TITLE

AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER

WITH VISITOR COUNTER
 ABSTRACT

This Project “Automatic Room Light Controller with Visitor Counter using
Microcontroller” is a reliable circuit that takes over the task of controlling the room lights
as well us counting number of persons/ visitors in the room very accurately. When
somebody enters into the room then the counter is incremented by one and the light in the
room will be switched ON and when any one leaves the room then the counter is
decremented by one. The light will be only switched OFF until all the persons in the
room go out.

The total number of persons inside the room is also displayed on the seven segment
displays. The microcontroller does the above job. It receives the signals from the sensors,
and this signal is operated under the control of software which is stored in ROM.
Microcontroller AT89S52 continuously monitor the Infrared Receivers, When any object
pass through the IR Receiver's then the IR Rays falling on the receivers are obstructed
this obstruction is sensed by the Microcontroller.
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Aim of the project

1.2 Project Overview

1.3 Methodology

CHAPTER 2: BLOCK DIAGRAM AND ITS DESCRIPTION

2.1 Basic block diagram

2.2 Block diagram description

CHAPTER 3: EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

3.1 Introduction to Embedded Systems:

3.2 Characteristics:

3.3 Platform:

3.4 Tools:

3.5 Operating system:

3.6 Debugging:

3.7 Design of embedded systems:

3.8 Start-up:

3.9 The control loop

3.10 User interface

CHAPTER4: POWER SUPPLY

4.1 POWER SUPPLY UNIT

4.2 REGULATOR LM7805

4.3 DESCRIPTION

4.4 CIRCUIT FEATURES

4.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM

4.5.1Transformer
4.5.2Rectifier
4.5.3Filter
4.5.4Voltage regulator

CHAPTER5: 89S52 MICROCONTROLLER

5.1 Features

5.2 Description

5.3 Pin Diagram - AT89S52

5.4 Pin description

5.5 ARCHITECHTURE OF 8052

MICROCONTROLLER:
5.5.1 Oscillator Characteristics
5.5.2 Idle Mode

5.6 Oscillator Connections

CHAPTER6: IR SENSORS

6.1 IR Remote Control Theory

6.2 Infra-Red Light
 6.3 Modulation

6.4 The Transmitter

6.5 The receiver

CHAPTER7: RELAY CIRCUIT

CHAPTER8: SOURCE CODE

CHAPTER9: FUTURE EXPANSION

CHAPTER10: APPLICATIONS, ADVANTAGES AND

DISADVANTAGES

CHAPTER11: REFERENCES
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aim of the project:
The main objective of this project is to make a controller based model to
count number of persons visiting particular room and accordingly light up
the room using IR sensors.

1.2 Project Overview :

This Project Automatic Room Light Controller with Visitor Counter using
Microcontroller is a reliable circuit that takes over the task of controlling the
room lights as well us counting number of persons/ visitors in the room very
accurately. When somebody enters into the room then the counter is incremented
by one and the light in the room will be switched ON and when any one leaves
the room then the counter is decremented by one. The light will be only switched
OFF until all the persons in the room go out. The total number of persons inside
the room is also displayed on the LCD.

The microcontroller does the above job. It receives the signals from the sensors,
and this signal is operated under the control of software which is stored in ROM.
Microcontroller AT89S52 continuously monitor the Infrared Receivers, When
any object pass through the IR Receiver's then the IR Rays falling on the receiver
are obstructed, this obstruction is sensed by the Microcontroller.

1.3 Methodology:
According to our project requirements, the following modules are
essential.
 Power supply
 Microcontroller
 IR sensors
 Relay
 CHAPTER 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM AND ITS DESCRIPTION
2.1 Basic Block Diagram:

Fig. 2.1 Block diagram

2.2 Block Diagram Description:

The basic block diagram of the Automatic Room Light Controller with Visitor
Counter is shown in the above figure. Mainly this block diagram consists
of the following essential blocks.
1. Power Supply
2. AT89S52 micro-controller
3. Entry and Exit sensor circuit
4. Relay driver circuit

1. Power Supply:
Here we used +12V and +5V dc power supply. The main
function of this block is to provide the required amount of voltage to
essential circuits. +12 voltage is given. +12V is given to relay driver. To
get the +5V dc power supply we have used here IC 7805, which provides
the +5V dc regulated power supply.

