S.D.M.

E Society’s
S.D.M. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
DHAVALAGIRI, DHARWAD-580002

(AFFILIATED TO VISVESWARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY)

Introductory Project Report on

“A REVIEW ON USE OF PCM’s IN BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION”

Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering

IV Semester

Under the Guidance of

Prof. Venkatesh Pandharikar
Asst. Professor
Mechanical Department.
SDMCET, Dharwad

Submitted by
USN Student Name
1. 2SD19ME075 Rakshitsingh Shiggavi
2. 2SD19ME076 Rishabh N Yeligar
3. 2SD19ME077 Rishabh Pachange
4. 2SD19ME081 Sambharm S Hiremath
5. 2SD19ME083 Sandesh K Patil
6. 2SD19ME084 Sandesh Nashipudi

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

S.D.M.C.E.T, Dharwad
2020-21
Mechanical Department SDMCET, Dharwad
 S.D.M.E Society’s

S.D.M. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

DHAVALAGIRI, DHARWAD-580002

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Minor-project work entitled “A REVIEW ON USE OF PCM IN
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION “is a bonafide work carried out at SDM College of
Engineering and Technology, Dharwad, by Mr. Rakshitsingh Shiggavi (2SD19ME075),
Mr. Rishabh N Yeligar (2SD19ME076), Mr. Rishabh Pachange (2SD19ME077), Mr.
Sambharam S Hiremath (2SD19ME081), Mr. Sandesh K Patil (2SD19ME083), Mr.
Sandesh Nashipudi (2SD19ME084), in partial fulfillment for the award of B.E. in
“Mechanical” of Visveswaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2020-
2021. It is certified that all corrections / suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have
been incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental library. The project report has
been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Project work
prescribed for the said Degree.

Prof. V.P.PANDHARIKAR Dr. I Sridhar

Project Guide HoD Mechanical

Name of the Reviewers Signature with date

1.

2.

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Mechanical Department SDMCET, Dharwad
 DECLARATION

We, do here by declare that this dissertation entitled “TITLE: LITERATURE

REVIEW ON APPLICATION OF PCM IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ”, has
been carried out by us under the guidance of Prof.VENKATESH.P. PANDHARIKAR ,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, in the partial fulfilment of the requirement of the
degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering, SDM College of Engineering &
Technology, Dharwad.

We also declare that we have not submitted this dissertation work to any other
university for the award of any other degree.

SI.NO STUDENT NAME USN SIGNATURE

1 Rakshitsingh S 2SD19ME075

2 Rishabh N Y 2SD19ME076

3 Rishabh Pachange 2SD19ME077

4 Sambharam S H 2SD19ME081

5 Sandesh K Patil 2SD19ME083

6 Sandesh Nashipudi 2SD19ME084

Place: Dharwad

Date:

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Mechanical Department SDMCET, Dharwad

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It's a queer to think of a clap without the striking of two human hands, similarly this
work owes a lot of credit to many people who have helped or influenced for this project.

We would thank our guide Prof. VENKATESH.P. PANDHARIKAR Mechanical

Engineering Department, S.D.M. College of Engineering & Technology, for his constant
support, invaluable advice, guidance and permitting us to carry out project.

We express our earnest profound gratefulness to Minor project committee

Prof. G L Rajabanshi, Prof. A V Javali, Dr. J Y Kudariyavar, & Prof. S I Akki for
helping us throughout the project period in every manner.

We wish to thank Dr.K. Gopinath, Principal and Dr. I. Sridhar, H.O.D

Department of Mechanical Engineering, & Deans of S.D.M. College of Engineering and
Technology, Dharwad for permitting us to carry out our project.

We extend our thanks to all Teaching & non-Teaching staff members of Mechanical
Engineering Department for their invaluable guidance, advice, and encouragement
extended by them at every phase of our work.

We would also like to thank all my friends for their support and encouragements.
Finally, Sincere thanks to our parents, brothers and sisters who have always been the
impetus in all my endeavours.

