Distribution or Not?
Determine whether the distribution represents a probability distribution or not. If it does not, explain
why.
X 3 6 9
6. P(X) 0.55 – 0.25 0.20

Y 0 1 3 5
7. P(Y) 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.20

Z 0 1 2 3 4
8. P(Z) 0.15 0.35 0.30 0.05 0.20
C. Take the Challenge!
The frequency distribution of the number of laptops sold per day by ABC Mobile Corporation for the
past 40 days is shown below. Construct (a) the Probability Distribution and (b) the probability
histogram. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Number of Laptops sold per Day (Y) Frequency
0 14
1 9
2 7
3 5
4 3
5 2
Total 40
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PERFORMANCE TASK # 1
Answer the following problems.
1. A coin is tossed four times. Let X be the random variable representing the number of tails that
occur.
a. Identify the sample space.
b. Identify the values of random variable X.
c. Create the frequency distribution of the values of random variable X.
d. Create the probability distribution table.
e. Create the probability histogram.
2. A meeting of student representatives in VNHS-SHS was attended by 5 Grade 12 students
and 4 Grade 11 students.
a. Determine the values of random variable Y representing the number of Grade 11
students.
b. If three students were selected at random, construct the probability distribution of the
random variable Y.
c. Create the probability histogram.
RUBRIC FOR PERFORMANCE TASK
5 4 3 2 1 0
All necessary
There are
steps for the There is one There are two Many steps
many steps
problem is step done steps done are missing No written
done correctly
done correctly incorrectly but incorrectly but resulting to an step and
but the
resulting to a the answer is the answer is incorrect answer.
answer is
correct still correct. still correct. answer.
incorrect.
answer.
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Statistics and Probability

Name: Date:
Section: Quarter 3 – Week 2

MEAN AND VARIANCE OF A DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE

Background Information
In the previous learning activity sheet, you have learned about random variables and
probability distributions. Let us take a look at an example of a probability distribution presented in the
table below.
Probability Distribution of the Number of Tails in tossing a Coin Twice
X 2 1 0
P(X) 1/4 1/2 1/4
If we are asked about the probability of having two tails in tossing a coin twice, we know that
it is equal to 1/4 based on the table. The same goes for the probability of having 1 tail which is 1/2
and the probability of having 0 tail which is 1/4. In finding probabilities, the random variable will be
useful since it is used to map out outcomes of experiments into numbers.

the probability of having two tails P(X = 2) or P(2)

the probability of having 1 tail
the probability of having 0 tail
the probability of having more than 1 tail
the probability of having greater than or equal
to 0 tail
PROBABILITIES CORRESPONDING TO A GIVEN RANDOM VARIABLE
Example 1. Find the following:
a. P(X≥0) b. P(X>1)
Solution:
a. P(X ≥ 0)
P(X ≥ 0)
P(X ≥ 0) = P(0) + P(1) + P(2)
P(X ≥ 0) = 1/4 + 1/2 + 1/4
P(X = 1) or P(1)
P(X = 0) or P(0)
P(X > 1)
P(X ≥ 0)
▪ This means that we are finding the
probability of having greater than or equal
to 0 tail.
▪ The values of the random variable X,
which is greater than or equal to 0, are 0,
1, and 2.
▪ The probabilities of the values of the
random variable X are substituted.

▪ After adding, the probability of having

P(X ≥ 0) = 1 or 100%
greater than or equal to 0 tail is 1.
b. P(X > 1)

P(X > 0) This means that we are finding the probability of

P(X > 0) = P(1) + P(2) P(X > 0) = 1/2 + 1/4
having greater than 0 tail.
The values of the random variable X, which is
greater than 0, are 1, and 2.
The probabilities of the values of the random
variable X are substituted.

After adding, the probability of having

P(X > 0) = 3/4 or 0.75 or 75%
greater than 0 tail is 3/4 or 0.75 (75%).
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Example 2. Probability distribution of the number of books in a classroom is shown below.

Y 3 2 1 0
P(Y) 0.125 0.375 0.375 0.125
Find the following:
a. P(Y<1) b. P(Y>1) c. P(Y≤2)
Solution:
a. P(Y<1) b. P(Y>1) c. P(Y≤2)
P(Y<1) = P(0) P(Y>1) = P(2) + P(3) P(Y≤2) = P(2) + P(1) + P(0)
P(Y<1) = 0.125 or 12.5% P(Y>1) = 0.375 + 0.125 P(Y≤2) = 0.375 + 0.375 +
P(Y>1) = 0.5 or 50% 0.125
P(Y≤2) = 0.875 or 87.5%
MEAN AND VARIANCE OF A DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
The probability distribution for a discrete random variable looks similar to the relative frequency
distribution shown in the previous learning activity sheet. Their difference is that the frequency
distribution describes a sample of n measurements, whereas the probability distribution is created as
a model for the entire population of measurements. To describe the center and spread of the
population, we use the mean and the variance, respectively.
Mean of a Discrete Random Variable
Mean is the value that we would expect to observe on average if the experiment is repeated
many times. It also called the expected value or expectation of X and is denoted by E(X).
Let us first find the mean of the given frequency distribution below.

