KUWSDB

CIVIL ENGG BY GUPTA

OBJECTIVE

BORESHA B
4/8/2017

This notes includes objective questions of civil

engineering useful for various exams.
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 1.SURVEYING-
 Theory of probability applied to accidental
error only.
 The difference between the most probable
value and its observed value is residual error.
 Geodetic surveying is different from plane
surveying because of the curvature of the
earth.
 The error due to bad ranging is cumulative
positive.
 Offsets are short measurements from chain
line.
 Invar tape is generally used for short
measurements.
 An invar tape is made of an alloy of nickel and
steel.
 Number of links in a 30m chain are 150.
 Ranging is the process of aligning the chain in a
straight line between two extremities.
 The principle of ‘working from whole to part’
is used in surveying because of accumulation of
errors is prevented.
 A metallic tape is made of cloth and wires.
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 For a well conditioned triangle no angle should
not be less than 30’ and not more than 120’.
 The position of a point can be fixed more
accurately by perpendicular offsets.
 The main object of check line is check the
accuracy of the work and the main object of tie
line is to take the details near by the objects.
 River is an obstacle to chaining but not ranging.
 A building is obstacle to both ranging and
chaining.
 The angle of intersection of the two plane
mirrors of an optical square is 45’.
 45’ angle is used to setup using French cross
staff and any angle is set up using adjustable
cross staff.
 Method of perpendicular offsets involves less
measurements on the ground.
 The correction for sag is always subtractive.
 Cross staff is an instrument used for setting out
right angles.
 Line ranger is not used in measuring the
perpendicular offsets.
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 If the length of the chain is found to be short on
testing it can be adjusted by straightening the
links.
 The maximum tolerance in a 20m chain is
5mm.
 For accurate work steel band is used because
it is practically inextensible and is not liable to
kinks when in use.
 The length of the chain is measured from
outside of one handle to outside of another
handle.
 Prismatic compass used for WCB and
surveyor compass used for QB.
 For a line AB the fore bearing of line AB and
back bearing of AB exactly differ by 180’.
 Local attraction in compass surveying may
exist due to presence of magnetic substance
near the instrument.
 Declination-the horizontal angle between the
true meridian and magnetic meridian.
 Azimuth-the angle between the true meridian
and a line.
 Dip-horizontal angle with respect to inclination
of dip of the needle.
 [5]
 Agate cap is fitted with a prismatic compass.
 Theodolite is an instrument used for measuring
the both horizontal and vertical angles.
 Size of the theodolite is specified by the
diameter of lower plate.
 Spire test is used for adjustment of horizontal
axis.
 A level line is a line parallel to the mean
spheroid surface of the earth.
 On turning point both back sight and fore
sights taken.
 In rise and fall method of levelling provides
complete check on BS FS and IS.
 Height of the instrument method is less tedious
and quicker.
 The sensitivity of a bubble tube can be
increased by increasing the diameter of the tube.
 While doing the levelling in undulating terrain
it is preferably set the level on one side of the
slope.
 Dumpy level is suitable when many readings
taken from single station.
 A series of closely spaced contours called steep
slope.
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 Direct method of contouring is more accurate.
 Tachometric method is most suitable for hilly
terrain.
 Hillock-higher values inside lower values are
outside.
 Valley-higher values are outside and lower
values are inside.
 Contour interval-the vertical distance between
the two consecutive contours.
 Benchmark is established by spirit levelling.
 Plane table surveying require least office work.
 Detailed plotting is generally done by radiation.
 The size of plane table is 600mm*750mm.
 Plumbing fork is used for accurate centring in
plane table survey.
 Intersection method is used for locate the
position of inaccessible points.
 The two point and three point problem are the
methods of orientation and resection.
 Bowditch rule is used when both angular and
linear measurements are equal.
 Transit rule is used when angular
measurements are more precise than linear
measurements.
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 Deflection angle-the angle between the
prolongation of preceding line and the forward
line.
 Substance bar used for measurement of
horizontal distance in undulated areas.
 Over turning of a vehicle can be avoided by
providing transition curves.
 Different grades are joined together by vertical
curve.
 The shape of the vertical curve generally
provided is parabolic.
 Agonic line is the line joining the points of zero
declination.
 Altimeter-height measuring, fathometer-depth
measuring, passometer-distance measuring.
 Clino meter-angle measuring, pantograph-plan
enlarging or reducing, tellurometer-microwave
instrument.
 Offsets are lateral measurements made with
respect to the main survey line.
 To determine the length of the bridge
triangulation is used.
 Heliograph is a type of sun signal is used in
triangulation work.
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 Topographical surveying-to determine the
natural features of the country.
 Cadastral surveying-to determine the
boundaries of field.
 City survey-to determine the railway, drainage,
road features of the country.
 The fix of a plane table from three known
points is good if the middle station is nearest.
 Plane alidade is used to measure the horizontal
and vertical distances directly.

2.IRRIGATION,WATER
RESOURCE&HYDROLOGY-
 Border flooding is used on rolling land.
 Delta=(8.64B/D).
 The duty is largest on the field.
 The ‘outlet discharge factor’ is the duty at the
head of water course.
 Water application efficiency is the ratio of
water stored in the reservoir to the water
delivered in the field.
 Useful water for plant growth is capillary
water.
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 consumptive irrigation requirement The
amount of irrigation water required to meet the
evapotranspiration needs of the crop during its
full growth is the.
 Hydrograph is the graphical representation of
runoff and time.
 Soil moisture deficiency-the depth of the water
required to bring the soil moisture content to the
field capacity.
 Cyclonic precipitation is caused due to the
lifting of an air mass due to the pressure
difference.
 Convective precipitation is caused due to the
temperature difference.
 Simons rain gauge is the non recording rain
gauge.
 A rain gauge is should be preferably fixed at
open space.
 Tipping bucket type of rain gauge is used in
inaccessible areas.
 Convex water surface will give highest rate of
evaporation.
 A current meter is used for measuring the
velocity of flow of water.
 [10]
 An artesian aquifer is the one where water is
under pressure between two impervious strata.
 A deep well has more discharge than shallow
well.
 The useful storage is the volume of water
stored between minimum pool level and normal
pool level.
 Trap efficiency of a reservoir is a function of
capacity/inflow ratio.
 The major resisting force in a gravity dam is
self weight of the dam.
 When the reservoir is full the maximum
compressive force in a gravity dam is produced
with in the middle third of base.
 The elementary profile of a gravity dam is a
right angled triangle.
 The maximum permissible eccentricity for no
tension at the base of gravity dam is B/6.
 For wave action in gravity dams the maximum
height of freeboard is generally taken 1.25hw.
 Seepage through embankment in earthen dam is
controlled by drain trenches.
 Ogee spillway is least suitable for earthen dam.
 [11]
 In chute spillway the flow is usually super
critical.
 A divide wall is provided at right angle to the
axis of weir.
 Silt excluder is constructed on river bed
upstream of head regulator.
 Contour canal-canals run parallel to the
contours of the country.
 Side slope canal-canals run perpendicular to the
contour of the country.
 Garrets diagram is used in Kennedys theory.
 According to lacey’s theory the eddies are
generated from bottom as well as sides.
 Canal escape is used to remove surplus water.
 Kennedy’s gauge outlet is flexible outlet.
 Montague type fall is parabolic glacis.
 Meter fall is a vertical drop fall.
 Rigid module is constant discharge.
 Flexibility-the ratio of rate of discharge of an
outlet to the rate of change of discharge of
distributing channel.
 An aggrading river is a silting river.
 Scouring river is degrading river.
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 River training is achieved by groynes and
bandalling.
 A repelling groyne is pointing upstream.
 A river training work is generally required
when the river is meandering.
 Cetyl alcohol is used in water surface to reduce
the evaporation.
 In linear reservoir storage varies linearly with
outflow rate.
 1 gauge for 520km^2 in plain areas, 1 gauge for
260km^2 in 1000m elevation about mean sea
level and 1 gauge for 130km^2 in hilly areas.
 The double mass analysis is adopted to check
the consistency of data.
 In upstream slope of an earthen dam the most
critical condition is sudden draw down
condition.
 Permanent wilting point is a soil characteristic.
 Mean precipitation over an area is best
obtained by orographical isohyetal method.
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3.HIGHWAY ENGINEERING-
 Nagpur road plan prepared by assuming radial
or star and grid pattern.
 The sequence of four stage of survey in a
highway alignment is map study, reconnaissance
survey, preliminary survey and detailed survey.
 The shape of the camber best suited for
concrete pavements is straight line.
 Skidding-when the path travelled along the road
surface is more than the circumferential
movement.
 Coefficient of friction is less when the road
surface is smooth and wet.
 Camber in the road is provided for effective
drainage.
 The desirable length of overtaking zone as per
IRC is 5*OSD.
 SSD<OSD.
 Reaction time of driver is decrease with
increase in speed.
 100kmph is the speed of national highway,
80kmph for state highway.
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 The terrains <10% plain terrain, 10% -25%
rolling terrain, 25% -60% mountainous terrain,
>60% steep terrain.
 As per IRC the max limit of super elevation in
plain terrain is 1in15.
 For the design of super elevation for mixed
traffic condition the speed is reduced by 25%.
 (e)equilibrium=V^2/127R.
 (e)max=V^2/225R.
 W= Wm+Wps= (nl^2/2R)+(V/9.5R).
 In case of hill roads the extra widening is
generally provided on fully inner side of road
way.
 The transition curve is used as per IRC is
spiral.
 The maximum design gradient for vertical
profile is ruling gradient.
 The camber of road should be approximately
equal to half of the longitudinal gradient.
 Cubic parabola is preferred in vertical curves.
 0.38(NV^3)1/2 length of valley curve.
th
 Highway facilities are designed for 30 highest
hourly volume.
 Enoscope is used for measuring the spot speed.
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 For highway geometric design the speed is 98th
percentile speed.
 Length of the vehicle affects the extra width
and minimum turning radius.
 2.44m is the maximum width of the vehicle by
IRC.
 Desire lines are plotted in origin and destination
studies.
 Collision diagram is used in accidents.
 Traffic volume=traffic density*traffic speed.