SI.NO STUDENT NAME USN

1 Rakshitsingh Shiggavi 2SD19ME075
2 Rishabh N Yeligar 2SD19ME076
3 Rishabh Pachange 2SD19ME077
4 Sambhram S Hiremath 2SD19ME081
5 Sandesh K Patil 2SD19ME083
6 Sandesh Nashipudi 2SD19ME084

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Mechanical Department SDMCET, Dharwad

 Abstract

Phase Change Material (PCM) plays an important role as a thermal energy storage device

by utilizing its high storage density and latent heat property.The building sector continuous

to grow along with population growth which will further increase the energy consumption .

One of the potential applications for PCM is in buildings by incorporating them in the

envelope for energy conservation. During the summer season, the benefits are a decrease in

overall energy consumption by the Air conditioning unit and a time shift in peak load during

the day. Thermal performance optimization of PCM’s in terms of proficient storage of a

large amount of heat or cold in a finite volume remains a challenging task.

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Mechanical Department SDMCET, Dharwad
 CONTENTS
Certificate i

Declaration ii
Acknowledgement iii
Abstract iv
Content v
List of Figures vi

Chapter 1 : Exploring PCMs

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Classification of PCM 1
1.3 Characteristics of PCM 2
1.4 Application of PCM 2
Chapter 2 : Analysis on the use of Bio PCM
2.1 Introduction 3
2.2 Review 4
2.3 Result 5
Chapter 3 : PCM for Residential Buildings
3.1 Introduction 6
3.2 Review 6
3.3 Conclusion 8
Chapter 4 : Cool and Ventilated roof composed of PCM
4.1 Introduction 9
4.2 Review 9
4.3 Analysis of Scale Model 10
4.4 Conclusion 13
Chapter 5 : Disadvantages and Conclusion
5.1 Disadvantages of PCM 14
5.2 Conclusion 14
References 15-16

Mechanical Department SDMCET, Dharwad

 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Number Figure Description Page Number

1.1 Flow chart on 2

characteristics of PCM

2.1 Operation principle of Bio 3

PCM

2.2 Wall cross section of north 4

shed

2.3 Bio PCM mat used in walls 5

4.1 Scale model cross section 10

and temperature sensor

location

4.2 Representation of 11

constructive system

developed

4.3 Ventilated roof coupled 12

with multilayer PCM

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Mechanical Department SDMCET, Dharwad

Chapter 1
EXPLORING PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS

1.1 Introduction

Building sector is considered as major sector for comfortable and fitness of human being.
For achieving better performance utilization of technology, forward thinking and advancing
in this sector gives efficient result. Many of the researchers agree that one of the greatest
potentials for PCM’s in residential buildings application is that of Thermal Energy storage.
Thermal Energy Storage (TES) allows heat and cold to be stored which can be used later.
It can be stored under two methods physical methods (sensible and latent heat storage) and
chemical methods. The most commonly observed thermal energy storage is by means of
sensible heat (Sensible heat is the amount of heat released or absorbed by a substance
during a change of temperature). On the other hand, latent heat is the amount of heat
released or stored by a substance during a change of state that occurs without much change
in temperature. Latent heat storage can occur as solid-liquid phase change, liquid-vapor
phase change, and solid-solid phase change.

1.2 Classification of PCM

A PCM is a substance with high heat of fusion which, melts and solidifies at a certain
temperature, and is capable of storing and releasing large amount of energy. PCM can be
divided into three groups
➢ Organic PCM - These PCMs have a large fusion range, can cause reaction with
concrete and may be combustible
➢ Inorganic PCM – PCMs are salt hydrates (MnH2O), nitrates, and metallics having a
rather high heat of fusion. These materials also present high latent
heat values; they are non-flammable, cheap, and readily
available.
➢ Eutectics – Eutectic are mixtures of multiple solid compounds having low
melting point and high density than organic PCMs. The melting
point varies from 18 to 51 °C ant freezing point varies from
16 to 51 °C.
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Mechanical Department SDMCET, Dharwad

 Fig.1.1 Flow chat on classification of PCM

1.3 Characteristics of PCM

• Non corrosive
• Not poisonous
• Not flammable
• High specific heat
• High thermal conductivity
• Suitable melting temperature
• Low volume change due to the phase change

