05 ဝိပတ္တိစက်နှင့်လူသားတို့ကြမ္မာ kkl

rmwdum Ä tawGYarSmufvdkY atmufodkYqif;vm&jcif; 70
earm aw Ak'¨ 0D&w¬K

avcu© E ¨ u xm Ä ]ig} acgif;aqmif; tapmif;pHkwum 77
Ä usrf;OD;ed'gef; 1 Ä t&SufrJh taMumufrJhpGuf urÇmysufzdkY aocsmjcif; 81
usrf ; pmtrS w f - 17? twG J - 3^8
Ä ocFg&vkyfom;BuD;rsm; wDxGifxkwfvkyfaom Ä omonfxif remvdk? emrnfxif o0efwdk 86
pufBuD;ig;rsdK; 5 Ä wPSmief;zrf; bmrqdk wrf;wrf;ww 91
Ä jyKjyiforQ ocFg& 'ku©csnf;omrSwf 8 Ä vlnpfuJ t&J 0ifxdef;tHh 96
teEÅaus;Zl;awmf&iS f
Ä orÜwådpufjzifh txufwufMu&atmif 12 Ä vlBuD;jzpf pepfxm;OD;rS 102
r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; Ä orÜwådpuf oDvjzifh uGif;qufvnfywfaptHU 21 Ä b0udkjyKjyif wnfaqmufay;aom
a&;om;pD&iftyfaom Ä tokbaMumifh &m*tdyfí oDvxdyfwufvmjcif; 25 vkyfom;BuD;av;OD; 108
Ä oDvudk t&SuftaMumufu xdef;odrf;ay;xm;onf 31 Ä rdpämvrf;rBuD;ay:rS 0dywåd pufBuD;orm; 113
Ä tbdk;BuD;rm;twdk;BuD;pm;jzifhtxufodkY Ä 0dywådpufESifh vlom;wdkY uHMur®mrsm; 118
b0*fvm;rnf 37 Ä vkyfom;BuD;rsm; tem;,lcGifhr&aomumvrsm; 127
0dywådpufESifh vlom;wdkYMur®m Ä qGJtm;aumif;aomv romvnf;wçomvnf;w 48 Ä usrf;NyD;ed*Hk; 133
(0d y wå d u mmv
v uxm) Ä p&Ptm; r*fMum;rayguf vrf;auGUaxmuf 52 Ä usrf;aygif;tm;vHk; urÜwfzHk; ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufNyD 136
Ä twufESifhtqif;wdkY\tMum;vJvS,f&ef
vufrSwfrsm; 55
Ä oDvay;aomtouf wPSmjzifh NzKdzsufcsrnf 61
Ä twufqwdk;okwfí tusa&GUa&GUvIyfumqkwfrnf 65
0dywÅdpufESifUvlom;wkdhMur®m 1 2 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf 0dywÅdpufESifUvlom;wkdhMur®m 3
vnfywf vJoal wGaxmif axmifoal wGuvJ? rJo G al wG aumif; todu©H - odu©mrJhodkY (0g) rD;rsm; a&cef;? a&vTrf; rD;ao?
pm;? aumif;pm;olawG rJGjzifh Aavmif;AvJuyf qkdufvwfaom Edkif&maemuf tvsm;arSmufí vdkuf&onfyrmodkY? ,EÅ d -
tcgü? "ar®pmyd - w&m;aomfrSvnf;? t"r®uH -jyKjyifa0zef a&mufMu&ukefOD; vwåHU/
awmfvSefjcif; cH&awmhojzifh rw&m;cif; rw&m;pm&if;xJodkY? awoH awoH - &SifESifhvlom;? a,mufsm;ESifhrdef;r?
usrf;OD;ed'gef; *rdóEÅd - a&muf&ukefvdrfhvwåHU/ rdbESio hf m;orD;? wynft h oD;oD;ESihf q&m tpjzmaom xdx k kd
t"ar® p myd-rw&m;aomfrSvnf;? "r® | H-"e? tmPm? ouf&BSd u;D rsm;wd\ Yk ? wHwH udpöH - txufu atmuf? atmuf
umr yg0gwdkY\ t&dSefaMumifh *kPfodef(&f)wifhwifh w&m;0if u txuf *a,muf*,uf azmufzsufusifhpOf xdkxdkaom
0d y wå d u mvuxm tqifhodkY? *rdóEÅd - a&muf&ukefvdrfhvwåHU/ trIudpö tpDt&ifwkdYudk? y#d p ö - pJGrSwfwJGrSD obm0"mwf&nf
awoH - w&m;qdkysufjym; rw&m;qdk xGef;um;jcif;wdkY rsm;0ifí? arC Oo® 0e 'Dygyd - rdk;ESifhwuGaom Owk
0dywåd umv*wHao? "ar®pmyd t"r®uH? odkY? w'Ek 0wå a EÅ m - raemtwGif; avQmqif;qif;um awmawmif uRef ; ajraomif r sm;vnf ; jzpf u k e f a om?
t"ar®pmyd "r®|H? avmurÜd w'Ek 0wåaEÅm? twkvdkufygvsufu? avmurÜd - vl? ewftpxm; owå0g t0dnmPump - oufrJht&m rsm;pGmwdkYonfvnf;aumif;?
rEkómeHp bdu©Kem? £w¬d,m yk&domedp? tpm;pm;rsm;rSmvnf;? bd u © K em - &[ef;ESifh? rEk ó meH - zvumedyd- toD;tyGihf EG,&f u G qf ifrh sm;vnf; jzpfuek af om?
,EÅd todu© oHo|H? awoH awoH wHwHudpöH? vlwdkY\? oH o |H p - qufqHjcif;rsm;uvnf;? tod u © H - t0dnmPump - oufrJht&m rsm;pGmwdkYonfvnf;aumif;?
y#dpöm 0dnmPumyd? arC Oo® 0e 'Dyg? odum© rJo h Ykd (0g) usiphf Ofuzkd ,f&mS ; usi0hf wfqt kd vum; vlvQif ½ku©medyd-opf?jruf?0g;yif? EG,f&SifxD;wnf; oD;yifpm;yifrsm;
zvumed ½ku©m edp? ta"m[dwH *rdóEÅd? vlcsif; aygif;oif;jcif;rsm;yrm tavsmftpm; qefay;rS aq;& vnf; jzpfukefaom? t0dnmP ump - oufrJht&m rsm;pGm
OaPSm"d aumZ ca,ae? ya*0 ww¬ owåmed? tMum;od?Yk ,EÅ d- wPSmwpfazmuf usiw hf pfaysmufjzifh a&muf wdkYonfvnf;aumif;? OPS m "d a umZ ca,e ca,e-tylvGefuJ
wmP cg'g'd edódwm? 'dódwm Av xmruH/ / Mu&avukeftHh/ MoZmowåd ukefcef;yJGESifhtwl? ta"m[d w H - ,kwfavQmh
£w¬ d , m - £aÈ´&Sif oGifjyifEknm; rdef;rrsm;ESifh? edrfhouf atmufatmufbufqDodkY? *rd ó EÅ d - vlurrSef
0dywådumv *wHao - orÜwfpufysuf 0dyÜwfpufodkY yk & d o meH - pdwf"mwfzHGUNzdK;? ½kyfzHGUNzdK;ESifh wefckd;armuf<um; rd;k rrSeEf iS hf ajrcHcef;ajcmuf a&vnf;aysmufaMumifh azmufjyef
xGufvmcJhaomf (0g) vlYtusifhrSef t&if;cHwdkY ajymif;jyef a,musfm;om;wdkY\? oH o |H y d - qufqHa&;rsm;uvnf;? b0 a&mufMu&ukefOD;vwåHU/
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4 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf 0dywÅdpufESifUvlom;wkdhMur®m 5 6 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf
ww¬ - owå0gtm;vkH; aygif;pk½kH;vsuf yckH;xufwif w&m;jzifh &pfqJGqJGívnfywfapjcif;?

c&D;jyif;ESifaeonfyrmaom xdkMoumo avmuBuD;xJ0,f? ( * ) y|mef;puf - aumif;qdk;Mum;ae taxGaxGudk olYtajc
wmP cg'g'd edódwm - rSDum ckdum rsKd0g;umjzifh wnfae xm;jzifh axmufyHhí vnfywfapjcif;?
Mu&ygukefaom? AvxmruH - tm;oGef0efxrf; rdrd&dS (C) orÜwpdå uf - bke;f orÇmaqmif; b0aumif;rsm;udk oDv
cGeftm;pGrf;udkvnf;? 'd ó d w m - MoZmowåd olYt&dSudk tajccHjzifh jr§ifhívnfywfapjcif;?
Munfhvsufwap jyoíaeMu&ygukefaom? owå m ed y d - ( i ) 0dywådpuf - bkef;uHrvdkaom wpfzufapmif;b0rsm;udk
owå0gtm;vk;H wdvYk nf;? ya*0 - arhumikwwf w
k f xif&mvkyf
wPSmtaxmuftyHhjzifh ESdrfhívnfywfapjcif; ...
jzifh qkwf,kwfoabm bmajymp&m usefygawmhrnfenf;/ ocFg&vkyo
f m;Bu;D rsm; wDxiG x f w
k v
f yk af om tm;jzifh ig;rsKd;wdkYwnf;/ xdkig;rsKd;wdkYwGif ...
pufBu;D ig;rsK;d þüum; ,aeYajcvSrf;pí eufjzef ususeeBuD;
●
puú - puf[al om ynwfx;kd obm0w&m;onf vnf a&muf&dSvmawmhrnfh 0dywådumvudkom tav;ay; azmfjy
ywfjcif;udvk Qif ud,
k pf m;jyK\/ xufatmuf 0J,m jyefveS u f m oGm;rnf/ orÜwådudkum; tjzLESifhwJGí trnf;udk o½kyfazmf
jzifah omfvnf;aumif;? a&SUaemufywfcsm jyefveS u
f mjzifah omf aomf xdkrJausmf ay:vGifaponf xkH;tjzpfjzifh ,SOfpyfjy½kHrQ
vnf;aumif; xdkudk,fpm;jyKu pDrHay;ae&\/ odkYaMumifh puf aumufaMumif;cscrhJ nf/ usepf ufrsm;um; usr;f wpfyg;xif&mS ;
[laom toHMum;vQif vnfywf pGr;f tm;udk odx k m;&m t&m NyD;om;yif/
0w¬KrsKd;[líyif oabmaygufESifh xm;&m\/ wpfzef xdk 0dywåd(orÜwåd)puftaMumif; ajymawmhrnf
xdkt&mrsm;um; ... qdk xdkESifhruif;aom xdkpufudk wDxGifzefqif;ay;aom
(u) "r®puf("r®pMum) - obm0w&m; b0xm;udk opöm zefqif;&Sif ocFg&w&m; av;yg;pkwkdYudkvnf; rygvQifrNyD;/
av;yg;jzifh vnfywfapjcif;? olOD;rpD; c&D; ra&muf&um; ajym&OD;rnfom/
( c ) y#dpöorkyÜg'fpuf - udavomyGm; b0rsm;udk t,kwf ocF g &rpG u f puf [ l í rjzpf p aumif ; aomaMumif h
3
wnf ; / ocF g &rpD r H puf o H p um; Mum;&rnf y if xdkrQav;yg; jyKjyifol ocFg&w&m;wdkYwGif ...
r[k w f a omaMumif h w nf ; / (u) oufrJhjzpfaom Moumoavmu&dS a&? ajr? awm?
awmif ponfrsm;udkum; OwkocFg&ESifh tm[m&
1361 ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef;vqef;(14)&uf? ocFg& w&m;ESpfyg;wdkYu ¤if;wkdY oef&m pGrf;&m owåd
armae,sawm/ jycGi&hf &mrsm;jzifh aeYrap nrem; BuKd ;pm;jyKjyif wDxiG f
ay;Muvdrfhrnf/
●
( c ) ouf&jSd zpfaom owåavmu&dS ewf? jA[®m txufwef;
jyKjyiforQ ocFg& 'kuc© sn;f omrSwf pm;rsm;ESihf i&JNyw d må ponf atmufwef;pm;rsm;udu k m;
uHuyif wm0ef,lí tpJGjzifh jyKjyifpD&ifay;vdrfhrnf/
ocFg&[laom ynwfwif obm0w&m;onf jyKjyif ( * ) xdkrS<uif;aom owåavmuzGm; vlom;ESifhwd&pämef
jcif;? pDrHjcif;yif jzpf\/ jyKjyifay;wwfaom pDrHay;wwfaom trsm;tpm;wdkYudkum; av;rsKd;pvkH;aom ocFg&wdkY
oabmw&m;rsm;yif jzpfMu\/ ¤if;wkdYum; ... uyif pdwfudkvQif acgif;aqmifwifvsufu ...