 Practical capacity is known as design capacity.
 On a right angled road intersection with 2 way
traffic the total number of conflict points is 24.
 The background colour of informatory sign
board is yellow.
 Level crossing is a warning signal.
 Dead slow is regulatory sign.
 The most efficient traffic signal system is
flexible progressive system.
 Centre line markings are used in roadways
meant for 2 way traffic.
 The entrance and exit curves of a rotary is
different radii and different width.
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 A traffic rotary is justified when the number of
intersections is between 4 to 7.
 Maximum number of vehicles parked with 90’
angle parking.
 As per IRC the average level of illumination is
30lux.
 The most economical lightning layout is single
side lightning.
 Abrasion test used for wear, impact test used
for toughness.
 Los angles testing machine used for abrasion.
 In CBR test CBR is calculated for both 2.5mm
and 5mm penetration.
 30% is the maximum allowable value los
angles abrasion value for high quality surface.
 The percentage of free carbon in bitumen is
less than that in tar.
 The ductility value of bitumen for suitability in
road construction should not be less than 50cm.
 0.6% is the maximum limit of water absorption
suitable for road construction.
 30/40 representing the hardest grade of
bitumen.
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 Penetration test is used for determining the
grade.
 Bitumen grade 80/100mm means its
penetration value is 8 to 10mm.
 RT-5 is the recommended grade of tar grouting
purpose.
 For rapid curing cutback the oil used is
gasoline.
 CBR method is recommended by IRC for
design of flexible pavement.
 Bottom most layer of pavement is sub grade.
 Flexible pavement distributes the load through
a set of layers.
 Group index method is a theoretical method.
 Tyre pressure influences the quality of surface
course.
 Critical load position in a rigid pavement is
interior, edge, corner loading.
 Tie bars in cement concrete pavements are at
longitudinal joints.
 The maximum spacing of contraction joints is
4.5m.
 The maximum thickness of expansion joint is
25mm.
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 The function of expansion joint is to allow free
expansion.
 Most suitable material for highway
embankment is granular material.
 The most suitable equipment for compacting
clayey soil is sheep foot roller.
 The binder used in flexible pavement is
bitumen.
 In highway construction rolling starts from
sides and proceed to the centre.
 Dry rolling-screening-wet rolling-filler.
 For base course –bitumen bound macadam is
used.
 The suitable surfacing material for bridge deck
slab is mastic asphalt.
 Bituminous concrete is the highest quality
construction in the group of black top
pavements.
 The thickness of bitumen carpet varies from 20
to 25mm.
 In highway construction on super elevated
curves the rolling shall proceed from lower edge
towards the upper edge.
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 Expansion joints provided at an interval of 18m
to 21m.
 2.5% is the camber for hill road in case of
bituminous surfacing.
 20mph is the minimum design speed in air pin
bends.
 Breast wall provided to prevent the slipping.
 In hill roads the side drains are provided only
on hill side of roadway.
 For sandy soil the most common method is soil
stabilisation method.
 Bituminous or asphalt concrete construction
the proportions are determined from laboratory.
 In group index method the thickness is
determined by daily volume of commercial
vehicles.
 In a bituminous pavement the alligator
cracking is mainly due to fatigue arising from
repeated stress applications.
 The main function of prime coat is provide
bond between the existing base and surfacing of
new construction.
 Benkle beam test is used for overlay design,
ring and ball test used for softening point test,
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penetration test used for gradation, marshall test
used for design of bituminous concrete mix.
 Expansion and contraction joints should
provided at 50m and 10m.
 Reflection cracking is observed in bituminous
overlay over cement concrete.
 Low bitumen content causes ravelling in
bituminous pavement.
 For carrying out bituminous patch work
during the rainy season the most suitable binder
is bituminous emulsion.
 ISD =2SSD as per IRC.
 As per IRC guidelines for designing the
flexible pavement the load parameter is
cumulative standard axles in msa.
 Rapid curing cutback bitumen is produced by
blending petrol.
4.RAILWAY ENGINEERING-
 The rail designated by its weight per unit
length.
 Carbon and manganese are the 2 important
components used in steel for rail.
 The length of rail BG and MG is 13m and 12m.
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 Largest dimension of rail is height.
 Largest percentage of material in the rail is in
head.
 The purpose of providing the fillet in rail
section is to avoid stress concentration.
 52kg rails are used in broad gauge.
 60R rails used in meter gauge.
 Ordinary rails are made of high carbon steel.
 The main function of fish plate is to join the
two rails together.
 Number of fish bolts per fish plate is 4.
 Gauge is the distance between the running
faces of the rail.
 Broad gauge provided in main cities.
 Meter gauge-undeveloped areas.
 Narrow gauge-thinly populated areas.
 Tilting –the process of giving inward slope of
1in 20.
 Coning – the process of giving the outward
slope of 1in 20.
 Hogging of rails-the rails are bent down due to
loose packing of ballast.
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 Buckling of rail-the rails get out of their
original shape due to insufficient expansion
joints.
 Creep of rail –flow of rail metal due to the
longitudinal movement of rail.
 Wear of rail- the flow of rail metal due to heavy
load.
