ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF INTZE TYPE

OVERHEAD TANK IN THOKAPALLI VILLAGE,

PEDDA ARVEEDU (MANDAL), PRAKASAM
(DISTRICT), A.P

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR
THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
M.SHAKEER (18095A0135)
P.VIJITHA (18095A0149)
B.VAMSI KALYAN YADAV (17091A0194)
S.RAVI KIRAN REDDY (18095A0132)
J.JAYANNA (16091A0134)
V.SHILPA (17091A0178)
Under the Esteemed Guidance of
C. KRISHNAMA RAJU ME(Geo-Tech), M.Tech(CS), MISTE, MIE
Associate Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

R. G. M College of Engineering and Technology
(Autonomous)
Nandyal 518 501, A. P., INDIA
(Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapur, A. P., INDIA)
(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by N.B.A, NewDelhi, NAAC-A+ Grade)

2017 - 2021
 R. G. M College of Engineering and Technology
(Autonomous)
Nandyal 518 501, A. P., INDIA
(Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapur, A. P., INDIA)
(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by N.B.A, NewDelhi, NAAC-A+ Grade)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project Report entitled “ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF INTZE
TYPE OVERHEAD TANK IN THOKAPALLI VILLAGE, PEDDA ARVEEDU (MAN-
DAL), PRAKASAM (DISTRICT), A.P that is being submitted by

M.SHAKEER (18095A0135)
P.VIJITHA (18095A0149)
B.VAMSI KALYAN YADAV (17091A0194)
S.RAVI KIRAN REDDY (18095A0132)
J.JAYANNA (16091A0134)
V.SHILPA (17091A0178)
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of B.Tech in Civil Engineering to
the RAJEEV GANDHI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY (AUTONOMOUS), Nandyal (Affiliated to J.N.T University, Anan-
tapur) is a bonafide record of confide work carried out by them under our guidance and
supervision. The results embodied in this mini project report have not been submitted to
any other university or institute for the award of any Degree.

Signature of Guide Signature of Head of Department

C.KRISHNAMA RAJU M.E(Geo-Tech) Dr.G.SREENIVASULU Ph.D

Associate Professor Professor and HOD

Examiner:
Date:

i
Dedicated to my beloved parents, and teachers who have worked hard throughout my
education.

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere gratitude and indebtedness to the guide Sri. C.
KRISHNAMA RAJU, Associate Professor for giving valuable suggestions and moral support
towards completion of project work.

We express our deep gratitude to Dr. G. SREENIVASULU, Professor and HOD, Depart-
ment of Civil Engineering, RGMCET for his continuous help and support towards the project.

We will highly grateful to Dr. T. JAYACHANDRA PRASAD, Principal, R.G.M. Col-

lege of Engineering and Technology, for his encouragement and inspiration at various points of
time for the project.

We will remain grateful to Dr. M. SHANTHIRAMUDU, Chairman, and Sri M.

SIVARAM, M.D,R.G.M. College of Engineering and technology who have been a constant
source of inspiration throughout the project work and we also seek their blessings for a bright
future.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to Project Coordinators of R.G.M College of
Engineering for providing an opportunity for doing this project work.

We extend our heartfelt thanks to all the Teaching and Non-Teaching staff members of R.G.M
College of Engineering for their valuable help for the project.

At the end, we proudly acknowledge our father and mother for their constant motivation
which have been valuable assets of our life.

Project Members
M.SHAKEER
P.VIJITHA
B.VAMSI KALYAN YADAV
S.RAVI KIRAN REDDY
J.JAYANNA
V.SHILPA

iii
 ABSTRACT
Water is one of the most important substances on earth. All plants animals need water for
survival. Water is also used for Irrigation, Power generation, Industrial Processes etc.

In India more than 68% of population lives in rural area. In rural communities water can
be sourced from rainwater, ground water, summer storage tanks, canals etc. Every house needs
water for drinking, cooking, washing and other domestic needs. Water supply systems must also
meet requirements for public, commercial and industrial activities. In all cases, the water must
fulfill both quality and quantity requirements.

Thokapalli village is situated in Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh State. The population
of the village is 1170. At present there is no water supply system for the village. A properly
designed water supply system is needed for improving the living standards of the people. Hence
an overhead tank is needed for the village to provide water supply system.

In the light of the above, the present project titled ”ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF INTZE
TYPE OVERHEAD TANK THOKAPALLI VILLAGE, PEDDA ARVEEDU (MANDAL),
PRAKASAM (DISTRICT) ” is considered. The present work is planned as per the following
stages.

ˆ Estimation of Water Requirements of the village for another 30 years.

ˆ Study of Different types and designs of Over Head Tanks and relevant IS codes.

ˆ Manual Analysis Design of Over Head Tank for Static Loads.

ˆ Design of Over Head Tank using STAAD Pro/Other software by considering Static Loads.

ˆ Comparing the both the results.

iv
Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

ABSTRACT iv

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3
2.1 Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1.1 Service Level Delivery Under JJM: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1.2 The Institutional Mechanism Under JJM: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Thoki Ajmal (2019) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Dr. Suchitha Hirde Dr. Manoj Hedaoo (2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3 FORECASTING METHODS 7
3.1 Arithmetical Increase Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2 Geometrical Increase Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3 Incremental Increase Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

4 OVERHEAD TANKS 10
4.1 Classification of RCC Water tanks: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2 Based on Placement of Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2.1 Resting on Ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2.2 Elevated Water Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2.3 Underground Water Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3 Based on Shape of Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.3.1 Circular Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.3.2 Rectangular Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.3.3 Intze Type Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5 ESTIMATION OF HEIGHT OF INTZE TANK 15

6 DESIGN OF INTZE OVERHEAD TANK 23

7 INTZE TANK ANALYSIS USING STAAD PRO 37

7.1 Concept of Intze Water Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7.2 Design Criteria as per IS Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

v
 7.3 Modelling and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
7.4 STAAD Procedure for Design of Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

8 RESULTS 44

9 CONCLUSIONS 50

REFERENCES 51

vi
List of Figures

4.1 Tank resting on Ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4.2 Elevated Water Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3 Circular Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.4 Rectangular Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.5 Intze Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5.1 Pump Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

5.2 Hourly Junction Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.3 Pump Operation Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

6.1 Components & Details of Intze Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

7.1 3D Circular Tool in Staad Pro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

7.2 Menu bar in Staad pro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
7.3 Tool bar in Staad pro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
7.4 Intze tank analysis in Staad pro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.5 Hydrostatic load acting on Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
7.6 ISometric View of Intze Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

8.1 Reinforcement Details of Top Ring Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

8.2 Reinforcement Details of Bottom Ring Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
8.3 Reinforcement Details of Brace Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
8.4 Reinforcement Details of Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
8.5 Reinforcement details of Top Ring Beam in STAAD pro . . . . . . . . . . 46
8.6 Reinforcement details of Bottom Ring Beam in STAAD pro . . . . . . . . 46
8.7 Reinforcement details of Brace Beam in STAAD pro . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
8.8 Reinforcement details of Column in STAAD pro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

vii
List of Tables

2.1 The Institutional Mechanism Under JJM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3.1 Population Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.2 Population Forecasting By Different Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

5.1 Demands For Various Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5.2 Pipe Lines With Length And Connecting Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.3 Data For 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.4 Data For 2051 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.5 Tank Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.6 Pump Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.7 Results At 5:00 Hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

8.1 Comparison of both Manual and STAAD pro Results . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

viii
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Water is a vital element in the living system and is an important component and also
a key element for the socio-economic development of a country. All living things require
water for their sustenance. In fixing the living standards of the population, the availability
and quality of water to domestic needs plays an important role. With the increase in pop-
ulation in the sphere, the demand for water and the fight to share this resource during the
period of scarcity also increases enormously. This has been true with particular reference
to the recent past. In a country like India, the rainfall is seasonal and is highly erratic in
nature, leading to spatial and temporal variations in the water availability. Thus, it be-
comes necessary for the water supply engineers to supply pure and adequate water, equally
to all the consumers. For this challenging task, the design, analysis and optimization of
the pipe network system is required.

A water distribution system is an essential infrastructure in the supply of water for

domestic as well as industrial uses. It connects consumers to sources of water, using hy-
draulic components, such as pipes, valves, pumps and tanks. The design of such systems is
a multifarious task involving numerous interrelated factors, requiring careful consideration
in the design process. Important design parameters include water demand, minimum pres-
sure requirements, topography, system reliability, economics, piping, pumping and energy
use.