Ages of Senior High School Teachers in CATHS

X f
22 1
23 2
25 4
36 8
44 3
50 2
N 20
Solution:
X f fX
22 1 22
23 2 46
25 4 100
36 8 288
44 3 132
50 2 100
N 20 𝚺fX = 688

Step1. Multiply each score (X) with its frequency (f).

Step 2. Add the products of fX.
Step 3. Substitute the values into the formula of mean.
X̅ = ΣfX
N
688
X ̅=
20
X̅ = 34.4
Therefore, the mean of the ages of SHS teachers in CATHS is 34.4.
Now, let us define the mean of a discrete random variable.
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Definition. Given a discrete random variable X, the mean, denoted by µ, is the sum of the products
formed from multiplying the possible values of X with their corresponding probabilities, or
it can be computed using the formula: µ = 𝚺[X·P(X)]
Example 1. Consider rolling a die. What is the average number of spots that would appear?
Solution:
Step 1. Construct the probability distribution for the random variable X representing the number
of spots that would appear.
X P(X)
1 1/6
2 1/6
3 1/6
4 1/6
5 1/6
6 1/6
Step 2. Multiply the value of the random variable X by the corresponding probability.
X P(X) X ∙ P(X)
1 1/6 1/6
2 1/6 2/6
3 1/6 3/6
4 1/6 4/6
5 1/6 5/6
6 1/6 6/6
Step 3. Add the results obtained in Step 2.
X P(X) X ∙ P(X)
1 1/6 1/6
2 1/6 2/6
3 1/6 3/6
4 1/6 4/6
5 1/6 5/6
6 1/6 6/6
𝚺[X·P(X)] = 21/6 or 3.5
Step 4. Substitute the values into the formula.
µ = 𝚺[X·P(X)]
µ = 21/6 or 3.5
Therefore, the mean or the expected value of the probability distribution is 21/6 or 3.5.

Example 2. The probabilities that a surgeon operates on 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 patients in any day are 0.20,
0.10. 0.20, 0.20 and 0.30, respectively. Find the mean of patients that a surgeon
operates on a day.
Solution:
Step 1. Construct the probability distribution for the random variable Y representing the number
of patients that a surgeon operates on a day.
Y P(Y)
2 0.20
3 0.10
4 0.20
5 0.20
6 0.30
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Step 2. Multiply the value of the random variable Y by the corresponding probability.
Y P(Y) Y ∙ P(Y)
2 0.20 0.40
3 0.10 0.30
4 0.20 0.80
5 0.20 1.00
6 0.30 1.80
Step 3. Add the results obtained in Step 2.
X P(Y) Y ∙ P(Y)
2 0.20 0.40
3 0.10 0.30
4 0.20 0.80
5 0.20 1.00
6 0.30 1.80
𝚺X⋅P(X) = 4.3
Step 4. Substitute the values into the formula.
µ = 𝚺[X·P(X)]
µ = 4.3
Therefore, the mean or the expected value of the probability distribution is 4.3.
Variance and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Random Variable
The Variance and the standard deviation of a discrete random variable describe the spread or
variability of the random variable using the “mean” or the “expected value” of (X - μ)2, the squared
deviations of the x-values from their mean μ.
Let us first compute the variance and the standard deviation of the frequency distribution of
the ages of SHS teachers shown in page 2 of this learning activity sheet.
Solution:
2 2
X f X - X̅ ̅)
(X - X ̅)
f(X - X
22 1 – 12.40 153.76 153.76
23 2 – 11.40 129.96 259.92
25 4 – 9.40 88.36 353.44
36 8 1.60 2.56 20.48
44 3 9.60 92.16 276.48
50 2 15.60 243.36 486.72
N 20 ̅ )2 =
𝚺f(X - X
1550.8
̅=
Step 1. Compute the mean using the formula X ΣfX
N .
̅X= 34.4
Step 2. Subtract the mean from each score.
Step 3. Square the results obtained in Step 2.
2
Step 4. Multiply (X - X̅ ) by the corresponding frequency.
Step 5. Compute the variance and standard deviation using the formula
2 2
̅ )
Σf(X - X ̅ )
Σf(X - X
σ2 = σ=√
N N
1550.8 1550.8
σ2 =
20 σ =√
20
σ2 = 77.54 σ = √77.54
σ = 8.81
5|Page