 The height of the 52kg rail section is 156mm.
 19mm is the gap provided between the inside
edges of wheel and gauge faces.
 Creep is the longitudinal movement of rail.
 The maximum degree of curvature for meter
gauge is 16’.
 Staggered joints are generally provided on
curves.
 Wooden sleepers are preferred on joints.
 Sleeper density in India varies from n+2 to n+7.
 Composite sleeper index determines the
hardness and strength.
 Minimum composite sleeper index preferred by
Indian railways is 783.
 Dog spikes are used for fixing the rails to the
wooden sleepers.
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 25mm size ballast is used under points and
crossings.
 3.35m & 2.3m is the width of the ballast section
for BG and MG.
 2 keys used in CST-9 sleeper.
 35mm/sec is the desirable rate of change of cant
deficiency of MG.
 Normally the limiting value of cant is G/10.
 Cant deficiency occur when a vehicle travels
speeds higher then equilibrium speed.
 The shape of the curve used by Indian railways
is transition curve.
 One degree curve=1750/R.
 Switch angle is the angle between gauge face of
the stock rail and tongue rail.
 Yellow light signal indicates proceed cautiously.
 Crushed head failure caused by loose fish
bolts.
 Wear of rails is maximum in sharp curves.
 A treadle bar is used for interlocking points and
signal.
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5.ENVIRONMENTOL ENGINEERING-
 Use of metering system causes the decrease in
per capita consumption.
 1.5 is the hourly factor, 1.8 daily factor and
2.7 is the peak demand.
 The distribution mains are designed for
maximum hourly demand.
 Geometrical method is used for young and
rapidly developed cities for forecasting the
population.
 Arithmetical method is used for large cities.
 As compared to geometrical method
arithmetical method gives less value.
 Intakes are installed for drawing the water
from the sources.
 Reflux valve provided on the suction pipe in a
tube well.
 The maximum discharge in tube well is
50lit/sec.
 As compare to the shallow wells deep wells
have more discharge.
 Ground water is generally free from suspended
impurities.
 [25]
 Malaria is not a water borne disease.
 The most common cause of acidity in water is
co2.
 The phenol compounds in water supply not
more than 0.001ppm.
 1.5mg/litre is the permissible limit of fluoride
content.
 Standard EDTA test is used to test the hardness
of water.
 Alkalinity in water is expressed in calcium
carbonate.
 The product of H and OH is 10^-14.
 PH-acidity/bascity.
 Turbidity is measured on standard silica scale.
 Colour on platinum cobalt scale.
 The turbidity of drinking water should be
10ppm.
 Residual chlorine is tested by starch iodide and
orthotolidine method.
 Total solids not more than 500ppm.
 Total chlorides not more than 250ppm.
 Iron and magnesia-0.3ppm.
 Lead and arsenic-0.05ppm
 Copper 3ppm, fluorine 1.5ppm.
 [26]
 The dissolved oxygen in natural unpolluted
water is 10mg/litre.
 The length of the sedimentation tank not more
than 4 times the width.
 The over flow rate of plain sedimentation tank
is 500-750litre/hr/m^2.
 The settling velocity of a particle depends upon
surface area of tank.
 Efficiency of the sedimentation tank depends
upon surface area of the tank.
 For effective coagulation the PH value of
water found to be 6-8.5.
 The detention period of coagulation tank is 2 –
6 hour.
 The alum when added as coagulant it decreases
the PH value of water.
 Lime is used to increase the speed of the
sedimentation sewage.
 0.25-0.35 is the effective size of sand particle of
slow sand filter.
 Air binding phenomena in rapid sand filters
occurs due to excessive negative head.
 Backwashing provided in rapid sand filters.
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 2-3 months is the period of cleaning of slow
sand filter.
 Time contact of chlorine is at least 30min.
 The percentage of chlorine in fresh bleaching
powder is 30 to 35%.
 The treatment of water with bleaching powder
is called hypo chlorination.
 The suitable method of disinfecting the
swimming pool water is ultraviolet rays
treatment.
 Sulphur dioxide used for dechlorination of
water.
 Disinfection efficiency reduced at higher PH
values.
 Copper sulphate is used for algae control.
 Activated carbon is used for removing odours.
 Dead end system is used for irregularly growing
towns.
 Radial system is used when the water is flowed
towards the outer periphery.
 Grid iron system is used for well planned cities.
 Circle method is used when fire demand is
considered.
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 Sluice valve provided to regulate the flow of
water.
 Reflux valve provided to prevent the water flow
back in the opposite direction.
 Scour valves are provided at every depression
head and dead ends.
 House sewer-lateral sewer-common sewer-
main sewer-trunk sewer-outfall sewer.
 For country like India where rainfall is mainly
confined to one season separate system is
adopted.
 Combined system adopted when the rainfall is
distributed throughout the season.
 135litres domestic consumption.
 Sewerage system is generally designed for 25
years.
 For long and narrow pipe system equivalent
pipe method is used.
 Circular shape sewer is preferred in separate
system.
 Egg shape sewer is preferred in combined
system.
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 The time of concentration –the time taken by
rainfall to run from most farthest point to the
point of disposal.
