A MINI PROJECT REPORT ON

SMART HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM USING IOT &

WSN
IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BY
MOHD HARISH KHAN (18081A0406 )
SHASHANK GUPTA (18081A0413)
WAJAHAT HUSSAIN (17081A0411)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mohd Aaqib Ihraz
ASST. PROFESSOR

SHADAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Himayatsagar Road, Peerancheru, Hyderabad-500091

(Affiliated to J.N.T.U Hyderabad)

2021 -2022
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the mini project report entitled “SMART HOME
AUTOMATION SYSTEM USING IOT AND WSN” has been submitted by
MOHD HARISH KHAN bearing Hall Ticket No. 18081A0406, SHASHANK
GUPTA bearing Hall Ticket No. 18081A0413, WAJAHAT HUSSAIN bearing
Hall Ticket No. 17081A0411, under the guidance of Dr. MOHAMMAD ILIYAS,
Head of the Department of ECE in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Communication
Engineering affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kukatpally,
Hyderabad.

Date:
Place: HYDERABAD

Dr. MOHAMMAD ILIYAS,

Professor & H.O.D,
Department of ECE
SCET, Hyderabad.
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the mini project report entitled “SMART HOME
AUTOMATION SYSTEM USING IOT AND WSN ” has been submitted by
MOHD HARISH KHAN bearing Hall Ticket No. 18081A0406, SHASHANK
GUPTA bearing Hall Ticket No. 18081A0413, WAJAHAT HUSSAIN bearing
Hall Ticket No. 17081A0411, under the guidance of Mohd Aaqib Ihraz, Asst.
Professor, Department of ECE in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Communication
Engineering affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kukatpally,
Hyderabad.

Date:
Place: HYDERABAD

Mohd Aaqib Ihraz,

Asst. Professor,
Department of ECE,

SCET, Hyderabad.
 Examination Sheet
The dissertation report entitled “SMART HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM
USING WIRELESS COMMUNICATION”

By

MOHD HARISH KHAN (18081A0406 )

SHASHANK GUPTA (18081A0413 )
WAJAHAT HUSSAIN (17081A0413)

is submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Technology (ECE) of Jawaharlal Nehru

Technological University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad.

Examiners

1. Internal Guide :

2. Head of Department :

3. External Examiner :

Date:
Place: HYDERABAD
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the dissertation entitled “SMART HOME AUTOMATION

SYSTEM USING IOT AND WSN” completed and written by us has not previously formed
the basis for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics &
Communication Engineering.

Date:

Place: HYDERABAD

Signature of the Student

MOHD HARISH KHAN (18081A0406 )

SHASHANK GUPTA (18081A0413 )

WAJAHAT HUSSAIN (17081A0411)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firstly, we would like to thank our parents who cultivated our passion for engineering
and provided endless encouragement. Secondly, We would like to thank our Internal
Guide, Mohd Aaqib Ihraz, Asst. Professor who provided academic support which
made this thesis possible.

We would like to thank our other guide members, for taking the time to review this
thesis and provide feedback. We would also like to thank all of the engineers who
significantly invested during our development as an engineer.

Specifically, we would like to thank Prof. Md. Mubeen & Prof. Mohd Amer Lodhi sir
who invested in teaching us fundamentals of Electronics and Communication
Engineering.

Likewise, we would like to thank Prof. Ravinder Korani, Prof. Saidulu and Prof. Ravi
Kumar sir from ECE Department who taught us vital fundamentals of writing
embedded software. In addition, we would like to thank Syeda Sameena mam for a
useful sensors and actuators class which made the sensors portions of this thesis
possible.

We would also like to thank Dr. Mohammed Iliyas sir for his feedback as well as
assistance. Finally, we would like to thank lab assistant, Mr. Reddy Sir who managed
to put up assistance with lab work for this thesis generated as well as provided useful
feedback and support.
 Abstract:
The technology development is paving way for the automation to be made to the
existing machines leading to the new technology called Internet of Things. Things get
connected with each other over Internet that reduces human workload. The home is
built with electrical devices for comfortable living style. But, the devices are operated
manually in the home. The devices are in running state even users left the home with
unaware of the electrical devices status. Hence, users should come back to the home
to stop the devices. It leads to wastage of human energy, electrical energy and devices
life time. This project is proposed to implement the smart home automation that
controls the devices such as fan, lamp and motor from remote location over the
network. The experiments have been conducted to implement the automation using
home gateway where it acts as IOT register server and operates the devices using web,
android applications through smart phone, laptop. This work is proposed to reduce
human workload and reduce the electricity consumption.

i
 CONTENTS

S. No. CHAPTERS Pg.No.

ABSTARCT……………………………….…………….. i

CONTENT……………………………………………….ii

LIST OF FIGURES ……………………….……………iii

LIST OF TABLES………………………………….…...iv
1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Embedded Systems……………………………… 3

1.1.1 Areas…………………………………………..3

1.1.2 Consumer appliances………………………….3

1.1.3 Office automation…………………………..…4
1.1.4 Industrial automation………………………….4

1.1.5 Medical electronics…………………………....4

1.1.6 Computer networking………………………....4

1.1.7 Telecommunication………………………..….4
1.1.8 Wireless technologies………………………....5
1.1.9 Insemination………………………………..…5

1.1.10 Security……………………………………...5
1.1.11 Finance…………………………………...….5
1.2 Overview of Embedded system Architecture…....5
1.2.1 Processing unit (CPU)………………………..7

1.2.2 Memory………………………………………7

1.2.3 Input devices………………………………....7

1.2.4 Output devices……………………………….8

1.2.5 Communication Interfaces…………………...8

2. LITERATURE SURVEY………………………………… 9
3. OBJECTIVE & PROBLEM STATEMENT …………….12
 3.1 Objectives…………………………………….....12

3.2 Specific objective………………………………..12

4 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS…………………… 13
4.1 Node MCU …………………………………....... 13
4.2 ESP8266 Arduino core…………………………...14
4.3 WI-FI………………………………………..……14
4.4 IOT Technology and Applications………....…….17
4.5 DC Motor……………………………….….……..24
4.6 LM35 Temp. Sensor…………………………..….27
4.7 LDR Sensor…………………………………….....29
4.8 Relay………………………………………………32
4.9 Flame sensor………………………………………43

5 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION……………………………… 46

5.1 Arduino IDE compiler……………………........46

5.2 Writing Sketches……………………………….49
5.3 Device…………………………………………..55
5.4 Language support………………………………56
5.5 Serial monitor…………………………………..57
5.6 Blynk app……………………………………….60

6 RESULT…………………………………………………….…66

CONCLUSION,FUTURE SCOPE,ADVANTAGES &

DISADVANTAGES……………………………………………67
REFERENCES………………………………………………..68

ii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Figure Name Pg.No.

Fig 1.1 Block diagram…………………………………………… 2
Fig 1.2 Central processing unit………………………………………….. 7
Fig 4.1 Wi-fi Module……….......…………………………………. 14
Fig 4.2 MCU…….....................................………………………… 15
Fig 4.3 Node MCU Pin Configuration………………………………… 16
Fig 4.4 DC Motor………….…………………………………………. 24
Fig 4.5 Operation of DC Motor ………………………….................... 25
Fig 4.6 Armature of DC Motor………………………………………… 26
Fig 4.7 DC electric motor when coil is powered……………………… 26
Fig 4.8 Armature continues to rotate……………………………………. 27
Fig 4.9 Temperature sensor…………………………………………….. 28
Fig 4.10 Circuit diagram of temperature sensor……………….…………. 28
Fig 4.11 LDR sensor…………………………………….……………… 30
Fig 4.12 Circuit diagram of LDR sensor……………………………….. 31

Fig 4.13 LDR sensor with relay………………………………………… 32

Fig 4.14 Automotive style mini relay,dust cover is taken off…………… 32
Fig 4.15 Simple electromechanical relay……………………………….. 33
Fig 4.16 Small relay as used in electronics………………………………. 33
Fig 4.17 Latching relay with permanent magnet…………………………. 35
Fig 4.18 Top,middle:reed switches, bottom:reed relay…………………… 36
Fig 4.19 Solid state relay, which has no moving parts…………………….. 37
Fig 4.20 25A & 40A solid state contractors……………………………….. 38
Fig 4.21 Pole and throw…………………………………………………….. 39
Fig 4.22 A DPDT AC coil relay with “ice cube” packaging……………….. 41
Fig 4.23 Flame sensor…………………………………………………………43
Fig 5.1 Arduino IDE……………………………………………………… 45
Fig 5.2 Using Arduino………………………………………………….... 45
Fig 5.3 Create a new sketch………………………………………………. 48
Fig 5.4 Verify and compiling……………………………………………. 51
Fig 5.5 Loading the binary file……………………………………………. 52
Fig 5.6 Language support…………………………………………………... 54
Fig 5.7 Blynk interfacing…………………………………………………… 58
Fig 5.8 Installation of nodeMCU board…………………………………….. 59
Fig 5.9 Installing Blynk library…………………………………………….. 59
Fig 5.10 Creation of blynk account……………………………………..…… 60
Fig 5.11 Creation of a project……………………………………………....... 60
Fig 5.12 Selection of controller……………………………………………….61
Fig 5.13 Generation of auth token…………………………………………… 61
Fig 5.14 App appearance…………………………………………………….. 62
Fig 5.15 Internal of joystick…………………………………………………. 62

iii
 LIST OF TABLES
S.No. Table Name Pg No.

Table 4.1 Temp sensor characteristic………………………….29

Table 4.2 Electrical characteristics of LDR sensor……………31
Table 4.3 Specification of flame sensor…………………….....45

iv
 CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

Now days, IoT (Internet of Things) is a new revolution of the Internet and it provides a platform for
communication between objects where objects can organize and manage themselves. Internet of Things
(IoT) is the expansion of internet services because it allows daily life things to connect with user and operate
remotely from anywhere. We can describe IoT in simple words, when the objects or things connected with
each other using standard protocols and standard infrastructure so that they can communicate between each
other and all these objects/things can be monitored and controlled by anywhere and anytime using internet.
The IoT was began in the year 1998 and the term Internet of Things was first called by Kevin Ashton in
1999 [4]. The Internet of Things is a new area where it provides a privilege to communicate around the
world. The objective of IoT is Anything, Anyone, Anytime, Anyplace, Any service and any network. Fig.1
describes the coupling of two things suppose its C’s and A’s which may be reveals, people and things can
be connected Anytime, Anyplace, with Anything and Anyone, ideally by using in Any path/network and
Any service. This implies addressing elements such as Convergence, Content, Collections (Repositories),
Computing, Communication, and Connectivity in the context where there is seamless inter connection
between people and things and/or between things and things so the A and C elements are present and tightly
coupled
The main controller or the hub is the most essential part of your Home Automation system irrespective of
whether you connect single or multiple sensors in your home. The main controller or the hub is also referred
to as gateway and is connected to your home router through the Ethernet cable. All the IoT based sensors
transmits or receive commands through the centralised hub. The hub in turn receives the input or
communicates the output to cloud network located over the internet.

Due to this kind of architecture, it is possible to communicate with the centralised hub even from remote
and distant locations through your smartphone. All you need is just a reliable internet connection at the hub
location and the data package to your smartphone that helps you connect to the cloud network.