2. 89S52 Microcontroller:
It is a low-power, high performance CMOS 8-bit
microcontroller with 8KB of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only
Memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-
density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the MCS-
51TM instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory
to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory
programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a
monolithic hip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller, which
provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to so many embedded
control applications.
 3. Enter and Exit Circuits:
This is one of the main part of our project. The main intention of this
block is to sense the person. By using this sensor and its related circuit diagram we can
count the persons.

4. Relay Driver Circuit:

This block has the potential to drive the various controlled
devices. In this block mainly we are using the transistor and the relays.
One relay driver circuit we are using to control the light. Output signal
from AT89S52 is given to the base of the transistor, which we are further
energizing the particular relay. Because of this appropriate device is
selected and it do its allotted function.
 CHAPTER 3
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
3.1 Introduction to Embedded Systems:
Embedded systems are electronic devices that incorporate
microprocessors with in their implementations. The main purposes of the
microprocessors are to simplify the system design and provide flexibility.
Having a microprocessor in the device means that removing the bugs,
making modifications, or adding new features are only matters of
rewriting the software that controls the device. Or in other words
embedded computer systems are electronic systems that include a
microcomputer to perform a specific dedicated application. The computer
is hidden inside these products. Embedded systems are ubiquitous. Every
week millions of tiny computer chips come pouring out of factories
finding their way into our everyday products.
Embedded systems are self-contained programs that are embedded within
a piece of hardware. Whereas a regular computer has many different
applications and software that can be applied to various tasks, embedded
systems are usually set to a specific task that cannot be altered without
physically manipulating the circuitry. Another way to think of an
embedded system is as a computer system that is created with optimal
efficiency, thereby allowing it to complete specific functions as quickly as
possible.
Embedded systems designers usually have a significant grasp of hardware
technologies. They used specific programming languages and software to
develop embedded systems and manipulate the equipment. When
searching online, companies offer embedded systems development kits
and other embedded systems tools for use by engineers and businesses.
Embedded systems technologies are usually fairly expensive due to the
necessary development time and built in efficiencies, but they are also
highly valued in specific industries. Smaller businesses may wish to hire a
consultant to determine what sort of embedded systems will add value to
your organization.

3.2 Characteristics:
Two major areas of differences are cost and power
consumption. Since many embedded systems are produced in the tens of
thousands to millions of units range, reducing cost is a major concern.
Embedded systems often use a (relatively) slow processor and small
memory size to minimize costs.
The slowness is not just clock speed. The whole architecture of the
computer is often intentionally simplified to lower costs. For example,
embedded systems often use peripherals controlled by synchronous serial
interfaces, which are ten to hundreds of times slower than comparable
peripherals used in PCs.
Programs on an embedded system often must run with real-time
constraints with limited hardware resources: often there is no disk drive,
operating system, keyboard or screen.
A flash drive may replace rotating media, and a small keypad and LCD
screen may be used instead of a PC's keyboard and screen.
Firmware is the name for software that is embedded in hardware devices,
e.g. in one or more ROM/Flash memory IC chips.
Embedded systems are routinely expected to maintain 100% reliability
while running continuously for long periods, sometimes measured in
years. Firmware is usually developed and tested too much stricter
requirements than is general-purpose software, which can usually be easily
restarted if a problem occurs.

3.3 Platform:
There are many different CPU architectures used in embedded
designs. This in contrast to the desktop computer market, which as of this
writing (2003) is limited to just a few competing architectures, mainly the
Intel/AMD x86, and the Apple/Motorola/IBM PowerPC, used in the
Apple Macintosh.
One common configuration for embedded systems is the system on chip,
an application-specific integrated circuit, for which the CPU was
purchased as intellectual property to add to the IC's design.

3.4 Tools:
Like a typical computer programmer, embedded system designers use
compilers, assemblers and debuggers to develop an embedded system.

Those software tools can come from several sources:

Software companies that specialize in the embedded market Ported from
the GNU software development tools.
Sometimes, development tools for a personal computer can be used if the
embedded processor is a close relative to a common PC processor.
Embedded system designers also use a few software tools rarely used by
typical computer programmers.
Some designers keep a utility program to turn data files into code, so that
they can include any kind of data in a program.
Most designers also have utility programs to add a checksum or CRC to a
program, so it can check its program data before executing it.