1/ uH(ur®owåd) udk,f?EIwf?pdwfwkdYjzifh jyK? ajym? MuHvsuf um,ydkif;&dS aum|mo tydkif;tprsm;ESifh um,tdrf
u taumifxnfazmfay;jcif;? wpfcv k ;Hk udu k m; OwkEiS t hf m[m&w&m; ESpyf g;wdu
Yk tcsed jf ynfh
2/ pdwf(pdwfowåd) wpfzuftm½kHcif; ñTwfay;jcif;jzifh tcsed yf ikd ;f wkid ;f íwkid ;f í OD;aqmifum jyKp&D ifay;Muvdrrhf nf/
xdkudk,f? EIwf? pdwfrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfapjcif;? pdwfydkif;&dS jzpfpOfrsm;ESifh raem wpftdrfvkH;udkum;
3/ Owk (Owkowåd) tylcdk;? tat;cdk;wdkYjzifh (uHpdwfwkdYudk uHESifh pdwf w&m;ESpfyg;wdkYu taiGUay;íaomfvnf;aumif;?
EdI;í) cE¨mcGif wGif;jyifydk; xkd;ay;apjcif;? taiGUwkd;jzifh xdk;íaomfvnf;aumif; OD;aqmifum EId;ay;Mu
4/ tm[m& (MoZmowå)d t&omwnf MoZmowåjd zifh (xdk ayvdrfhrnf/ xdkuHESifh xdkpdwfwkdYwGifvnf; topfypöu© uH
tcdk;wdkYudk yHhydk;í) tcdk;jzpfyGm;apjcif;wnf;/ w&m;? pdwfw&m; ESpfyg;wdkYum; tem;,lonfvnf;&dS\/
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tem;&onfvnf;&dS\/ raemtdrfwGif; ½kH;cef;zGifh pD;eif;xm; wnfaqmuf&müvnf; tpGJodESifh txJod oabmcsif;

Muavaom twdwfuHESifh twdwfpdwfwdkYum; tEko,wGif nd§vsufu...¤if;wdkYuyif uHrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? Owk
ÓOfwifvsufu b0ifav? raembkwf vIyfoavmufyif tm[m&wdu Yk kd vnf;aumif; olt Y ajcESihf olt
Y ae tudu
k t
f wd
tvkyfvkyfjyaeMurnf/ b0ifav "mwftcdk;csoavmufyif n§day;vsufu b0ESifh pnf;pdrftwGuf tdrfwpfuGuf vdkovdk
tpGrf;jyaeMurnf/ vlom em;í pdwftem;rjyjcif;onf yEéupf u
kd í
f wnfaqmufvu kd Mf uonfukd qufvufazmfjyrnfh
¤if;wdkY\ vufcsufwnf;/ taMumif;csif;wrsm;udk tajccHí a0zefMuavukef... /
xdkodkY ocFg&av;ckwkdY oufrJhwpfrsKd; ouf&SdwpfuGJtm; orÜwpdå ufjzifU txufwufMu&atmif
jzif h v nf ; aumif ; ? wpf z ef ouf & S d c sif ; wl a omf r S v nf ;
"mwfwnfzGm; wpfzHk? tpGJzGm; wpfEIef;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? ● b0onf 0dywådpuf tzsufcH&í orÜwådpufESifhtwl
jyKjyifolu vkyfom;yrm? pDrHolu t&m&Sdyrm b0udk wnf oufwrf;wdkodkY NyKdifqif;ae\/ umvonfvnf; b0ESifh
aqmufay; zsufodrf;ay;aeMu&m þüum; rsufjrifxif&Sm; 0dywådwdkYvufwGif;a&muf tEko,? ÓOf? p½dkuf? 0goemrsm;
vluzGm;aom vlom;rsm;udkom OD;pm;ay;azmfjyoGm;rnf/ ESiw hf uG ud,
k ?f EIwt f rl&myg Murf;wrf;yufpufvmum ½kyq f ;kd
aemifvmrnfhtajc wdkYvlawG odapvdkaomaMumifh/ tusnf;wefpGm pDwef;vSnfhvnfae\/
t&m0w¬Kwpfck(udpöwpfck) jyKpD&if&mwdkif;wdkYü pdwf xdt
k csed rf sK;d onf ½ke;f &if;qefcwfyJG ETzJ o
Ykd ifah om tcsed f
ocF g &onf tn§ m wnf ; / pd w f o nf a&S U ajy;pD r H c ef Y c G J rsK;d wnf;/ xdt k cgrsK;d onf raumif;ol\Mum;rS aumif;olrsm;
ay;Ny;D aemuf uHrsm;ESiv hf nf; awmufavQmufvu kd yf g Bu;D Muyf u,fwif&ef oifhaomtcgrsKd;wnf;/
ay;aeyg\/ uHwGif;aepdwfudk OD;pD;pdwfu vufaxmuft&m udavomESihf rme wifp;D aomol ud, k u hf ,
kd u
f kd txif
xm;um pDrHay;\/ BuD;aewwfvS&m olwpfyg;txifao;zdkYum; aocsmaeNyD/
aumif ; rI t &S d e f b0td r f wnf a qmuf & müvnf ; pdwfonf rsufESmrsm;aomfvnf; aep&mudkum; wpfckom
a&SUpdwEf iS ahf emufpw
d f csw d v
f suuf ? raumif;rIt&Sed f b0tdrf xm;wwfawmhí/
5
'dXdESifhwPSm rcGJrcGmygvmol udk,fhudk,fudk jrwfEdk; udk,fusifhjzifh udk,fhb0 udk,f umuG,f&rwJh/ yg;olESifh yGm;ol pm&if;,lvdkufjcif;yifwnf;/
vGe;f um igajymwmomt[kw?f igvkyw f mom trSe?f igMuw H m (C) usm;&J&m Mur®mr,dk;om umvqdk;jzpfaeí qdwfNidrf vluzGm;aom vlom;rsm;onf ½kyMf unfv h Qif rnforl qdk
om oabmrd qHk;jzwfwwf&um; olwpfyg;pum; em;yif awm 0ifum acwfysufvlom; a&Smif&Sm;&rwJh/ vlESifhcRwfpGyfwlaomfvnf; pdwftuJ cGJMunfhavaomtcg vl
raxmifvdk/ wPSmyif;pdwf ae&mwum vdkufvHBudwfaomf (i) acwfysufvl? usm;? bDvl;zGm;wdkYrD; rdrdodkYrul;&ef qdkwdkif; vlvdkawG;ac:ajymqdk jyKusifhvdkolcsnf; r[kwfMu/
vnf; tdyfvQifum; wpfzsmomxm;wwfawmhí/ oufvGwfpm pm;í wm;qD;&rwJh/ taumif;ESifhtqdk;? taMumif;ESifhtusKd; cGJjcm;od
odkYaMumifh xdkumvysuf acwfqdk;Mum; olawmfaumif; xdkþowif;rsm; tcsif;csif;wdkYMum; Mum;odEdkifavmuf t&SdazmfwwfrS vl/ ]]tw¬H ew¬H rewd ZmemwDwd rEkaóm}}
ESihf or®ma'0ac: aomwmyefwnf ewfaumif;? ewfjrwfw\ Ykd atmif xdkraeom xdka'0gewfwdkYum; vla,mifzefqif;í r[kwfavm/ tjypfuif; ruif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; pOf;pOf;
pum; vlwdkYtMum; wmrpm;/ vnf; owif;vTiahf y;Murnf/ aumif;vlwv Ykd uf ntdyrf ufjzifh odwwfrS vl/ ]]ukovm ukovH rewd ZmemwDwdrEkaóm}}
(u) ]]onfuae aemufajcmufvtMum a&Trdk;? aiGrdk;&Gm vnf; 0uGufay;MuOD;rnf/ ar;cdkifydk;rdojzifh oGm;aphaeaom r[kwfavm/
rwJh/}} aumvm[v pum;qef;rsm;/ vlrrmtm; ao&Gmryg&ef MuHzefaq;oGif;onfhyrm/ xdkodkYaom owdudkif? todydkifaeol tusKd;rJh tjypf
(c) ]]onfaemuf onf;ajcaygufum wkwfrdk;? "m;rdk;rsm; xdktcg ,HkolwdkYxdwfí tcsif;csif; vufodyfxdk; &SdrSef; odaomudpö 'd|yifrvkyf/ tusKd;&Sd tjypfrJhudpörSef;
usa&mufvmrwJh/}} aumvm[vtoHrsm;/ EdI;aqmfum yHkazmfvmMurnf/ t½l;pum;? uav;pum;? wef;odaevQifum; olwpfyg;wdkufwGef;p&myif vdkrnfrxif/
(*) ]]wkwfrdk;? "m;rdk;csKd;olwdkY t½dk;awmifvdkyHk taoG;om; obifonfpum; rSeo f nfomrsm;\pum; rsm;rsm; ajymvsuf xdkvlom; avyifhtvH wvlvlvGifhysHonfyrm ...vlrSvl?
tm;vHk;ukefrwJh/}} aumvm[vtoHrsm;/ u .../ vlrSewf? vlrS jA[®m vloHk;&Gmzsm; tvHxlum wufcGifh&
xdkrdk;qdk;rSvGwfvdkolwdkif; oHk;ESpfwmumvywfvHk;... wpfzef r,HkolwdkYum; ajymvmolrsm;tm; [m;wdkuf oGm;NyD/
(u) OD;pGm rdrdtMuH pdwfrSef&&ef o&P*Hk odkYr[kwf &wemh vTwfum acgif;cgjyMurnf/ vHMuKwf trSefvkyf aMumufae þobm0,k w å d xk w f n § d a jymqd k & jcif ; onf ...