Most of the smart home controllers available in the market from several manufacturers cater to all three
widely used protocols of wireless communication for Home

1
Block diagram

Fig 1.1: Block diagram

Here we can notice that various sensors are connected to our main board nodeMCU i.e, LDR sensor,
Temp sensor, Flame sensor.
One relay is also connected to nodeMCU to which our appliances like fan and bulbs are connected.
We can monitor our all work on our mobile phone

2
1.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
An embedded system can be defined as a computing device that does a specific focused job. Appliances
such as the air-conditioner, VCD player, DVD player, printer, fax machine, mobile phone etc. are examples
of embedded systems. Each of these appliances will have a processor and special hardware to meet the
specific requirement of the application along with the embedded software that is executed by the processor
for meeting that specific requirement. The embedded software is also called “firm ware”. The
desktop/laptop computer is a general purpose computer. You can use it for a variety of applications such
as playing games, word processing, accounting, software development and so on. In contrast, the software
in the embedded systems is always fixed listed below:

· Embedded systems do a very specific task, they cannot be programmed to do different things. . Embedded
systems have very limited resources, particularly the memory. Generally, they do not have secondary
storage devices such as the CDROM or the floppy disk. Embedded systems have to work against some
deadlines. A specific job has to be completed within a specific time. In some embedded systems, called
real-time systems, the deadlines are stringent. Missing a deadline may cause a catastrophe-loss of life or
damage to property. Embedded systems are constrained for power. As many embedded systems operate
through a battery, the power consumption has to be very low.

· Some embedded systems have to operate in extreme environmental conditions such as very high
temperatures and humidity.

1.1.1 Areas

Nearly 99 per cent of the processors manufactured end up in embedded systems. The embedded system
market is one of the highest growth areas as these systems are used in very market segment- consumer
electronics, office automation, industrial automation, biomedical engineering, wireless communication,
data communication, telecommunications, transportation, military and so on.

1.1.2 Consumer appliances: At home we use a number of embedded systems which include digital
camera, digital diary, DVD player, electronic toys, microwave oven, remote controls for

3
TV and air-conditioner, VCO player, video game consoles, video recorders etc. Today’s high-tech car has
about 20 embedded systems for transmission control, engine spark control, air conditioning, navigation etc.
Even wristwatches are now becoming embedded systems. The palmtops are powerful embedded systems
using which we can carry out many general-purpose tasks such as playing games and word processing.

1.1.3 Office automation: The office automation products using em embedded systems are copying
machine, fax machine, key telephone, modem, printer, scanner etc.

1.1.4 Industrial automation: Today a lot of industries use embedded systems for process control. These
include pharmaceutical, cement, sugar, oil exploration, nuclear energy, electricity generation and
transmission. The embedded systems for industrial use are designed to carry out specific tasks such as
monitoring the temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc., and then take appropriate action based
on the monitored levels to control other devices or to send information to a centralized monitoring station.
In hazardous industrial environment, where human presence has to be avoided, robots are used, which are
programmed to do specific jobs. The robots are now becoming very powerful and carry out many interesting
and complicated tasks such as hardware assembly.

1.1.5 Medical electronics: Almost every medical equipment in the hospital is an embedded system.
These equipments include diagnostic aids such as ECG, EEG, blood pressure measuring devices, X-ray
scanners; equipment used in blood analysis, radiation, colonoscopy, endoscopy etc.
Developments in medical electronics have paved way for more accurate diagnosis of diseases.

1.1.6 Computer networking: Computer networking products such as bridges, routers, Integrated
Services Digital Networks (ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), X.25 and frame relay switches
are embedded systems which implement the necessary data communication protocols. For example, a router
interconnects two networks. The two networks may be running different protocol stacks. The router’s
function is to obtain the data packets from incoming pores, analyze the packets and send them towards the
destination after doing necessary protocol conversion. Most networking equipments, other than the end
systems (desktop computers) we use to access the networks, are embedded systems.

4
1.1.7 Telecommunications: In the field of telecommunications, the embedded systems can be
categorized as subscriber terminals and network equipment. The subscriber terminals such as key
telephones, ISDN phones, terminal adapters, web cameras are embedded systems. The network equipment
includes multiplexers, multiple access systems, Packet Assemblers Dissemblers (PADs), sate11ite modems
etc. IP phone, IP gateway, IP gatekeeper etc. are the latest embedded systems that provide very low-cost
voice communication over the Internet.

1.1.8 Wireless technologies: Advances in mobile communications are paving way for many interesting
applications using embedded systems. The mobile phone is one of the marvels of the last decade of the
20’h century. It is a very powerful embedded system that provides voice communication while we are on
the move. The Personal Digital Assistants and the palmtops can now be used to access multimedia services
over the Internet. Mobile communication infrastructure such as base station controllers, mobile switching
centers are also powerful embedded systems.

1.1.9 Insemination: Testing and measurement are the fundamental requirements in all scientific and
engineering activities. The measuring equipment we use in laboratories to measure parameters such as
weight, temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc. are all embedded systems. Test equipment
such as oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, logic analyzer, protocol analyzer, radio communication test set
etc. are embedded systems built around powerful processors. Thank to miniaturization, the test and
measuring equipment are now becoming portable facilitating easy testing and measurement in the field by
field-personnel.

1.1.10 Security: Security of persons and information has always been a major issue. We need to protect
our homes and offices; and also the information we transmit and store. Developing embedded systems for
security applications is one of the most lucrative businesses nowadays. Security devices at homes, offices,
airports etc. for authentication and verification are embedded systems. Encryption devices are nearly 99
per cent of the processors that are manufactured end up in~ embedded systems. Embedded systems find
applications in every industrial segment- consumer electronics, transportation, avionics, biomedical
engineering, manufacturing, process control and industrial automation, data communication,
telecommunication, defense, security etc. Used to encrypt the data/voice being transmitted on
communication links such as telephone lines. Biometric systems using fingerprint and face recognition are
now being extensively used for user authentication in banking applications as well as for access control in
high security buildings.

1.1.11 Finance: Financial dealing through cash and cheques are now slowly paving way for transactions
using smart cards and ATM (Automatic Teller Machine, also expanded as Any Time

5
Money) machines. Smart card, of the size of a credit card, has a small micro-controller and memory; and it
interacts with the smart card reader! ATM machine and acts as an electronic wallet. Smart card technology
has the capability of ushering in a cashless society. Well, the list goes on. It is no exaggeration to say that
eyes wherever you go, you can see, or at least feel, the work of an embedded system!

1.2 Overview of Embedded System Architecture

Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware built around a Central Processing Unit (CPU).
This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the software is loaded. The software residing on the
memory chip is also called the ‘firmware’. The embedded system architecture can be represented as a
layered architecture as shown in Fig.

The operating system runs above the hardware, and the application software runs above the

operating system. The same architecture is applicable to any computer including a desktop computer.
However, there are significant differences. It is not compulsory to have an operating system in every
embedded system. For small appliances such as remote control units, air conditioners, toys etc., there is no
need for an operating system and you can write only the software specific to that application. For
applications involving complex processing, it is advisable to have an operating system. In such a case, you
need to integrate the application software with the operating system and then transfer the entire software
on to the memory chip. Once the software is transferred to the memory chip, the software will continue to
run for a long time you don’t need to reload new software.
Now, let us see the details of the various building blocks of the hardware of an embedded system. As shown
in Fig. the building blocks are;

· Central Processing Unit (CPU)

6
· Memory (Read-only Memory and Random Access Memory)

· Input Devices

· Output devices

· Communication interfaces

· Application-specific circuitry

Fig 1.2 : Central Processing Unit

1.2.1 Processing Unit (CPU):

The Central Processing Unit (processor, in short) can be any of the following: microcontroller,
microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP). A micro-controller is a low-cost processor. Its main
attraction is that on the chip itself, there will be many other components such as memory, serial
communication interface, analog-to digital converter etc. So, for small applications, a microcontroller is
the best choice as the number of external components required will be very less. On the other hand,
microprocessors are more powerful, but you need to use many external components with them. D5P is used
mainly for applications in which signal processing is involved such as audio and video processing.

1.2.2 Memory:

The memory is categorized as Random Access 11emory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM). The
contents of the RAM will be erased if power is switched off to the chip, whereas ROM retains the contents
even if the power is switched off. So, the firmware is stored in the ROM. When power is switched on, the
processor reads the ROM; the program is program is executed.
7
1.2.3 Input devices:

Unlike the desktops, the input devices to an embedded system have very limited capability. There will be
no keyboard or a mouse, and hence interacting with the embedded system is no easy task. Many embedded
systems will have a small keypad-you press one key to give a specific command. A keypad may be used to
input only the digits. Many embedded systems used in process control do not have any input device for
user interaction; they take inputs from sensors or transducers 1’fnd produce electrical signals that are in
turn fed to other systems.

1.2.4 Output devices:

The output devices of the embedded systems also have very limited capability. Some embedded systems
will have a few Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to indicate the health status of the system modules, or for
visual indication of alarms. A small Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) may also be used to display some
important parameters.

1.2.5 Communication interfaces:

The embedded systems may need to, interact with other embedded systems at they may have to transmit
data to a desktop. To facilitate this, the embedded systems are provided with one or a few communication
interfaces such as RS232, RS422, RS485, Universal Serial Bus (USB), IEEE 1394, Ethernet etc.

8
 CHAPTER – 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

Qingping Chi et al. [1], proposed a new method to design a reconfigurable smart sensor interface for
industrial WSN in IoT environment, which is CPLD i.e. complex programmable logic device is adopted as
the core controller which provides reading data in parallel and in real time with high speed on multiple
different sensor data. Complex programmable logic device solved all previous problems like the current
connect number, sampling rate, and signal types of sensors are generally restricted by the device means
each sensor connected to the device is required to write complicated and cumbersome data collection
program code. In this system the standard of IEEE1451.2 intelligent sensor interface specification are used
so that system can collect sensor data intelligently. Fig. 3 shows the System’s block function design.

This system is based on IEEE1451 protocol and by combining with CPLD and the application of wireless
communication; it is very suitable for real-time and effective requirements of the highspeed data acquisition
system in IoT environment. The system achieved good effects in practical application in taking real time
monitoring of water environment in IoT environment as an example and also more flexible and extensible.
Shifeng Fang et al. [2], presents an integrated approach to water resource management based on
geoinformatics including technologies such as Remote Sensing (RS), Geographical Information Systems
(GIS), Global Positioning Systems (GPS), Enterprise Information Systems (EIS), and cloud services. This
paper also introduces a prototype IIS called WRMEIS i.e. Water Resource Management Enterprise
Information System that integrates functions such as data acquisition, data management and sharing,
modeling, and knowledge management. This system provides best management for water security and flood
for human society which is future for human life. This system is combination of Snowmelt Flood
Forecasting Enterprise Information System i.e. SFFEIS, which is based on the Water Resource
Management Enterprise Information System. This system contains operational database, Extraction -
TransformationLoading (ETL), information warehouse; in which it contains information management that
allows any participant play the role as a sensor as well as a contributor to the information warehouse,
temporal and spatial analysis, simulation/prediction models to predict the atmospheric condition,
knowledge management is useful for the taking decision; which is provided by both users and public play
the role of providing data and knowledge, and other functions. This system is a prototype water resource
management IIS which integrates geoinformatics, EIS, and cloud service. This system provides the crucial
importance of a systematic approach toward IISs for effective resource and environment management.
Cheong, P. et al. [3], paper presents a ZigBee-based wireless sensor network node for the ultraviolet i.e.
UV detection of flame. This system is based on the sensor node; which is composed of a ZnSSe UV photo