3.5 Operating system:

They often have no operating system, or a specialized
embedded operating system (often a real-time operating system), or the
programmer is assigned to port one of these to the new system.

3.6 Debugging:
Debugging is usually performed with an in-circuit emulator,
or some type of debugger that can interrupt the micro controller’s internal
microcode.
The microcode interrupt lets the debugger operate in hardware in which
only the CPU works. The CPU-based debugger can be used to test and
debug the electronics of the computer from the viewpoint of the CPU.
This feature was pioneered on the PDP-11.
Developers should insist on debugging which shows the high-level
language, with breakpoints and single stepping, because these features are
widely available. Also, developers should write and use simple logging
facilities to debug sequences of real-time events.
PC or mainframe programmers first encountering this sort of
programming often become confused about design priorities and
acceptable methods. Mentoring, code-reviews and ego less programming
are recommended.
3.7 Design of embedded systems:
The electronics usually uses either a microprocessor or a micro
controller. Some large or old systems use general-purpose mainframes
computers or minicomputers.

3.8 Start-up:
All embedded systems have start-up code. Usually it disables
interrupts, sets up the electronics, tests the computer (RAM, CPU and
software), and then starts the application code. Many embedded systems
recover from short-term power failures by restarting (without recent self-
tests). Restart times under a tenth of a second are common.
Many designers have found one of more hardware plus software-
controlled LEDs useful to indicate errors during development (and in
some instances, after product release, to produce troubleshooting
diagnostics). A common scheme is to have the electronics turn off the
LED(s) at reset, whereupon the software turns it on at the first opportunity,
to prove that the hardware and start-up software have performed their job
so far. After that, the software blinks the LED(s) or sets up light patterns
during normal operation, to indicate program execution progress and/or
errors. This serves to reassure most technicians/engineers and some users.

3.9 The control loop:

In this design, the software simply has a loop. The loop calls
subroutines. Each subroutine manages a part of the hardware or software.
Interrupts generally set flags, or update counters that are read by the rest of
the software.
A simple API disables and enables interrupts. Done right, it handles nested
calls in nested subroutines, and restores the preceding interrupt state in the
outermost enable. This is one of the simplest methods of creating an
exokernel. Typically, there's some sort of subroutine in the loop to manage
a list of software timers, using a periodic real time interrupt. When a timer
expires, an associated subroutine is run, or flag is set. Any expected
hardware event should be backed-up with a software timer. Hardware
events fail about once in a trillion times. That's about once a year with
modern hardware. With a million mass-produced devices, leaving out a
software timer is a business disaster.
State machines may be implemented with a function-pointer per state-
machine (in C++, C or assembly, anyway). A change of state stores a
different function into the pointer. The function pointer is executed every
time the loop runs.
Many designers recommend reading each IO device once per loop, and
storing the result so the logic acts on consistent values. Many designers
prefer to design their state machines to check only one or two things per
state. Usually this is a hardware event, and a software timer. Designers
recommend that hierarchical state machines should run the lower-level
state machines before the higher, so the higher run with accurate
information. Complex functions like internal combustion controls are
often handled with multi-dimensional tables. Instead of complex
calculations, the code looks up the values. The software can interpolate
between entries, to keep the tables small and cheap.
One major weakness of this system is that it does not guarantee a time to
respond to any particular hardware event. Careful coding can easily assure
that nothing disables interrupts for long. Thus interrupt code can run at
very precise timings. Another major weakness of this system is that it can
become complex to add new features. Algorithms that take a long time to
run must be carefully broken down so only a little piece gets done each
time through the main loop.
This system's strength is its simplicity, and on small pieces of software the
loop is usually so fast that nobody cares that it is not predictable. Another
advantage is that this system guarantees that the software will run. There
is no mysterious operating system to blame for bad behavior.