*kPf yGm;xHkay;Mu&rwJh/ vQif MuhHaMumuf vSnf;atmufrtdyfESifhwJhpum; rsm;rsm; udavqdk; txkd;Murf;ojzifh umvqdk;vrf; wef;0ifvmrd
(c) udavomrSed í f rdrpd w
d f tNird &f vmaomtcg ud, k cf si;f ajymvsufu .../ Muaom vlom;rsm;pGmwGif udavomyg;olu cGJjcm;od od/
pmxm; arwåmyGm;Mu&rwJh/ þonfyif uHESifhpdwfu aumif;olESifh raumif;ol udavomyGm;olu tvGrJ mS ;od odjcif;udk ajymvdí k / rme rwuf
(*) arwåmzufí u½kPmoufvmaomtcg ig;yg;aom pdwf0rf;uGJapjcif;wnf;/ þonfyif uHESifhpdwfu udavom wpfzuf*kPf yHkvsuf,Hk/ rmexufolu wpfzuf*kPf yHkzsuf,Hk
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udk ajymvdkí/ jcif; o½kyfwnf;/ t½kH;aom jrifuGif;/ xdkjrifuGif; þjrifuGif; ...þüum;

þenf;jzifhyif ...a&SUquf&rnfhc&D; wpfavSwnf;pD; xdktcsdefwGif ... owif;ay;½kHom/ aemifaomumv oufwrf;wdk vlyk pdwfEkEk
yrm wpfpkwnf; wpfpnf;wnf; pkpnf;vsufu xGufcJhMu (c) umrtm;ay; tvkyf wDxiG x f w
k v
f yk Ef ikd o
f w
l Ykd vlcs;D rGr;f b0 oifa&mufaomumv udk,fwdkifawGU aphaphMunfhMu
av&m b0c&D;um; ajcmufvyif Mumanmif;vmacsNyD/ xdkpOf cHMu&vdrfhrnf/ umrtm;ay;tvkyf &GHUrkef;pufqkyfol avukef/
a'0gpd k ; wd k Y Ed I ; ojzif h Ed I ; Mum;wuf < upG m b0vrf ; c&D ; ud k wdkYtzdkY vlUt&myif roGif;csif jzpfvmrnf/ umru xdkjrifuGif;ESifh wpfqufwnf;aom uGif;qufjrifuGif;
awmwef;? awmtky?f vQKad jrm§ ifwjYkd zifh obm0u jyKvyk x f m;&m umvudk 0g;rsdK pm;aomufaejcif;\ jy,k*fwnf;/ rsm;um;...aiGrudik zf ;l olvuf aiGwufvm&m\ xH;k pHtwdik ;f
wGif;odkY vlaumif; wpfokwf csOf;eif;rdMupOf... xdktcsdefrsKd;wdkYü ... vnf;aumif;? a&Tr0wfzl;ol\udk,f a&TwGJvJcdk&mrS vIHYaqmf
&Gmv,fNrdKUwGif; tcsif;csif;n§pfí tnpfZmwfcif;ol (*) a&SUaemufta&; awG;í odwwfEdkifolESifh vlvdr®m x<uvmaom ud k , f ? EI w f r l & mrsm;twd k i f ; vnf ; aumif ; ?
rsm;um; rw&m;&m*? rw&m;rmewdkY\ tvIHYtqGudk cH,lí vlBuD;rsm; aemufqkwfay;Mu&vdrfhrnf/ rsufarG;wqHk; tvum;&ypönf; tvum;enf;jzifh jzKef;wD;&mrS jzpfyGm;vm
BuD;yGm;ol\tdrf enf;yg;olwdkY pD;eif;um a&Tudk&Smí vrf;ay: oHk;&wkef;udk tm;usolESifh vlYwZGwfxdk; vli,fqdk;av; aom trIwdkY\ xHk;pHtwdkif;vnf;aumif;...
rSmypfMuJcsvsufu &SdacsNyD/ aiGudk&Smí vrf;ay:rSm ypfMuJ rsm; a&SUxGufvmMurnf/ pm*(tusifh)u *kP0, (u) olYr,m; udk,fhr,m; rxm;? tm;BuD;olu Edkif&mpm;
csvsuu f &Sad csNy/D ypön;f udq k í
JG vltyk Bf u;D xJ ypfMuaJ y;aeNy/D *kPftqifhudk vTifhypfaejcif;\ om"uwnf;/ vkyfawmhtHh/
rw&m;oltcsif;csif; npfyg;0 ywfyg;0wdkYvuf pD;yGm; xdkrSjzpfaom ½kef;&if;qefcwf vk,ufyGJ rnfolonf (c) olYpnf; udk,fhpnf; rapmifh? arSmifhvdkol 0ifarSmifh
OpömwdkY wdk;wufvm&mrS tnpfomwwf rywfwwfolwdkY wm;&Jygcsdrfhenf;/ atmifhcH cH&tHh/
rausreyfjzpfum vk,ufyGJ qifETJvmMujcif;wnf;/ xdkpOf&Sd (NrdKUwGif;&GmwGif;\) tcif;tusif; jrifuGif;rsm; (*) rl;,pf&rf;um; upm;jcif;trI olYxufig tvkt,uf
xdktcsdefonf ... um; ...pD;yGm;wufolwdkY pD;yGm;ysufum vufvGwfxGufajy; vkyfMutHh/
(u) t&SufaMumufuif;? udk,fcsif; rpmemwwfolwdkY pD;yGm; ae&aomjrifuGif;/ tvkrcHEdkifí awmfvSefoltm; wkwf? xdkrSwufvsuf wpfzefxGufvmrnfh vufqufjrifuGif;
a&; tjrwfxGufaevdrfhrnf/ t&Suf aMumufxm; "m;rsm;jzifh owfjzwfxm;cH&aom jrifuGif;/ vrf;ay:a&muf rsm;um; ...
udk,fcsif;pmwwfolrsm;um; iwfrGwfacgif;yg; pm;&rJh a&T? aiG vkaumufMu&mrS uawmufuq&efyGJ qifETJaeaom 1/ tcsif;csif; tjiif;yGm;jcif;? tm;NyKdifjcif;jzifh owfyGJrsm;
b0 a&mufMuvdrfhrnf/ 0dywådpuf\ tzsufMurf;wrf; jrifuGif;/ tdrfudkMunfh rD;[kef;[kef;? vrf;ay:Munfh twkH; vnf; tcsif;csif; usif;yMuOD;rnf/
7
2/ cd;k rI? vk,ufrI umrolprd ;f rk'rd ;f usirhf rI sm;vnf; olrwl rusvmaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? aMumifawmif a,mif0g;
atmif x<uaomif;usef;vmOD;rnf/ pdwaf csmufcsm;vm&um; ud, k "hf m;jzifh ud,
k t
hf ouf aovrf;odYk
3/ vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;? rkom;oHk;pGJrI? taumif;zHk;í tqdk; cGJxGufvdkufMuNyD/
vHk;vHk; oHk;rIrsm;vnf; xGef;um;vmOD;rnf/ vlwdkYjzifh pdkjynfaom xdkurÇm vlAvmusif; [if;vif;
xdkxdkjrifuGif;rsm;onf tcsif;csif; &efrD;yGm; tm;BuD; BuD;jzpfoGm;NyD/ odkYr[kwf vlppfppfjzifh jynfopfwnf&ef
xGm;apvsufu wkwfrdk;? "g;rdk; &GmoGef;NzKd;&efbuf c&D;ouf&m vlnpfcif; z,f&Sif;ay;xm;jcif;/
\ yifrtajccHtcsufrsm;wnf;/ þum; orÜwådumv pwif&m\ 0dywådbm0rsm;wnf;/ orÜwpdå uf oDvjzifh uGi;f quf vnfywfaptHh
udavomonf oHk;Munfhí toHk;wnfhvmvQif rdrdzdkY
omMunfh olwpfyg;rodapwwf/ udavomonf rnfrQ ●
aumvm[vpum; em;0,fxm;í wpfom;wnf;
t0tjyJ oHk;xm;ap? oHk;oavmufyGm;? yGm;oavmufpnf;? vkdufemMuukefaom vlppf rsKd;rSef t½dk;cHwdkYum; vlra&m
tm;enf;oGm;aponf r&Sdwwf/ awmodkY aevsufuyif ...
odkYjzifhjzifh ig;Edkifig;pm;? zm;Edkifzm;pm; wd&pämefwdkY vuf a&tqif; uefoif;wm; awmifusa& rwdkufpm;ap
oHk;vufxm;twdkif; qufvufjyKusifhvmMu&m tarG;xuf onfhyrm...ig;csufaom vlYusifh0wf udk,f? EIwf? pdwf
taobufu 0g;vHk;xdk;EIef;ru aoEIef; rsm;jym;vm&um; oHk;yg;pvHk;wdkYjzifh nTwfvsufu vlYtqifhrD ÓOfay:xGef;&ef
aemufqHk; wpfa,mufp ESpfa,mufp vlqufraysmuf&S½kHrQ BuKd;pm;aeMuukef\/
usefawmhonf/ rD;vQH a&ysHoHk; w[kef;[kef;rD; tm;ukefyHkysuf c&D;
xdka,mufprsm;onfvnf; rjrif0Hhp&maom ted|m½kH rquf a pawmh o nf h y rm wpf u d k , f c sif ; ud k , f c sif ; pmjzif h
tavmif;aumifawmifyu kH kd Munfv
h suu f vnf;aumif;? tazmf rQarwåmyGm; wef;wlxm;vsufu vlpdwfudef;aom vlYp½dkuf
ES i f h z uf touf & S i f c J h & mrS tazmf r J h j zpf v maomaMumif h xdef;&ef BuKd;pm;aeMuavukef\/
vnf;aumif;? 0ef;usifNyKdojzifh cdkp&mvnf;r&? vdkp&mvnf; y&rwf r jrif c if ynwf ü aomif r wif r d a p&ef ol Y
8
toufjzifh &if;xm;aom [if;pm; tom;[if;t&mxm; 0if0if t½dk;aumif t½dk;pkrsm; [dkwpfpk onfwjcm; jyefYusJ MuNyD/
pm;jcif;udk z,f&Sm;í aiGt&Sif; pm&if;y,f ta<u;e,fy,frS vsufom; awGUjrifMu&avawmh\/ rnfolYtoGif rnfolyif ta&SUodaYk jcpxm;í rdrw
d Ykd ,cif usupf m;cJzh ;l &m ae&m
vGwfaponfyrm oufvGwf[if;rsm; pm;vsufuom aeMu [líyif xifaMu;ay;í r&MuawmhNyD/ a[mif; c&D;aMumif;zGifholrsm;vnf; a&SUwdk;av tawGUqdk;av
avukef\/ xdkted|jrifuGif; aMumufjcif;? vefYjcif;wdkYjzifh uGif;í aMumifh vlra&m awm0ifpcef; vm&mvrf; jyefvSnfhcJhMuNyD/
odkYaMumifh ...xdkvlra&mawmoGm;wdkY\ udk,fonf uGif;í a&SUodkYeif;? vlusef vluyfwdkYxH aygif;Mu&ef owif; awmifodkY ajcpxm; ,cifae&ma[mif; vrf;aMumif;
a&m*guif; 0if;0if;pdk EkysKdjzLnuf e*dkyHkrysufom/ xdkvlra&m axmufí avQmufcJhMu&m vlqdk rdrdwdkYrSwpfyg; tjcm; xm; oGm;olrsm;wdkYonfvnf;aumif;? taemufodkY ajcpxm;
awmwGif;om;wdkY\ pdwfonfvnf; tyaoG; ryif;ojzifh ty rawGU&awmhNyD/ rdrdwdkY &Gm0ifjynfayguf c&D;a&mufrdMuonf ,cifae&ma[mif; vrf;aMumif;xm; oGm;olrsm;wdkYonfvnf;
pdwfuif; at;csrf;jcif;ESifhwuGom/ ESifh vloHESifh wlaom vloHwdkY qlnHvsufu wpfzufwHcg; aumif;? ajrmufodkY ajcpxm; ,cifae&ma[mif; vrf;aMumif;
xdkrQruao; ...oDvaoG; pdwfat;a&muf rnfolY ayguf r sm;rS xG u f c G m oG m ;Muaom toH r sm;? tom;pm; xm; oGm;olrsm;wdkYonfvnf;aumif; xdktm;vHk;wdkYonfvnf;
udkrQ BuKdufapmfum; rkef;jypfrSm;vdkpdwf razmufMuawmhojzifh awmaumif w d k Y tom;&vd k & jim; 0if a &muf & S m azG M u&mrS 0ef;usix f m;p&m vlom;rsm; r&Sad wmhjcif;aMumifvh nf;aumif;?