9
detector and also contains current-sensitive front end including a high-gain current-to-voltage amplifier
with 120 dB and a logarithm converter, a transceiver operated at a 2.4-GHz industrial, scientific, and
medical band. For converting the ultraviolet emission of flame into picoamperes the passive photo detector
is designed or set in a such a way that it will having a cutoff at 360 nm and system can detect the flame at
the speed of 70 ms. System also contains mixed signal processing for the speed of flame detection is as fast
as 70 ms and ZigBee transmission provides send data from the sensor to the central processor system or to
the application layer. The systems sensor node consumes only an average of 2.3 mW from a 3.3-V supply.
This system is tested under the condition such that the luminous flame was imaged onto the sensor node
with different angles ranging from -30° to 30° and distances of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 m enabling effective fire
safety applications.
GauravTiwari and RiyazKazi [4], present Autonomic Smart Sensor Interface for Industrial in IOT
Environment. Sensors are generally restricted by the device because of the current connect number,
sampling rate, and signal types and if required to connect devices required to write complicated and
cumbersome data collection programming code.to solve this problem this paper provides the new method
i.e. design a functional smart sensor interface for industrial WSN in IoT environment, in this field
programmable gate array device (FPGA) is adopted as a core-controller. Fig. 4a and 4b shows the proposed
system i.e. Autonomic Smart Sensor Interface for Industrial in IOT Environment.
Field programmable gate array device read data in parallel and in real time with high speed on multiple
different sensor data and the standard of IEEE1451.4 intelligent sensor interface specification is adopted
for this design.
R. KarpagaPriya, T. KarpooraEswari, and K. Akilakumari [5], presents an Industrial WSN in IOT
Environment Interface with Smart Sensor Using ARM. This system is to develop a sensor interface device
is essential for sensor data collection of industrial Wireless Sensor Networks i.e. WSN in Internet of Things
(IoT) environment. In the proposed system ARM is adopted as the core controller at the time of interfacing
for industrial WSN in IoT atmosphere so that it will scan information in parallel and in real time with high
speed on multiple completely different device information and for this Intelligent device interface
specification is adopted. Different Sensors are used to provide the values of Temperature, Vibration, Gas
present in the industrial environment, so that critical situation can be avoided and preventive measures are
successfully implemented. The result of the system gives values of Temperature is 67.4c. If Vibration and
Gas sensor is either Low or Medium, it means Low indicates that there is no gas and vibration, and then
Medium indicates there is a Gas and Vibration present.
Bharani M., Elango S., Ramesh S.M., and Preetilatha R. [6], presents an embedded system based
monitoring system for industries by interfacing sensors with ATmega Microcontroller. In this system
various sensors are being used for measuring the temperature, pressure, gas etc. In the proposed system,
sensors are interfaced with the microcontroller ATmega328p which provides a highperformance Atmel 8-
10
bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32KB flash memory with readwhile-write capabilities,
1024B EEPROM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible
timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial programmable, a byteoriented
2-wire serial interface, serial port, a 6-channel 10- bit A/D, programmable watchdog timer with internal
oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes. Using Zigbee the measured values are sent
from monitoring station to the controlling station and then sent via WAN to the Internet if needed. Received
values are compared with the threshold value if any mismatch is found then the workers will be informed
to take corrective measures.
S.Pandikumar and R.S. Vetrivel [7], presents an IoT and GSM based design of smart home controllin g
system. This paper provides architecture, which enables the users to control and monitor smart devices
through internet and also it creates an interface between users and smart home by using GSM and internet
technologies, or it can say that it creates GSM based wireless communication from the web server into the
smart home. Users give commands through web then the users inputs are converted into GSM-SMS
commands, then these commands are sent to embedded system module. This embedded system directly
connect with devices through GSM network, and finally the user commands are parsed and executed by
microcontroller to control any electronic objects like home appliances, lights, etc and it sends the
acknowledgement.

11
 CHAPTER – 3
OBJECTIVES AND PROBLEM STATEMENT

Smarthome based on internet of things idea is a solution to the people who forget to close/open the home
appliance in his/her home or office but needs to do that later when we are at home or office without return
to do it. In addition also is the solution to the people who are not happy with the lock and key methods due
to the risk of losing them and duplication of the keys for non authorized people.

3.1 OBJECTIVES

Main objectives

The main objective of this project is to build a smart home device which can be used to control the home
appliances via internet. The home automation device that you build can be integrated with almost all the
home appliances and can be used to control them remotely from any part of the world.

To facilitate the wireless connectivity with the system, the Arduino Uno will be embedded with a WiFi
module. This establishes the internet connection to the system and all the home appliances can in turn be
connected and controlled by internet.

3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

The specific objectives of our project are the following:.

To design and simulate automated Process to control the home appliance remotely

12
 CHAPTER – 4
DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

4.1 Node MCU:

NodeMCU is a low-value open source IoT platform. It from the start included firmware that runs on the
ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems and stuff that relied on the ESP-12 module.
Later, keep up for the ESP32 32-cycle MCU was added.

NodeMCU is an open-source firmware for which open-source prototyping board plans are open. The name
"NodeMCU" joins "center point" and "MCU" (more humble than the average controller unit). The
clarification "NodeMCU" sagaciously talking proposes the firmware instead of the related advancement
packs.
Both the firmware and prototyping board plans are open source.

The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. The firmware relies on the eLua errand, and subject to the
Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open source projects, for instance, luaJason and SPIFFS.
As a result of resource objections, customers need to pick the modules material for their undertaking and
create a firmware custom fitted to their prerequisites. Support for the 32cycle ESP32 has in like manner
been executed.

The prototyping gear consistently used is a circuit board filling in as a twofold in-line assembling (DIP)
which joins a USB controller with a truly unassuming surface-mounted board containing the MCU and
social event mechanical party. The choice of the DIP plan considers fundamental prototyping on
breadboards. The approach was from the start relied on the ESP-12 module of the ESP8266, which is a Wi-
Fi SoC empowered with a Tensilica Xtensa LX106 focus, everything thought about used in IoT applications

NodeMCU was made not long after the ESP8266 came out. On December 30, 2013, Espressif
Systemsbegan making the ESP8266. NodeMCU started on 13 Oct 2014, when Hong presented the focal
report of nodemcu-firmware to GitHub. Following two months, the endeavor reached set an open-hardware
stage when originator Huang R presented the Gerber record of an ESP8266 board, named devkit v0.9.
Sometimes starting there on, Tuan PM ported the MQTT client library from Contiki to the ESP8266 SoC
stage, and zeroed in on the NodeMCU project, by then NodeMCU had the decision to help the MQTT IoT
show, using Lua to get to the MQTT trained professional. Another monster update was made on 30 Jan

13
2015, when Devsaurus ported the u8glibto the NodeMCU project, attracting NodeMCU to beneficially
drive LCD, Screen, OLED, even VGA shows.

4.2 ESP8266 Arduino Core

As Arduino. cc began ending up being new MCU sheets reliant on nonAVR processors like the ARM/SAM
MICROCONTROLLERS and used in the Arduino Due, they expected to change the Arduino IDE with the
objective that it would be generally easy to change the IDE to help substitute toolchains to allow Arduino
C/C++ to be referenced for these new processors. A "middle" is the blend to orchestrate an Arduino C/C++
source record for the goal MCU's machine language. Some ESP8266 fans developed an Arduino social
class for the ESP8266 WiFi SoC, noticeably called the "ESP8266 mcu. This has form a focal programming
development stage for the undeniable ESP8266-based modules and improvement sheets, including
NodeMCUs.

4.3 WI-FI: The WI-FI module used in this undertaking is ESP8266. It follows TCP/IP stack and is a focal
processor which is less in cost. This focal processor licenses microcontroller to interface with a WI-FI
relationship, by using Hayes style request affiliations are done or made through TCP/IP partnership.
ESP8266 has 1MB of trademark impacted, single-chip contraptions masterminded to relate WI-FI.
Espressif structures are the creators of this module, it is a 32 digit microcontroller. There are 16 GPIO sticks
in this module. This module follows the RISC processor. It has a 10 cycle DAC. Later Espressif structures
passed on a thing progress kit(SDK) which is used to program on the chip, so another microcontroller isn't
used. A piece of the SDK's is Node MCU, Arduino, Micro Python, Zerynth, and Mongoose OS. SPI, I2C,
I2S, UART are used for passing on between two sensors or modules.

Fig 4.1 :Wi-Fi module

14
 NodeMCU is an open-source IoT stage. It consolidates firmware that abrupt spikes notable
for the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and stuff which relies on the ESP-12 module.
The articulation "NodeMCU" usually implies the firmware rather than the DevKit. The firmware
uses the Lua scripting language. It relies on the eLua undertaking and subject to the Espressif Non-
OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open source projects, for instance, lua - Jason, and spiffs.
There is an almost limitless fountain of information available for the ESP8266, all of which has been
provided by amazing community support. In the Documents section below you will find many resources to
aid you in using the ESP8266, even instructions on how to transform this module into an IoT (Internet of
Things) solution!

Fig 4.2 : MCU

Features :

 Uses CH340G instead of CP2102.

 Wireless 802.11 b/g/n standard
 WiFi at 2.4GHz, support WPA / WPA2 security mode
 Support STA/AP/STA + AP three operating modes
 Built-in TCP/IP protocol stack to support multiple TCP Client connections (5 MAX)
 Support UART / GPIO data communication interface
 Remote firmware upgrade (OTA)
 Support Smart Link Smart Networking
 ESP8266 has IO Pin
 Don’t need to download resetting
 A great set of tools to develop ESP8266
 Lowest cost WI-FI

15
Fig 4.3 :Node MCU Pin Configuration

16
4.4 IOT TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATION

IoT improvement unexpectedly helps the IoT application that is centered on the heap commercial enterprise
employer and precise clients, while networks and gadgets permit connectivity of bodily subjects. IoT
software offers dependable vital device-to-human and device-to-tool communique. IoT tool programs need
to ensure that records are received and properly acted consistent with a suitable precise way, a smooth
example is that of logistic software program software monitoring that has the transported reputation of
products which incorporates herbal merchandise, sparkling products, meat, and dairy terms. Moreover,
inside the path of logistics, brilliant control of weather change, wonder and humidity are frequently
monitored and appropriate moves are strategically and definitely made to keep gadgets spoilage from a
long distance even as the connection is out of courage. To claimed that "a few examples of IoT programs
in lifestyles can be placed in the clever environment, clever Greenhouse, clever cities, clever Water, smart
Metering, safety and
Emergency, commercial manipulate, domestic Automation and virtual health". '
IoT' is therefore stationed on devices that could look at sensed information and then transmit it to the
individual. k. IoT annoying situations as said in a preceding look, there are some annoying conditions that
IoT format needs to stand in the coming future generation. All of the devices, nodes related in associate in
nursing IoT format desires to have substantially low latency over dependable hyperlinks. Because of the
big style of IoT devices and the usage of several frequency bands, there can be a disaster in spectrum
houses. Although IoT gadgets are growing daily that consumes exceptionally lesser strength, even though
there can be a large quantity of greenhouse gasoline emission due to all of those devices. In the end, IoT
structure now does not actually have to be price powerful but furthermore, they should be able to help
heterogeneous applications and gadgets.
As said above in IoT stressful situations, IoT applications can have some extra smooth wants to tackle, for
instance, device addressing, protection, Scalability, Mobility, Anchor-masses a great deal much less
sending and so on. As noted, IoT packages include several heterogeneous gadgets, and but, content material
safety is a key problem that plays a top-notch role.

A preceding study has indicated the annoying situations of each IoT and ICN in their past test, this beyond
having a look at endeavors to combine them wherein IoT illustrate the great annoying situations and as an
alternative, ICN illustrates the remarkable answers. Even though they observe defined to start with how
one of a kind ICN competencies can cope with IoT problems and after that, some use times and contextual
investigations are examined.

17
4.4.1 Limitations

The device has the following barriers:

1. Compatibility: As of now, there can be no preference for tagging and tracking with sensors. A
uniform concept much like the USB or Bluetooth is needed which need to not be that hard to do.

