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Lecture No.44:
• Randomized Complete Block Design
Rations
Groups
A B C D
I 32.3 33.3 30.8 29.3
II 34.0 33.0 34.3 26.0
III 34.3 36.3 35.3 29.8
IV 35.0 36.8 32.3 28.0
V 36.5 34.5 35.8 28.8
The values in the above table represent the gains in weights in pounds.
Perform an analysis of variance and state your conclusions.
SOLUTION:
Hypothesis-Testing Procedure:
i a) Our primary interest is in testing:
H0 : A = B = C = D
HA : Not all the ration-means
(treatment-means)
are equal
i b) In addition, we can also test:
H0 : I = II = III = IV = V
HA : Not all the group-means (block-means) are equal
MS Treatment
F
which, if H0 is true, has MS Error
an F-distribution with v1 = c-1= 4-1= 3 and v2 = (r-1)(c-1) =(5-1)(4-1) =4 3 = 12
degrees of freedom.
Ration 2
Bi. Bi.2 X ij
Groups A B C D j
32.3 33.3 30.8 29.3
I 125.7 15800.49 3959.31
(10.43.29) (1108.89) (948.64) (858.49)
34.00 33.0 34.3 26.0
II 127.3 16205.29 4097.49
(1156.00) (1089.00) (1176.49) (676.00)
34.3 36.3 35.3 29.8
III 135.7 18414.49 4628.31
(1176.49) (1317.69) (1246.09) (888.04)
35.0 36.8 32.3 28.0
IV 132.1 17450.41 4406.53
(1225.00) (1354.24) (1043.29) (784.00)
36.5 34.5 35.8 28.8
V 135.6 18387.36 4633.58
(1332.25) (1190.25) (1281.64) (829.44)
T.j 172.1 173.9 168.5 141.9 656.4 86258.04 21725.22
2 T..2
Hence, we have Total SS X ij
n
21725.22
656.4 2
20
21725 .22 21543 .05
182.17
2
T. j
j T..2
Treatment SS
r n
108387.48 656.4 2
5 20
= 21677.50 – 21543.05
= 134.45
2
Bi. T..2
i
Block SS
c n
86258.04 656.4 2
4 20
21564 .51 21543 .05
= 21.46
where c represents the number of observations per block (i.e. the number of columns)
And
Error SS
= Total SS – (Treatment SS + Block SS)
= 182.17 – (134.45 + 21.46)
= 26.26
The degrees of freedom corresponding to the various sums of squares are as follows:
• Degrees of freedom for treatments: c - 1 (i.e. the number of treatments - 1)
• Degrees of freedom for blocks:
r - 1 (i.e. the number of blocks - 1)
• Degrees of freedom for Total:
rc - 1 (i.e. the total number of observations - 1)
And
• Degrees of freedom for error: degrees of freedom for Total minus degrees of freedom for treatments minus
degrees of freedom for blocks
i.e.
(rc-1) - (r-1) - (c-1)
= rc - r - c + 1
= (r-1) (c-1)
Hence the ANOVA-Table is:
ANOVA-Table
2MSE
LSD t 2,
r
22.19
t 0.025 12
5
22.19
2.179
5
2.179 0.936
2.04 .
Rations
Groups
A B C D
I 32.3 33.3 30.8 29.3
II 34.0 33.0 34.3 26.0
III 34.3 36.3 35.3 29.8
IV 35.0 36.8 32.3 28.0
V 36.5 34.5 35.8 28.8
Total 172.1 173.9 168.5 141.9
Mean 34.42 34.78 33.70 28.38
X A 34.42
X B 34.78
X C 33.70
X D 28.38
Arranging the above means in ascending order of magnitude, we obtain:
XD XC XA XB
28.38 33.70 34.42 34.78
Drawing lines under pairs of adjacent means (or sets of means) that are not significantly different, we have:
XD XC XA XB
28.38 33.70 34.42 34.78
From the above, it is obvious that rations C, A and B are not significantly different from each other with regard to
weight-gain. The only ration which is significantly different from the others is ration D.
Interestingly, ration D has the poorest performance with regard to weight-gain. As such, if our primary objective is to
increase the weights of the animals under study, then we may recommend any of the other three rations i.e. A, B and C
to the farmers (depending upon availability, price, etc.), but we must not recommend ration D.
Next, we will consider two important tests based on the
chi-square distribution. These are:
• The chi-square test of goodness of fit
• The chi-square test of independence
Before we begin the discussion of these tests, let us review the basic properties of the chi-square distribution:
Properties of the Chi-Square Distribution:
The Chi-Square (2) distribution has the following properties:
1. It is a continuous distribution ranging from 0 to + .The number of degrees of freedom determines the shape of the
chi-square distribution. (Thus, there is a different chi-square distribution for each number of degrees of freedom.
As such, it is a whole family of distributions.)
2. The curve of a chi-square distribution is positively skewed. The skewness decreases as increases.
f(x)
0.5
0.4
=2
0.3
0.2
=6
=10
0.1
X
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
2-distribution for various values of
As indicated by the above figures, the chi-square distribution tends to the normal distribution as the number
of degrees of freedom approaches infinity. Having reviewed the basic properties of the chi-square distribution; we
begin the discussion of the Chi-Square Test of Goodness of Fit:
Chi-Square Test of Goodness of Fit:
The chi-square test of goodness-of-fit is a test of hypothesis concerned with the comparison of observed
frequencies of a sample, and the corresponding expected frequencies based on a theoretical distribution. We illustrate
this concept with the help of the same example that we considered in Lecture No. 28 --- the one pertaining to the fitting
of a binomial distribution to real data:
EXAMPLE:
The following data has been obtained by tossing a LOADED die 5 times, and noting the number of times that
we obtained a six. Fit a binomial distribution to this data.
No. of Sixes
0 1 2 3 4 5 Total
(x)
Frequency
12 56 74 39 18 1 200
(f)
SOLUTION:
To fit a binomial distribution, we need to find n and p.
Here n = 5, the largest x-value.
To find p, we use the relationship x = np.
We have:
No. of Sixes
0 1 2 3 4 5 Total
(x)
Frequency
12 56 74 39 18 1 200
(f)
fx 0 56 148 117 72 5 398
Therefore:
x
fi x i
fi
0 56 148 117 72 5
200
398
1.99
200
Using the relationship x = np,
we obtain
p = 1.99 or p = 0.398.
Letting the random variable X represent the number of sixes, the above calculations yield the fitted binomial
distribution as
5
b x;5, 0.398 0.398 0.602
x 5 x
x
No. of Expected
Probability f(x)
Sixes (x) frequency
5 5
0 q 0.602 5 = 0.07907 15.8
0
5 5
1 q p 5.0.602 4 0.398 = 0.26136 52.5
1
5 3 2
2 q p 10.0.602 3 0.3982 = 0.34559 69.1
2
5 2 3
3 q p 10.0.602 0.3983 = 0.22847 45.7
3
5 4
4 qp 0.602 0.3984 = 0.07553 15.1
4
5 5
5 p 0.3985 = 0.00998 2.0
5
Total = 1.00000 200.0
Step-3: Test-Statistic:
2 oi ei 2
i ei
which, if H0 is true, follows the chi-square distribution having k - 1 - r degrees of freedom(where k = No. of x-values
(after having carried out the necessary mergers), and r = number of parameters that we estimate from the sample data).
Step-4: Computations: