MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

YANGON TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

FOURTH ORDER BUTTERWORTH LOW PASS FILTER

(SALLEN KEY)

By

MEEC -3 (BATCH -13)

20-9-2018

Yangon
 TABLE OF CONTENTDS

1.INTRODUCTION

2.OBJECTIVE

3.BACKGROUND THEORIES

4.REPORT DESIGN

5.DESIGN CALCULATION

6.EXPERIMENT TEST

7.DISCUSSION

8.REFERENCES
1.INTRODUCTION

A filter is a circuit that passes certain frequencies and attenuates or rejects all other frequencies.
Filter networks may be either active or passive. Passive filter networks contain only resistors,
inductors, and capacitors. Active filters employ operational amplifiers (op-amps) as well as
resistors and capacitor.

Figure 1.1: Active low pass filter Figure 1.2: Active low pass filter

The passband of a filter is the range of frequencies that are allowed to pass through the filter
with minimum attenuation (usually defined as less than of attenuation). The critical frequency,
(cutoff frequency) defines the end of the passband and is normally specified at the point where
the response drops from the passband response.

Following the passband is a region called the transition region that leads into a region called
the stopband. There is no precise point between the transition region and the stopband. The
passband of the ideal low-pass filter is one that passes frequencies from dc to and significantly
attenuates all other frequencies.

Figure 1.3(a): Comparison of an ideal low-pass filter response with actual response.
 Figure 1.3(b): Basic low-pass circuit

To produce a filter that has a steeper transition region, it is necessary to add additional circuitry
to the basic filter. Filters can be designed with roll-off rates of -40, -60 or more dB/decade.
Filters that include one or more op-amps and can optimize the roll-off rate or phase response
with a particular filter design. In general, the more poles the filter uses, the steeper its transition
region will be. The exact response depends on the type of filter and the number of poles.

Figure 1.3(c): Idealized low-pass filter responses

Each type of filter response (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, or band-stop) can be tailored by
circuit component values to have either a Butterworth, Chebyshev, Bessel and Elliptic
characteristic. Each of these characteristics is identified by the shape of the response curve,
and each has an advantage in certain applications.

Figure 1.4: Filter response comparison

2. OBJECTIVE

To cutoff the high frequency signal from the input signal.

To pass the low frequency from the input signal.

3. BACKGROUND THEORIES

IC 741 Operational Amplifier

The IC 741 operational amplifier looks like a small chip. 741 IC op-amp comprises of eight
pins. The most significant pins are 2,3 and 6, where pin2 and 3 are pin 2 and 3 denote inverting
& non-inverting terminals and pin6 denotes output voltage. In an IC 741 op amp pin3 and pin6
are input and output pins. When the voltage is given to the pin3 then we can get the output
from the pin-6. The main function of this IC 741 is to do mathematical operations in various
circuits. IC 741 op amp is made from various stages of transistor which commonly have three
stages like differential input, a push-pull output and an intermediate gain stage. The differential
op-amps comprises of a set of FETs or BJTs.

3.1(a). Pin Diagram of IC 741 Op-Amp

The pin configuration of the IC 741 operational amplifier is shown below.

 Pin-1 is Offset null.

 Pin-2 is Inverting (-) i/p terminal.
 Pin-3 is a non-inverting (+) i/p terminal.
 Pin-4 is -Ve voltage supply (VCC)
 Pin-5 is offset null.
 Pin-6 is the o/p voltage.
 Pin-7 is +Ve voltage supply (+VCC)
 Pin-8 is not connected.

VALUES FOR BUTTERWORTH RESPONSE

ORDER ROLL-OFF ORDER 1ST STAGE 2ND STAGE 3RD STAGE

DB/DECADE POLES DF R1/R2 POLES DF R3/R4 POLES DF R5/R6

1. -20 1 Optional

2. -40 2 1.414 0.586

3. -60 2 1.00 1 1 1.00 1

4. -80 2 1.848 0.152 2 0.765 1.235

5. -100 2 1.00 1 2 1.618 0.382 1 0.618 1.382

6. -120 2 1.932 0.068 2 1.414 0.586 2 0.518 1.482

Table 3.1: Values for Butterworth response

NORMALIZED DENOMINATOR POLYNOMIALS IN FACTOR FORM

Table 3.2: Normalized Denominator Polynomials in Factor Form

A SECOND ORDER SALLEN KEY FILTER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

 Figure 3.1(b): A Second Order Sallen Key Filter Circuit Diagram

4. REPORT DESIGN

Input - Vin

Output - Vout

Component Labs - resistor,

- capacitor and

- 741 op-amp.
 Figure 4.1: Sallen Key Fourth Order Butterworth Low Pass Filter (Theoretical Value)

Figure 4.2: Sallen Key Fourth Order Butterworth Low Pass Filter (Standard Value)
5.Design and Calculation