2. Complexity: there are various opportunities for failure with complex systems. For instance, every
you and your associate may also moreover acquire messages that the milk is over and every one of you can
grow to be shopping for the equal. That leaves you with double the amount required. Or there may be a
software program software worm causing the printer to order ink more than one time whilst it calls for a
single cartridge.

3. privateers/protection: privateers is big trouble with IoT. All the statistics need to be encrypted
genuinely so records approximately your financial repute or how a whole lot of milk you devour isn’t
unusual information at the paintings place or together at the side of your pals.
Four. Safety: there is a threat that the software program can be hacked and your personal records misused.
The possibilities are endless. Your prescription being changed or your account information being hacked
might also additionally want to place you at the chance. Consequently, all the safety dangers grow to be the
purchaser’s obligation.

4.4.2 Ethernet:

Ethernet is a circle of relatives of pc networking generation for nearby vicinity networks (LANs)
commercially introduced in 1980. Standardized in IEEE 802.3, Ethernet has in large issue replaced
competing burdened out LAN technologies.
Structures speaking over Ethernet divide a movement of information into man or woman packets known as
frames. Everyone consists of delivering and tour spot addresses and mistakes-checking statistics certainly
so damaged information may be detected and re-transmitted.
The requirements define numerous wiring and signaling variations. The actual 10BASE5 Ethernet used
coaxial cable as a shared medium. Later the coaxial cables have been modified with the beneficial aid of
twisted pair and fiber optic links collectively with hubs or switches. Facts costs had been periodically
improved from the actual 10 megabits in step with 2d, to a hundred gigabits steady with 2nd.

18
4.4.3 ETHERNET CABLE RJ45
As you take into account that its commercial enterprise employer launch, Ethernet has retained an excellent
diploma of compatibility. Competencies alongside aspect the forty eight-bit MAC deal with and Ethernet
frame layout have stimulated considered one of a type networking protocols Ethernet first of all competed
within large element proprietary structures, Token Ring and Token Bus. due to the fact, Ethernet changed
into able to adapt to marketplace realities and shift to a lot less expensive and ubiquitous twisted-pair wiring,
those proprietary protocols soon decided themselves competing in a market inundated via Ethernet
merchandise and via way of the give up of the Eighties, Ethernet become surely the dominant community
era. Within the machine, 3Com has grown to be a primary agency that three hundred and sixty-five days
commenced out promoting adapters for PDP-11s and VAXes, in addition to Multibus-based definitely Intel
and solar Microsystems laptop structures. This has emerged as accompanied brief using DEC's Unibus to
Ethernet adapter, which DEC provided and used internally to assemble its very non-public corporate
network, which reached over 10,000 nodes through 1986, making it considered one of the most crucial
laptop networks inside the worldwide at that element.

4.4.4 Evolution:
Ethernet developed to embody higher bandwidth, advanced media get right of entry to control strategies
and unique bodily media. The coaxial cable turned into changed with element-to-thing hyperlinks related
via Ethernet responders or switches to lessen installation costs, growth reliability, and beautify
manipulation and troubleshooting. Many versions of Ethernet stay in normal use.
Ethernet stations speak using manner of way of manner of sending each certainly one of a type records
packets: blocks of data for my part dispatched and brought. As with fantastic IEEE 802 LANs, each
Ethernet station is given a 48-bit MAC deal. The MAC addresses are used to specify every holiday spot
and the supply of every data packet. Ethernet connects link diploma connections, which can be told as the
use of each holiday spot and delivery address. On receiving the data of a transmission, the receiver makes
use of the vacation spot deal to decide whether or no longer the transmission applies to the station or needs
to be ignored. Network interfaces typically do no longer take shipping of packets addressed to distinctive
Ethernet stations.

Adapters which programmed with a globally unique cope with. An Ethertype vicinity in each person is
utilized by the going for walks system on the side of receiving station to pick out the right protocol module
(i.e. the net protocol module). Ethernet frames are stated to be selfidentifying, due to the frame kind. Self-
figuring out frames makes it feasible to intermix multiple protocols on an equal bodily network and forward
a single pc to use more than one protocol together. However, the top-notch replaces in Ethernet, all

19
generations of Ethernet (apart from early experimental variations) use the identical frame formats (and
consequently the equal interface for better layers) and can be quite surely interconnected via bridging.

4.4.5 ETHERNET (TCP/IP PROTOCOL)

Ethernet is a circle of relatives of computer networking generation generally applied in nearby region
networks (LAN), metropolitan vicinity networks (guy), and huge vicinity networks (WAN). [1] It has to
turn out to be commercially added in 1980 and primary standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3,[2]and has
given that been touchy to help higher bit expenses and longer hyperlink distances. Through the years,
Ethernet has in large detail modified competing careworn LAN era which includes token ring, FDDI, and
ARCNET.
The ideal 10BASE5 Ethernet makes use of coaxial cable as a shared medium, even as the extra modern
Ethernet versions use twisted pair and fiber-optic links alongside hubs or switches. Over the path of its
history, Ethernet statistics transfer expenses had been prolonged from the real 2. Ninety-four megabits in
keeping with 2d (Mbit/s)[three] to the cutting-edge one hundred gigabits steady with 2nd (Gbit/s). The
Ethernet requirements incorporate several wiring and signaling variations of the OSI physical layer in use
with Ethernet.
Systems speaking over Ethernet divide a flow of data into shorter portions called frames. Anyone includes
supply and excursion spot addresses, and errors-checking records so that broken frames may be detected
and discarded; most usually, higher-layer protocols reason retransmission of out of area frames. As constant
with the OSI version, Ethernet offers services as an awful lot as and which include the statistics link layer.
Considering the truth that its business launch, Ethernet has retained a terrific degree of backward
compatibility. Capabilities which encompass the forty-eight-bit MAC cope with and Ethernet body layout
have inspired specific networking protocols. The number one possibility for a few uses of modern-day-day-
day LANs IEEE 802.11.

4.4.6 Data:

Ethernet emerges as evolved at Xerox PARC inbetween 1973 and 1974.[6][7] It has become inspired via
manner of the use of ALOHAnet, where Robert Metcalfe had studied as a part of his Ph.D. dissertation.[8]
The concept become first documented in a note that Metcalfe wrote on May 22, 1973, in which he named
it after the disproven aluminiferous ether as an "omnipresent, absolutely-passive medium for the

20
propagation of electromagnetic waves".[6][nine][10] In 1975. In 1976, after the gadget turns out to be
deployed at PARC, Metcalfe and Boggs published a seminal paper
Metcalfe left Xerox from starting his career to June 1979 to shape 3Com.[6][14] He glades digital device
enterprise (DEC), Intel, and Xerox to artwork collectively to sell Ethernet as an elegant. The so-known as
"DIX" extensive, for "digital/Intel/Xerox", particular 10 Mbit/s Ethernet, with 48-bit excursion spot and
delivery addresses and a global 16-bit Ether type-kind region. It grows to be published on September 30,
1980, as "The Ethernet, a nearby location network. Statistics hyperlink Layer and physical Layer
specs".[15] version 2 modified into posted in November 1982[16] and defines what has to turn out to be
known as Ethernet II. Formal standardization efforts proceeded on equal time and resulted inside the eBook
of IEEE 802.three on June 23, 1983.[2]
Ethernet to begin with competed within big problem proprietary systems, Token Ring and Token Bus.
because of the truth Ethernet grow to be able to adapt to marketplace realities and shift to less highly-pric ed
and ubiquitous twisted-pair wiring, the ones proprietary protocols quickly decided themselves competing
in a market inundated with the beneficial resource of Ethernet merchandise, and, by using the usage of the
prevent of the Nineteen Eighties, Ethernet became sincerely the dominant network technology.[6] within
the gadget, 3Com has ended up a primary corporation. 3Com shipped its first 10 Mbit/s Ethernet 3C100
NIC in March 1981, and that 12 months started out selling adapters for PDP-11s and VAXes, similarly to
Multibus-primarily based sincerely Intel and solar Microsystems computer structures.[17]:9 This has
become observed rapid through internally to build its private organization network, which reached over
10,000 nodes thru 1986, making it without a doubt one of the maximum important laptop networks within
the worldwide at that component.[18] An Ethernet adapter card for the IBM laptop emerges as released in
1982, and, with the beneficial aid of 1985, 3Com had provided 100,000.[14] Parallel port primarily based
absolutely completely Ethernet adapters have been produced for a time, with drivers for DOS and domestic
windows. Through the early Nineties, Ethernet has to turn out to be so ordinary that it has grown to be a
need-to-have function for contemporary pc systems, and Ethernet ports started to appear on a few laptop
systems and most workstations. This method changed substantially speeded up with the introduction of
10BASE-T and its fairly small modular connector, at which difficulty Ethernet ports appeared even on low-
save your motherboards.
thinking about then, Ethernet generation has advanced to meet new bandwidth and market
requirements.[19] in addition to pc systems, Ethernet is now used to interconnect domestic tools and
distinctive private gadgets.[6] it's miles used in commercial enterprise packages and is brief changing
legacy statistics transmission structures in the worldwide's telecommunications networks.[20] thru 2010,
the market for Ethernet devices amounted to over $16 billion in line with 12 months.

21
4.4.7 STANDARDIZATION:

In February 1980, IEEE began venture 802 to standardize community place networks (LAN).[14][22] The
"DIX-organization" with Gary Robinson (DEC), Phil Artist (Intel), and Bob Prints (Xerox) submitted the
so-known as "Bluebook" CSMA/CD specification as a candidate for the LAN specification.[15] Similar to
CSMA/CD, Token Ring (supported via IBM) and Token Bus (decided on and henceforward supported
thruway of good-sized motors) have been also considered as applicants for a LAN high-quality. Competing
proposals and a large interest in the initiative introduced an approximately sturdy war of phrases over which
era to standardize. In December 1980, the organization turned the break up into 3 groups, and
standardization proceeded one after the opposite for every belief. [14]
Delays within the requirements device located at the chaos once the market advent of the Xerox film
superstar computer and 3Com's Ethernet LAN merchandise. With such industrial company implications in
thoughts, David Liddle (elegant supervisor, Xerox place of work systems) and Metcalfe (3Com) strongly
supported an offer of Fritz Röscheisen (Siemens personal Networks) for an alliance within the developing
workplace communique marketplace, which encompass Siemens' help for the global standardization of
Ethernet (April 10, 1981). Ingrid Fromm, Siemens' consultant to IEEE 802, rapidly accomplished a broader
beneficial resource for Ethernet beyond IEEE via the established order of a competing undertaking
company "community Networks" inside the ECU necessities body ECMA TC24. In March 1982, ECMA
TC24 with its enterprise human beings reached an agreement on a huge for CSMA/CD-based totally
completely clearly at the IEEE 802 draft.[17]:8Because the DIX perception modified into most technically
complete and due to the short movement took via ECMA which decisively contributed to the
acknowledgement of opinions inside IEEE, the IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD well-known have emerged as
authorized in December 1982.[14] IEEE published the 802.3 modern-day days as a draft in 1983 and as a
well-known in 1985.[23]
Approval of Ethernet on the global degree emerge as completed thru the usage of a comparable, pass-
partisan motion with Fromm because the liaison officer strolling to combine with worldwide Electro
technical fee (IEC) Technical Committee 83 (TC83) and worldwide business enterprise for Standardization
(ISO) Technical Committee 90 seven Sub Committee 6 (TC97SC6). The ISO 8802-three elegant has grown
to be posted in 1989.