A water tank is used to store water to tide over the daily requirement. In the construc-
tion of concrete structure for the storage of water and other liquids the imperviousness
of concrete is most essential .The permeability of any uniform and thoroughly compacted
concrete of given mix proportions is mainly dependent on water cement ratio .The increase
in water cement ratio results in increase in the permeability .The decrease in water cement
ratio will therefore be desirable to decrease the permeability, but very much reduced water
cement ratio may cause compaction difficulties and prove to be harmful also. Design of
liquid retaining structure has to be based on the avoidance of cracking in the concrete
having regard to its tensile strength. The present project is organized into the following
chapters. The present work is organized into different chapters.
Chapter 2 deals with Literature Review

1
Chapter 3 discussed about Forecasting Methods
Chapter 4 discussed about Overhead Tanks
Chapter 5 discussed about Estimation of Height of Intze tank
Chapter 6 Discussed Design of Intze Tank
Chapter 7 Discussed Intze tank analysis using staad pro.
Chapter 8 Includes Results
Chapter 9 Presents the Conclusions of the present work

2
Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Central Government assistance to States for rural water supply began in 1972 with the
launch of Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme. It was renamed as National Rural
Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) in 2009, which is a centrally sponsored scheme with
fund sharing between the Centre and the States. Under NRDWP, one of the objectives was
to ”enable all households to have access to and use safe adequate drinking water within
premises to the extent possible”. It was proposed to achieve the goal by 2030, coinciding
with the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals. But now, it has been planned
to achieve the goal by 2024 through Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM). As per the information
available with DDWS, as on 31.3.2019, only 18.33% of rural households i.e., 3.27 Crore out
of the total 17.87 Crore rural households in the country, have piped water connection.

2.1 Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM):

Government of India has restructured and subsumed the ongoing National Rural Drink-
ing Water Programme (NRDWP) into Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) to provide Functional
Household Tap Connection (FHTC) to every rural household i.e., Har Ghar Nal Se Jal
(HGNSJ) by 2024.
The following kinds of works/ schemes are proposed to be taken up under JJM:

1. In-village water supply (PWS) infrastructure for tap water connection to every house-
hold.

2. Reliable drinking water source development/ augmentation of existing sources.

3. Transfer of water (multi-village scheme; where quantity quality issues are there in
the local water sources).

4. Technological intervention for treatment to make water potable (where water quality
is an issue, but quantity is sufficient).

5. Retrofitting of completed and ongoing piped water supply schemes to provide FHTC
and raise the service level.

6. Grey water management.

3
 7. Capacity building of various stakeholders and support activities to facilitate the im-
plementation.

2.1.1 Service Level Delivery Under JJM:

The goal of JJM is to provide functional household tap connection to every household
with service level at the rate of 55 litres per capita per day (lpcd).

2.1.2 The Institutional Mechanism Under JJM:

Table 2.1: The Institutional Mechanism Under JJM

National Level National Jal Jeevan Mission
State Level State Water and Sanitation Mission (SWSM)
District Level District Water and Sanitation Mission (DWSM)
Paani Samiti/Village Water and Sanitation Commit-
Gram Panchayat Level
tee (VWSC)/User group

JJM would ensure functional household tap connection to every rural household as
there is a demand that exists and people aspire for household piped water supply. It
will significantly improve quality of life, particularly of women and children and assist in
ODF-sustainability as water is important to sustain Swachh Bharat Mission’s gains. In the
rural areas, for developing in-village water supply infrastructure, water resource manage-
ment, source strengthening/ augmentation, distribution network, treatment plants, etc.,
unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled human resource will be required. Further there will be
procurement of various materials for water supply systems. This will generate employment
and boost the economy.

In order to instil the ’sense of ownership’ among the community/ user groups for better
implementation and long-term operation maintenance of the scheme as well as bringing in
transparency, GP/ VWSC/ Paani Samiti will implement the in-village piped water supply
infrastructure and related source development. Communities will contribute towards 10%
of the capital cost in cash and/or kind and/or labour in all villages except for hilly and
forested areas/ NE and Himalayan States and villages having more than 50% SC and/or
ST population, where community contribution would be 5% of the capital cost.

To assist the village community for in-village water resource management and wa-
ter supply related infrastructure, NGOs, Voluntary Organizations/ women SHGs under
NRLM/ SRLM, etc. will be associated as partners to facilitate the communities in aware-
ness creation, capacity building, planning implementing the schemes. They would also
mobilise the local communities, firm up their aspirations and handhold them for resource
mapping as participatory approach and decentralized planning will hold the key for long
term sustainability and operation and maintenance of the system.

4
 JJM will focus on integrated demand and supply side management of water at the local
level, including creation of local infrastructure for source sustainability like rainwater har-
vesting, groundwater recharge and management of household wastewater for reuse would
be undertaken in convergence with other Government programmes/ schemes.

For targeted delivery and monitoring of specific outcomes, every functional tap con-
nection is to be linked with the Aadhar number of the head of the household subject to
statutory provisions. Every asset created under JJM will be geo-tagged. States will carry
out inspections by empanelled third party agencies for all infrastructures created under the
JJM. GoI will carry out functionality assessment of schemes, based on which fund will be
made available to States/ UTs based on their performance.

There are people who would like to contribute and donate voluntarily for water supply
in the rural areas. To facilitate this, ’Rastriya Jal Jeevan Kosh’ will mobilize and accept
donations/ contributions received from various sources to fund JJM.

2.2 Thoki Ajmal (2019)

Studied the seismic analysys and comparison of Intze tank, circular water tank and
rectangular water tank and having Rcc frame staging in zone 3 and 5 during empty, half
and fully filled condition by response spectrum method using STTAD PROV8i. in this
paper author illustrated that the base shear of the Intze tank is greater than a rectangular
tank and circular tank in zone 3 during all three conditions (i.e. empty, full and half)where
as in zone v base shear of rectangular water tank is more as compared to Intze and circular
water tank.

He mentions the statement that the maximum design base shear is governing factor to
be consider for design of elevated water which can be obtain during full filled condition.
In zone III circular water tank have maximum displacement during a full filled condition
where as in in zone v intze tank have a maximum displacement during fill condition the
time period is more for intze circular water tank in full filled condition in comparison to
rectangular tank and is independent of zones, author neglected base moment during his
research.

2.3 Dr. Suchitha Hirde Dr. Manoj Hedaoo (2011)

Studied the seismic performance of elevated tanks for various seismic zone of india for
various heights and capacity of tanks for different soil conditions. The effect of height of
water tank, earth quake zones and soil condition on earthquake forces have been presented
in this paper with the help of analysis of 240 models of various parameter, study concluded

5
that seismic forces are directly proportional to seismic zone capacity of tank and inversely
proportional to height of supporting system.

6
Chapter 3

FORECASTING METHODS

Design of water supply and sanitation scheme is based on the projected population of
a particular city, estimated for the design period. Any underestimated value will make
system inadequate for the purpose intended. Similarly, overestimated value will make it
costly. Change in the population of the city over the years occurs, and the system should
be designed taking into account of the population at the end of the design period.
Factors affecting changes in population are:

1. Increase due to births

2. Decrease due to deaths

3. Increase/ decrease due to migration

The present and past population record for the city can be obtained from the census
population records. After collecting these population figures, the population at the end of
design period is predicted using various methods as suitable for that city considering the
growth pattern followed by the city.

3.1 Arithmetical Increase Method

This method is suitable for large and old city with considerable development. If it
is used for small, average or comparatively new cities, it will give low result than actual
value. In this method the average increase in population per decade is calculated from
the past census reports. This increase is added to the present population to find out the
population of the next decade. Thus, it is assumed that the population is increasing at
constant rate.Hence, dp/dt = X i.e., rate of change of population with respect to time is
constant. Therefore, Population after nth decade will be

Pn = P0 + nX (3.1)

where, Pn is Population after n decades, P0 is Present Populaton, X is Average increase in

population over the previous m decades, X is calculated and shown in Table 3.1.

7
Population in the year P1 (2031) with P0 = 1170, n=1, X=96 is,
P1=P0 +nX= 1170 + 1x96 =1266
Population forecasted for the 2041 and 2051 years as shown is shown in Table 3.2.

3.2 Geometrical Increase Method

In this method the percentage increase in population from decade to decade is assumed
to remain constant. Geometric mean increase is used to find out the future increment in
population. Since this method gives higher values and hence should be applied for a new
industrial town at the beginning of development for only few decades. The population at
the end of nth decade ’Pn’ can be estimated as:

Ig n
Pn = P0 (1 + ) (3.2)
100
Where Ig is geometric mean, P0 is Present population, n is no. of decades (r1 × r2 × . . . ×
1
rm ) m , ri =percentage increase in ith decade, m =(number successive previous decades for
which census data is available - 1) Population in the year P(2031) with P0 = 1170, n=1,
1
Ig =8.77 is, 1170(1+ 8.77
100
)1=1273, Where Geometric Mean Ig = (4.75 x 8.65 x 16.41) 3 =8.77
Population forecasted for the 2041 and 2051 years is shown in Table 3.2.