 1 to 1.2m/sec is the self cleansing velocity of
sewer in Indian condition.
 The slope of sewer should be in the direction of
natural slope of ground.
 6*DWF for separate system.
 Rainfall+2DWF for combined system.
 15cm &300cm is the minimum and maximum
diameter of sewer.
 The velocity of flow does not depend on length
of sewer.
 Circular brick sewer is used under culverts.
 Egg shaped sewer is suitable for both separate
and combined system.
 The characteristic of fresh and septic sewage is
alkaline and acidic.
 The pathogens likely killed by chlorination.
 Standard BOD is measured at 5 day 20 degree.
 TOD>COD>BOD.
 5 day BOD is less than 4 day BOD.
 The ratio of 5 day BOD to ultimate BOD is 2/3.
 4ppm is the minimum DO to avoid the fish kill.
 [30]
 Dissolved oxygen in streams is maximum at
noon.
 The means of access for inspection and cleaning
of sewer is manhole.
 Sewerage system is designed for maximum and
minimum flow.
 Sewage treatment plant designed for average
flow only.
 Laying of sewers is usually done with the help
of boning rods and sight rails.
 In sewage oil and grease removed by skimming
tank.
 Detention period of grit chamber is 1 minute.
 Sludge digestion tank and septic tank unit
works on anaerobic condition.
 The maximum efficiency of BOD removal is
achieved in oxidation ditch.
 The working condition of imhoff tanks are
anaerobic in lower compartment and aerobic in
upper compartment.
 The detention period of oxidation pond is 10
to 15 days.
 Compositing and lagoning are the methods of
sludge disposal.
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 Facultative bacteria works with or without
oxygen.
 For satisfactory working of sludge digestion
tank the PH value of water is 6-8.5.
 Normal value of sludge index is 150-350.
 Bangalore method practise anaerobic method
of disposal.
 Antisiphonage pipe is used to preserve the
water seal traps.
 In two pipe system one soil pipe, one waste
pipe and two vent pipes required.
 The gas from sludge digestion tank mainly
composed of methane.
 Most of the bacteria in sewage are saprophytic.
 Chlorine is used to separate grease.
 Shrouding is provided in slotted pipe tube well.
 Ozone layer in the outer atmosphere get
destroyed by chlorofluoro carbons.
 The intensification of green house gases is due
to CO2.
 Electrostatic precipitator is used to control
particulate emission.
 Spray tower is used to control both gaseous and
particulate pollutant.
 [32]
 PAN and ozone are the secondary air pollutants.
 Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are the
primary air pollutant.
 The depletion of ozone layer in the outer
atmosphere causes the skin cancer.
 The acid rains are caused due to SO2 and
NOx.
 Blue baby disease caused due to excess of
nitrates.
 Dechlorination of water is achieved by sodium
thio sulphate.
 The efficiency sedimentation tank does not
depend upon depth of the tank.
 Ferrule-goose neck-stop cock-water meter.
 Under Indian condition the average per capita
demand is 30 to 75mg/day.
 Sewage sickness caused due to-clogging of
pores in soil due to excessive application of
sewage to land.
 Soil pipe carry human excrete.
 Screening-grit removal-primary sedimentation-
aeration-secondary sedimentation.
 Traps are used to prevent the entry of foul
smelling gases.
 [33]
 Coal based thermal power stations produce
SO2,NOx and SPM.
 Zone of degradation-zone of active
decomposition-zone recovery-zone of clear
water.
 River water contain maximum amount of
turbidity.
 Ringle man scale is used to measure grade
density of smoke.
 Eutrophication of water is rich in nutrients.
 Zero hardness is achieved by ion exchange
method.
 Excess lead causes-anaemia, goitre caused due
to absence of iodide.
 Aerosol is dispersion of small solid or liquid
droplet.
 A commonly used hand pipe is reciprocating
pump.
st nd
 1 stage is carbonaceous demand 2 stage is
nitrification demand.
 P-trap used for water closet.
 The sound level of jet air plane is 140 decibel.
 [34]
6.BUILDING MATERIAL
&CONSTRUCTION-
 Gypsum is a mechanically formed sedimentary
rock.
 Quartzite is a silicious rock.
 Slate is formed by metamorphic action on shale.
 Heavy stone is suitable for retaining wall.
 Hard stone is suitable for rubble masonry.
 Soft stones is suitable for ornamental work.
 Quartzite has most weather resisting
characteristics.
 A good building stone should not absorb water
more than 5%.
 Compact sand stone has more fire resisting
characteristics.
 Weight test is conducted on a stone used in
docks and harbours.
 Granite stone is best suited for construction of
piers and abutments.
 Crushing strength of good building stone
should be more than 100mpa.
 Specific gravity of most of the building stone
lies between 2.5 to 3.
 [35]
 Pith-annular rings-heartwood-sapwood-
cambium layer-inner and outer bark.
 Shisham is hard wood and offer maximum
resistance to the white ants.
 Star shakes-the radial splits which are wider on
the outside of the log and narrow towards the
pith.
 Chir and deodar yields soft wood.
 Mulberry tree used for making of sports goods.
 Dry rot caused due to lack of ventilation.
 Foxiness caused due to over maturity.