4.4.8 Evolution
Ethernet advanced to encompass better bandwidth, superior media get proper of entry to govern techniques
and considered one in all a kind bodily media. The coaxial cable modified into changed with detail-to-detail
hyperlinks associated thru Ethernet repeaters or switches.[25]

22
Ethernet stations communicate via the use of sending every unique facts packet: blocks of statistics in my
opinion dispatched and added. The MAC address are used to specify each vacation spot and the delivery of
each data packet. Ethernet establishes hyperlink diploma connections, which can be defined as the use of
every holiday spot and supply address. On reception of a transmission, the receiver makes use of the
vacation spot deal to decide whether or now or not or no longer the transmission applies to the station or
needs to be omitted. A community interface generally does now not get keep of packets addressed to special
Ethernet stations. [b]Adapters come programmed with a globally precise deal.
An EtherType place in anybody is used by the walking tool at the receiving station to select out the proper
protocol module (e.g., an Internet Protocol model collectively with IPv4). Ethernet frames are said to be
self-figuring out, because of the body type. Self-figuring out frames makes it feasible to intermix multiple
protocols at the identical bodily network and allow an unmarried laptop to use a couple of protocols
together.[26] however, in the evolution of the Ethernet era, all generations of Ethernet (apart from early
experimental versions) use equal body codecs. [27] blended-tempo networks can be constructed with the
usage of Ethernet switches and repeaters assisting the favored Ethernet versions

Because of the ubiquity of Ethernet, the ever-lowering fee of the hardware needed to the manual it, and the
reduced panel vicinity wanted through twisted-pair Ethernet, most producers now construct Ethernet
interfaces right away into laptop motherboards, eliminating the want for installation of a separate
community card.
4.4.9 Ethernet LAN capabilities:
• Bus topology, burdened out LAN in IEEE 802.three bodily layer ultra-modern
• 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps (uncovered and Shielded wires), and four Gbps (in twisted-pair wiring mode)

• Broadcast medium─ Passive, compelled connections based genuinely.

• Body format just like the IEEE 802.2
• SNMP (smooth network control Protocol) Open the machine (therefore lets in a device of various
specs)
• Everyone associated with a not unusual verbal exchange channel within the network will no longer
be idle, waits and tries again.
• Multi get admission to is like in a Packet-switched network

4.4.10 Ethernet Local Area Network

• Passive, connection-based absolutely definitely
• Media get admission to control (MAC) forty-eight-bit deal with for transmitting and forwarding
frames on same LAN simplest.
23
• can also use multicast addressing─for sending frames to all or a few pick out sorts of
Ethernet gadgets
Connectivity to net

Deal with desire Protocol (ARP) for solving 32 bits net protocol
Addresses with the forty-eight-bit excursion spot host media cope with. RARP (opposite ARP)
4.4.11 Header Bytes in Ethernet frame
A statistics for transmission fragments into the frames.

The body has a header.

First of all, the header has 8 bytes, which defines a preamble.

Then the header has six bytes (48-bits) of holiday spot MAC deals with.

Six bytes (forty-eight-bits) of the deliver MAC deal with observe the destination MAC.
Information in Ethernet body:
• Then there are six bytes. The ones are for the type vicinity. Those are meaningful extremely good
for the higher network layers and the period definition.
• Minimum seventy bytes and most 1500 bytes of facts comply with the duration definition. •
In the long run, there are four bytes for CRC check for the body series check
4.5 DC MOTOR
4.5.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A DC MOTOR

A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on DC electricity. It works on the principle of electromagnetism.
A current carrying conductor when placed in an external magnetic field will experience a force proportional
to the current in the conductor.

Fig 4.4 : DC Motor

24
4.5.2 OPERATION OF A DC MOTOR

There are two magnetic fields produced in the motor. One magnetic field is produced by the permanent
magnets and the other magnetic field is produced by the electrical current flowing in the motor windings.
These two fields result in a torque which tends to rotate the rotor. As the rotor turns, the current in the
windings is commutated to produce a continuous Torque output this makes the motor to run.

Fig 4 5 : Operation of DC Motor

4.5.3 SPEED CONTROL METHODS OF DC MOTOR

They are various methods used to control the speed of a DC motor. Some of them are:

1. Armature control method

2. Flux control method
3. Ward Leonard system.
Armature control method: Speed can be controlled by varying the voltage. As speed is directly proportional
to the voltage. As voltage increases speed increases and vice-versa. A simple voltage regulation would
cause lots of power loss on control circuit. So we are going for PWM. In this method the duty cycle
determines the speed of the DC motor. Required speed can be attained by changing the duty cycles. PWM
also allows smooth speed variation without reducing the torque.
It also eliminates harmonics.

25
Dc motor is an electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical motion. The reverse task that of
converting mechanical motion into electrical energy, is accomplished by a generator or dynamo. In many
cases the two devices are identical except for their application and minor construction details. DC motors
are used when there is positioning requirement and also changes in load and torque. DC motors can be
conveniently interfaced to Bipolar DAC, or MPUs can generate PWMs to control them.
The classic DC motor has a rotating legature in the form of an electromagnet. A rotary switch called a
commutator reverses the direction of the electric current twice every cycle, to flow through the armature so
that the poles of the electromagnet push and against the permanent magnets on the outside of the motor. As
the poles of the armature electromagnet pass the poles of the permanent magnets, the commutator reverses
the polarity of the armature electromagnet. During that instant of switching polarity, inertia keeps the
classical motor going in the proper direction. (See the diagrams below.)

Fig 4.6 : Armature of DC Motor

A simple DC electric motor. When the coil is powered, a magnetic field is generated around the armature.
The left side of the armature is pushed away from the left magnet and drawn toward the right, causing
rotation.

Fig 4.7 : DC electric motor when coil is powered

26
 Fig 4.8 : Armature continues to rotate.

When the armature becomes horizontally aligned, the commutator reverses the direction of current through
the coil, reversing the magnetic field. The process then repeats.

4.5.4 Wound field DC motor

The permanent magnets on the outside (stator) of a DC motor may be replaced by electromagnets. By
varying the field current it is possible to alter the speed/torque ratio the motor. Typically the field winding
will be placed in series (series wound) with the armature winding to get a high torque low speed motor, in
parallel (shunt wound) the armature to get a high speed low torque motor, or to have a winding partly in
parallel, and partly in series (compound wound) for a balance that gives steady speed over a range of loads.
Further reductions in field current are possible to gain even higher speed but correspondingly lower torque,
called "weak field" operation.

4.6 LM35 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

LM35 is an exact IC temperature sensor with its out-put related with the temperature (in C). The sensor
device is fixed and hence it isn't introduced to oxidation and specific structures. With LM35, the
temperature can be evaluated more as it should be than with a thermistor. It besides has low self-warming
and does not extend to than 0.1oC temperature upward air.

The working temperature value is from - 55°C to 100 fifty°C. The out-put voltage shifts by 10mV
considering each upward high/fall in appropriate incorporating temperature, i.e., its scale to.01V/oC

27
 Table 4.1 specifications of LM35 temp sensor

Fig 4.9 : Temperature sensor

Fig 4.10 : Circuit diagram of temperature sensor

28
4.7 LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

INTRODUCTION:

An LDR (Light dependent resistor), as its name suggests, offers resistance in response to the ambient light.
The resistance decreases as the intensity of incident light increases, and vice versa. In the absence of light,
LDR exhibits a resistance of the order of mega-ohms which decreases to few hundred ohms in the presence
of light. It can act as a sensor, since a varying voltage drop can be obtained in accordance with the varying
light. It is made up of cadmium sulphide (CdS).

An LDR has a zigzag cadmium sulphide track. It is a bilateral device, i.e., conducts in both directions in
same fashion.

A Light Dependent Resistor (aka LDR, photoconductor, or photocell) is a device which has a resistance
which varies according to the amount of light falling on its surface.

Table 4.2 Electrical characteristic of LDR sensor

29
 4.11 : LDR sensor

A typical light dependent resistor is pictured above together with (on the right hand side) its circuit diagram
symbol. Different LDR's have different specifications, however the LDR's we sell in the REUK Shop are
fairly standard and have a resistance in total darkness of 1 MOhm, and a resistance of a couple of kOhm in
bright light (10-20kOhm @ 10 lux, 2-4kOhm @ 100 lux).

4.7.1 Uses for Light Dependent Resistors

Light dependent resistors are a vital component in any electric circuit which is to be turned on and off
automatically according to the level of ambient light - for example, solar powered garden lights, and night
security lighting.
An LDR can even be used in a simple remote control circuit using the backlight of a mobile phone to turn
on a device - call the mobile from anywhere in the world, it lights up the LDR, and lighting
(or a garden sprinkler) can be turned on remotely!

4.7.2 Dependent Resistor Circuits

There are two basic circuits using light dependent resistors - the first is activated by darkness, the second
is activated by light. The two circuits are very similar and just require an LDR, some standard resistors, a
variable resistor (aka potentiometer), and any small signal transistor

Fig 4.12 : Circuit diagram of LDR sensor

30
In the circuit diagram above, the LED lights up whenever the LDR is in darkness. The 10K variable
resistor is used to fine-tune the level of darkness required before the LED lights up. The 10K standard
resistor can be changed as required to achieve the desired effect, although any replacement must be at least
1K to protect the transistor from being damaged by excessive current.

By swapping the LDR over with the 10K and 10K variable resistors (as shown above), the circuit will be
activated instead by light. Whenever sufficient light falls on the LDR (manually fine-tuned using the 10K
variable resistor), the LED will light up.

4.7.3 Using an LDR in the Real World

The circuits shown above are not practically useful. In a real world circuit, the LED (and resistor) between
the positive voltage input (Vin) and the collector (C) of the transistor would be replaced with the device to
be powered.

Fig 4.13 : LDR sensor with Relay

Typically a relay is used - particularly when the low voltage light detecting circuit is used to switch on (or
off) a 240V mains powered device. A diagram of that part of the circuit is shown above. When darkness
falls (if the LDR circuit is configured that way around), the relay is triggered and the 240V device - for
example a security light - switches on.

31
 4.8 RELAY:

Fig 4.14 : Automotive-style miniature relay, dust cover is taken off

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching
mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary
to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled
circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long
distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another.
Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.A
type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly drive an electric motor is called a contactor.
Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to
perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils
are used to protect electrical circuits from overloadfaults; in modern electric power systems these functions
are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".

32
4.8.1 BASIC DESIGN AND OPERATION:

Fig 4.15 : Simple electromechanical relay

Fig 4.16 Small relay as used in electronics

A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire surrounding a soft iron core, an iron yoke
which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature, and one or more sets of
contacts (there are two in the relay pictured). The armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked
to one or more sets of moving contacts. It is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is de-energized
there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay

33
pictured is closed, and the other set is open. Other relays may have more or fewer sets of contacts depending
on their function. The relay in the picture also has a wire connecting the armature to the yoke. This ensures
continuity of the circuit between the moving contacts on the armature, and the circuit track on the printed
circuit board (PCB) via the yoke, which is soldered to the PCB.

When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic field that attracts the
armature and the consequent movement of the movable contact either makes or breaks (depending upon
construction) a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the relay was de-
energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if the contacts
were open. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force, approximately
half as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but
gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly.
In a low-voltage application this reduces noise; in a high voltage or current application it reduces arcing.

When the coil is energized with direct current, a diode is often placed across the coil to dissipate
the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would otherwise generate a voltage
spike dangerous to semiconductor circuit components. Some automotive relays include a diode inside the
relay case. Alternatively, a contact protection network consisting of a capacitor and resistor in series
(snubber circuit) may absorb the surge. If the coil is designed to be energized with alternating current (AC),
a small copper "shading ring" can be crimped to the end of the solenoid, creating a small out-of-phase
current which increases the minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle.