3.10 User interfaces:

User interfaces for embedded systems vary wildly, and thus deserve some
special comment. Designers recommend testing the user interface for
usability at the earliest possible instant. A quick, dirty test is to ask an
executive secretary to use cardboard models drawn with magic markers,
and manipulated by an engineer. The videotaped result is likely to be both
humorous and very educational. In the tapes, every time the engineer talk,
the interface has failed: It would cause a service call.
Interface designers at PARC, Apple Computer, Boeing and HP minimize
the number of types of user actions. For example, use two buttons (the
absolute minimum) to control a menu system (just to be clear, one button
should be "next menu entry" the other button should be "select this menu
entry"). A touch-screen or screen-edge buttons also minimize the types of
user actions.
Another basic trick is to minimize and simplify the type of output. Designs
should consider using a status light for each interface plug, or failure
condition, to tell what failed. A cheap variation is to have two light bars
with a printed matrix of errors that they select- the user can glue on the
labels for the language that she speaks. For example, Boeing's standard
test interface is a button and some lights. When you press the button, all
the lights turn on. When you release the button, the lights with failures
stay on. The labels are in Basic English. For another example, look at a
small computer printer. You might have one next to your computer.
Notice that the lights are labeled with stick-on labels that can be printed in
any language. Really look at it.
Designers use colors. Red means the users can get hurt- think of blood.
Yellow means something might be wrong. Green means everything's OK.
Another essential trick is to make any modes absolutely clear on the user's
display. If an interface has modes, they must be reversible in an obvious
way. Most designers prefer the display to respond to the user. The display
should change immediately after a user action. If the machine is going to
do anything, it should start within 7 seconds, or give progress reports.
If a design needs a screen, many designers use plain text. It can be sold as
a temporary expedient. Why is it better than pictures? Users have been
reading signs for years. A GUI is pretty and can do anything, but typically
adds a year from artist, approval and translator delays and one or two
programmers to a project's cost, without adding any value. Often, a clever
GUI actually confuses users.
If a design needs to point to parts of the machine (as in copiers), these are
labeled with numbers on the actual machine, that are visible with the doors
closed. A network interface is just a remote screen. It needs the same
caution as any other user interface.
One of the most successful general-purpose screen-based interfaces is the
two menu buttons and a line of text in the user's native language. It's used
in pagers, medium-priced printers, network switches, and other medium-
priced situations that require complex behavior from users.
When there's text, there are languages. The default language should be the
one most widely understood. Right now this is English. French and
Spanish follow.
Most designers recommend that one use the native character sets, no
matter how painful. People with peculiar character sets feel coddled and
loved when their language shows up on machinery they use.
Text should be translated by professional translators, even if native
speakers are on staff. Marketing staff have to be able to tell foreign
distributors that the translations are professional.
A foreign organization should give the highest-volume distributor the duty
to review and correct any translations in his native language. This stops
critiques by other native speakers, who tend to believe that no foreign
organization will ever know their language as well as they.
 CHAPTER 4
POWER SUPPLY
4.1 POWER SUPPLY UNIT:

Fig. 4.1 Power supply unit

The power supply unit is used to provide constant 5 V dc supply to

the peripherals. The 230 V ac is converted into 9 V ac by using a
transformer and then a bridge rectifier rectifies it to a 9 V dc with
ac ripples. This is then filtered by electrolytic capacitors used
across the rectifier output. LM7805 regulator is employed to obtain
a constant 5 V dc at the output.

4.2 REGULATOR LM7805:

Fig. 4.2 Regulator LM7805

 This is a digital IC used as a regulator for regulating the output.
LM7805 provides a constant 5V dc supply as output. For this it
needs at least 8V dc as input.

4.3 DESCRIPTION:

A variable regulated power supply, also called a variable bench power

supply, is one where you can continuously adjust the output voltage to your requirements.
Varying the output of the power supply is the recommended way to test a project after
having double checked parts placement against circuit drawings and the parts placement
guide.

This type of regulation is ideal for having a simple variable bench power supply. Actually
this is quite important because one of the first projects a hobbyist should undertake is the
construction of a variable regulated power supply. While a dedicated supply is quite
handy e.g. 5V or 12V, it's much handier to have a variable supply on hand, especially for
testing.

Most digital logic circuits and processors need a 5 volt power supply. To use these parts
we need to build a regulated 5 volt source. Usually you start with an unregulated power
supply ranging from 9 volts to 24 volts DC (A 12 volt power supply is included with the
Beginner Kit and the Microcontroller Beginner Kit.). To make a 5 volt power supply, we
use a LM7805 voltage regulator IC (Integrated Circuit). The IC is shown below.