 Honey combing caused due to-seasoning.
 Strength of the timber is maximum in the
parallel direction.
 10% to 12% is the moisture content of well
seasoned timber.
 The age of the tree can be known by annular
rings.
st
 1 class timber has an average life of more than
10 years.
st
 1 class brick should not absorb water more
than 20% when immersed in water for about 24
hours, 22% for 2nd class bricks and 25% for 3rd
class bricks.
 [36]
 Crushing strength of 1st class bricks not less
than 10.5N/mm^2, 7.5N/mm^2 for 2nd class
bricks.
 The main function of alumina in brick earth is
to impart plasticity.
 The percentage of alumina in good brick earth
is 20 to 30%.
 Excess of alumina in brick earth cause crack
and warp on drying.
 Excess of silica cause brittleness.
 20*10*10 cm is the nominal size of the brick.
 19*9*9cm is the standard size of brick.
 50 to 60 % silica in good brick earth.
 Silica makes the brick to retain the shape.
 Kneading –the process of mixing the clay water
and other ingredients called.
 60 to 70% turn over in clamp burning where as
80 to 90% turn over in kiln burning.
 Pug mill used for preparation of clay.
 Refractory bricks used in combustion
chambers.
 The frog of the brick generally kept on the top
face of masonry.
 [37]
 500 bricks required for one cubic metre of brick
masonry.
 Quick lime is calcium oxide.
 Hydraulic lime is obtained from burning of
kankar.
 Lime and silica are the main ingredients of the
Portland cement.
 C3A is responsible for all undesirable
properties of cement.
 Le chate lier apparatus is used for testing the
soundness of cement.
 Vicat apparatus used for testing setting time of
cement.
 C3A is responsible for intial setting time of
cement.
 The intial setting time for ordinary Portland
cement not less than 30minute.
 The final setting time should be 10 hour.
 The normal consistency of ordinary Portland
cement is 30%.
 Early attainment of strength of cement in
rapid hardening of cement is due to finer
grinding.
 [38]
 After storage the strength of the cement is
decreases.
 Addition of pozzolana to ordinary Portland
cement cause shrinkage.
 Gypsum consists of caso4 and H2O.
 25mm to 50mm is the slump recommended for
mass concrete.
 Low heat cement is used in massive concrete
structures.
 Calcium chloride is the common admixture to
accelerate the intial setting time.
 The basic purpose of retarder in concrete is to
increase the intial setting time of concrete.
 Gypsum is most commonly used retarder.
 Carbon influences the maximum properties in
steel.
 Wrought iron is the purest form of iron.
 The ultimate tensile strength of steel is
420N/mm^2.
 0.25% of carbon in mild steel.
 Yield stress is used for identifying the quality of
structural steel.
 Flemish bond –alternate courses of header and
stretcher.
 [39]
 English bond-alternate header and stretcher.
 The pressure acting on the stones in stone
masonry should be perpendicular to the direction
of bedding planes.
 Queen closer-the brick is cut into 2 equal parts
in length wise.
 English bond is provided in masonry for
carrying heavy loads.
 Slenderness ratio-effective length to least
radius of gyration, for masonry walls not more
than 20.
 The differential settlement in case of sandy soil
not more than 25mm.
 In case of foundation on black cotton soil the
most suitable method is to replace the poor soil.
 Grillage foundation is the most economical
foundation to transmit the heavy load.
 Batter pile is used to resist the horizontal and
vertical forces.
 0.9m is the minimum depth of the foundation on
clay soil.
 The bearing capacity of a water logged soil can
be improved by draining the soil.
 [40]
 Depth or height of arch-is the perpendicular
distance between the intrados and extrados.
 Flat roof is constructed where the rainfall is less
and temperature is high.
 Pitched and sloping roofs are suitable for
coastal region.
 The maximum number of steps generally
restricted is 12.
 Sum of tread and rise must between 400 to
450mm.
 Minimum width of landing should be equal to
width of stairs.
 In any good stair case the maximum and
minimum pitch is 40’ and 25’.
 Doglegged stairs are half turn stairs.
 Horizontal projection at head and sill called
horns.
 Revolving door is suitable for entrance in an air
conditioned building.
 Attrition test determines the rate of wear of
stones.
 Efflorescence-formation of white patches on the
brick surface due to presence of alkalies.
 [41]
 Vanadium steel used in the manufacture of
axles and springs.
 Neoprene is suitable for bearing of bridges.
 To produce low heat cement it is necessary to
reduce the C3A.
 Timber can be made more fire resistant by sir
abel’s process.
 Creosote is derived from wood or coal.
 Excess of sulphur in steel results in red
shortness.
 Distemper is used to coat interior surface not
exposed to weather.
 Putty is made up of powdered chalk and raw
linseed oil.
 The limit of proportionality is applied more in
the case of mild steel.
 The compacting factor test determines the
workability.
 The split tensile strength is 10% to 15%.
 The approximate ratio between the strength of
cement concrete 7 to that of 28 days is 2/3.
 The moisture content of timber is 12%.
 0.85P times amount of water is used ofr intial
setting time, 0.72P for soundness cement.