ewfwdkY\ apmifha&SmufrIudkvnf; cH,l&&SdaeMuygonf/ aoG; vlawGUojzifh vsijf refpmG atmf[pfajy;xGuo f mG ;aom toHrsm; aoG;qif;buf toufESH aqGcHysKd;aom trsKd;rsm;r&Sdawmhjcif;
om;oef&Y iS ;f tnDt § ykyrf sm; rqif;awmhojzifh a&m*grsm;vnf; uom BuD;pdk;aeMuonf/ aMumifh vnf;aumif;? wpfzef rsKd;qufysKd; t½dk;xm; rsKd;yGm;
uif;&Si;f aeMuygonf/ om;? ig; rodk aoG;ydk om;ydw k Ykd rcdo
k jzifh vl&SmaomfrS vlrawGU&aom umvBuD;ygwum;/ xm;odk&m pnf;pdrfcHbuf vufysufaeawmhjcif;aMumifhvnf;
&efrvd?k rmef ryGm; pdwv f nf; rupm;Muawmhyg/ oDv? arwåm? vlawGUaomfrS vlaiGUr&Sdawmhaom umvBuD;ygwum;/ aumif; ...
om;pm; a&Smif&mrSjzpfaom vufiif;'d| csrf;om&m &ae vl r a&m awm0if w d k Y aeY q uf & uf i if wpf & G m 0if vl r a&m awm0if p cef ; vm&mvrf ; od k Y c snf ; om
a&mufaeMujcif;wnf;/ wpfNrKdU0if xGuf&mrS0if? 0if&mrSxGuf a&SUc&D; tNyD;pD;xGufvm jyefvSnfhvmcJhMu&m awmrS xGufí NrKdUbuf(&Gmbuf)0ifaom
odkYESifh oHk;ESpfumvum; ausmfvGefvmcJhMuNyD/ cJhMuaomfvnf; ,cif vlaersm;aomae&mwdkYonf ,ckt½dk;pk ,cif vlom;OD;a&xufvnf; rydk/ xdkYatmufvnf; ravQmh/
aumvm[vowif; oH;k ESpw f iG ;f qdo
k jzifh oH;k ESpaf usmf rsm;aom ae&mrsm; jzpfaeMuNyD;? ,cifpnfum;aomae&m odkYjzifhyif oDvyefqif arwåmudkvQif NcKH0wf udk,fcsif;pm
umva&mufMu&/ xdt k cgwGif xdak wmae vlom;wdo Yk nf rdrw d Ykd rSeforQ ,ck ajcmufuyfwdwfqdwf vlqdkaomt&dyfrQyif vufu rcRwfolcsif; jynfwnfcif; pwifvdkufMu\/
a'o? rdrw d qYkd E´&&dS m jyif0ifvmMu&m rnfonfNh rKUd ? rnfonf&h mG rawGU&awmhum; aemufaMumif;jyefvSnfhzdkY owd0ifvmukef ●
9
(u) igwdo Yk nf 0pDEwI q

f ;kd rkom;av;rsK;d wdu
Yk kd toufxufq;kH wdkif;xGmjcif;/
a&SmifuGif;rnf/ 4/ xdktrSm;jzifhyif olwpfzufom; pdwfaysmfyg;ap&ef
(c) igwdkYonf trl&mqdk; udk,ftusifhysuf oHk;rsKd;wdkYudk &,fzG,fpum; yHkjyifrsm; ajymay;jcif;/
toufxufqHk; a&SmifuGif;rnf/ xdkav;rsKd;wdkYonf wpfzufom;vnf; tusKd;r&Sd/ rdrd tusKd;
(*) igwdo Yk nf raemykyo
f ;kd pdwt
f MuqH ;kd oH;k rsK;d wdu
Yk kd touf vnf; xdcdkufapaom trSwf? tpGJ vGJrSm;apjcif;rsm; jzpfMuí
xufqHk; a&SmifuGif;rnf/ 0pDEIwfxdk; rkom;qdk;[lí trnfwGifap\/
¤if;tjyif wpfoufwm\ &du©mtwGuf ckepf&uf rdrd&Sd r&Sufjcif;? raMumufrvefYjcif;? 0efwdkjcif;? tavh
tokbaMumifh &m*tdyí
f oDvxdyw
f ufvmjcif;
tvkyv f yk íf b0ul; txl;aumif;rGeaf &;twGuf wpfywfvQif uspdwfjzifhomaevdkjcif;? ÓOf? p½dkuf? 0goemqdk;rsm; 0ifvm;
wpf&ufus tdrfaxmifom;arG;bm0udk pGefYvTwfí tpGJuif;y xGuv f m;vky&f m wHcg; EIw0f jzpfaeaomaMumifv h nf; xdEk w
I rf sK;d
xdkvlra&mawmaewdkYonf oHk;ESpfajrmufojzifh udk,fh
pd w f v rf ; jyud k v nf ; wnf a qmuf M urnf / xd k r S w pf q if h 0pD'kp½dkufqdk;[lí trnfwGifap\/ raumif;o½kyf EIwfjzifh
&yf? udk,fh&Gm jyefvnfoGm;a&mufMu&mrS vlysuftavmif;
owå0gcsif; rn§if;qJa&; t[ð o 0g' 0g'? owå0gwdkif;tay: xkwfazmfjcif;rsm;wnf;/
aysmuf t½d;k pkb0 a&mufaeMu&onfh rsK;d wH;k umv MuKaH wGUMu
udk,fcsif;pmema&; u½kPm0g' m0g'? wef;wlxm;a&; arwåm0g' ( c ) trl & mqd k ; ud k , f u sif h y suf o H k ; rsKd ; [l o nf ...
&\/ xdkted|m½kH jrifuGif;axmufvsufuyif...
rsm;udv k nf; taumiftxnfazmfMurnf/ xdo k aYkd om rl0g'rsm; 1/ BuKduf? rBuKduf pdwfwdkY\ zdESdyfapcdkif;rIudk rvGefqefEdkif
o'¨gESihf oDv ud, k pf u
D ,
kd if S &So
d w
l o
Ykd m ab;uif;&efumG
uwdu0wfjzifh csrSwfxm;vdkufMuNyD/ xdkYwGif ... ojzifh olYtouf zsufacRay;&jcif;/
aponfudkvnf; odjrifvmMu\/
(u) 0pDEIwfqdk; rkom;av;rsKd;[lonf ... 2/ BuKduf? rBuKdufwdkYESifh aygif;í olwpfyg;pD;yGm;? udk,fh
t,HkrJh tusifhysufcsif; wGJzufaerdvQif rw&m;cif;\
1/ trSm;udk trSm;yJ[lí udk,fwdkifodvsufu olwpfzuf pD;yGm;jzpfvm&ef raumif;usifhjzifh &,lay;jcif;/
twGif; twif;wdk;0ifrdrSm;wwfyHk rsm;udkvnf; tod0ifvm
om; xdktrSm;jzifh vrf;xm;ay;jcif;/ 3/ BuKu d ?f rBuKu
d w
f aYkd emufvu kd í
f umrydik x f if&mS ; oloY rD;?
Mu\/
2/ xdktrSm;jzifhyif olwpfzufom; txifvGJrSm;apum olYom;? olYr,m;rsm;udk tajr§mufjzifhydkuf? tyifhjzifh
xkrd zS iG hf wpfqifw
h ufvu kd af vaomtcg ... olwcYkd si;f
ESpfOD;ESpfzuf rdwfysufapjcif;/ Nrd§Kufvsufu umr½dk; wdk;0ifcdk;pm;jcif;/
csif; uwdu0wfwifoGif; r,Gif;azmufpwrf; pum;qdkMu
3/ xdktrSm;jzifhyif olwpfzufom; em;rcHomatmif qJa&; xdkoHk;rsKd;wdkYonf rdrdü ½kwfw&ufjzpfay:vmaom cspf? rkef;
avawmh\/
10
ESpfyg; rwm;qD;rd&mrS olwpfyg;tusKd;ouf ysufapwwfaom rsm;udk a&SmifuiG ;f vQif rw&m; ajymqdrk rI sm;rSvnf; uif;rnfukd orQ pdwfrñdk udk,fvSaeawmhí vlBuKdí ewfvdk? ewfvdkí
aMumifh trl&mqdk; udk,fusifhysufrsKd;rsm; qdk&\/ odkYr[kwf tydkifodaeMu\/ rw&m; jyKusifhrIrsm;rSvnf; uif;rnfudk N*Kd[fr? vdkorQ wçovdk atmifEdkifapygrnf/
raumif;aomtvdk udk,fjzifhyGJxkwf o½kyfazmfjyvdkufjcif;rsm; tydkifodaeMu\/ udk,f? EIwfwdkYurS rvIyf raumif;MuHpdwf
wnf;/ vnf; oludk,fwdkifvnf; rxGufom? qdkif&m udk,f? EIwfwdkYu vl p pf p pf j zif h vl a cwf x l a xmif o l w d k Y \
( * ) raemykyfodk; pdwftMuHqdk;rsm;[lonf ... vnf; udk,fhaemufrygvmawmh&um; tvdkvdkyif ½kyfodrf; tajccH x m;rsm;wnf ; /
1/ olYxH&Sd umr*kPf vrf;aMumif;xJ tvdkBuD;BuD;pdwfxm; oGm;awmhrnfudk tydkifod odaeMu\/
jzifh oGm;vm&ef MuH&G,faejcif;/ uHqdk; wm;qD;jcif;jzifhyif uHaumif; axmufrjcif;udk ●
2/ olYxH&Sdumr olwpfyg;vufodkY usrnfudkvnf;aumif;? jzpfaphrnf/ odu©mxrf;&Gufjcif;jzifhyif odu©mwuf*kPf yHkazmf
rdrdbuf r&rnfudkvnf;aumif; tvdkxdk;í pdk;&drfvGef; rnf/ odu©moDv jzLpifjcif;jzifhyif "etiftm; BuD;yGm;wdk;wuf
tm;BuD;aejcif;/ aprnf/
3/ olYxH&Sdumr rdrdvdkovdkudkif vdkovdkydkifcGifh &a&;udkom þodkYvnf; a<u;aMumfMuukef\/ wpfqufwnf;yif
ta&;wBuD; awG;awmaejcif;/ oDv\*kPfudk cHkrifvmjcif;ESifhtwl oDvac: udk,fusifhudk
xdkoHk;rsKd;wdkYonf udk,fvIyf? EIwfzGifh raumif;usifhwdkY zsufí uHwufjcif;onf aumuf½dk;rD;yrm cPrQomjzpfojzifh
vrf;zGifhay;&m wHcg;jzpfaejcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? olYuHvrf; aMumuf&GHUvm\/ xdkuHwufjcif;ESifhtwl jzpfxGef;vmwwf
xm; olYprf;Mum;odkY oGm;a&mufum aESmifh,SufvdkrI jzpfaejcif; aom vlajymrsm; pum;t&mwGifus,fjcif;? &mxl;pnf;pdrf
aMumifh vnf;aumif;? ygynpfodk; pdwftqdk; oHk;rsKd;udk cdkudk;cGifh wd;k wufvmjcif;rsm;vnf; uHysuf wpfqufwnf;ygwwfrsK;d rsm;
ay; olwdkYcdkif;ovdk awG;ay;aejcif;aMumifh vnf;aumif; raem jzpfMuavojzifh &GHUrkef;vm\/
ykyfodk; pdwftMuHqdk;rsm;[lí trnfwGifap\/ pdwfudkEdI;í rde;f uav;ysKod nf ol&Y dS tysKyd ef; rñdK§ ;orQ tvdv
k v
kd í
S
tqdk;Zmwf oGif;ay;Mujcif;/ &,lvdkolwdkY ysm;yef;cwfyrm aygrsm;vSygonf/ acwfaumif;
vlra&mawmae tkypf o k nf xdok nfqh ,frsK;d tusiq hf ;kd ydkuf vlom;rsm;onfvnf; vlusifh0wf oDvyef; rn§Kd;EGrf;av
11
(*) o'¨ g vuf e uf x uf o nf x uf xuf j ruf a p&ef tEk a<u;r,l i if & m tusif h j zpf j cif ; aMumif h ud k , f u sif h o D v ?