3.3 Incremental Increase Method

From the census data for the past several decades, the actual increase in each decade is
first found. Then the increment in increase for each decade is found. From these, an aver-
age increment of the increases (known as incremental increase) is found. The population
in the next decade is found by adding to the present population the average increase plus
the average incremental increase per decade. The process is repeated for the second future
decade, and so on. Thus, the future population at the end of n decades is given by:

n (n + 1)
Pn = P0 + nX + .Y (3.3)
2
Where, P0 is present population, X is average increase per decade, Y is average incre-
mental increase, n is number of decades, Population in the year P1 =2031 with n=1, X=
96, Y= 61.5 is, P1 =1170+(96 × 1) + 1(1+1)
2
× 61.5 = 1328
Population forecasted for the 2041 and 2051 years is shown in Table 3.2

8
 Table 3.1: Population Data

Table 3.2: Population Forecasting By Different Methods

From the observation of table 3.1, the variation in the increase in population, xi and
percentage increase in population ri are large, hence population forecasted from Incremen-
tal Increase method is chosen for present work. The population forecasted for the year
2051 is 1827.

9
Chapter 4

OVERHEAD TANKS

Overhead water tanks of various shapes can be used as service reservoirs, as a balancing
tank in water supply schemes and for replenishing the tanks for various purposes. Rein-
forced concrete water towers have distinct advantages as they are not affected by climatic
changes, are leak proof, provide greater rigidity and are adoptable for all shapes.
Components of a water tank consists of:

1. Tank portion with

ˆ roof and roof beams (if any)

ˆ Sidewalls

ˆ Floor or bottom slab

ˆ floor beams, including circular girder

2. Staging portion, consisting of

ˆ Columns

ˆ Bracings and

ˆ Foundations and plinth beams and the circular girder

10
4.1 Classification of RCC Water tanks:

4.2 Based on Placement of Tank

4.2.1 Resting on Ground
These are used for clear water reservoirs, settling tanks, aeration tanks etc. These tanks
directly rest on the ground. The walls of these tanks are subjected to water pressure from
inside and the base is subjected to weight of water inside and soil reaction from underneath
the base. The tank may be open at top or roofed. Ground water tank is made of lined
carbon steel, it may receive water from water well or from surface water allowing a large
volume of water to be placed in inventory and used during peak demand cycles.

Figure 4.1: Tank resting on Ground

11
4.2.2 Elevated Water Tank
These tanks are supported on staging which may consist of masonry walls, R.C.C tower
or R.C.C column braced together. The walls are subjected to water pressure from inside.
The base is subjected to weight of water, weight of walls and weight of roof. The staging
has to carry the entire load of entire tanks with water and is subjected to wind loads.

Figure 4.2: Elevated Water Tank

4.2.3 Underground Water Tank

These tanks are built below the ground level such as clarifier’s filters in water treat-
ment plants, and septic tanks. The walls of these tanks are subjected to water pressure
from inside and earth pressure from outside. The base of the tanks is subjected to water
pressure from inside and earth pressure from outside. The base of the tanks subjected to
water pressure from inside and soil reaction from underneath. Always these are covered at
top. These tanks should be designed for loading which gives the worst effect. The design
principles of underground tank same as for the tanks resting on ground. The walls are
subjected to inside a water pressure and outside earth pressure. The section of wall is de-
signed for the earth pressure acting separately as well as acting simultaneously, whenever
there is possibility of water table to rise, soil becomes saturated and earth. These types of
tank are generally constructed of rectangular or circular in shape.

12
4.3 Based on Shape of Tank
4.3.1 Circular Tank
Generally circular tank rest on the ground or are elevated ones. Underground circular
tanks are also constructed. The circular tanks may be designed either with flexible base
connection with wall or with rigid connection between walls and base, in the former case
the expansion 5 and contraction of side walls are possible but in latter case the walls are
monolithic with base. The walls of tank are subjected to hydrostatic pressure which is
maximum at base and zero at top. Usually for design of circular tanks, the theory of
thin cylinders is applied for design of wall thickness and for calculation of maximum hoop
tension. The main reinforcement consists of circular hoops to take care of hoop tension
and is placed on both faces and wall. The distribution steel is placed vertically and is tied
to main reinforcement.

Figure 4.3: Circular Tank

4.3.2 Rectangular Tank

For smaller capacities circular tanks are uneconomical and their form work is costly.
Rectangular tanks are constructed when small capacity tank are required. These may be
resting on ground, elevated or underground. Tanks should be preferably square in plan
and it is desirable that larger side should not be greater than twice the smaller side and
for rectangular tanks. Walls of tanks either resting on ground or elevated are subjected
to water pressure from inside and when underground they are subjected to internal water
pressure and outside earth pressure. In rectangular tanks the moments are caused in
two directions, hence exact analysis is rather difficult, they are designed by approximate
methods.