A solid-state relay uses a thyristor or other solid-state switching device, activated by the control
signal, to switch the controlled load, instead of a solenoid. An optocoupler (a light-emitting diode (LED)
coupled with a photo transistor) can be used to isolate control and controlled circuits.

4.8.2 TYPES:

a) LATCHING RELAY:

34
 Fig 4.17 : Latching relay with permanent magnet

A latching relay has two relaxed states (bistable). These are also called "impulse", "keep", or "stay"
relays. When the current is switched off, the relay remains in its last state. This is achieved with a solenoid
operating a ratchet and cam mechanism, or by having two opposing coils with an over-center spring or
permanent magnet to hold the armature and contacts in position while the coil is relaxed, or with a remanent
core. In the ratchet and cam example, the first pulse to the coil turns the relay on and the second pulse turns
it off. In the two coil example, a pulse to one coil turns the relay on and a pulse to the opposite coil turns
the relay off. This type of relay has the advantage that it consumes power only for an instant, while it is
being switched, and it retains its last setting across a power outage. A remanent core latching relay requires
a current pulse of opposite polarity to make it change state.

b) REED RELAY:

A reed relay is a reed switch enclosed in a solenoid. The switch has a set of contacts inside an
evacuated or inert gas-filled glass tube which protects the contacts against atmospheric corrosion; the
contacts are made of magnetic material that makes them move under the influence of the field of the
enclosing solenoid. Reed relays can switch faster than larger relays, require only little power from the
control circuit, but have low switching current and voltage ratings.

35
 Fig 4.18 : Top, middle: reed switches, bottom: reed relay

c) MERCURY-WETTED RELAY:

A mercury-wetted reed relay is a form of reed relay in which the contacts are wetted with mercury.
Such relays are used to switch low-voltage signals (one volt or less) where the mercury reduces the
contact resistance and associated voltage drop, for low-current signals where surface contamination
may make for a poor contact, or for high-speed applications where the mercury eliminates contact
bounce. Mercury wetted relays are position-sensitive and must be mounted vertically to work
properly. Because of the toxicity and expense of liquid mercury, these relays are now rarely used.
See also mercury switch.
d) POLARIZED RELAY:

A polarized relay placed the armature between the poles of a permanent magnet to increase
sensitivity. Polarized relays were used in middle 20th Century telephone exchanges to
detect faint pulses and correct telegraphic distortion. The poles were on screws, so a technician
could first adjust them for maximum sensitivity and then apply a bias spring to set the critical
current that would operate the relay.

e) MACHINE TOOL RELAY:

A machine tool relay is a type standardized for industrial control of machine tools, transfer
machines, and other sequential control. They are characterized by a large number of contacts
(sometimes extendable in the field) which are easily converted from normally-open to
36
 normallyclosed status, easily replaceable coils, and a form factor that allows compactly installin g
many relays in a control panel. Although such relays once were the backbone of automation in such
industries as automobile assembly, the programmable logic controller (PLC) mostly displaced the
machine tool relay from sequential control applications.

f) CONTACTOR RELAY:

A contactor is a very heavy-duty relay used for switching electric motors and lighting loads,
although contactors are not generally called relays. Continuous current ratings for common
contactors range from 10 amps to several hundred amps. High-current contacts are made
with alloys containing silver. The unavoidable arcing causes the contacts to oxidize;
however, silver oxide is still a good conductor.[2] Such devices are often used for motor
starters. A motor starter is a contactor with overload protection devices attached. The
overload sensing devices are a form of heat operated relay where a coil heats a bi-metal
strip, or where a solder pot melts, releasing a spring to operate auxiliary contacts. These
auxiliary contacts are in series with the coil. If the overload senses excess current in the
load, the coil is de-energized. Contactor relays can be extremely loud to operate, making
them unfit for use where noise is a chief concern.
g) SOLID-STATE RELAY:

Fig 4.19 : Solid state relay, which has no moving parts

37
 Fig 4.20 : 25 A& 40 A solid state contactors

A state relay (SSR) is a solid state electronic component that provides a similar function to an
electromechanical relay but does not have any moving components, increasing longterm reliability.
With early SSR's, the tradeoff came from the fact that every transistor has a small voltage drop
across it. This voltage drop limited the amount of current a given SSR could handle. As transistors
improved, higher current SSR's, able to handle 100 to 1,200 Amperes, have become commercially
available. Compared to electromagnetic relays, they may be falsely triggered by transients.

h) SOLID STATE CONTACTOR RELAY:

A state contactor is a heavy-duty solid state relay, including the necessary heat sink, used for
switching electric heaters, small electric motors and lighting loads; where frequent on/off cycles
are required. There are no moving parts to wear out and there is no contact bounce due to vibration.
They are activated by AC control signals or DC control signals from Programmable logic controller
(PLCs), PCs, Transistor-transistor logic (TTL) sources, or other microprocessor and
microcontroller controls.

i) BUCHHOLZ RELAY:

A Buchholz relay is a safety device sensing the accumulation of gas in large oil-filled transformers, which
will alarm on slow accumulation of gas or shut down the transformer if gas is produced rapidly in the
transformer oil.

38
j) FORCED-GUIDED CONTACTS RELAY:

A guided contacts relay has relay contacts that are mechanically linked together, so that when the
relay coil is energized or de-energized, all of the linked contacts move together. If one set of
contacts in the relay becomes immobilized, no other contact of the same relay will be able to move.
The function of forced-guided contacts is to enable the safety circuit to check the status of the relay.
Forced-guided contacts are also known as "positive-guided contacts", "captive contacts", "locked
contacts", or "safety relays".
k) OVERLOAD PROTECTION RELAY:

Electric motors need over current protection to prevent damage from over-loading the motor, or to
protect against short circuits in connecting cables or internal faults in the motor windings. One type of
electric motor overload protection relay is operated by a heating element in series with the electric motor.
The heat generated by the motor current heats a bimetallic strip or melts solder, releasing a spring to operate
contacts. Where the overload relay is exposed to the same environment as the motor, a useful though crude
compensation for motor ambient temperature is provided.

l) POLE AND THROW:

Fig 4.21 : Pole and Throw

39
Circuit symbols of relays. (C denotes the common terminal in SPDT and DPDT types.)

Since relays are switches, the terminology applied to switches is also applied to relays. A relay will switch
one or more poles, each of whose contacts can be thrown by energizing the coil in one of three ways:
• Normally-open (NO) contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is
disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form A contact or "make" contact. NO
contacts can also be distinguished as "early-make" or NOEM, which means that the contacts will
close before the button or switch is fully engaged.
• Normally-closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is
connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form B contact or "break" contact. NC
contacts can also be distinguished as "late-break" or NCLB, which means that the contacts will stay
closed until the button or switch is fully disengaged.
• Change-over (CO), or double-throw (DT), contacts control two circuits: one normally-open contact
and one normally-closed contact with a common terminal. It is also called a Form
C contact or "transfer" contact ("break before make"). If this type of contact utilizes a "make before
break" functionality, then it is called a Form D contact.

The following designations are commonly encountered:

• SPST – Single Pole Single Throw. These have two terminals which can be connected or
disconnected. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. It is ambiguous
whether the pole is normally open or normally closed. The terminology "SPNO" and "SPNC" is
sometimes used to resolve the ambiguity.
• SPDT – Single Pole Double Throw. A common terminal connects to either of two others. Including
two for the coil, such a relay has five terminals in total.
• DPST – Double Pole Single Throw. These have two pairs of terminals. Equivalent to two SPST
switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Including two for the coil, such a relay has six terminals
in total. The poles may be Form A or Form B (or one of each).
• DPDT – Double Pole Double Throw. These have two rows of change-over terminals. Equivalent
to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Such a relay has eight terminals, includin g
the coil.

The "S" or "D" may be replaced with a number, indicating multiple switches connected to a single actuator.
For example 4PDT indicates a four pole double throw relay (with 14 terminals).

40
EN 50005 are among applicable standards for relay terminal numbering; a typical EN 50005compliant
SPDT relay's terminals would be numbered 11, 12, 14, A1 and A2 for the C, NC, NO, and coil connections,
respectively.

4.8.3 APPLICATIONS:

Relays are used to and for:

• Control a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in some types of modems or audio
amplifiers,
• Control a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in the startersolenoid of an automobile,
• Detect and isolate faults on transmission and distribution lines by opening and closing circuit
breakers (protection relays),

Fig 4.22 : A DPDT AC coil relay with "ice cube" packaging

• Isolate the controlling circuit from the controlled circuit when the two are at different potentials,
for example when controlling a mains-powered device from a low-voltage switch. The latter is
often applied to control office lighting as the low voltage wires are easily installed in partitions,
which may be often moved as needs change. They may also be controlled by room occupancy
detectors in an effort to conserve energy,
• Logic functions. For example, the boolean AND function is realised by connecting normally open
relay contacts in series, the OR function by connecting normally open contacts in parallel. The
change-over or Form C contacts perform the XOR (exclusive or) function. Similar functions for
41
 NAND and NOR are accomplished using normally closed contacts. The Ladder programming
language is often used for designing relay logic networks.
o Early computing. Before vacuum tubes and transistors, relays were used as logical
elements in digital computers. See ARRA (computer), Harvard Mark II, Zuse Z2, and Zuse
Z3.
o Safety-critical logic. Because relays are much more resistant than semiconductors to
nuclear radiation, they are widely used in safety-critical logic, such as the control panels
of radioactive waste-handling machinery.
• Time delay functions. Relays can be modified to delay opening or delay closing a set of contacts.
A very short (a fraction of a second) delay would use a copper disk between the armature and
moving blade assembly. Current flowing in the disk maintains magnetic field for a short time,
lengthening release time. For a slightly longer (up to a minute) delay, a dashpot is used. A dashpot
is a piston filled with fluid that is allowed to escape slowly. The time period can be varied by
increasing or decreasing the flow rate. For longer time periods, a mechanical clockwork timer is
installed.

Selection of an appropriate relay for a particular application requires evaluation of many different factors:

• Number and type of contacts – normally open, normally closed, (double-throw)

• Contact sequence – "Make before Break" or "Break before Make". For example, the old style
telephone exchanges required Make-before-break so that the connection didn't get dropped while
dialling the number.
• Rating of contacts – small relays switch a few amperes, large contactors are rated for up to 3000
amperes, alternating or direct current
• Voltage rating of contacts – typical control relays rated 300 VAC or 600 VAC, automotive types
to 50 VDC, special high-voltage relays to about 15 000 V
• Coil voltage – machine-tool relays usually 24 VAC, 120 or 250 VAC, relays for switchgear may
have 125 V or 250 VDC coils, "sensitive" relays operate on a few milliamperes
• Coil current
• Package/enclosure – open, touch-safe, double-voltage for isolation between circuits, explosion
proof, outdoor, oil and splash resistant, washable for printed circuit board assembly
• Assembly – Some relays feature a sticker that keeps the enclosure sealed to allow PCB post
soldering cleaning, which is removed once assembly is complete.
• Mounting – sockets, plug board, rail mount, panel mount, through-panel mount, enclosure for
mounting on walls or equipment

42
 • Switching time – where high speed is required
• "Dry" contacts – when switching very low level signals, special contact materials may be needed
such as gold-plated contacts
• Contact protection – suppress arcing in very inductive circuits
• Coil protection – suppress the surge voltage produced when switching the coil current
• Isolation between coil circuit and contacts
• Aerospace or radiation-resistant testing, special quality assurance
• Expected mechanical loads due to acceleration – some relays used in aerospace applications are
designed to function in shock loads of 50 g or more
• Accessories such as timers, auxiliary contacts, pilot lamps, test buttons

4.9 FLAME SENSOR

The Flame Sensor Module can detect flames in the 760 – 1100 nanometer wavelength range.
Small flames like a lighter flame can be detected at roughly 0.8m. The detection angle is roughly
60 degrees and the sensor is particularly sensitive to the flame spectrum.
An on-board LM393 op-amp is used as a comparator to adjust the sensitivity level. The sensor
has a digital and analog output and sensitivity can be adjusted via the blue potentiometer.
This Flame Sensor Module is used to detect fire/flame source or other light sources of the
wavelength in the range of 760nm – 1100 nm. It is based on the YG1006 sensor which is a high
speed and high sensitive NPN silicon phototransistor. Due to its black epoxy, the sensor is
sensitive to infrared radiation.