ówd ur®|mef;pD;jzef;vsuf pdwfudk &ifhusufap MuNyD/ OD;acgif;ay:wif qHyifuo hJ Ykd OD;xdywf if tav;xm; usi&hf jcif;
(C) jrwfaomaejcif;jzifh t½IH;rSa&SmifuGif;&ef u½kPm? aMumifh *½k " r® o D v? t&G,fra&G;? umvra&G;? cg;0wfykqdk;
rk'dwm? Oayu©myGm; olwpfyg;aoG;om;ESifhywfouf uJhodkY tjrJxdef;ay;&jcif;aMumifh ed p ö o D v ? xdkav;rnf&
vmvQif ysm;&nfudkrQ roHk;aqmifMuNyD/ ig;yg;aom odu©myk'frsm;udkom usifhoHk;Mu&\/ yg&rDwef;0if
xdkodkYaom tusifhxl;rsm; usifhoHk;cGifh&aeMuaom odu©mwifrsm;udkum; wpfywfwpfBudrf oDwif;aeYowfrSwf
oDvudk t&Sut
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(u) oDvjzifh vrf;rqHk;? udk,f? EIwfwdkYudk usKH;oGif;ay;avh&Sd csif; wefYí wefYí vmacsNyD/ udk,fonf udavrmef qGojzifh todwdkYvnf; &dyf&dyfay: &dyf&dyfaysmuf wefYaxmufem;onf
aom pdwfupm;rIudkyg xdef;ausmif;ay;Muonf/ cE¨mrmefxae&mrS wpfqifch si;f Nird íf Nird í f £aÈ&´ vmacsNy/D [lí r&SdNyD/ onfhtwl ay:vmjcif;ESifh ysufusjcif; wpfNydKif
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vmapaom udavikwfudkyg EkwfcRwfypfMuonf/ pdwfr0ifpm;? udk,fhudk,fudk pdwf0ifpm;aeawmhjcif;rsm;jzifh wpfzHk qdk;wpfcif; b,ft&mrQ bmrQ&Smr&/ taiGUtouf
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1/ igaumiftae? ighOpömtae pGJaeaom cE¨mudk,fBuD;udk apNyD/ (u) a&GUaysmufjzifh tedp\ ö obm0vu©Pmrsm;udk wdwyd y
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2/ jrJonf? aumif;onf? ydkifonfqdkaom tpGJrsm;udkvnf; qufí tuGufazmfaejcif;/ odcsifvdkYMunfh? MunfhvdkYod xdod ( c ) ay: ysufjzifh 'ku©\ obm0vu©Pmrsm;udk xGif;xGif;
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v? ESpf ywfvnfwpfqHk;? wpfcsDr[kwf ESpfcsDr[kwf tcsdef&Sd oGm;awmhNyD/ odkYaMumifh ...cE¨mhjzpfpOf\ trQifwef;ac: tedpö
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t&mrQyif xnfhoGif; rajymqdkMuawmh/ tbdk;BuD;? wefaMu;yGg;aom tyGg;tjzpfonf þtqifhüom
raem\oabmjyt&dyf cdktdyfcGifh&ojzifh udk,fhpdwf xdkufwefrnf/ þtqifhrSwpfyg; tjcm;ü r&Sdoifh/
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xdkpOf&Sd tbdk;tbGm;wdkY\ udk,fpdwfoP²mefrsm;onf
tEko,vufikwf jrKyfaeawmhjcif;? tEko,rvIyfojzifh at;jroefYpifí Munfvifaom pdwf\ wefcdk;owåd
pdwfwdk; udavom rvmawmhjcif;? pdwfwdk;udavom rxom onf qufpyfol twlaersm;tm; qGJtm;jzifh tygac:avh
awmhojzifh EIwfvGef udk,fusL; udavom½l;rsm; rul;pufvm &S d o nf /
awmhjcif;rsm;aMumifh jA[®mwdkY\ udk,f? pdwftrl&mrsm; yrm
vnf; qif\/ udavz,f&Sm; t&d,mt&SifocifBuD;rsm;\ ae\tyl"mwftm;onf wGef;ueftm;udk jzpfap\/
trl & mrsm;ES i f h v nf ; wpf p d w f w pf a 'otm;jzif h q if a e\/ odkYaMumifh aeESifhwGJí 0rf;pm&SmazGaeMu&aom owå0g
twlaewdYk jrwfE;kd ½du k sK;d jcif;udk &apaom tjrwfxu G f aexdik f tm;vHk; aeYwusufusuf &efyGJquf/
enf;yifwnf;/ onfhyrmvQif udavomtyl"mwf tm;BuD;ol\ udk,?f
xdktqifhodkYa&mufvQifyif wefzdk;BuD;rm; tbdk;BuD; EIwftrl&mrsm;vnf; jrifrdol usdef;pyfap\/ xdawGUrdol
trsKd;pm;wGif; pm&if;oGif;EdkifNyD/ twlaewdkY ukodkvfwdk;yGm; tylavmifap\/ "mwfpmusíom i½kwfoD;pm;&? i½kwfoD;
tyGg;BuD; trsKd;pm;wGif; pm&if;oGif;xdkufNyD/ aumif;aMumif; rnfolrQ rajymonfhyrm... aygif;aomfrS
taumif;ray:apwwf/ tawGUrvGefqefEdkifojzifh qufqH
17
aomfrS aq;cg;Bu;D oH;k &m ESmacgif;ydwí

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tawG U rS m om pd w f u pm;? ud a vom tyl o rm;ud k u m; vnf;aumif;? ajymwdkif;[kwf? vkyfwdkif;NyD;aponfudkvnf; tvdkvdk yGifhum;vmaponfudkvnf;aumif;? tjiif;tckef
tm;ukefcH vSefrMunfhwwf/ aumif;? vufawGU tusKd; rsufjrifudk,fpdk; trsKd;rsKd;cHpm;cGifh twdkuftcdkufjzifh pD;yGm;&SmMuHjcif;tpm; tay;t,lrQwjcif;
v\tat;"mwf t m;onf qG J t m;ud k jzpf a p\/ &Muav&m xdktbdk;wdkYtm; avmuewf t&mxm; udk;uG,f jzifh BuD;yGm;vmaponfudkvnf;aumif;? vdkrSvdkuf? rBuKduf
odkYaMumifh vESifhzufí numvbuf qufMu&aom owå0g qnf;uyfol rsm;jym;vmacsonf/ uuef xHk;pHjzifh aygif;oif;jcif;tpm; tcsif;csif;em;vnfjcif;
tm;vHk;vnf; aysmfwNyKH;NyKH; cifrqHk;/ tzdk;BuD;aom ywåjrm; rnfolypfy,fxm;rnfenf;/ jzifh udk,fhudpö olYudpö ESpf0NyD;ajyapaom aygif;oif;jcif;odkY
onfhyrmvQif udavom tylbkwf rvIyfxapolESifh a&mufaeonfuv kd nf;aumif; ... va&mif atmufoYkd ud, k f
tbGm;wdkYuvnf; umrac: vdkpdwfESifhywfoufvm
vnf;aumif;? udavom 0#fjrpf tNyD;EkwfypfNyD;olESifhvnf; xm;í c&D;oGm;ol? va&mifEiS hf wpfom;wnf; ud, k af &m pdwyf g
vQif wpfaeY\ wpfxyfpmudkaomfrQ awmifhwjcif;r&SdcJh/ vkyf
aumif; aygif;azmf&ol tm;vHk;wdkYvnf; v\tat;"mwfudk at;jrvmaponfyrm...vufiif; 'd| cHpm;cGi&hf vmMuaom
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rSDí Munfvifat;jrjcif;? aysmf&Tifcsrf;ajrhjcif; t&omudk aMumifh xdktbGm;wdkYtm;vnf; trsKd;orD; i,f? vwf trsm;
tydkifodaeaomaMumifh...?
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cg;rSt0wf a[mif;EGrf;pkwfzwf rnfrQyif zmax;&m
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xyfaeap t0wfaumif; awmif;avhr&SdcJh/ taumif;vnf;
vsufu csnf;om/ yG m ;pD ; aomrsKd ; pyg; rnf o l o nf ypf y ,f x m;rnf
olYtm;ukef yHkvsufysufrnfudk BuKdodaeaomaMumifh.../
xdkjrifuGif; tbdk;? tbGm;wdkYt&dyf cdkvIHoltm;vHk;u enf ; /
ae&m tdrf jcpm;? yd;k xd;k tcif;wdYk rnfrQusK;d usK;d jyifqifay;&ef
cif;usif;jyvsuf &SdacsNyD/
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tbdk;wdkYu udk,fhcE¨mcGifudk trIonfxm;? owd tod ●
0ifvmvQif tysufMum; xdk;0ifrnfudk twyfod xm;aom
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aMumifh.../ tbGm;wdkYonf tysufudkppfí tjzpf\ tqHk;
pdppfjcif;rSwpfyg; tjcm; bmtvkyfrQ rvkyf/
vHk;yrf;jcif;rS wpfyg; tjcm;bmrQ 0ifrpGufzufawmh/
xdkrvkyfjcif;uyif tvkyf vkyfaeolwdkY tvkyfaumif;
xdk0ifa&mufrpGufzuf tawmif;tEdI; rqufjcif;uyif
aponfudkvnf;aumif;? tvkyfoefY&Sif; tEÅ&m,fuif;ap
18
avmufqdk vlBuD;ydkif;? &SpfESpf udk;ESpfqdku tbdk;tdk? tbGm;tdk tqifhwufvmolonf 0dyóemÓPf\ txGwftxdyf ac:
ydkif; qdk&rnf/ avmuDÓPfOD;pGef; ocFg½kayu©mÓPf (aumif;qdk;avmu"H
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aqmifEdkif/ pGrf;tm;aumif; Adkvftm;rsm;vnf; r&Sd/ xd k t qif h a &muf o l \ *k P f x l ; bG J U cH u m; uvsmP
(c) wpfzef omoemy\aumif;rIrSeforQ jzpf? ysuf0if yk x k Z Of / uvsmP - tqdk;jzifhb0ESifhcE¨mudk ra&mif;/
owd yg&rDodkY odkxnfhay;&m ÓPfynm ryg&Sd&um; ...igzdkY yk x k Z Of - udavompD;aMumif; tm;aumif;qJjzpfí vdkcsifol
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ol p G J j zif h jyKvk y f & mrS j zpf a om tjrwf E d k ; xm; rmetwm; p&PoDv\ orm"dÓPf? 0dyóemÓPf tjrifoef
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aumif;qefjcif;? t&SufaMumufuif;jcif; twlyif jzpfMu&m (*) wpfzefvnf; odu©mtqifh jr§ifhwifenf;udk oifjyrnfh wPSmudk *kwfowfay;í ab;qdk;rSvGwfapaom oDvudk
tusiu hf vnf; acG;usirhf Qavmufom&Sad wmhí oufwrf;vnf; q&m? vrf;rSm; vrf;rSefcGJjcm;ay;rnfhq&m? qGJtm; wGef;tm; Munfhí ,HkMunfjcif;u oDvudk wdk;yGm;apcJhjcif;/
acG;oufwrf;avmufrQom &Sdawmhrnf/ enf;ESpfyg;oHk;í r*fta&muf pnf;½kH;ay;rnfhq&m? xdkodkYaom wdk;yGm;vmaom xdkoDvjzifh orm"dÓPf? 0dyóem
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vnf; acG;ESifh rwdrf;r,drf;t&G,f jzpfvmrnf/ umrEdk;xcsdef (tbGm;rsm;) r*fem;roDEdkif/ jyK&rnfudk &Sufjcif;? tvdkqdk;'Pf cH&rnfudk aMumufjcif;?