 [42]
 Lime mortar is generally made with hydraulic
lime.
 The texture of sand stone is granular
crystalline.
 Seasoning of timber is required to remove sap
from timber.
 The ratio of youngs modulus of high tensile
steel to that of mild steel is about 1.
 Poly vinyl chloride is thermoplastic material.
 King closer is related to brick masonry.
 High alumina cement is produced by limestone
and bauxite.
 The optimum number of revolutions required
for concrete mix is 20.
 Manganese steel used in the manufacture of
rails.
 Gauged mortar is obtained by adding sand and
lime.
 1300’to 1500’ is the temperature range of
cement in kiln.
 Before testing setting time of cement one
should be test for consistency.
 [43]
 The super plasticizer in a cement paste is
disperse the particles, remove air bubbles and to
retard setting.
 Surkhi is added to lime mortar to impart
hydraulicity.
 Increase in fineness of cement results in
increase in development of strength and leads to
higher shrinkage.
 The purpose of frog is to form key joint
between brick and mortar.
 Bricks are burnt at a temperature of 900-1200
degree Celsius.

7.CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
&STRUCTURES-
 Bleeding-separation of water or water cement
mixture from the concrete.
 Segregation-separation of aggregates from the
concrete.
 Workability of the concrete directly
proportional to the grading of the aggregate.
 Workability of the concrete inversely
proportional to the time of transit.
 [44]
 Approximate value of shrinkage strain is
0.0003.
 Air entrainment in the concrete increases
workability.
 Strength of the concrete increases with
increase in fineness of cement.
 Characteristic strength of concrete is given by
0.7 (fck)^(1/2).
 The compressive strength of 100mm cube is
more compare to the 150mm cube.
 Modulus elasticity of concrete is
5700(fck)^(1/2).
 Increase in moisture content in concrete
reduces the strength in concrete.
 The purpose of accelerator is to cause early
setting and hardening.
 Gypsum is most commonly used admixture.
 The percentage of voids in cement
approximately 40%.
 The strength of concrete after one year as
compare to the 28 days is 20 to 25% more.
 Modulus of rupture of concrete is the measure
of flexural tensile strength.
 [45]
 In order to obtain the best workability
rounded shape aggregates used.
 Bulking of sand is maximum if moisture
content is about 4%.
 Finer grinding affects only the early
development of strength.
 Poisons ratio increases with richer mix.
 1% of voids in concrete reduces the strength by
5%.
 The fineness modulus of fine aggregate is in the
range of 2-3.5.
 The factor of safety of steel is lower than
concrete.
 For a reinforced concrete section the shape of
the shear stress diagram is parabolic above
neutral axis and rectangular below neutral axis.
 Modulus of elasticity of steel as per IRC 456-
1978 is 200kn/mm^2.
 M15 grade of concrete is used in reinforced
concrete.
 Heavily reinforced sections the workability of
the concrete is above 0.92.
 In case of hand mixing of concrete extra
cement is added is 10%.
 [46]
 For walls, columns and vertical faces of
members the form work removed after 1-2 days.
 According to IS 456-1978, the column or strut
is the member whose effective length is greater
than 3 times lateral dimension.
 Slenderness ratio for short column is <12.
 The ratio of the diameter of reinforcing bar
and the slab thickness is 1/8.
 According to IS456-1978, the maximum
reinforcement for columns is 6%, 4% for
beams and 0.12% for slabs.
 Maximum distance between the expansion
joints is 45m.
 Minimum thickness of load bearing RCC wall
should be 100mm.
 One way slab ratio of long span to short span>2.
 Two way slab the ratio of long span to short
span is <2.
 Modular ratio is 280/3cbc.
 The purpose of providing the reinforcing bar
is to resist bond stress.
 12mm is the minimum diameter of longitudinal
bar.
 [47]
 The load carrying capacity of a helically
reinforced column as compare to the tied column
is 5% more.
 Counter fort type retaining wall is suitable for
height beyond 6m.
 T shaped retaining wall mainly consists of
three cantilevers.
 While designing the pile has column one end is
fixed and other end is hinged.
 The design yield stress of steel according to the
IS 456-1978 is 0.87fy.
 According to IS 456-1978, the maximum
compressive stress in concrete is taken as
0.446fck.
 Partial safety factor for steel is 1.15 and 1.5 for
concrete.
 0.0035 is the maximum strain.
 The creep strains are caused due to dead load
only.
 The effect of creep on modular ratio is to
increase it.
 A beam curved in plan is designed for bending
moment, shear and torsion.
 [48]
 Normally pre stressing wires are arranged in
the lower part of beam.
 3*10^-14 is the coefficient of shrinkage.
 Cold drawn wires has high tensile strength.
 In concrete use of angular aggregates in place
of natural aggregates affects flexural tensile
strength.
 Ratio of compressive strength to tensile
strength is increases with age.
 The grading of fine aggregates is divided into
4 zones.
 Endurance limit of mild steel is approximately
0.5.
 Soundness test gives unsoundness due to free
lime only.
 Vee bee test used for very low workability.
 0.9 is called medium workability.
 0.36 water cement ratio required for full
hydration of cement.