The sensor can be a great addition in a firefighting robot, it can be used as a robot eyes to find the
fire source. When the sensor detects flame the Signal LED will light up and the D0 pin goes
LOW.
The module has 2 outputs: Analogue, which gives a real-time voltage output signal on thermal
resistance, and digital which allows temperature thresholds to be set via a potentiometer.

Fig 4.23 : Flame sensor

43
4.9.1 Working principle

 Flame sensors are constructed with an electronic circuit that receives electromagnetic radiations.
 The sensor comprises of an isolated metal rod that directs an alternating current signal into the
flame.
 The flame receives this alternating current and injects its direct current part to the burner.
 The burner is then responsible for conducting the received dc signal first to the burner rack and
then to the control by using aground wire.
 The control then detects the current loop and locks on the gas valve in order to continue the run.
This returns in the form of a small amperage/voltage signal that has high chances of signal
degradation.
 The flame detector follows the infrared flame flash method that makes it capable of working
through a coating of dust, oil, water vapor, and at times ice.

4.9.2 Features :

 High Photo Sensitivity

 Fast Response Time
 Sensitivity adjustable
 Detects a flame or a light source of a wavelength in the range of 760nm-1100 nm.
 Detection range: up to 100 cm.
 Adjustable detection range.
 Detection angle about 60 degrees, it is sensitive to the flame spectrum.
 Comparator chip LM393 makes module readings stable.
 Operating voltage 3.3V-5V.
 Digital and Analog Output.
 Power indicator and digital switch output indicator.

4.9.3 Application

 Industrial gas turbines.

 Hydrogen stations.
 Fire detection devices.
 Fire alarms.
 Domestic and industrial heating systems.
 Fire fighting robots.
 Industrial furnaces.
 Drying systems.
 Gas-powered cooking devices.
 Radiation research labs.
 Mines.
 Ignition systems.

44
4.9.4 Pin configuration
It includes four pins which include the following. When this module works with a microcontroller unit
then the pins are

Pin1 (VCC pin): Voltage supply rages from 3.3V to 5.3V

Pin2 (GND): This is a ground pin
Pin3 (AOUT): This is an analog output pin (MCU.IO)
Pin4 (DOUT): This is a digital output pin (MCU.IO)

Table 4.3 : Specifications of Flame sensor

45
 Chapter - 5
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

5.1 Arduino IDE compiler:

Arduino is an open-deliver electronics platform based mostly on smooth-to-use hardware and

software utility. Arduino boards can observe inputs - slight on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a
Twitter message - and flip it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing a
few components online. You could tell your board what to do by sending a hard and fast of
commands to the microcontroller at the board. To do so that you use the Arduino programming
language (based totally mostly on Wiring), and the Arduino software (IDE), based on Processing.

Over the years Arduino has been the brain of lots of obligations, from regular gadgets to complex
medical gadgets. A worldwide community of makers - college students, hobbyists, artists,
programmers, and specialists - has collected spherical this open-deliver platform, their
contributions have brought as much as a terrific amount of available knowhow that can be of terrific
assist to novices and experts alike.

Arduino has become born on the Ivrea interaction format Institute as a clean tool for instant
prototyping, geared towards university college students without a historic past in electronics and
programming. As quickly as it reached a miles wider community, the Arduino board started
converting to conform to new dreams and traumatic situations, differentiating its provide from
smooth eight-bit boards to merchandise for IoT

Programs, wearable, three-d printing, and embedded environments. All Arduino boards are without
a doubt open-deliver, empowering clients to assemble them independently and ultimately adapt
them to their unique dreams. The software program, too, is open-supply, and its miles growing thru
the contributions of customers globally.

The advantages of the Arduino IDE utility are

1. much less steeply-priced

2. The clean smooth programming surroundings

3. Extensible software program application utility and hardware

46
Fig 5.1 : Arduino IDE

Fig 5.2 : Using Arduino

47
The Arduino venture gives the Arduino blanketed development surroundings (IDE), it really is a go-
platform software program software developed in the programming language Java. It is developed to
introduce programming application with software improvement.

It includes a code editor with features in conjunction with syntax highlighting, brace matching, and
automatic indentation, and offers a simple one-click mechanism to collect and load packages to an Arduino
board. A software program written with the IDE for Arduino is known as a "cool lively film".

Arduino IDE permits the languages C and C++ the use of special hints to set up code. The Arduino IDE
materials a software program software library called Wiring from the Wiring task, which offers many, not
unusual enter and output techniques. a massive Arduino C/C++ cool animated film embodies abilities that
might be compiled and related with a utility stub vital() into an executable cyclic government software:

• Setup (): a feature that runs as fast as on the start of software and which can initialize settings.

• loop (): a characteristic called time and again until the board powers off.

• Writing Sketches

• Report

• Edit

• Caricature

• Equipment

• help

• Sketchbook

• Tabs, more than one documents, and Compilation

• importing
• Libraries

• Hardware

• Serial screen

• Possibilities

48
• Language assist

• Forums

The Arduino Software (IDE) - carries a text editor for writing code, a message location, a text console, a
toolbar with buttons for all functions, and a group of menus. It joins to the Arduino and Genuino hardware
to add packages and talk with them.

5.2 WRITING SKETCHES:

Packages written utilizing Arduino software application program (IDE) are called sketches. Those sketches
are written inside the textual content editor and saved with the document extension .ino. The editor has
capabilities for slicing/pasting and for searching/changing textual content. The message area gives
comments while saving and exporting and presentation errors. The console shows text output thru the use
of the Arduino software program (IDE), together with complete error messages and distinctive records. The
lowest right-hand nook of the window suggests the configured board and serial port. The toolbar buttons
permit you to verify and upload packages, create, open, and keep sketches, and open the serial show.

• verify

Assessments your code for compiling it.

• upload

Compiles your code and uploads it to the board. See importing below for facts.

• Notice: if you are using an of doors programmer together with your board, you may hold down the
"shift" key for your pc while the usage of this icon. The textual content will trade to "add the use
of Programmer"
• New

Creates an ultra-modern caricature.

• Open

In case you need to open a caricature overdue under the listing, use the document | Sketch book menu as an
alternative.

• hold

49
Saves your cool animated film.

• Serial display

Opens the serial screen.

Additional instructions are decided inside the five menus: record, Edit, caricature, gear, and help.

File:

• New

Creates today's instance of the editor, with the naked minimum form of a sketch already in the area.

Figure 5.3 : Create a new sketch

• Open

Allows loading a caricature file surfing via the pc drives and folders.

• Open current-day

Provides a brief listing of the maximum ultra-modern sketches, equipped to be opened.

• Sketchbook

Suggests the contemporary-day sketches in the sketchbook folder shape; clicking on any call opens the
corresponding cool animated film in a modern-day editor instance.

50
• Examples

Any instance supplied with the useful aid of the Arduino software program application (IDE) or library
suggests up on this menu item. All of the examples are based on a tree that lets in clean get proper of entry
to by way of the usage of subject matter or library.

• keep

Saves the caricature earlier then, a call might be supplied in a "shop as.” window.

• save as...

Let’s in to maintain the cutting-edge cool animated film with a wonderful name.

• Internet page Setup

It suggests the net page Setup window for printing.

• Print

Sends the cutting-edge cartoon to the printer in step with the settings defined in net web page Setup.

• Options
Opens the possibilities window wherein a few IDE settings may be customized, because of the fact that
language of the IDE interface.

• give up

Closes all IDE windows. The identical sketches open whilst give up turned into chosen can be robotically
reopened the subsequent time you begin the IDE.

• Edit

Write the program.

• Undo/Redo

is going decrease once more of 1 or extra steps you did at the equal time as editing; while you skip decrease
returned, you can move in advance with Redo.

• duplicate

51
Duplicates the selected text inside the editor

• Reproduction for discussion board

• Reproduction as HTML

• Paste

Places the contents of the clipboard on the cursor feature, in the editor.

• select all

Selects and highlights the complete content material of the editor.

• Statement/Uncomment

Places or gets rid of the // observation marker at the start of every decision online.

• increase/lower Indent
Adds or subtracts an area at the beginning of each decided online, transferring the textual content one area
at the proper or disposing of an area on the start.

• locate

Opens the discover and update window in which you could specify the text to search inside the cutting-
edge-day comedian strip in keeping with numerous alternatives.

• locate next

Highlights the fact that is trying to find the item within the known window, relative to the cursor

52
role.

• discover preceding

Fig 5.4 : Verify and compiling

• upload

This may overwrite the bootloader at the board; you could want to use device > Burn Bootloader
to restore it and be capable of add to the USB serial port another time. However, it permits you to
apply the overall functionality. To acquire this a system -> Burn Bootloader command needs to be
accomplished.

53
 Fig 5.5 : Loading the binary file

• Export Compiled Binary

Saves a .hex record that can be saved as an archive or sent to the board using various equipment.

• encompass Library

Gives a library on your caricature with the aid of placing #encompass statements at the beginning of your
code. For more facts, see libraries under. Moreover, from this menu item, you could get proper access to
the Library

54
• add report...

Adds a supply file to the comedian strip (it will be copied from its present-day area). the presentday day
document seems in an ultra-present day tab in the cool animated film window. Documents may be
eliminated from the strip the normal use of the tab menu available clicking on the lower triangle icon below.

5.3 Device :

• Automobile layout

This formats your code properly: i.e. indents it simply so beginning and remaining curly braces

• Archive comedian strip

Documents a replica of the current-day cool lively movie in .zip format. The archive is placed in the equal
listing because of the comedian strip.

• Recovery Encoding & Reload

Fixes viable discrepancies in most of the editor char map encoding and exceptional on-foot structures char
maps.
• Board

Pick out the board which you're the use of. See underneath for descriptions of the numerous boards.

• Port

This menu consists of all the serial devices (real or digital) for your device. It wants to routinely refresh
each time you open the top-stage equipment menu.

• Programmer

For choosing a hardware programmer whilst programming a board or chip and not the usage of the onboard
USB-serial connection. Normally you may not need this, however, if you're burning a bootloader to a new
microcontroller, you could use this.

• Burn Bootloader

55
The gadgets on this menu will allow you to burn a bootloader on to the mcu on an Arduino board. This isn't
always required for use of an Arduino uno or Genuino board but is beneficial if you purchase an extremely-
cutting-edge ATmega microcontroller (which usually comes without a bootloader). Ensure which you've
decided on the right board from the boards' menu in advance than burning the bootloader on the reason
board. This command additionally sets the proper fuses. Help:

Right here you find out easy access to several files that encompass the Arduino software program utility
(IDE). You’ve got have been given get proper of entry to Getting started, Reference, this manual to the IDE
and distinct files regionally, without an internet connection. The documents are a neighborhood
reproduction of the internet ones and can hyperlink once more to our online net internet web page.