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 Figure 4.4: Rectangular Tank

4.3.3 Intze Type Tank

This is a very special type of elevated tank used for very large capacities. Circular
tanks for very large capacities prove to be uneconomical when flat bottom slab is provided.
Intze type tank consist of top dome supported on a ring beam which rests on cylindrical
wall. The walls are supported on ring beam and conical slab. Bottom dome will also be
provided which also supported by ring beam. The conical and bottom dome are made in
such manner that the horizontal thrust from the conical base is balanced by that from the
bottom dome. The conical and bottom domes are supported on circular beam which is in
turn, supported on a number of columns. For large capacities the tank is divided in two
compartments by means of partition walls supported on a circular beam.

Figure 4.5: Intze Tank

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Chapter 5

ESTIMATION OF HEIGHT OF
INTZE TANK

The population of the Thokapalli village is forecasted by using Incremental Increase

method. The population of the village in 2051 is 1827 and is shown Table 3.2. The per-
capita demand is estimated as 270 lit/day as per Table 5.1. The total water demand for
the village for the year 2051 is 4,93,290 litres/day and is shown in Table 5.4

Table 5.1: Demands For Various Purposes

Use Demand (litre per capita)
Domestic purpose (P) 135
Commercial 70
Public Use 10
Losses, wastage and thefts(L) 55
Total 270

The pipe lines are drawn in Google earth software based on the streets, and other
features. The lengths of the pipes and elevations of junctions are extracted from google
earth software and are shown in Table 5.2:

By visiting village, the details of population, animals, public utilities like school etc.,
is collected for the present year 2021 and estimated for 2051 year also. The details of
population and animals adjacent to each pipe line is shown in Table 5.3 and Table 5.4 for
years 2021 and 2051 respectively. The demand at each node is calculated and is shown in
Table 5.3 and Table 5.4 for years 2021 and 2051 respectively.

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Table 5.2: Pipe Lines With Length And Connecting Nodes

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Table 5.3: Data For 2021

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Table 5.4: Data For 2051

18
 Distribution system should be designed for the following minimum pressure (Residual
Pressure) at ferrule points4 .

1. Single storey building - 7m

2. Two storey building - 12m

3. Three storey building - 17m

In this analysis, network is designed for minimum pressure of 7 m at junction points.

The pipe network created in google earth software is redrawn in EPANET software for
pipe networks analysis. Tank location is selected in the village in free space and at higher
elevation. Tank, Reservoir and Pump are added to the pipe network in EPANET. The
tank details entered in EPANET are shown in Table 5.5. The pump is selected based on

Table 5.5: Tank Details

head and discharge. The selected pump details are shown in Table 5.6. The pump curve
is generated based on pump details and is shown in Fig 5.1. The generated pump curve
data is given to pump in EPANET.

Table 5.6: Pump Details

For all the junctions elevation details and for all pipes the assumed diameters are given
as per Table 5.2. The junction demand pattern is chosen as shown in Fig. 5.2 and is
given to all junctions. The pump operation schedule is shown in Fig 5.3. Hazen Williams
equation is selected for pipe friction and Hazen Williams roughness coefficient used is 100
for all pipes.

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 Figure 5.1: Pump Curve

Figure 5.2: Hourly Junction Demand

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 Figure 5.3: Pump Operation Schedule

The EPANET software is RUN with the given network details. Network is successfully
run for 24 hours. The status of network at 05 hours are shown in Table 5.7. Table shows
the flow in MLD, velocity in m/s, unit head loss m/km and friction factor for each pipe
link. Also shows pressure head available with datum and pressure available above elevation
at each junction. The residual pressure required at each junction is 7 m. The pressure
available at all the junctions for entire 24-hour operation is more than 7 m, except J-18
junction for which the pressure available is 6.4 m at 05 hours. The water elevation in tank
at start is 158 m and at the end of 24 hours is 158.4 m. Therefore, the designed pipe
network is successfully operated for all other days also. The tank elevation is 148 m. The
total height of the tank required is 15.6 m (7 m + 7 m + 1 m) with 6 m diameter.

21
Table 5.7: Results At 5:00 Hours

22
Chapter 6

DESIGN OF INTZE OVERHEAD

TANK

Figure 6.1: Components & Details of Intze Tank

Details of Design

ˆ Design of an intze tank for a capacity of 200000 litres.

ˆ Height of tank floor above the ground level is 7m.