 Addition of sugar in concrete results in
increasing the setting time about 4 hour.
 7 days required for minimum curing.
 M20 grade of concrete is used for the structures
exposed to the sulphate attack.
 [49]
 Shape of idealized stress strain curve for
concrete as per IS456-1978 is rectangular-
parabolic.
 The purpose of lateral ties in short RCC
column is to avoid buckling of longitudinal bars.
 The side face reinforcement of T beam will be
0.1%.
 Relaxation-loss of stress with time at constant
strain.
 Deep beams are designed for bending moment
only.
 In the limit state design the concrete structures
are assumed to be linear.
 Deflection can be controlled by using the
appropriate span/depth ratio.
 Spacing of main reinforcement controls
cracking.
 Unequal top and bottom reinforcement in a
reinforced concrete section leads to shrinkage
deflection.
 Drops are provided in flat slabs to resist shear.
 Flexural failure in over reinforced beams is due
to primary compression failure.
 [50]
 In an RCC beam ,side reinforcement is
provided if its depth exceeds 750mm.
8.FLUID MECHANICS-
 Pascal second is the unit of dynamic viscosity.
 An ideal fluid is frictionless and incompressible.
 Cm^2/sec is the unit of kinematic viscosity.
 NS/m^2 is the unit of dynamic viscosity.
 Kinematic viscosity=(dynamic viscosity/mass
density).
 Surface tension of water increases with
decrease in temperature.
 Centre of buoyancy is always coincide with the
centroid of the volume of fluid displaced.
 A floating body is said to be in a state of stable
equilibrium when the meta centric height is
above the centre of gravity.
 Stream lines and path lines always coincide in
case of steady flow.
 Equation of continuity is based on principle of
conservation of mass.
 The pitot tube is used to measure stagnation
pressure.
 Venturi meter is used to measure the discharge.
 [51]
 The major loss of energy in long pipes is due to
friction.
 The losses are more in turbulent flow.
 Trapezoidal shape is the best hydraulic section.
 The height of the hydraulic jump is equal to
the difference in conjugate depth.
 Rayleigh lines are based on momentum and
continuity.
 [52]
9.CONSTRUCTION PLANNING &
MANAGEMENT
 PERT technique of network is mainly useful
for research and development projects.
 Expected project duration generally follows
normal distribution curve.
 Site being located does not represent the
activity.
 Critical path is always longest.
 Cost slope=(Cc-Cn/Tn-Tc).
 The direct cost of a project with respect to the
normal time is minimum.
 The reduction in project time normally results
in increasing the direct cost of the project and
decreasing the indirect cost.
 Economic saving of time results by crashing the
cheapest critical activity.
 The process of changes and rescheduling or re
planning called updating.
 Slack time refers to an event.
 Slack time in PERT analysis is minimum for
critical events.
 [53]
 Interfering float results in total float and free
float.
 Activity is resource consuming, event is
instantaneous stage.
 Dummy is a resource less element.
 Sheep foot roller most suitable type of
equipment used on clayey soil.
 Batching refers to the controlling the quantity
of each material into each batch.

10.AIRPORT ENGINEERING-
 As per ICAO, minimum width of safety area
for instrumental runway is 300m.
 The engine failure case for determining the
basic runway length may require either clear
way or runway.
 The minimum width of clear way is 150m.
 Air port reference temp=Td+ (Tavg-Td)/3.
 The basic runway length should be increased at
the rate of 7 percent per 300m rise in elevation
above the mean sea level.
 [54]
 Zero fuel weight of an aircraft is equal to the
sum of empty operating weight and maximum
pay load.
 As per ICAO for aircraft serving big aircraft,
the cross wind component should not exceed
35kmph.
 Calm period the wind intensity should be less
than 6.4kmph.
 For landing case the aircraft should stop at 60%
of landing distance.
 According to ICAO all markings on the
runway are white colour.
 In instrumental landing system, the middle
markers are located about 1 km ahead of the
runway threshold.
 The centre to centre spacing of heliport
lighting is 7.5m.
 The width of the taxiway is smaller than the
runway.
 Alligator cracking is the example of failure in
flexible pavements.
 Hanger is a place where aircrafts to be repaired
and service to be done.
 [55]
 The length of clear zone for none instrument
runway of a small aircraft is 300m.
 Wind rose diagram is used for the purpose of
runway orientation.

11.TUNNEL ENGINEERING
 off spur tunnels are short length tunnels
constructed to negotiate minor obstacle.
 Saddle or base tunnel are the tunnels
constructed on valley.
 Slope tunnels are constructed on steep hills.
 Spiral tunnels provided in narrow valleys.
 Circular section of tunnel is not suitable for
placement of concrete lining.
 Circular section provided on non cohesive soil.
 Rectangular shape on hard rock and horse
shoe shape provided on soft rock.
 English method of tunnelling requires more
time as compared to the other methods.
 American method is suitable for large sized
tunnels.
 If D is the diameter of tunnel then the thickness
of lining is 82D.
 [56]
 Clay soil is suitable for compressed air
tunnelling.
 Austrian method of tunnelling is for long
tunnels at great depth.
 Drift method of tunneling is used to construct
the tunnels on rocks.