1.4 Application of PCM

• Solar Water Heating: Research shows that PCMs would likely be integrated into
the systems storage tank. One idea proposed was that of using a builtin storage tank
containing a layer of capsules containing PCMs at the bottom.
• Space Heating/Cooling: Phase change materials can be incorporated into both
passive and active space heating and cooling systems.
• Potential passive system uses for PCMs include encapsulating the PCM into the
buildings materials such as the floor, ceiling, concrete, or gypsum wallboard, One
benefit of this is that adding PCMs increase the thermal storage capacity of a
residential building.
• In active space heating and cooling systems, separate collectors are used to capture
solar energy during the day and store the energy using latent heat storage materials
(PCMs).
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Mechanical Department SDMCET, Dharwad

Chapter 2
ANALYSIS ON USE OF BIO PCM

2.1 Introduction

Many PCMs are derived from paraffin-based materials which are highly flammable and
thus hinders their use in buildings. A newly developed organic based PCM, here termed
Bio PCM improves safety since it is less flammable than traditional PCMs. Fire retardant
materials can also be added to paraffin based PCMs to reduce their flammability, but at the
expense of altering the thermophysical properties of the material. The Bio PCM can also
be manufactured such that the melting point can be varied between -22.7 °C to 78.33 °C
(−73 °F to +173 °F), and this facilitates its use in various climatic zones.

Fig. 2.1 Operating Principle of Bio PCM

As seen in Fig. 2.1 Bio PCM are encapsulated as discrete blocks with air gaps between
them. These mats are placed in the building envelope (walls, floor and ceiling). During the
day time with high ambient temperature and solar radiation, the Bio PCM melts (changes
phase from solid to liquid) storing large amounts of thermal energy. This is called the
melting or charging process. During this process heat gain into the building is reduced, and
hence less energy is consumed by the HVAC system to cool the building. During the night
time, the PCM changes phase from liquid back to solid phase dissipating heat both into the
building and to the outside environment. This process is called solidification or discharging
process.

Mechanical Department SDMCET, Dharwad

2.2 Review
The set up consists of two nominally identical sheds named as the „North‟ and „South‟
sheds with length, width and height as 4.876 m x 3.657 m x 2.43 6m (16‟ x 12‟ x 8‟) and
with a 4/12 pitch roof. Both sheds face east and were located to ensure that there were no
shading and had unobstructed wind flows. The two sheds were fitted with identical heat
pumps and connected to separate three-phase electricity meters in order to monitor the
electric consumption by the HVAC system (Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning).The
north shed had Bio PCM mat layer in all the four walls, ceiling and floor with different
thicknesses, whereas the south shed was of conventional construction without any installed
Bio PCM. Walls were constructed with 2” x 4” studs 16” O.C. with R-13 fiberglass
insulation, T-111 siding and ½‟‟ finished gypsum board. The wall cross-section of the
North shed is shown in Fig 2.2.

Fig.2.2 Wall cross-section of north shed

The structures had enclosed attic space with R-19 fiberglass insulation between 24” O.C.
of ceiling. 1/2” OSB roof sheathing was covered with 15 lb. roofing felt and standard three
tab fiberglass desert tan shingles. Standard Bio PCM mat with a PCM density of 0.56 lbs.
per cubic foot was installed in all walls between the fiberglass insulation and gypsum board
of the north shed. In addition, 1 lb. per cubic foot density Bio PCM was installed in both
the ceiling and floor of the North shed. Each shed had two standard louvered rectangular
vents on the attic of the south and north walls. In addition a wooden door and a single-pane
glass window were located on the east side of both the sheds. The dimensions of the door
were 6.5‟ x 2.5‟ (height x width) and that of the window was 1.6‟ x 2.5‟ (height x width).

Mechanical Department SDMCET, Dharwad

 Fig.2.3 Bio PCM mat used in walls

2.3 Result
The actual data collected at the experimental site were analyzed and energy savings, time
shift in occurrence of peak load, cost savings and reduction in energy demand during on-
peak hours are discussed. The simulated energy consumption values are lower (almost half)
during the winter months and are in reasonable agreement with the summer months. The
Energy Plus kWh values for the PCM shed are higher than the experimental data during the
summer months due to continuous layer of PCM material used rather than discrete blocks.
The absence of air gap between the PCM blocks allows more heat to pass into the shed
during the summer months. In winter months, the insulation reduces the amount of heat
conducting towards the outdoor environment and hence more heat from the PCM escapes
through the gypsum board. This might be the reason for lower energy consumption during
the winter months.

