Hand Moulding

➢The bricks moulded by hands may be of

two types:
➢Ground moulded bricks
➢Table moulded bricks

Dept of Mat Eng 201

Frogs and Impressions
➢Identification marks left on bricks
during process of molding to indicate
the name of manufacturer are known
as frogs.
➢It also provide key for mortar, which
gives a grip between the successive
bricks.

Dept of Mat Eng 202

Brick Burning
➢After bricks have dried in sun these
are burnt in kilns to make them
harder, stronger, denser, less
absorbent and consequently more
durable. These are burnt in
➢Clamp or Pazawah
➢Kiln (intermittent, continuous)
Bull’s trench kiln
Hoffman’s kiln

Dept of Mat Eng 203

Dept of Mat Eng 204
Test for Bricks
➢ AASHTO T 32-03, ASTM C 67-02a
➢ Following test are recommended:
➢ Sampling of bricks
➢ Determination of weight, size
➢ Water absorption and saturation coefficient
➢ Compressive strength
➢ Modulus of rupture
➢ Effect of freeze and thaw
➢ Efflorescence
➢ Initial rate of absorption

Dept of Mat Eng 205

Sampling of bricks
➢Brick should be full size
➢Representative of whole lot in color,
texture and size.
➢Free of dirt, mud, mortar or other
foreign materials
➢Each specimen should be marked
➢ at least 10 samples for 1,000,000 lot

Dept of Mat Eng 206

Absorption
➢The test specimen shall consists of
half brick, oven dried for 24 hours.
➢Five specimen shall be tested.
➢Submerge the dry cooled specimen,
without preliminary partial
immersion, in clean water at 15.5 to
300C for specified time.
➢Remove the specimen, wipe off the
surface water with a damp cloth and
weigh the specimen.

Dept of Mat Eng 207

Absorption cont.

➢ Calculate the absorption of each specimen

as follows:

➢ Absorption (%)= 100* (Ws-Wd)/Wd

➢ Where
➢ Wd = dry weight of the specimen, and
➢ Ws = saturated weight of the specimen
after each specimen, rounded to the
nearest 0.1%.

Dept of Mat Eng 208

Compressive strength test
➢ All specimen should be dry and cool
➢ Cap the test specimen with:
➢ Gypsum capping
➢ Sulfur-filler capping
➢ Age the cap at least 24 hours for gypsum
and 2 hours for sulfur
➢ Place the brick in depth wise
➢ Apply the load upto one half of the expected
maximum load at any convenient rate, after
which, adjust the controls of the machine so
that remaining load is applied at a uniform
rate in less than 1 nor more than 2 min.
Dept of Mat Eng 209
Compressive strength test
➢Calculate the compressive strength of
each specimen as follows:

➢ compressive strength, C= W/A

➢Where
➢C = Compressive strength (psi)
➢W = Maximum load (lb)
➢A = Average of gross area (in2)

Dept of Mat Eng 210

Efflorescence
➢ The sample shall consists of ten full size bricks.
➢ Remove by brushing any adhering dirt that might
be mistaken for efflorescence.
➢ Dry the specimens and cool them.
➢ Set one specimen from each of the five pairs, on
end, partially immersed in distilled water to a
depth of app. 1” for seven days in dry room.
➢ Store the second specimen from each of the five
pairs in the drying room without contact with
water.
➢ After drying, examine and compare each pair of
specimen from a distance of 10 ft and decide
“effloresced” or “not effloresced” in comparison
with each pair.

Dept of Mat Eng 211

Dept of Mat Eng 212
Qualities of Good Bricks
1. Good quality brick should have rectangular plane surface
with parallel sides and sharp, straight, right angled edges.
2. Uniform in size: variation should not be more than 1/8” for
first class & 1/16” for superior class.
3. Uniformity in color: usually red color
4. Texture should be compact and fine.
5. Free of lumps of lime and bubbles, when broken.
6. Metallic sound is an indicator of hardened brick. Dull
sound indicates soft brick.
7. Stronger bricks has less water absorption.
8. Crushing strength of first & second class brick may be
1500 & 1000 psi respectively. It may be as high as
2350psi.
9. Brick masonry can take safe tensile strength up to 1 ton
per sq. ft. dor 1:6 c/s mortar.
10. Resistant to fire (due to presence of silica)
Dept of Mat Eng 213
Dept of Mat Eng 214
Sizes of Bricks
➢Principal for sizes are
➢Length = 2x width+ mortar joint
➢Length = 3x Height+ mortar joint
➢Easy to handle, can be gripped in one
hand
➢Weight should not be more than 4 kg.

Dept of Mat Eng 215

Sizes of Bricks
➢Sizes may be measured as
➢Actual size (without any attachment)
➢Nominal size (with mortar thickness)
➢Sizes is always written in following
order:
➢ Length x Width x Height

➢Typical size of brick is:

➢ 9” x 4-1/2” x 3”

Dept of Mat Eng 216

Dept of Mat Eng 217
Different types of bricks
➢ Based on its uses, bricks have
different types:
1. Paving bricks or Tuff Tiles
2. Jamb Bricks
3. Side wedge bricks
4. Cornice bricks
5. Plinth bricks
6. Hollow bricks
7. Corbels
8. Coping bricks
Dept of Mat Eng 218
Paving Bricks
➢ Paving bricks or tuff tiles are
commonly used for approaches to
entrance.
➢ May have different sizes depending
upon shape:
➢ High compressive strength and
resistance to abrasion.
➢ Made by fine aggregate concrete
➢ Some are made of higher iron
percentage and higher burning
temperature.
➢ High compressive strength and
resistance to abrasion.
➢ Made by fine aggregate concrete.
➢ Some are made of higher iron
percentage and higher burning
temperature.

Dept of Mat Eng 219

 PAVING BRICKS

Dept of Mat Eng 220

 PAVING BRICKS

Dept of Mat Eng 221

Jamb Bricks
➢These bricks are chamfered and
rounded to the desired shape at one
corner.

Dept of Mat Eng 222

Different types of bricks
➢ Culvert or side wedge
bricks are taper in
thickness and used for
arches.
➢ Cornice bricks are used for
cornice (projecting
horizontal members that
crown an architectural
composite)

➢ Corbels are used for

corbelling the projections.
Dept of Mat Eng 223
Different types of bricks
➢Plinth bricks are used on plinth

Dept of Mat Eng 224

Different types of bricks
➢Copping bricks with
different shapes
and sizes depending
upon there
functions are used
for coping. e.g.
chamfered, half
round or saddle
back etc.

Dept of Mat Eng 225

Hollow bricks
➢ They are also known as cavity
or cellular bricks.
➢ These are not solid but hollow
inside.
➢ Volume of solid material
should not be less than one
half of its gross over all
volume.
➢ No web should be less than
1.5cm thick.
➢ They are only one third of the
weight of the same size of
ordinary bricks.
Dept of Mat Eng 226
Hollow bricks
➢These can be laid almost four times
as fast as the ordinary bricks.
➢These provides the advantages of
hollow walls e.g. insulation against
heat and sound.
➢These are sufficiently strong for all
purposes except for concentrated
loads. These are ideally suited for
the construction of non-load bearing
(partition) walls.

Dept of Mat Eng 227

Dept of Mat Eng 228