Therefore, the variance and the standard deviation of the frequency distribution is 77.54 and 8.81,
respectively.
Now, let us define the variance and the standard deviation of a discrete random variable.
Definition. The variance of a discrete probability distribution, as denoted by σ2 is the weighted
average of squared deviations of the values of X from the mean, where the weights are
the respective probabilities. It is also denoted as Var (X) and formally defined as
σ2 = ∑ (X - μ)2 ∙ P(X)
Definition. The standard deviation, which is denoted by σ, is a measure of the amount of variation
or dispersion of a set of values. A low standard deviation indicates that the values tend to
be close to the mean (also called the expected value) of the set, while a high standard
deviation indicates that the values are spread out over a wider range.
Also, standard deviation can be calculated by extracting the square root of the
variance.
σ =√∑ (X - μ)2 ∙ P(X)
Example 1. Consider rolling a die. Find its variance and standard deviation.
Solution:
Step 1. Find the mean of the probability distribution.
X P(X) X ∙ P(X)
1 1/6 1/6
2 1/6 2/6
3 1/6 3/6
4 1/6 4/6
5 1/6 5/6
6 1/6 6/6
Mean µ 𝚺[X·P(X)] = 21/6 or 3.5
Step 2. Subtract the mean from each value of the random variable X.
X P(X) X ∙ P(X) X-μ
1 1/6 1/6 -2.5
2 1/6 2/6 -1.5
3 1/6 3/6 -0.5
4 1/6 4/6 0.5
5 1/6 5/6 1.5
6 1/6 6/6 2.5
Step 3. Square the results obtained in Step 2.
X P(X) X ∙ P(X) X-μ (X - μ)𝟐
1 1/6 1/6 -2.5 6.25
2 1/6 2/6 -1.5 2.25
3 1/6 3/6 -0.5 0.25
4 1/6 4/6 0.5 0.25
5 1/6 5/6 1.5 2.25
6 1/6 6/6 2.5 6.25
Step 4. Multiply the results obtained in Step 3 by the corresponding probability.
X P(X) X ∙ P(X) X-μ (X - μ)𝟐 (X - μ)2 ∙ P(X)
1 1/6 1/6 -2.5 6.25 1.042
2 1/6 2/6 -1.5 2.25 0.375
3 1/6 3/6 -0.5 0.25 0.042
4 1/6 4/6 0.5 0.25 0.042
5 1/6 5/6 1.5 2.25 0.375
6 1/6 6/6 2.5 6.25 1.042
6|Page

Step 5. Get the sum of the results obtained in Step 4. The result will be the variance.
X P(X) X ∙ P(X) X-μ (X - μ)𝟐 (X - μ)2 ∙ P(X)
1 1/6 1/6 -2.5 6.25 1.042
2 1/6 2/6 -1.5 2.25 0.375
3 1/6 3/6 -0.5 0.25 0.042
4 1/6 4/6 0.5 0.25 0.042
5 1/6 5/6 1.5 2.25 0.375
6 1/6 6/6 2.5 6.25 1.042
∑ (X - μ)2 ∙ P(X) =
2.918
σ2 = ∑ (X - μ)2 ∙ P(X)
σ2 = 2.918
Step 6. Get the square root of the result in Step 5. This will be the standard deviation.