The following were the technical difficulties faced during the experiment.

➢ The door of the shed had blown open and was replaced.
➢ 50% of the wall PCM was replaced with identical density due to film issues.
➢ Two attic vents were installed in each shed.
➢ Programmable thermostats were installed.

Mechanical Department SDMCET, Dharwad

Chapter 3

PCM FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

3.1 Introduction
Residential buildings have been identified as one of the few sectors that have the potential
to see large energy savings through the utilization of renewable energy and green building
concepts. Many researchers agree that one of the greatest potentials for PCMs in residential
building applications is that of thermal energy storage, specifically solar thermal energy.
Kosny as he states that incorporating building materials with active thermal components
will be an ultimate step towards achieving significant savings in energy for heating and
cooling applications. A research was conducted based on simulating a variety of house
model setups using different PCM materials and thicknesses installed into the building’s
walls and measuring the thermal performance of each setup. The simulations showed that
by installing PCMs into building walls, the fluctuation of interior temperature is reduced,
and increasing the thickness of the PCM improves the efficiency of these systems. Because
the research is all simulation based, it makes it difficult to validate the results for their
reliability.

3.2 Review
PCM can be incorporated into construction materials and elements by direct incorporation,
immersion, shape-stabilization and Encapsulation. PCM were macro encapsulated into
metal containers. Paraffin, having temperature in the human comfort zone and having high
latent heat of fusion was used as PCM.PCM can improve the thermal performance of
building. In comparison to control model, the models with PCM showed higher values of
minimum temperature. This feature can be advantageous for application in buildings where
PCM walls can be used to absorb heat during the daytime and release it at night time when
there are no heat sources inside. PCM laminated within the concrete walls is the most
effective approach in improving the indoor thermal environment. PCM showed improved
performance in reducing the relative humidity. Thus, a comfortable and healthy
environment can be obtained. PCM can particularly be beneficial for buildings located in
coastal cities where high moisture content existing in indoor environment can affect the

Mechanical Department SDMCET, Dharwad

durability of the building. The effective heat removal for the buildings with PCM

envelopes is needful to improve the energy efficiency of buildings and the utilization
efficiency of PCM significantly. To remove heat from the building with PCM, many
researchers used the night mechanical ventilation techniques for the regeneration of the
PCM used the night ventilation to reduce interior temperature and consequently solidify
the PCM. The results showed that 76% of daytime cooling energy consumption could be
saved by the PCM room with night ventilation. To improve the thermal performance of the
PCM wall system efficiently, integrating the nocturnal radiation cooling technique with a
pipe-encapsulated PCM wall are developed. The thermal performances and applications of
the pipe-encapsulated PCM wall with the nocturnal radiation cooling technique used in the
light-weight wall, the medium-weight wall and the heavyweight wall are simulated and
discussed respectively. The reduction of the internal surface accumulated heat of the
proposed system used in medium weight wall and heavy-weight wall is larger comparing
with that of the proposed system used in light-weight wall. Three key factors have great
influences on the thermal characteristics of PCM roof, which are phase transition
temperature, PCM thickness and phase transition temperature radius. The phase transition
temperature has important impact on the thermal performance of the RSPCM. The selection
of the phase transition temperature is determined by the location of the buildings and the
position of PCM in the roof. If the phase transition temperature is high, the PCM will not
melt unless the roof is heated to a very high temperature, so its heat storage ability is weak.
If the phase transition temperature is low, the condensation heat released by PCM will be
decreased, because the time period is shorter for the case when the outdoor temperature is
lower than the solidification temperature, which leads to incomplete solidification of PCM
at night. Therefore, there exists an optimal phase transition temperature for RSPCM in each
climate region. The thickness of PCM layer is related to the amount of available latent heat,
which affects the initial investment and thermal performance of PCM roof. Phase transition
temperature radius is the half value of the transition temperature range. It is related to the
type of phase change materials, and it also has great effect on the thermal performance of
PCM roof. The heat insulation properties of the roof are evaluated by four indexes,
including the decrement factor, time lag, liquefaction rate and utilization rate of latent heat.
The solar radiation heat and heat transfer caused by the temperature difference can be
largely stored by the PCM liquefaction process during the daytime with a constant
temperature range, and the condensation heat is easily released to the outside under the
effect of sky radiation and cold air convection at night. Heat transfer through the roof and
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Mechanical Department SDMCET, Dharwad