vdkufpm;csdefrsm;uvnf; acG;ESifh a&SUqifhaemufqifh tcsdef p&Pac:usif h t m;wpf c k w nf ; wG i f (1) rS w f Ó Pf xdkESpfyg;u usm;uefay;xm;onf/ t&SufESifh taMumufonf
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odkYaMumifh xdkumv&Sd vlom;trsm;pkonf ESpfESpf ÓPf) (2) 0dyóemÓPf (orm"dÓPfaMumifh jzpfyGifhvm wnf;/
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avmufqdkvQif tdrfaxmifus Muawmhrnf/ ig;ESpf? ajcmufESpf
19
vrf;odolESifhtwloGm; pdwfcsvufcs oGm;cGifh&aomaMumifh/ xdk pdwf? uH? Owk? tm[m& (owå0gwdkY\ aumif;usKd;
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pm&if; oGif;NyD;jzpfaomaMumifh/ pjrJ jzpfaomaMumifh uHruif;aom pdwftjzpf owfrSwfxm;
twufEiS Uf tqif;wdUk \tMum; vJv,
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jzpfvmonf/ tylrvGefawmhojzifh ajrqDMoZmrsm; wufvm ajymorQvnf; pdwfaumif; ESvHk;aumif;rsm;ESifh qHkrdaom
qk w f a cwf r S wuf a cwf o d k Y ul ; 0if v d k v Qif 'd | d ? Muonf/ ajrqDtm; rsm;rsm;okH;cGifh&vmaomaMumifh oD;ESHrsm; umv&Sd t&mrsm;udk nTef;qdkonf/
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acwf jyefqif;vdkvQifum; o'¨g? oDv z,f&Sm;? 'd|d? wPSm aomoD ; ES H r sm;ud k pm;oH k ; cG i f h &aomaMumif h vl o m;wd k Y \ Bu;D pd;k &m umvjzpfjcif;aMumifh Owkazmufjyefjcif;? tm[m&wdYk
rsm;udkom tm;udk;yg/ udk,fcE¨m zGHUNzKd;vmaponf/ ½kyf"mwfrSDí pdwf"mwfvnf; MoZmowåduif;jcif;ESifh BuKHawGUMu&rnf/
(u) qkwaf cwfuzkd suí
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'd|dwdrfapwwfaomaMumifh/ pdwuf rS xdrk Qaumif;vmvQif Mu?H ajym? jyK uHrsm; vnf; pdwf"mwfwdkY ,kwfMurf;vmawmhum uHMurf;ESifh uHqef;rsm;
(c) xdktbdk;tbGm;wdkY&Sd oDv*kPf ,Hkvsufu oDvrysuf raumif ; p&m r&S d / uH u rS taumif ; axmuf r çvmvQif zefwD;vmMuawmhrnf/
pD;yGm;vnf; quf? tdrfaxmifbufxm; vlvwfrsm;wdkYum; OwkoHk;yg;vnf; rrSefp&m r&Sd/ OwkurS taiGUaumif; ay;ydkY rdk;o&rf;í MoZmuef;
vrf;oGm;tjzpf ajc&mxyfvsuf aemufrSuyfvdkuf vmMuNyD/ aevQif tm[m&rsm;vnf; MoZm"mwf nHhp&mr&Sd/ MoZmMurf; pdwfMurf;arT tavoGif;/
20
pdwfaxG&m uHayGavSmuf rufzG,f tvGefaumif;vSaom qkwfacwfvlom;wdkY\ ÓOf? udk,fcE¨m? vlYtrltusifhrsm; vdkufygvmjcif;aMumifhqdkonfudk

atmufawmufavQmufqif;/ / p½dkuf? 0goemrsm;udk wm;qD;ay;xm;jcif;? aumif;&mvrf;p oifrarhoifh/ xdkwGif ...
xdrk t
S jyef apwemruif;aompdwf o'¨gt&if;cH jzpfvm udk,f? EIwf? ESvHk; oHk;yg;aom uHpHkcif;vsuf ÓOfaumif;? p½dkuf (u) qkwaf cwf\q,fEpS w f ef;&Sd tbd;k ? tbGm;wdo
Yk nf jA[®m
csdefwGif pdwfudk oDvjzifh xdef;ausmif;ay;um tapmif;rS aumif;? 0goemaumif; MuJcsay;xm;jcif;jzifh ... pdwfjzifh aeMuí aovGefaomf jA[®mbHk tukefwufMu
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axmufrçvmjcif;? OwkrSef rdk;rSef oDESHrsm; zGHUNzKd;vmjcif;? xdk xm;onf/ (c) wufacwf\ toacsFvGefwdkYum; vlt&m jA[®mvdkae
aumif;aom pdwf? uH? Owk? tm[m&rsm;aMumifh pdwfEkí 2/ Óww¬p&d, - txufae aqG? atmufae rsKd;wdkY\ Muí vlYbHküyif jA[®moufwrf;jzifh aeMurnf/
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odkYaMumifh ...oifonf vla&SUola&SUoGm;í ig uH 3/ Ak'¨w¬p&d, - rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif opömcGif trSefjrifrsKd;udk pmwrf;onf urÇmwnfyHk? ysufyHkudk yHkazmfaeonf r[kwf
raumif;ao;bl; rajymrdapESi/hf ajymrdaomf ightMu?H igh tvkyf vnf; BuKd;pm;aeonfjzpfaomaMumifh ... [laom tcsufudk oif av;av;eufeuf oabmxm;&rnf/
bmrSr[kwfao;ygbl;uGmvdkY 0efcH&m a&mufapaomaMumifh vufiif;üyif vlom;wdkif; oufwrf;ydk&SnfvmukefMuNyD/ q,f þpmwrf;onf acwfac: umv\ azmufjyefjcif;? xdk azmuf
wnf;/ ig uHaumif;vmNyD[líum; oifBuKdufoavmuf ajym ESpfvGef\aemuf arG;zGm;olwdkYum; qwdk;tjzpf oufwrf; jyefjcif;ESifhtwl qkwf,kwfysufjym;jcif;? umv\jynfhpHkjcif;?
Mum;av/ bmaMumifeh nf;/ oift h Mu?H oift
h vkyf [kwaf eonf ESpqf ,f/ xdEk pS qf ,fveG \f aemuf arG;zGm;olwu Ykd m; qwd;k ude;f xdkjynfhpHkjcif;ESifhtwl BuD;yGm;wdk;wufjcif;rsm;udk ajymMum;ay;
wdkYudk vltrsm;odav aumif;av jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/ tjzpf oufwrf; av;q,f/ þenf;jzifh qwdk;yGm;vsufu aeaom pmwrf;[lí rSwfygav/ odkYr[kwfu urÇmwnfESifh
uHaumif;axmufronf qdak ompum;onf twdwu f H oufwrf;rsm; &Snfvsm;vmMuav&m wpfoef;wef; toacsF acwfopfwnf vGJrSm;aewwfonf/
a[mif;u uHaumif;rsm;pGmwdkYudk vuf&Sd uHopf uHaumif; wef;wdkYtxd vlwdkYoufwrf; tHhrcef; jzpfvmapMuonf/ þum; orÜwådpufac: wufacwfumv\ o½kyfyHk
tMuHaumif;rsm;jzifh axmufydkYjyKvkyfay;jcif;[lí wxpfcs xdkodkYjzpf&mwdkif;wdkYü taMumif;rJh jzpfcsifwdkif;jzpfum; Murf ; wnf ;/
rSwfygav/ xdkpum; q,fESpfwef;&Sd qkwfacwfqHk; vlom; r[kwf/ uHxrf;? pdwfxrf; tajccHxm;í Owkcef;? tm[m&
rsm;u ajymMum;aeMuNyD/ cef;wdkYtxd av;rsKd;aom zefqif;&SifwdkYtay: oDvOD;pD; o'¨g ●
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21
3/ Oy"dorÜwåd - pdwfaepdwfxm; apwemrsm;\ wnf&m 4/ taumif ; tqd k ; vrf ; xm; rS m ;? rrS m ;cG J j cm;ay;&ef
\ cE¨mudk,ftcsKd;tpm;ESifh jynfhpHkjcif;/ q&mrSefudkvnf; qnf;uyf emcH&OD;rnf/
4/ *wd o rÜ w å d - pdwfaeuHxm; jyKusifhrI oGm;vm&m\ xdkav;csufESifhjynfhpHkrS orÜwådyHk *kPfwufrnf/ t*Fgwpfcsuf
vrf;xm; rSefuefjcif;rsm;yif/ ysuf orÜwåd*kPf toufxGufrnf/
xdkav;yg;wdkYESifh jynfhpHkaeol vlwdkYbufu tm;omae 0dywådacwfac: acwfumvysuf vlpdwfxuf wd&pämef
aomf avmuygvewfac: vlom;wdkYtusifh 'dkiftjzpf iHhvifh ÓOfwufaeaom tcsed rf sK;d um; xdt k csurf sm;ESihf qefUusib
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oDvay;aomtouf wPSmjzifh NzKdzsucf srnf um ta&;,lay;aeMu&aom ewfrsm;\ tultyHhaMumifh yif jzpfacs&m ...
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wufacwfudk o'¨g? oDv tBuD;rSL;jyK aumif;aom 'dkiftjzpf aqmif&Gufay;aeMu&aom ewfrsm;\ tultyHh jzpfvmrnf/
tk y f p k j zif h xl a xmif r nf / od k Y a Mumif h vl Y t usif h j zif h vl Y aMumifhvnf;aumif; vlwdkYonf tEÅ&m,fuif;? pdwfESifh udk,f (c) t,l0g' cRwfacsmfav vlawmf vlwwftjzpf csD;rGrf;cH
tqif h r D wvl v l wvG i f h v G i f h 0if h w uf w uf a ponf / csrf;om? usef;rmjcif;rsm;ESifh jynfhpHkvHkavmufaeMuawmh&um; &av jzpfvmrnf/
qk w f a cwf u d k 'd | d ? wPS m tBuD ; rS L ;jyK raumif ; pdwfvnf;&Snf udk,fvnf;at; oufwrf;&Snf tcGifhta&;rsm; (*) vrf;rSm;tMum; pGefYpGefYpm;pm;oGm;jyav vlom;wdkif;u
tkyfpkjzifh NzdKcsrnf/ odkYaMumifh vlYtusifhzsuf wd&pämef &Muonf/ tm;udk;av jzpfvmrnf/
ÓOf taiG U touf j zif h tysuf c sif ; quf ouf a ponf / xdkav;yg;wdkYESifh jynfhpHkap&efrSm ... (C) uavuacs½kyfaygufav vufatmufcH jzpfvdkolawG
wufacwfudk jzpfyGm;apaom jynfhpHkjcif; av;rsKd;wdkY 1/ rdrd\ trltusifhESifhvdkufzuf&m ae&ma'oudkvnf; 0ifvmavjzpfrnf/
[lonf ... a&G;&rnf/ xdtk csurf sm;ESijhf ynfph &kH efrmS vnf; ae&mrSef a&G;&efrvd?k
1/ oD v orÜ w å d - orm"dÓPf t&Hygaom odu©mwif 2/ aumif;rIudk a&SUrSmcsvsuf aumif;vrf;jytjzpfvnf; a'gifusus jym;usus ypfwdkif;axmifwrQ [efjyzdkYom vdkrnf/
tusifhESifh jynfhpHkjcif;/ xm;&OD;rnf/ t,kwfvrf; urf;ukefatmif oGm;jywwfzdkY vdkrnf/ udk,f
2/ 'd | d o rÜ w å d - t,l0g'a&;&mü ajzmifhrSefrIESifh jynfhpHk 3/ aumif;rIESifh wpfom;wnf;us rdrdudk,f? pdwfudkvnf; pdwfxm; jzpfovdk xm;wwf&rnf/ aumif;aumif;qdk;qdk;
jcif;/ aumif;vrf;üom csxm;ay;&rnf/ aoG;xdk;ay;rnfh q&mudkom vdkrnf/
22
od k Y a Mumif h vl Y u sif h j zif h wuf c J h a om orÜ w å d a cwf w&m;tm;vHk; pk½kef;vdkufygvmjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif; xuf

wd&pämefusifhjzifh zsufrSom ysufawmhonf/ xdkqdkcJhNyD; 0dywåd oavmufwuf? wufoavmuf oGufaponf/
acwf\ t*Fg&yfwdkYudk axmufMunfh odEdkifavmufMu\/ (c) acwf a umif ; zsuf ? wPS m t&S d e f o nf aumif ; rI u
y,fowf&m y[mwAÁw&m; (&mZ0wfrIusL; cdk;olrSL;BuD;yrm)
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qdk;wpfcsDjzifhom ,Gef;avh&Sdjcif;wdkYjzifh t&Sdeft[kef nHhouf
acwfaumif;wnf wufacwfodkYwuf&mü vuf&SdrS aeonfu wpfaMumif; wdkYaMumifh ...