The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive lead of your unregulated
DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin, connect the
negative lead to the Common pin and then when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt
supply from the Output pin.

4.4 CIRCUIT FEATURES:

 Brief description of operation: Gives out well regulated +5V output, output
current capability of 100 mA
 Circuit protection: Built-in overheating protection shuts down output when
regulator IC gets too hot
 Circuit complexity: Very simple and easy to build
 Circuit performance: Very stable +5V output voltage, reliable operation
  Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only very common basic
components
 Design testing: Based on datasheet example circuit, I have used this circuit
successfully as part of many electronics projects
 Applications: Part of electronics devices, small laboratory power supply
 Power supply voltage: Unregulated DC 8-18V power supply
 Power supply current: Needed output current + 5 mA
 Component costs: Few dollars for the electronics components + the input
transformer cost

4.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig. 4.3 Block diagram of power supply

The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input
i.e., 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is
fed to a rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage.
So in order to get a pure d.c voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to
a filter to remove any a.c components present even after rectification. Now, this
voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage.

4.5.1Transformer:

Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic

equipment and these voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be
obtained directly. Thus the a.c input available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to
be brought down to the required voltage level. This is done by a transformer.
Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to a required
level.
4.5.2Rectifier:
The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts
A.C. into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier.
In this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability
and full wave rectification

4.5.3Filter:

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from

the output of rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is
constant until the mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if
either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore
a regulator is applied at the output stage.

4.5.4Voltage regulator:

As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage
regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant
voltage level. In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order
to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used.
The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent
the required output voltage levels.
 CHAPTER 5
89S52 MICROCONTROLLER
5.1 Features:
• 8K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory
• Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
• 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
• Eight Interrupt Sources
• Programmable Serial Channel
• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

5.2 Description:
The AT89C52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-
bit microcomputer with 8Kbytes of Flash programmable and erasable read
only memory (PEROM). The on-chip Flash allows the program memory
to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory
programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a
monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C52 is a powerful microcomputer, which
provides a highly flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded
control applications.
5.3 Pin Diagram - AT89S52:

Fig. 5.1 Pin diagram of 8052.

5.4 PIN DISCRIPTION:

VCC - Supply voltage.

GND - Ground.

Port 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. As an
output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are
written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance
inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-
order address/data bus during accesses to external program and
data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also
receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the
code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are
required during program verification.

Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-
ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.
When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins
that are externally being pulled low will source current (I IL)
because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be
configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2)
and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively.

Port Pin Alternate Functions

P1.0 T2 (external count input to Timer/Counter 2), clock-out

P1.1 T2EX (Timer/Counter 2 capture/reload trigger and direction
control

Port 2
 Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-
ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.
When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins
that are externally being pulled low will source current (I IL )
because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order
address byte during fetches from external program memory and
during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses
(MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal
pull ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data
memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the
contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives
the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash
programming and verification.

Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull
ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.
When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the
internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins
that are externally being pulled low will source current (I IL )
because of the pull ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various
special features of the AT89C51. Port 3 also receives some control
signals for Flash programming and verification.

Port Pin Alternate Functions

P3.0 RXD (serial input port)
P3.1 TXD (serial output port)
P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)
P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)
P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)
P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)
P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)
P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe).

RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles
while the oscillator is running resets the device.

ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable is an output pulse for latching the
low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This
pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during flash
programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant
rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external
timing or clocking purposes. However, that one ALE pulse is
skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired,
ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location
8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or
MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high.
Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is
in external execution mode.

PSEN
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external
program memory. When the AT89C52 is executing code from
external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine
cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each
access to external data memory.

EA/VPP
External Access Enable (EA) must be strapped to GND in
order to enable the device to fetch code from external pro-gram
memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. However, that if
lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.
EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.
This pin also receives the 12V programming enable voltage (VPP)
during Flash programming when 12V programming is selected.