the temperature amplitude of inner surface can be greatly reduced Paraffin wax is used as
the PCM, and high density polyethylene is used as support material, and the shape stabilized
PCM is obtained by the two materials through compression and drying technologies.

3.3 Conclusion

➢ Compared to roof without PCM, the inner surface temperature amplitude of

RSPCM is much smaller. The maximum temperature and the mean temperature are
lower, and the minimum temperature is higher.
➢ Increase of thickness, the decrement factor is reduced slightly but the utilization rate
of latent heat is reduced sharply.
➢ Leakage of PCM makes the system inflammable and incompatible with the
construction materials.
➢ It can be concluded that the model with internally bonded PCM is much more
effective. The model also showed its effective even when the relative humidity
values remained 100% for longer duration. This feature can particularly be
beneficial for buildings located in coastal cities where high moisture content
existing in indoor environment can affect the durability of the building

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Mechanical Department SDMCET, Dharwad
Chapter 4

COOL AND VENTILATED ROOF COMPOSED OF

PCM

4.1 Introduction

The more reflectivity and emissivity of roof’s surface results in lower surface temperature
And cool roofs possess such properties . Cool roofs minimize the solar heat gain on the
roof during summer thus are effective at cooling in summer. However there is increase in
heating load during winters. The PCM can be used to overcome this limitation and
decreased variations in indoor temperature can be achieved.

4.2 Review

The whole purpose of this study was to reduce the energy consumed. The scientist Chou
evaluated the thermal performance of general roof, insulated roof and insulated PCM roof.
The temperature was measured indoor and the insulated roof exhibits low temperature than
the general roof . Scientist Karlessi conducted a study in which he coated the tiles with
paints containing PCM . Tiles where painted with 6 different colours and the surface
temperature of the tiles varied from 3-7 °C depending upon the colour . Scientist Pasupathy
and Velraj installed PCM panels on the roof with dimensions of 1.22 X 1.22 X 2.4 m³ ,
thus at the ceiling surface the temperature range was 27-28 °C indicating relative constant
temperature distribution. Performance test of PCM cool roof had to be conducted , in order
to carry out the experiment they fabricated the scale model. The WPC (wood and plastic
composite) was found to be appropriate for PCM cool roof system. WPC contains a hollow
layers within which PCM are inserted . Since PCM can be liquid or solid and different
temperature a packing type PCM was fabricated and injected in a nylon pack to maximize
thermal storage performance. Each pack was 15x3 cm2 and the weight was 35g.

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Mechanical Department SDMCET, Dharwad
 Fig. 4.1 Scale-model cross section and temperature sensor locations.

4.3 Analysis of Scale Model Test

4.3.1 Test 1

This test involved the installation of WPC plates on upper surface of scale model . The tests
were conducted using WPC plates without PCM and one where two different PCM with
different phase change temperature were tested (Bio PCM and RT PCM). This test was
conducted at the rooftop of the building.

4.3.2 Test 2

The test was conducted by filling packing-type PCM in the hollow layer of WPC. The
performance of PCM was measured for different surface finish colors (brown and white).

4.3.3 Summary of both the Test’s

➢ PCM plates had lower surface temperatures than the plate without the PCM.
➢ RT 44°C PCM, which has a melting point of 44° C, was better at lowering the
temperature than Bio 26°C PCM.
➢ The brown model had a surface temperature of 38.85°C and that of the white was
23.70°C, indicating that the white color resulted in a lower temperature distribution
by 15.15°C.