toufwrf; wpfqwpfqwdk;í wufapNyD;? acwfqdk;ysuf 1/ tESpfwpf&mvQif ajrqDvTmwdkY wpfvufrusrQ cef;
usacwfüum; tESpfwpf&mvQif wpfESpfus wdkEIef;jzifhom ajcmuf ,kwfavsmhonf/
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23
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24
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25
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pum;? w&m;pum; rsm;rsm;ajymolrsm; 0ifvmMujyefonf/
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tajymynwfu oabmy&rwf jrK§yfowf&ef tm;,lvmjcif;
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wnf;/ BuKdufESpfoufol r&Sdwwf/ rodwkef;om vufcH od vufvSef xdka,musfm;om;tay: cifvdk? BuKdufvdkrI tvdkBuD;jcif;
vloefYq,fa,mufMum; vlnHhwpfa,muf xm;vnf; onfu rsm;\/ ao;odrf zsif;Ekyfaom &,f&TifzG,f pum;rsm; tbdZÑm xdyfrSmwufí rD;pGJNyD/ xdka,musfm;om;ESifh eufjzef
vloefYq,fa,mufom nHhoufvmrnf/ vlnHhq,fa,muf udkum; aysmf&m&Tif&mxJodkY pdwfudk xm;ay;avh &Sdwwfaom awGUcGifh&a&; pdwfrat;jcif; Asmyg' odu©mudk c0gcsvdkufNyD/
Mum; vloefYwpfa,muf oGm;xm;ygrlum; vloefYomvQif aMumifph wd af v;xdik ;f rdiI ;f pdw0f ifpm;p&m r&So
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owå0gwdkif;vQif rodaomb0rSpwifNyD; rodaom vlom;wdkif; t&ufraomufbJESifh aysmf&Tifarhaysmufapaom udk wdrf;arSmufap\/ zsufpdwf\ wpfuGufrQaom tawG;
umrudkom cHkrifrdMu&mrS oHo&majr ajcqefYcJholrsm;csnf; vlpdwfazsmuf ud&d,m wpfrsKd;wnf;/ onfvnf; b0 wpfcGifvHk;udkvQif wdrf;arSmufaponf/ xdkrS
26
aemufwGif taysmfcif t&TifBuKduf xdkrdef;rwpfodkufonf xdk owå0gwdkY\ t,l0g'a&;&mü ...

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xdka,musfm;tvmudkom iHhvifhapmifhpm;awmh\/ wdkYonf tvdkvdk ol jzpfvmacsawmh\/
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taysmjf zifo h m {nfch ?H taysmaf vmufom MuaH wmh&m Mumaomf tpGJ tvdkvdk uGJoGm;ap\/
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,cifu jcifqDrqefYawmhí aoG;ydkwdkY vSefYvm&mrS
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tcsdefjynfh &ufquf umrpdwfxdyfwuf &m*aoG;rsm; qlyGuf
iifBuKd;wGif wpfzufpGef;rSm yHk;? wpfzufpGef;rSmum; BuKd;xHk; odkYqdkaomf igESifhol b,folu trsm;pkenf;/
wufvmukefMuNyD/ xdkrSpwifum vifwpfa,mufwnf;ESifh
[lí tpGef;ESpfzuf pm;usufxm;acs&m ...a&cyfol\ igypönf;ESifh olYypönf; b,folu trsm;pkenf;/
r,m;xm;rsm;aomtavh pwifvm\/
pd w f t vd k o d k Y vd k u f y gMuum yH k ; txuf a &muf u BuKd ; xH k ; igydkifESifh olydkifxm;vnf; b,folu trsm;pkenf;/
igrS igodkY[laom rmeig? 'd|dig wdkYu wPSmudk ajr§muf
yifhay;Muum tydkifodrf;pepfvnf; ay:aygufvmawmh\/ atmuf? wpfzef BuKd;xHk;txufwufu yHk;atmufbuf xdk ig? ol? a,musfm;? rdef;r cGJjcm;a&;0g' 'd|du pwif
uset f rsm;vnf; wpfa,mufxm; ESpaf ,mufxm; ponf rdrw d Ykd qif ; jzif h tcsif ; csif ; tjyef t vS e f quf q H a eMuonf / ay;vdu k o f nfEiS hf rdrüd txifBu;D í olwpfyg;ü txifao;um
pG r f ; tm;od k Y v d k u f u m tyd k i f 0 uf a rG ; b0 jyKusif h v d k u f M u onf h y rmvQif vl o m;wd k Y \ pd w f o d k Y tvd k v d k u f y g ae& zufNyKdifvdkaom rme? olYvufxm;u wpfrsKd;xifum yef;í
&awmh\/ odw Yk apvnf; xdw k PSm? rme? 'd|d wdYk toacsw F ef;? aom oD v ES i f h w PS m tk y f p k w d k Y o nf v nf ; b0ork y Ü g 'f ydk;í csKd;,lvdkaom wPSmrsm; tifESifh tm;ESifh xkESifh xnfESifh
oef;wef;txd tiftm;pk tqifhrS a&SUodkYrwdk;Edkif/ pufvrf;Mum;ay:0,f uHwnf;[laom BuKd;udk rSDcdkvsufu tm;aumif ; vmMuawmh \ / ypö u © ü abm*ud k e,f c sJ U í
twufrSm oDv? tusrSm wPSm wGifus,fpGm\/ oHo&mü b0udk e,fus,fap&mü 'd|dpD;ydk;aom xdkwPSm?
rmewdkYavmuf xdk;azmufEdkiftm; rnfonfht,kwfw&m;rQ
●
27
r&Sdav/ xm;rsm;vnf; trsm;tpm; ajymif;vJoGm;Murnf/ þüum;

wpfzef xdkoHk;rsKd;wGJ wpftkyfpkwdkY\aemuf0,f... ]ig} acgif;aqmif;rdojzifh tapmif;pHk tukef0ifcavmufum
(u) t&Su?f taMumufwaYkd e&m t&Surf ?hJ taMumufrhJ ESprf sK;d arSmufay;xm;vdkufjcif;wnf;/ odkYr[kwf obm0"r®udk ig"r®
wdkYu ae&m0if,lvdkufMu\/ jzifh usepGm yHkpHajymif;ay;aejcif;/
( c ) u½kPm? rk'dwmwdkYae&m £óm? rpä&d, ESpfrsKd;wdkYu
ae&m0if,lvdkufMu\/ ●
( * ) "r®m½kHMum; pdwfxm;tpm; yÍöm½kHMum; pdwfupm;jcif;
u ydkí aysmf&TifapMuonf/ t&Surf hJ taMumufrphJ u
G f urÇmysuzf Ukd aocsm\
(C) vu©PmoH;k yg; yGm;jcif;tpm; 0#fo;kH yg;yGm;u tm;ydo k m
vmMuonf/ &Suf? aMumuf ESpfwef tjzLcH
( i ) or®mr*¾if&Spfyg;tpm; rdpämr*¾if&Spfyg;jzifh tpm;xdk; yl'Pfudav uefxkwfonf/
vdkufMuonf/ &Suf? aMumuf rJhjyef trnf;cH
( p ) aAm"dyu©d,,mOftpm; y#dpöorkyÜg'f,mOf ajymif;vJ yl'Pfudav pkyf,lrnf/ /
pD;eif;aeMuNyD/
(q) vl Y t usif h j zif h txuf v T i f h w if r nf h t pm; wd & pä m ef wPSmuylqm rmeutwGifEdIuf 'd|duodrf;ydkuf [l
tusifhjzifh atmufodkY arSmufxm;xm;vdkufMuawmhNyD/ aom yyÍöac: e,fcsJUtkyfpk\ vufyg;aprsm;wGif t[d&du
( Z ) raemr,0d Z Æ m ynm&yf t pm; vuf a wG U vk y f M unf h r S taemwåyÜac: raumif;rI jyKusifhay;&rnfudk r&Sufawmhjcif;?