σ = √∑ (X - μ)2 ∙ P(X)
σ = √2.918
σ = 1.708
Therefore, the variance and the standard deviation of the probability distribution are 2.918
and 1.708, respectively.
Example 2. The probabilities that a surgeon operates on 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 patients in any day are 0.20,
0.10. 0.20, 0.20 and 0.30, respectively. Find the variance and standard deviation.
Solution:
Step 1. Find the mean of the probability distribution.
X P(Y) Y ∙ P(Y)
2 0.20 0.40
3 0.10 0.30
4 0.20 0.80
5 0.20 1.00
6 0.30 1.80
Mean µ 𝚺X⋅P(X) = 4.3
Step 2. Subtract the mean from each value of the random variable Y.
Y P(Y) Y ∙ P(Y) Y-μ
2 0.20 0.40 -2.30
3 0.10 0.30 -1.30
4 0.20 0.80 -0.30
5 0.20 1.00 0.70
6 0.30 1.80 1.70
Step 3. Square the results obtained in Step 2.
Y P(Y) Y ∙ P(Y) Y-μ (Y - μ)𝟐
2 0.20 0.40 -2.30 5.29
3 0.10 0.30 -1.30 1.69
4 0.20 0.80 -0.30 0.09
5 0.20 1.00 0.70 0.49
6 0.30 1.80 1.70 2.89
Step 4. Multiply the results obtained in Step 3 by the corresponding probability.
Y P(Y) Y ∙ P(Y) Y-μ (Y - μ)𝟐 (Y - μ)2 ∙ P(Y)
2 0.20 0.40 -2.3 5.29 1.058
3 0.10 0.30 -1.3 1.69 0.169
4 0.20 0.80 -0.3 0.09 0.018
5 0.20 1.00 0.7 0.49 0.098
6 0.30 1.80 1.7 2.89 0.867
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Step 5. Get the sum of the results obtained in Step 4. The result will be the variance.
Y P(Y) Y ∙ P(Y) Y-μ (Y - μ)𝟐 (Y - μ)2 ∙ P(Y)
2 0.20 0.40 -2.3 5.29 1.058
3 0.10 0.30 -1.3 1.69 0.169
4 0.20 0.80 -0.3 0.09 0.018
5 0.20 1.00 0.7 0.49 0.098
6 0.30 1.80 1.7 2.89 0.867
∑ (Y - μ)2 ∙ P(Y) =
2.21
σ2 = ∑ (Y - μ)2 ∙ P(Y)
σ2 = 2.21
Step 6. Get the square root of the result in Step 5. This will be the standard deviation.
σ = √∑ (Y - μ)2 ∙
P(Y) σ = √2.21
σ = 1.49
Therefore, the variance and the standard deviation of the probability distribution are 2.21 and 1.49,
respectively.
Learning Competencies
1. Computes probabilities corresponding to a given random variable (M11/12SP-IIIa-6).
2. Illustrates the mean and variance of a discrete random variable (M11/12SP-IIIb-1).
3. Calculates the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable. (M11/12SP-IIIb-2).
GENERAL DIRECTIONS. Read carefully the directions indicated in the following activity, then,
provide what is needed or asked in each item. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
WRITTEN WORK # 2
A. Find the Probabilities!
The data shows the probabilities for the number of alcohols sold in a given day at a grocery store.
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
P(X) 0.100 0.150 0.250 0.140 0.090 0.080 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.025 0.015
Find the following:
a. P(X ≥ 6)
c. P(X ≤ 7)
b. P(X < 4)
d. P(7 ≤ X ≤ 10)
B. Multiple Choice
Study the problem and questions below. Then, choose the letter that corresponds to the correct
answer.
The probability distribution of the number of cotton candies sold per day at a store is shown below.
X 0 2 4 6 8
P(X) 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5
1. Based on the table, how many is the total possible outcomes?
a. 2 b. 3 c. 5 d. 8
2. What is the probability of selling more than 4 candies?
a. 1/5 b. 2/5 c. 3/5 d. 4/5
3. What is the mean of the probability distribution?
a. 1.5 b. 2.0 c. 3.5 d. 4.0
4. What is the variance of the probability distribution?
a. 4.15 b. 6.35 c. 8.00 d. 7.50
5. What is the standard deviation of the probability distribution?
a. 2.38 b. 2.83 c. 3.82 d. 3.28
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C. Complete the Table

Complete the table below. Then, compute for the mean, variance, and standard deviation.
The probabilities that a sari-sari store sells 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 detergent powder in any day are 0.25, 0.10.
0.15, 0.25 and 0.25, respectively.
Y P(Y) Y ∙ P(Y) Y-μ (Y - μ)𝟐 (Y - μ)2 ∙ P(Y)
1 0.25 0.40
2 0.10 0.30
3 0.15 0.80
4 0.25 1.00
5 0.25 1.80
Compute the following:
a. Mean b. Variance c. Standard Deviation

PERFORMANCE TASK # 2 Take the Challenge!

Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the probability distribution below.
X P(X)
3 0.135
4 0.235
5 0.395
6 0.235
7 0.135

RUBRIC FOR PERFORMANCE TASK # 2

5 4 3 2 1 0
All necessary
There are
steps for the There is one There are two Many steps
many steps
problem is step done steps done are missing No written
done correctly
done correctly incorrectly but incorrectly but resulting to an step and
but the
resulting to a the answer is the answer is incorrect answer.
answer is
correct still correct. still correct. answer.
incorrect.
answer.

References:
K to 12 Curriculum Guide (Statistics & Probability). Department of Education. Pasig City.
Rene R. Belecina, Elisa S. Baccay, and Efren B. Mateo, Statistics and Probability. Quezon City:
Rex Bookstore, 2016, 21-40.
Jose M. Ocampo, Jr and Wilmer G. Marquez, Conceptual Math and Beyond: Statistics and
Probability. Quezon City: Brilliant Creations Publishing, Inc, 2016, 15-21.
William Mendenhall, Robert J. Beaver, and Barbara M. Beaver, Introduction to Probability and
Statistics: Fourteenth Edition. Pasig City: Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd, 2014, 160-163.