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 ➢ The internal temperature of the white model was 16.35°C lower than that of the
brown model. The lower-side temperature of the plate of the white model was
13.50°C lower than that of the brown model. The white model maintained a 5.40°
C lower ceiling temperature distribution than that of the brown model due to the
difference in surface temperature.
➢ For the white models, the upper side temperature of RT 44°C was 5.00°C lower
than that of Bio 26°C, but there was no significant difference in the ceiling
temperature.

4.3.4 Test 3

Experimental setup of ventilated roof composed of multiple PCM in two full-scale test
chambers were carried out. The VR-MPCM is composed of five layers.
➢ Layer 1 :- The external layer contains the PCM with a thickness of 30 mm.
➢ Layer 2 :- The layer is a hollow brickwork wall of 100 mm thick.
➢ Layer 3 :- The ventilated air gap is situated between the external and internal layer
➢ Layer 4 :- The internal layer contains the PCM with a thickness of 30 mm.
➢ Layer 5 :- The layer is a plasterboard of 2 mm thick.

Fig.4.2 Representation of the constructive system developed.

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 Fig.4.3 Ventilated roof coupled with multi-layer PCMs.

The working principle of the Ventilated roof coupled with multilayer PCM’s is as follows
During day time some of the radiation directly gets deflected and some of the radiation
which falls on the roof is stored inside the PCM known as heat gain. During night time the
cool air enters the air layer through ventilated openings which takes away the heat stored
inside PCM. Thus heat stored during day time is lost to the surrounding. Now the PCM
layers can store free cooling g from the night wind with the temperature continuously
dropping, which can be used to offset the heat gain in the next day, thus further reducing
the cooling load on the building.

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Mechanical Department SDMCET, Dharwad
4.3.5 Summary of Test 3

➢ The experimental results showed that the drop of indoor temperature with VR-
MPCM was 41.1%~44.9% relative to outdoor sol–air temperature.
➢ The indoor temperature of the chamber with VR-MPCM can be reduced as much
as 6.4–7.1 °C.
➢ This study proved that VR-MPCM can not only keep the heat out of the room
during the daytime, but also utilize the free cold source during the nighttime.

4.4 Conclusion

➢ The PCM plates lowered the surface temperature more than the plate without PCM
and exhibited a longer time lag.
➢ The white finish resulted in a lower temperature distribution by 13.50°C to 16.35°C
than brown. Furthermore, the white finish maintained a 5.40° C lower indoor
temperature distribution than brown due to the difference in surface temperature.
➢ The use of VR-MPCM in construction buildings can reduce the heating or cooling
load on the building very efficiently. More over it reduces the energy consumption
up to 40%.

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Mechanical Department SDMCET, Dharwad
Chapter 5

DISADVANTAGES AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Disadvantages of PCM

➢ One overwhelming issue with the use of PCMs integrated with building materials is
that there is little to no way to perform intrusive maintenance on the PCM system.
➢ After prolonged use, most of salt hydrates tend to supercool before freezing during
the extraction of stored heat. This causes a drop in the efficiency of the material, and
will eventually lead to heat recovery not taking place at all in the PCM.
➢ PCMs tend to have very low thermal conductivities, which leads to low heat transfer
rates in and out of latent heat energy storage systems.
➢ Phase segregation is the one of the biggest negative influences on the thermal cyclic
stability of PCMs.
➢ Additives must be added to the PCM in order to achieve a certain benefit. This is
expected to increase the cost of using a PCM significantly.

5.2 Conclusion

➢ Although using PCMs in buildings can improve the energy efficiency of buildings
and lead to improved occupant comfort, the major disadvantages of PCMs could
limit their potential.
➢ Many PCMs suffer from low thermal conductivities, which prolongs the phase
transition of the material, an undesired effect for both occupant comfort and energy
efficiency of the system.
➢ The potential use of PCM in constructional on, material should be incorporated
further in global energy management.
➢ The pressure of PCMs reduce the heat transfer of the room.
➢ The viability of PCMs for residential applications has been a big focal point of the
review.
➢ There is need of further researches because of the big gap between research
surrounding maintaining PCM systems and once they have been installed in
building.

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multiple phase change material (VR-MPCM).

[18] Manish K Rathod, Phase Change Material and Their Application.

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Mechanical Department SDMCET, Dharwad