ˆ Safe bearing capacity of soil 200 kN/m2

ˆ Wind pressure as per IS:875 1200 N/m2

23
 1. Assuming M25 concrete,
For which σ cbc = 7N/mm2 , σ cc = 5N/mm2 Direct tension σ ct = 5N/mm2 Tension in
bending = 1.70 N/mm2 Modular ratio m = 13

2. For Steel stress,

Tensile stress in direct tension =115 N/mm2 Tensile stress in bending on liquid face
=115 N/mm2 for t <225 mm and 125 N/m2 for >225 mm.

1. Data of Tank

2.Design of Top Dome

Top Dome should be designed for 2 forces

1. Meridional Force

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Chapter 7

INTZE TANK ANALYSIS USING

STAAD PRO

7.1 Concept of Intze Water Tank

In the cases of large diameter tanks an economical alternative would be to reduce its
diameter at its bottom by conical dome. Such a tank is known as Intze tank and it is
commonly used. The main advantage of such a tank is that the outward thrust from the
top of the conical part is resisted by the ring beam at the bottom of cylindrical wall while
the difference between the inward thrust from the bottom of conical dome and the outward
thrust from the bottom dome are resisted by ring beam at the bottom of conical dome.
The proportions of the conical dome and bottom dome are so arranged that the outward
thrust from bottom dome balances the inward thrust due to the conical dome.

7.2 Design Criteria as per IS Codes

1. The dome
At top, usually 100 mm to 150 mm thick with reinforcement along the meridians and lat-
itudes. The rise is usually l/5th of the span.

2. Ring beam supporting the dome

The ring beam is necessary to resist the horizontal component of the thrust of the dome.
The ring beam will be designed for the hoop tension induced.

3. Cylindrical walls
This should be designed for hoop tension caused due to horizontal water pressure.

4.Ring beam at the junction of the cylindrical walls and the conical wall
This ring beam is provided to resist the horizontal component of the reaction of the conical

37
wall on the cylindrical wall. The ring beam will be designed for the induced hoop tension.

5. Conical slab
This will be designed for hoop tension due to water pressure. The slab will also be designed
as a slab spanning between the ring beam at top and the ring girder at bottom.

6. Floor of the tank

The floor may be circular or domed. This slab is supported on the ring girder.

7. The ring girder

This will be designed to support the tank and its contents. The girder will be supported
on columns and should be designed for resulting bending moment and Torsion.

8. Columns
These are to be designed for the total load transferred to them. The columns will be braced
at intervals and have to be designed for wind pressure or seismic loads whichever govern.

9. Foundations
A combined footing is usually provided for all supporting columns. When this is done, it
is usual to make the foundation consisting of a ring girder and a circular slab.

7.3 Modelling and Analysis

For the analysis of Intze type elevated water tank following dimensions are considered
which are described below. From the study of the Inzte elevated type water tank, main
objective is to know deflected shape, stresses and B.M. for the same.

7.4 STAAD Procedure for Design of Tank

Open V8i and create a new Space structure with Meter and Kilo Newton as Length
Units and Force Units. Select the Beam page under Geometry tab; the Snap Node/Beam
window is displayed. Close the Snap Node/Beam window. In the Nodes window, create the
nodes with the relevant data as provided. Now, we will create the members in the upward
direction so that the plates could be created with the same orientation. If the plates are
created in different orientation, you cannot assign a single load case to plates with different
orientations. Create the members with the relevant data. Now, we will create a segment
of the tank using the Circular Repeat tool.
Select all the members and then choose the Circular Repeat tool from the Geometry
menu; the 3D Circular dialog box is displayed. Enter the values as obtained. Choose the
OK button; the model will be repeated at 20 degrees with rotational axis as Y-axis. Select

38
 Figure 7.1: 3D Circular Tool in Staad Pro

all the members and then select the Create Infill Plates option from the Geometry menu;
the plates will be automatically created in the areas enclosed by the members. Select the
outer periphery beams and delete them. Now, we will apply loads to the plates. Select the
Loads Definition page from the General tab; the Load Definition window is displayed.

Select the Load Cases Details node in the Load Definition window and choose the
Add button; the Add New: Load Cases dialog box is displayed with the Primary node
selected by default. Select the Fluids option from the Loading Type drop-down list and
enter Fluid Loads in the Title text box. Choose the Add button; the primary load case
will be created under the Load Case Details node of the Load Definition window.Close
the Add New: Load Cases dialog box. Select the newly created Fluid Loads load case
and choose the Add button from the Load Definition window; the Add New: Load Items
dialog box is displayed. Select the Plate Loads node in the Add New: Load Items dialog
box; the Pressure on Full Plate page is displayed by default. Enter -76 as load intensity in
the W1 text box and select GY as the load direction.