XTAL1:
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the
internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2:
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier
5.5 ARCHITECHTURE OF 8052 MICROCONTROLLER:
 Fig. 5.2 ARCHITECHTURE OF 8052 MICROCONTROLLER

5.5.1 Oscillator Characteristics

XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively,
of an inverting amplifier, which can be configured for use as an
on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure #3. Either a quartz crystal or
ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an
external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while
XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure #4. There are no requirements
on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the
internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but
minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications
must be observed.
5.5.2 Idle Mode
In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on-
chip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software.
The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions
registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can
be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. It
should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hardware reset,
the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left
off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm
takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in
this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate
the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is
terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes
Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external
memory.
5.6 Oscillator Connections:

Fig. 5.3 Oscillator Connections

Note: C1, C2 = 30 pF ± 10 pF for Crystals

= 40 pF ± 10 pF for Ceramic Resonators

Fig. 5.4 External Clock drive Configuration

CHAPTER 6
IR SENSORS
 6.1 IR Remote Control Theory:

The cheapest way to remotely control a device within a

visible range is via Infra-Red light. Almost all audio and video equipment
can be controlled this way nowadays. Due to this wide spread use the
required components are quite cheap, thus making it ideal for us hobbyists
to use IR control for our own projects.

This part of my knowledge base will explain the theory of operation of IR

remote control, and some of the protocols that are in use in consumer
electronics.
6.2 Infra-Red Light:
Infra-Red actually is normal light with a particular color. We
humans can't see this color because its wave length of 950nm is below the
visible spectrum. That's one of the reasons why IR is chosen for remote
control purposes, we want to use it but we're not interested in seeing it.
Another reason is because IR LEDs are quite easy to make, and therefore
can be very cheap.
Although we humans can't see the Infra-Red light emitted from a remote
control doesn't mean we can't make it visible. A video camera or digital
photo camera can "see" the Infra-Red light as you can see in this picture. If
you own a web cam you're in luck, point your remote to it, press any
button and you'll see the LED flicker.
Unfortunately for us there are many more sources of Infra-Red light. The
sun is the brightest source of all, but there are many others, like: light
bulbs, candles, central heating system, and even our body radiate Infra-
Red light. In fact everything that radiates heat also radiates Infra-Red
light. Therefore we have to take some precautions to guarantee that our IR
message gets across to the receiver without errors.

6.3 Modulation :
Modulation is the answer to make our signal stand out above the
noise. With modulation we make the IR light source blink in a particular
frequency. The IR receiver will be tuned to that frequency, so it can ignore
everything.
 Fig. 6.1 Modulation
In the picture above you can see a modulated signal driving the IR LED of
the transmitter on the left side. The detected signal is coming out of the
receiver at the other side.
In serial communication we usually speak of 'marks' and 'spaces'. The
'space' is the default signal, which is the off state in the transmitter case.
No light is emitted during the 'space' state. During the 'mark' state of the
signal the IR light is pulsed on and off at a particular frequency.
Frequencies between 30 kHz and 60 kHz are commonly used in consumer
electronics. At the receiver side a 'space' is represented by a high level of
the receiver's output. A 'mark' is then automatically represented by a low
level.

Please note that the 'marks' and 'spaces' are not the 1-s and 0-s we want to
transmit. The real relationship between the 'marks' and 'spaces' and the 1-s
and 0-s depends on the protocol that's being used. More information about
that can be found on the pages that describe the protocols.