• DISCOVER IN REFERENCE
This is the pleasant interactive characteristic of the assist menu: it straight away selects the applicable net
page in the close by a duplicate of the Reference for the characteristic or command beneath the cursor. L

5.4 LANGUAGE SUPPORT

Fig 5.6 : Language support

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5.5 SERIAL MONITOR:
Indicates serial facts being despatched from the Arduino UNO or Genuino board (USB or serial board). To
ship data to the board, enter textual content and click on on on at the "supply" button 36 2336 or press enter.
Choose out the baud price from the drop-down that fits to Serial. 12 Begin in your comic strip. Be conscious
that on domestic home windows, Mac or Linux, the Arduino UNO or Genuino board will reset whilst you
join with the serial display.

You could also interface to the board from Processing, Flash, MaxMSP, and so on (see the 12 interfacing
net page for information). Possibilities: A few picks can be set inside the options dialog (determined under
the Arduino menu on the 36 Mac, or document on home windows and Linux).
The relaxation can get in the options file, 12 whose region is confirmed in the choice conversation.

Arduino software (IDE) consists of the built-in to beefit for the forums in the following listing, all primarily
based on the AVR mcu. The Boards manager included inner the fashionable set up allows to feature assist
for the growing variety of new boards based totally on special cores like Arduino UNO, Arduino 0, Edison,
Galileo and so on.

• Arduino Yùn

An ATmega32u4 frequency at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 12 Analog Input pins, 20 virtual I/O, and 7 PWM.

• Arduino/Genuino Uno

An ATmega328 frequency at 16 MHz with automobile-reset, 6 Analog Input, 14 virtual I/O, and 6 PWM.

An ATmega168 strolling at 16 MHz with car-reset.

• Arduino Nano w/ ATmega328

An ATmega328 has a frequency of 16 MHz with automobile-reset. Has eight analog inputs.

• Arduino/Genuino Mega 2560

An ATmega2560 has a frequency of at sixteen MHz with automobile-reset, 16 Analog In, 54 virtual I/O,
and 15 PWM.
• Arduino Mega

An ATmega1280 has a frequency of 16 MHz with vehicle-reset, 16 Analog In, fifty 4 virtual I/O, and 15
PWM.

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• Arduino Mega ADK

An ATmega2560 on foot at sixteen MHz with vehicle-reset, sixteen Analog In, fifty-four digital I/O, and
15 PWM.

• Arduino Leonardo

An ATmega32u4 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 12 Analog Input, 20 virtual I/O, and seven
PWM.

• Arduino/Genuino Micro

An ATmega32u4 has a frequency of 16 MHz with car-reset, 12 Analog Input, 20 virtual I/O, and seven
PWM.

• Arduino Esplora

ATmega32u4 jogging at sixteen MHz with car-reset.

• Arduino Mini w/ ATmega328

An ATmega328 has a frequency of 16 MHz with vehicle-reset, eight Analog In, 14 virtual I/O, and six
PWM.

• Arduino Ethernet

Equal to Arduino UNO with an Ethernet defend An ATmega328 jogging at 16 MHz with car-reset, 6
Analog In, 14 digital I/O, and six PWM.

• Arduino Fio

ATmega328 jogging at eight MHz with automobile-reset. equal to Arduino seasoned or Pro Mini (3.3V, 8
MHz) w/ATmega328, 6 Analog In, 14 virtual I/O, and 6 PWM.
• Arduino BT w/ ATmega328

ATmega328 has a frequency of sixteen MHz. The bootloader burned (four KB) consists of codes to
initialize the on-board Bluetooth module, 6 Analog In, 14 digital I/O, and 6 PWM.

• LilyPad Arduino USB

An ATmega32u4 frequency at 8 MHz with vehicle-reset, four Analog In, nine digital I/O, and four

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PWM.

• LilyPad Arduino

An ATmega168 or ATmega132 walking at 8 MHz with vehicle-reset, 6 Analog Input, 14 virtual I/O, and
6 PWM.

• Arduino seasoned or Pro Mini (5V, sixteen MHz) w/ ATmega328

An ATmega328 taking walks at sixteen MHz with vehicle-reset. Identical to Arduino Duemilanove or Nano
w/ ATmega328; 6 Analog Input, 14 virtual I/O and six PWM.

• Arduino NG or older w/ ATmega168

An ATmega168 frequency at 16 MHz without car-reset. Compilation and add is identical to Arduino
Diecimila ATmega168, however, the bootloader burned has a slower timeout (and blinks the pin thirteen
LED three times on reset); 6 Analog Input, 14 virtual I/O, and six PWM.

• Arduino robotic manage

An ATmega328 frequency at 16 MHz with vehicle-reset.

• Arduino robotic Motor

An ATmega328 on foot at sixteen MHz with automobile-reset.

• Arduino Gemma

An ATtiny85 frequency at eight MHz with automobile-reset, 1 Analog In, three digital I/O, and more than
one PWM.

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5.6 BLYNK APP

5.6.1 How Blynk Works?

Blynk was designed for the Internet of Things. It can control hardware remotely, it can display sensor data,
it can store data, visualize it and do many other cool things.
There are three major components in the platform:
1. Blynk App - allows to you create amazing interfaces for your projects using various widgets we
provide.
2. Blynk Server - responsible for all the communications between the smartphone and hardware. You
can use our Blynk Cloud or run your private Blynkj server locally. It’s open-source, could easily handle
thousands of devices and can even be launched on a Raspberry Pi.
3. Blynk Libraries - for all the popular hardware platforms - enable communication with the server
and process all the incoming and out coming commands.

Fig 5.7 : Blynk interfacing

5.6.2 Arduino Ide Setup Process
Arduino IDE is an open source software that is mainly used for writing and compiling the code into the
Arduino Module. The main code, also known as a sketch, created on the IDE platform will ultimately
generate a Hex File which is then transferred and uploaded in the controller on the board.

The node MCU needs some external libraries for accessing the commands for it. For instating node
MCU library the fallowing link must be placed in the board manager which is present in options tools
of the arduino IDE software. The link is :
http://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json

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 Fig 5.8 : Installation of nodeMCU board

5.6.3 Blynk library

Download the latest Blynk_Release_vXX.zip file from the GitHub page: Blynk
library should be installed manually. Follow the instructions:

1. Unzip the Blynk_Release_vXX.zip archive. You will notice that archive contains several folders
and several libraries.
2. Copy all of these libraries to your sketchbook folder of Arduino IDE.
To find the location of your sketchbook folder, go to top menu in Arduino IDE: Windows: File →
Preferences

The structure of your your sketchbook folder should now look like this, along with your other sketches (if
you have them):

Fig 5.9 : Installing Blynk library

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5.6.4 PROCEDURE FOR CREATION AND CONNECTING BLYNK TO MICRO
CONTROLLER

1. Create a Blynk Account

After you download the Blynk App, you’ll need to create a New Blynk account. This account is
After separate from the accounts used for the Blynk Forums, in case you already have one. We
recommend using a real email address because it will simplify things later.

Fig 5.10 : Creation of blynk account

2. Create a New Project

After we have successfully logged into our account, start by creating a new project.

Fig 5.11 : Creation of a project

3. Choose Hardware
Select the hardware model that we will use.

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 Fig 5.12 : Selection of controller

4. Auth Token
Auth Token is a unique identifier which is needed to connect our hardware to our smart phone. Every new
project that we create will have its own Auth Token. We will get Auth Token automatically on your email
after project creation. we can copy it manually. Click on devices section and selected required device : and
we see the token.

Fig 5.13 : Generation of auth token

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5. Blynk Tools Creation
Required tools are taken and laced in proper positions. Various tools, Switches, joysticks, sliders, etc are
available. The required video display, two joysticks, one button and GPS tools are taken.

Fig 5.14 : App Appearance

6. Internal Of Joystick
Limits for the joystick are given and the refresh rate is also given so that the value is changed very
frequently.

Fig 5.15 : Internal of Joystick

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 Chapter-6
Results
Here we are getting our results on our mobile screen i.e, getting different sensor values like temp
from temp sensor light intensity through LDR sensor. Also we are getting results of appliances
getting on and off through the mobile application on our board.

Hence by using blynk app we are controlling different appliances through the connection from nodeMCU.

Fig 6.1 : Kit in on and connected condition

Fig 6.2 : O/P on Blynk app interface

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 CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

Now a day applications of Internet are increasing and IoT is the new era of the internet where daily life all
things connected to internet and can be monitor & can be operate remotely from anywhere. This Project
provides objectives of IoT, most of the application domains where IoT is used and the system architecture
of IoT. Literature Survey provides the different Iot based existing system and gives details about the system.
While AI-based voice-enabled assistants are already in use in many homes, over the next decade, these
platforms can extend their functions to serve as the brain of the entire home. They can undertake a range
of activities from controlling all the smart gadgets within the home, besides monitoring and tracking the
schedules, health, and preferences of the residents, whether it’s their favorite genre of music or the
intensity or color of the lighting in the room.
With smart home devices, you can remotely monitor your home appliances and ensure that all
devices are safely switched off. One of the biggest advantages of home automation is that it
keeps your abode safe, and prevents accidental fires, water leaks, gas leaks, and other disasters.

ADVANTAGES :
• Increase in convenience
• Full control over all smart appliances with only one device
• Time savings
• Higher quality of life

DISADVANTAGES :

• Significant installation costs

• Reliable internet connection is crucial
• Security issues
• Technological problems in connected homes

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 REFERENCES
[1] Qingping Chi, Hairong Yan, Chuan Zhang, Zhibo Pang, and Li Da Xu, “A Reconfigurable
Smart Sensor Interface for Industrial WSN in IoT Environment”, IEEE Transactions on
IndustrialInformatics, Vol. 10, NO. 2, MAY 2014, pp. 1417-1425.
[2] Shifeng Fang, LidaXu ; Huan Pei ; Yongqiang Liu ; Zhihui Liu ; Yunqiang Zhu ; Jianwu Yan
; and Huifang Zhang, “An Integrated Approach to Snowmelt Flood Forecasting in Water Resource
Management”, Industrial Informatics, IEEE Transactions, Volume:10 ,Issue: 1, April 2013, pp. 548 – 558.
[3] Cheong, P., Ka-Fai Chang, Ying-Hoi Lai, Sut-Kam Ho, Iam-KeongSou, and Kam-Weng Tam,
“A ZigBeeBased Wireless Sensor Network Node for Ultraviolet Detection of Flame”, Industrial
Electronics, IEEE Transactions, Volume 58 , Issue: 11, February 2011, pp. 5271 – 5277.
[4] Dr. V. Bhuvaneswari, Dr. R Porkodi, “The Internet of Things (IoT) Applications and
Communication Enabling Technology Standards: An Overview”, International Conference on Intellige nt
Computing Applications, 2014, pp. 324-329
[5] R. KarpagaPriya, T. KarpooraEswari, and K. Akilakumari, “Industrial WSN in IOT
Environment Interface with Smart Sensor Using ARM”, International Journal of Advance Research in
Science And Engineering (IJARSE), Vol. No.4, Special Issue (02), February 2015, pp. 204-215.
[6] Bharani M., Elango S., Ramesh S.M., and Preetilatha R., “An Embedded System Based
Monitoring System For Industries By interfacing Sensors With ATmega Microcontroller” International
Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE) Volume 3, Issue
11, November 2014, pp. 1472-1474.
[7] GauravTiwari, RiyazKazi,”Realization of the Functions of Autonomic Smart Sensor Interface for
Industrial in IOT Environment”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and
Software Engineering, (IJARCSSE) Volume 5, Issue 1, January 2015, pp. 878-883.
[8] S. Pandikumar and R.S. Vetrivel,“ Internet of Things Based Architecture of Web and Smart
Home Interface Using GSM”, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and
Technology(IJIRSET), Volume 3, Special Issue 3 , March 2014, pp. 1721-1727.

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