Choose the Add button; the load is added under the Fluid Loads load case. Select
the Hydrostatic page from the Plate Loads node in the Add New: Load Items dialog box;
the Hydrostatic page is displayed. The options are unavailable as no plates are selected.
Choose the Select Plate(s) button from the Add New: Load Items dialog box; the Selected
Items dialog box is displayed. Choose the Plates cursor and select the plate in the Staad
window; the plate number is displayed in the Selected Items(s) dialog box. Choose the
Done button from the Selected Items(s) dialog box; the Selected Items(s) dialog box is
closed and the options are available in the Hydrostatic page. Enter -53.9 in the W1 edit
box and -0.009 in the W2 edit box. Select the Y and Local Z radio buttons in the Inter-
polate along Global Axis and Direction of pressure areas, respectively. Choose the Add
button; the load is added under the Fluid Loads load case.

Similarly, add the hydrostatic load of the magnitude ranging from -53.9 to -66.4 kN/m2

39
on the plate just below the vertical plate, in your Staad window. Now we will assign
the uniform pressure created in previous steps onto the bottom plate of tank. Select the
uniform pressure load and assign it to the plate. Create a new load case for dead loads and
add self-weight and a uniform load for railing. Now we will provide sectional properties
to the model. Select the Properties page from the General tab; the Properties - Whole
Structure window is displayed. Choose the Thickness button from the Properties - Whole
Structure window; the Plate Element/Surface Property dialog box is displayed. Enter 0.15
as thickness in the Node 1 edit box and make sure that the Concrete option is selected from
the Material drop-down list. Choose the Add button; the Plate Element/Surface Property
dialog box is closed. Select the Assign to View radio button from the Properties - Whole
Structure window and then choose the Assign button; the property is assigned to each
plate created. Choose the Define button from the Properties - Whole Structure window;
the Property dialog box is displayed. Select the Rectangle node; the Rectangle page is
displayed. Enter 0.45 and 0.30 in the YD and ZD edit boxes respectively. Choose the Add
button; the Property dialog box is closed and the property is added to the Properties -
Whole Structure window. Assign the newly created property to the members in the model.

Figure 7.2: Menu bar in Staad pro

Figure 7.3: Tool bar in Staad pro

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Figure 7.4: Intze tank analysis in Staad pro

41
Figure 7.5: Hydrostatic load acting on Tank

42
Figure 7.6: ISometric View of Intze Tank

43
Chapter 8

RESULTS

Figure 8.1: Reinforcement Details of Top Ring Beam

Figure 8.2: Reinforcement Details of Bottom Ring Beam

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Figure 8.3: Reinforcement Details of Brace Beam

Figure 8.4: Reinforcement Details of Column

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 Figure 8.5: Reinforcement details of Top Ring Beam in STAAD pro

Figure 8.6: Reinforcement details of Bottom Ring Beam in STAAD pro

46
Figure 8.7: Reinforcement details of Brace Beam in STAAD pro

Figure 8.8: Reinforcement details of Column in STAAD pro

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Table 8.1: Comparison of both Manual and STAAD pro Results

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49
Chapter 9

CONCLUSIONS

1. The Analysis and Design of Overhead Tank with both Manual and software design
with total height of the overhead tank is 15.6 m (7 m (up to bottom ring beam) + 7
m water height + 1 free board etc.) and diameter of the tank is 6 m.

2. Intze tank is constructed to minimize the project cost.

3. Detailed drawings have been prepared in AutoCAD software.

4. The STAAD PRO software is simple tool for design of Structures. And the analysis
can be done in short period of time even for complex type of Structures.

5. From analysis, height of the Intze tank obtained is 15.6 m and diameter of tank is
6m.

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REFERENCES

1. G.S. Birdie, surface water sources, quality quantity of water, water distribution
system, Hydraulic design of pressure pipes, Consulting Engineer and Govt. of India,
Founder principal J.L.N. Polytechnic Mahmudabad. (Sitapur).

2. P.N. modi S.M. Seth, flow through pipes, turbulent flow in pipes.

3. Jal Jeevan mission Department of Drinking Water Sanitation Ministry of Jal Shakti
(https://jaljeevanmission.gov.in/documents).

4. Manual on water supply treatment, central public health and Environmental Engi-
neering organisation. Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi May 1999

5. N. Krishna Raju, limit state design, ultimate strength of concrete reinforced sections,
working stress method, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore.

6. IS 3370:2009 ”Concrete structures for storage of liquids”, Bureau of Indian Standards,

New Delhi, India.

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