6.4 The Transmitter :

Fig. 6.2 IR Transmitter

The transmitter usually is a battery powered handset. It should consume as

little power as possible, and the IR signal should also be as strong as
possible to achieve an acceptable control distance. Preferably it should be
shock proof as well.
Many chips are designed to be used as IR transmitters. The older chips
were dedicated to only one of the many protocols that were invented.
Nowadays very low power microcontrollers are used in IR transmitters for
the simple reason that they are more flexible in their use. When no button
is pressed they are in a very low power sleep mode, in which hardly any
current is consumed. The processor wakes up to transmit the appropriate
IR command only when a key is pressed. Quartz crystals are seldom used
in such handsets. They are very fragile and tend to break easily when the
handset is dropped. Ceramic resonators are much more suitable here,
because they can withstand larger physical shocks. The fact that they are a
little less accurate is not important.
The current through the LED (or LEDs) can vary from 100mA to well
over 1A! In order to get an acceptable control distance the LED currents
have to be as high as possible. A trade-off should be made between LED
parameters, battery lifetime and maximum control distance. LED currents
can be that high because the pulses driving the LEDs are very short.
Average power dissipation of the LED should not exceed the maximum
value though. You should also see to it that the maximum peek current for
the LED is not exceeded. All these parameters can be found in the LED's
data sheet.
A simple transistor circuit can be used to drive the LED. A transistor with
a suitable HFE and switching speed should be selected for this purpose.
The resistor values can simply be calculated using Ohm's law. Remember
that the nominal voltage drop over an IR LED is approximately 1.1V. The
normal driver, described above, has one disadvantage. As the battery
voltage drops, the current through the LED will decrease as well. This will
result in a shorter control distance that can be covered.
An emitter follower circuit can avoid this. The 2 diodes in series will limit the
pulses on the base of the transistor to 1.2V. The base-emitter voltage of the
transistor subtracts 0.6V from that, resulting in constant amplitude of 0.6V at the
emitter. This constant amplitude across a constant resistor results in current pulses
of a constant magnitude. Calculating the current through the LED is simply
applying Ohm's law again.
 6.5 THE RECEIVER :

Fig. 6.3 IR Receiver

Many different receiver circuits exist on the market. The most important
selection criteria are the modulation frequency used and the availability in
your region.

Fig. 6.4 Block diagram of such an IR Receiver

In the picture above you can see a typical block diagram of such an IR
receiver. Don't be alarmed if you don't understand this part of the
description, for everything is built into one single electronic component.
The received IR signal is picked up by the IR detection diode on the left
side of the diagram. This signal is amplified and limited by the first 2
stages. The limiter acts as an AGC circuit to get a constant pulse level,
regardless of the distance to the handset. As you can see only the AC
signal is sent to the Band Pass Filter. The Band Pass Filter is tuned to the
modulation frequency of the handset unit. Common frequencies range
from 30 kHz to 60 kHz in consumer electronics. The next stages are a
detector, integrator and comparator. The purpose of these three blocks is
to detect the presence of the modulation frequency. If this modulation
frequency is present the output of the comparator will be pulled low. As I
said before, all these blocks are integrated into a single electronic
component. There are many different manufacturers of these components
on the market. And most devices are available in several versions each of
which are tuned to a particular modulation frequency.
Please note that the amplifier is set to a very high gain. Therefore the
system tends to start oscillating very easily. Placing a large capacitor of at
least 22µF close to the receiver's power connections is mandatory to
decouple the power lines. Some data sheets recommend a resistor of 330
Ohms in series with the power supply to further decouple the power
supply from the rest of the circuit.
There are several manufacturers of IR receivers on the market. Siemens,
Vishay and Telefunken are the main suppliers here in Europe. Siemens has
its SFH506-xx series, where xx denotes the modulation frequency of 30,
33, 36, 38, 40 or 56 kHz. Telefunken had its TFMS5xx0 and TK18xx
series, where xx again indicates the modulation frequency the device is
tuned to. It appears that these parts have now become obsolete. They are
replaced by the Vishay TSOP12xx, TSOP48xx and TSOP62xx product
series. Sharp, Xiamen Hualian and Japanese Electric are 3 Asian IR
receiver producing companies. Sharp has devices with very cryptic ID
names, like: GP1UD26xK, GP1UD27xK and GP1UD28xK, where x is
related to the modulation frequency. Hualian has it's HRMxx00 series, like
the HRM3700 and HRM3800. Japanese Electric has a series of devices
that don't include the modulation frequency in the part's ID. The PIC-
12042LM is tuned to 36.7 kHz, and the PIC12043LM is tuned to 37.9 kHz

IR Advantages:

 Low power requirements: therefore ideal for laptops, telephones, personal digital
assistants
 Low circuitry costs: $2-$5 for the entire coding/decoding circuitry
 Simple circuitry: no special or proprietary hardware is required, can be
incorporated into the integrated circuit of a product
 Higher security: directionality of the beam helps ensure that data isn't leaked or
spilled to nearby devices as it's transmitted
 Portable
 Few international regulatory constraints: IrDA (Infrared Data Association)
functional devices will ideally be usable by international travelers, no matter
where they may be
 High noise immunity: not as likely to have interference from signals from other
devices
IR Disadvantages:

 Line of sight: transmitters and receivers must be almost directly aligned (i.e. able
to see each other) to communicate
 Blocked by common materials: people, walls, plants, etc. can block transmission
 Short range: performance drops off with longer distances
 Light, weather sensitive: direct sunlight, rain, fog, dust, pollution can affect
transmission
 Speed: data rate transmission is lower than typical wired transmission
 CHAPTER 7
RELAY DRIVER CIRCUIT
RELAY CIRCUIT:

Fig. 7.1 Relay

A single pole dabble throw (SPDT) relay is connected to port RB1 of the
microcontroller through a driver transistor. The relay requires 12 volts at a
current of around 100ma, which cannot provide by the microcontroller. So
the driver transistor is added. The relay is used to operate the external
solenoid forming part of a locking device or for operating any other
electrical devices. Normally the relay remains off. As soon as pin of the
microcontroller goes high, the relay operates. When the relay operates and
releases. Diode D2 is the standard diode on a mechanical relay to prevent
back EMF from damaging Q3 when the relay releases. LED L2 indicates
relay on.
 CHAPTER 8
SOURCE CODE
#include
#include
#define LCD_clear() LCD_command(0×01) /* Clear LCD Display
#define LCD_orgin()LCD_command(0×02) /* set to orgin LCD
#define LCD_row1() LCD_command(0×80) /* Begin at 1st line
#define LCD_row2()LCD_command(0xc0) /* Begin at 2nd line
sbit port10=P1^0; //IR Sensor Input
sbit rs=P3^6; //Lcd Register Select Pin
sbit en=P3^7; //Lcd Enable Pin
static unsigned char counter;
void lcd_en() //Funtion for LCD Enable
{
en=1;
en=0;
}
void LCD_delay(unsigned char ms) //Function for create Time Delay
{
unsigned int n,i;
for(n=0;n<ms;n++)
 {
for(i=0;i<1536;i++);
}
}</ms;n++)
void LCD_command(unsinged char command) //LCD Command Pass Funtion
{
rs=0;
P0=command;
lcd_en();
LCD_delay(1);
}
void LCD_init() //LCD intialization funtion
{
LCD_command(0x38);
LCD_command(0x06);
LCD_command(0x0c);
LCD_command(0x01);
}
void LCD_putc(unasigned char ascii)
{
rs=1;
P0=ascii;
lcd_en();
LCD_delay(2);
}
void LCD_puts(unsigned char *lcd_string)
{
while(*lcd_string)
{
LCD_putc(*lcd_string++);
}
}
void disp(unsinged char name1)
{
rs=1;
P0=name1;
lcd_en();
lcd_delay(300);
}
void main()
{
port10=0; //make P1.0 as init=0, initially all port pins are high
P2=0; //make low for P2
LCD_init(); //call LCD initialization function
while(1) //Run forever always true
{
if(port10) //check condition P2.0 is high P2.0==1
{
LCD_command(0x80); //LCD command for display first line
LCD_puts("visit count="); //String display in the LCD
{
disp(((counter%10000)/1000)+48);
disp(((counter%1000)/100)+48);
disp(((counter%100)/10)+48);
disp(((counter%10)/1)+48);
}
}
P2=counter; // 8 LED's conneted in PORT 2
LCD_comman(0xc0) //LCD command for display 2nd line
}
}
 CHAPTER 9
FUTURE EXPANSION
 By using this circuit and proper power supply we can implement various
applications
Such as fans, tube lights, etc.

 By modifying this circuit and using two relays we can achieve a task of
opening and closing the door.
 CHAPTER 10
APPLICATIONS, ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
 Applications
 For counting purposes
 For automatic room light control

 Advantages
 Low cost
 Easy to use

 Disadvantages
 It is used only when one single person cuts the rays of the sensor hence
it cannot be used when two person cross simultaneously.
CHAPTER 11
REFERENCES
1. Embedded Systems - Raj Kamal

2. www.wikipedia.com

3. INFRARED DETECTORS AND EMITTERS – Peter capper and C.T.Elliot

4. http://www.embed4u.com