Figure 5.1: Sallen Key Fourth Order Butterworth Low Pass Filter

𝐾𝑏𝑜
H(s) = ( 𝑠 𝑛 +𝑏𝑛−1 𝑠 𝑛−1 +𝑏𝑛−2 𝑠 𝑛−2 +𝑏1 𝑠+𝑏0 )

10
= ( 𝑠 4 +𝑏3 𝑠 3 +𝑏2 𝑠 2 +𝑏1 𝑠+𝑏0 )

10
= ( 𝑠 4 +2.613𝑠 3 +3.414𝑠 2 +2.613𝑠+1)

10
= ( 𝑠 2 +0.765𝑠+1 ) ( 𝑠 2 +1.848𝑠+1 )

Cutoff frequency 𝑓1 = 1𝑘𝐻𝑧

Order n=4,

For 1𝑠𝑡 stage,

𝑎 = 1.848 , 𝑏 = 1
 𝑎+√𝑎2 −8b (K−1)
𝐶1𝑛 =
4𝑏

(1.848)+√(1.848)2 −8(9)
=
4

= 2.633𝐹
1 1
𝐶2𝑛 = =
𝑏𝐶1𝑛 2.633

= 0.379𝐹

𝐼𝑆𝐹 = 104

𝜔1 2𝜋𝑓
𝐹𝑆𝐹 = = = 2𝜋 × 103
𝜔𝑛 1

𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝐼𝑆𝐹 × 𝑅𝑛 = 104 × 1 = 10𝑘Ω

𝐶1𝑛 0.379
𝐶1 = =
𝐼𝑆𝐹×𝐹𝑆𝐹 2𝜋×107

= 41.9𝑛𝐹 = 47𝑛𝐹 = 0.047𝜇𝐹 = 47𝑛𝐹

𝐶2𝑛 0.379
𝐶2 = = = 6.03𝑛𝐹 = 6800𝑝𝐹
𝐼𝑆𝐹×𝐹𝑆𝐹 2𝜋×107

For 𝑅𝐼1 = 1𝑘Ω ,

𝑅𝑓1 = ( 𝐾 − 1 )𝑅𝐼1

= ( 10 − 1 ) ( 1𝑘 )

= 9𝑘Ω = 10𝑘Ω (Standard Value)

For the 2𝑛𝑑 Stage,

𝑎 = 0.765 , 𝑏 = 1,

𝑎+√𝑎2 +8b (K−1)

𝐶3𝑛 =
4𝑏

(0.765)+√(0.765)2 −8(9)
=
4
 = 2.32𝐹
1 1
𝐶4𝑛 = =
𝑏𝐶3𝑛 2.32

= 0.43𝐹

𝑅3 = 𝑅4 = 𝐼𝑆𝐹 × 𝑅𝑛 = 104 × 1 = 10𝑘Ω

𝐶3𝑛 2.32
𝐶3 = =
𝐼𝑆𝐹×𝐹𝑆𝐹 2𝜋×107

= 36.92𝑛𝐹 = 0.039𝑛𝐹
𝐶4𝑛 0.43
𝐶4 = =
𝐼𝑆𝐹×𝐹𝑆𝐹 2𝜋×107

= 6.84𝑛𝐹 = 6800𝑝𝐹

For 𝑅𝐼1 = 1𝑘Ω ,

𝑅𝑓1 = 9𝑘Ω = 10kΩ (Standard Value)

 Figure 5.2; Sallen Key Fourth Order Butterworth Low Pass Filter (Theoretical Value)

Figure 5.3: Sallen Key Fourth Order Butterworth Low Pass Filter (Standard Value)
6.EXPERIMENT TEST

SIMULATION (BODE) RESULT (THEORETICAL VALUE)

SIMULATION (BODE) RESULT (STANDARD VALUE)
MABLAT RESULT
SIMULATION (OSCILLOSCOPE) RESULT (STANDARD VALUE)

At 𝑓𝑐=100𝑘𝐻𝑧 ,

At 𝑓𝑐=1𝑘𝐻𝑧 ,

At 𝑓𝑐=100𝐻𝑧 ,
PRACTICAL RESULT
8.DISCUSSION

This filter’s used to cutoff the high frequency (retaining) signal and reduce noise. And It is
used to pass the low frequency signal. The difference between simulation and practical result.
In simulation (oscilloscope) result, input signal is sinewave form and output signal is square-
wave form. In practical result, input signal is sinewave form and output signal is also sinewave
form. In conclusion, low pass filters exist in many different forms, including electronic circuit
such as hiss filter used in audio, anti-aliasing filter for conditioning signals prior to analog to
digital conversion, and so on.

REFERENCES

Active Filter Theory and Design (S. A. PACTITIS)

Electronic Device (9th edition Thomas L. Floyd)

www.google .com