od&aom odyÜHynmu ae&m,lxm;NyD/ xdkraumif;'Pf aemif rdrdyif jyefvnfcH&OD;rnfudk raMumuf
pd w f w pf c k \ tajymif ; tvJ w pf c k t Mum; rl w pf c k awmhjcif; ESpfrsKd;wdkYu tm;tudk;&qHk;/ olwdkYrpGefY? ygy"r®wm
jcm;em;oGm;onfESifh apmif;edrfhjcif;? jrifhwufjcif; tusKd;w&m; b,ft&mudkrQ r&J0HhaomaMumifh/
28
r&SufoHk;yg;wdkYwGif BuKdufr&Sufonf tpGmqHk;/ xdk BuKdufpdwfrSjzpfaom tvdktmom\BuKdufpGJum; wpfcsD aum|mo tzdkYtpkrsm;udk "mwfcGJay;tvm; o½kyfcGJjcm;
BuKdufr&Sufuyif pdwf\ rdkufaMumif;jyrsm;jzpfMuavaom wGJxuf ESpfcsDwGJu ydkpGJvmrnf/ taumif;xif tjrifvGJjcif; jyay;aomf...xdo k ½kyo
f nf ausmufoifyek ;f wdYk tay:rSmom
tvdkBuD;jcif;? tm;rvkdtm;r& aomurmefudk EdI;qGjcif;? rsm;uvnf; wpfcsDxufESpfcsDu ydkuJvmrnf/ xdkrQru BuKduf vrf;qH;k rnf/ rdrcd pH m;cGi&hf &m r,m;txd viftxd ra&muf&/dS
bmjzpfjzpf pdwq f ;kH jzwfí ud,k yf ikd o
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f JG wGcJ iG &hf vQiu
f m; tp&Sd taemif rdrdcifrif&ygaom om;orD;tpxm; tm½kHcsí tvSjypm;avh
apacs&m avmu\jzpfyGm;orQ raumif;rIcif; ,if;BudKuf aemif aoG;tm;wdkYjzifh wnfaqmufxm;aom b0ESifhcE¨mom &Sdolrsm;txd ra&muf&Sd/ BuKdufzrf;pdwfonf tBudKuf\
r&Sufonf vufonf&if;wnf;/ ajymifcsifajymifrnf/ wPSm\ tavmifum; r&yfawmhNyD/ em;ouf & m tawG U Xme tawG U a'orS w pf y g; tjcm;od k Y
aemufvdkuf r&SufESpfrsKd;wGif idkufr&Sufu wpfudk,f BuKdufpdwf ief;zrf;cH&aomolonf ylysHUysHUaeaom oGm;vnf; roGm;&J/ tBuKdufESifhvnf; rcGJvdkaomaMumifh/
wnf; xD;wnf;idu k f rnfou Yl rkd Q rodr;f ydu
k /f iwfr&Suu f vnf; pdwf\ aoG;vSefYjcif;udk tjrJcHae&rnf/ pdwfysHUxdk;í ESvHk; xdkrQ BuKdufí xdkrQpGJavmif avmifaevQif t&Sufvnf;
wpfqkyfwpfcJ txJoGif;ay; cPcsif; ausat;ay;\/ a&SU aoG;wd;k yGuyf u G q f al eolonf tawGU\a&SU puúeyYf ikd ;f a'orQ ukefajymifaeacsawmhrnf/ vlwdkY\ vifae? r,m;xm; t&mü
rqufawmh/ udkvQif wdk;í rjrifEdkif/ pum;wpfcGef;&Sd\/ ]]orD;&nf;pm;umv tcspfukef? vifr,m;
BuKu
d rf &Suo f nfum; rD;vif;zdBk u;D \twGi;f avmifpmwdYk uefaysmf ig;wdkYonf rQm;csdwfESifh ig;pm twlaESmí umv t&Sufukef}}[l\/ xdkpum; trsm;odNyD;yif/
trsKd;rsKd;oGif;xdk;ay;acs&m avmifpmrsm;av tm;aumif;av? aeacs&m ig;pmudkom awGU&wwfNyD; rQm;csdwfudkum; vSrf; xdkvifae r,m;xm;üyif nm;cgp vydkif;rsm;wGif
tm;aumif;av avmifpmawmif;avjzifh oGi;f ay;orQ jymb0 rjrifwwfonfhyrm ...? olaX;tdrfarG; acG;onf tpmauR; t&Suf tcsKdUt0ufusefao;\/ odkYaMumifh bkwf usD;½dkao?
odo
Yk m usoufomG ;cJNh y;D avmifr;D um; pGmvnf; pGmjr?J qmvnf; aom tapcHudkom tm;udk;cifrif ta&m0ifavh&SdNyD; tpm us;D bkw½f akd oyrm tcsi;f csi;f qufq&H mü pum;vH;k vSvaS v;
qmjrJyrm ... ydkif&SifolaX;BuD;udkum; tm;udk;&rSef;yif rjrifwwfawmhonf rsm;udkom a&G;oHk;\/ tjyKtpk t,kt, zGzGwif nifom\/
BuKdufpdwfu ylqmwdkif; &SmazGqufoGif;ay;ae&aom yrm...BuKdufief; zrf;cHxm;&aom pdwfonfvnf; tm½kH&Sif &ufrv S qufvmcJí h tBuKu d b
f ufu tm;wufvmMuygrlum;
tm½kH&Sif\xHrS yJhpifvGifhysHUvmaom tm½kHrQifac: taiGU rSmxuf tm½kHudkom ydkícHkrif\/ tm½kH&Sifudk cHkrifonfh t&Sufuif; wvif;zHk rD;ukef,rf;ukef Murf;vmMuawmhNyD/
toufwdkYum; taiGU"mwf wpfcg[yf wpfcguyfEIef;jzifh wdkifvnf; tm½kHxm;&m jyify tawGUay;&m ae&ma'orQ tBuKu d cf avmufojzifh t&SuEf iS t
hf aMumuf uif;rJv h m
[yfvsuf uyfvsufuyif tmedoifvnf;aysmuf csKyfaysmuf avmufuo kd m cHrk if\/ twGi;f xm; tm½kv H wT f t&mrsm;udu
k m; aomolonf ...t&Suf taMumuf rJhoavmufvQif vlYusifh
jcif;odkY a&mufMu&avawmh\/ &Sdonfyif rxif/ q&mwdkYu vlwpfOD;&Sd tpdwftydkif;ac: odu©mrsm; azmufzsufrnf/
29
r&Sufw&m;onf vlYusifhudkzsufodrf;&mü tvGefxd ud&d,m? pD;eif;&m ,mOfyrmrsm;csnf;om/

a&mufaom vufeufwpfckjzpfNyD;? raMumufw&m;vnf ; odkYaMumifh ...þ£óm? rpä&d, ESpfyg;wdkYESifhtwl
ukodkvf ur®yxac: aumif;uHudk ajrmufapwwfaom ewf xdt k m;vH;k wdu
Yk ykd g (twlwEl iS hf tElEcl sn;f jzpfaeMuojzif)h þü
vrf;aygufwHwm;udk azmufcGJcsKd;zsufypf&mü tvGefxda&muf a&maESmzGifhqdkrnf/
aom vufeufwpfckyif jzpf\/ tBudKufBuD;BuD; zdpD;cH&ae&olonf udk,fhxuf t&m&m
odkYaMumifh xdkESpfckpvHk; tBudKufaemuf aumufaumuf omaevQif xdkolYtay: remvdk? r½IpdrfhpdwfarG;rSm aocsm
yg vdkufaeorQ ypöu©ü wpfzufom;wdkY cHrqHk;/ oHo&mü omonfxif remvdk? emrnfxif o0efwdk onf/ igjzpfvdkonfht&m oljzpfvmaomaMumifh/
twHuYk vSní hf rdrt
d m; zdawmhrnfjzpfjcif;aMumifh rdru
d ,
kd w
f ikd f tBudKufusus oHk;cGifh&aejyefuvnf; udk,fhatmufrSm
vnf; ¤if;wdkY'Pf cHavOD;/ t&SufrJh? taMumufrJh w&m;ESpfyg;onf wPSm\yxr t&m&m emaeol awGUcJv h Qif xdo k t
Yl ay: o0efwkd rsurf ek ;f usK;d
arG;pm;om; ESpfyg;wnf;/ remvdkjcif;? 0efwdkjcif; w&m;ESpfyg; pdwf arG;rdrSmaocsmonf/ udk,fBudKuf0w¬K enf;enf;av;rQ
● vnf; wPSm\ 'kwd, arG;pm;om; ESpfyg;yif/ zJhray;vdkjcif;? udk,fhtBudKuf rsufpdjzifhEdIufí cHpm;aeonfudk
xd k r S < uif ; aom tm½k H i g;yg;wd k Y \ tMum; 0#f o H k ; yg; rvdkvm;jcif;? tm½kHcGif ol0ifpGufojzifh pdwfcsvufcs cHpm;cGifh
(BudKufonf? vdkufonf? cHpm;cGifh&onf)wdkYjzifh vSnfhywfoGm; r&jcif;rsm;aMumifh.../ xdkowif; xdkacwf\ igydkifxm;jcif;
vmjcif;? rdpämoDv-rdkufrJaomtusifhom usifhawmhjcif;? rsm;u &Sif;vif;jyaeonf/
rdpämorm"d-rdkufrJ&ef udpö&yfrsm;üom pdwfwnfem;awmhjcif;? trsKd;orD;rsm;onf trsKd;om;rsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;avh&Sd
rdpämynm-rdkufrJaom twwftodwdkYjzifh rdkufrSm;&modkYom Mu&mü tcsKdU wnf? cefY? acsmudk oabmusí tcsKdU &Tif?
uyfvsuf Muo H ad eawmhjcif;rsm;jzifh rodonftavsmuf jyKusihf aom? vSudk oabmus\/ wPSmpm csay;Mu&ojzifh tvS?
jyKusifhrd&mavmufomod ponfh y#dpöorkyÜg'fac: tpGJudk tacsmudkum; rnfolrqdk (r&vQifom ae&rnf/) a&G;udk
rSDvsufu jzpfpOfwdkY wpfoDBuD; wpfwef;BuD; vnfywfapjcif; a&G;\/
wdkYonf BudKufwPSm\ usufpm;&m pm;usuf? toHk;jyK&m trsKd;om;rsm;onf trsKd;orD;rsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;avh&Sd
30
Mu&mü tcsKdU £aÈ´&Sd taexdkifyd&doludk oabmusí tcsKdU txGwfwifxm;qJjzpfaomaMumifh rom,mp&mudk rom,m b0xm; jrefjref&ifhusufapum toufwdkEIef;pepf pwifum
vef;qef;oGuv f uf tvSuvufou l kd oabmus\/ aoG;tkyf p&mtjzpf jrifodqJ? a&SmifMuOfqJom/ rkef;&GHp&mudkvnf; avhusufaeMuonfom/
pd;k cH rde;f uav;rSeo
f rQ tysKad bmfaoG;0ifonfEiS hf t,Of tvS trke;f vGef t&Gw H ?JG &GrH ek ;f jrJ &GrH ek ;f vsuu
f om/ raumif;onfukd od k Y r [k w f twuf v G e f B ud K ; tavmb? ta'go?
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av rD; tkypf ;kd cH a,musmf ;om;wdu Yk m; wPSm xuf rmeuydí k xdkrStjyef ,HkMunfcsuf o'¨g rxuf&Sojzifh oDv wdkYESifh tusvGefBudK; avmb? a'go? arm[ (wufÓOf wuf
uJwufaewwfonfu wpfaMumif;wdaYk Mumifh rmepmçcs tjyKp?k tusiühf pdwzf ifah eaomol? oDvusihf rqifo h jzifh orm"dryGihf usifh z,f&Sm;a&;)w&m; oHk;yg;wdkY tm;csif;NydKifí tEdkifqGJ
t,k,aumif;oludk ydkípdwf0ifpm;Mu\/ rvScsifae tvdkuf pdwfr&ifhvmaomol? orm"d r&ifhojzifh ynmryGifh tusifhrQ aeMujcif;/
oifhae? tvdkufoifhjyKpk? tvdkufoifh ygvQif a,musfm;wdkY jzifhom NyD;aeaomol ...xdktenf;pkwdkYonfom oHo&majr
BudKufrSm aocsmNyD/ ajccspuwnf;u tpGJtjrJ wGJac:vmaom rodjcif; arm[? ●
vlom;wdkYü uGm[rI ÓOf? p½dkuf? 0goemxm;um; rodonfh tavsmuf vdkcsifjcif; avmb? vdkcsifjcif; tm;BuD;
ajcmufrsK;d / oef&mpdwpf ukd í
f vduk rf &d m bHb
k 0wdu
Yk m; oH;k q,fh onftavsmuf tm;rvdk tm;r&jzpfjcif;? arQmfovdkrus
wpfbHk/ xdkrQuGm[p&m rluGJxm; tjrm;tjym;&Sdaeacs&m trsuf&Sjcif; a'go wdkY\ tzdtpD; cHaeMu&&m...
txufygwdkYonf a,bk,s trsm;pkvdkufí qdkjcif;rQom/ avmborm;u bmrqdk udk,f&zdkYomod? udk,f&zdkYom
vlwpfudk,f pdwfwpfrsKd; tpGJrd&mwdk;í tBudKufEdIuf&m vdkufyg zd? udk,f&zdkYom tvSnfhcsavh &Sdvmonf/ a'goorm;u
Muavh&MdS u&m wPSmajym tacsmcsn;f jzpfaeMurnf/ rmewd;k xpfqkd olcY szo Ykd mod? xpfqkd olt Y jypf zdb
Yk o
Ykd mzd? xpfqkd olb
Y uf
jrwfjrwfEdk;Edk;csnf; awGUMu&rnf/ vSnfhavh&Sdvmonf/ arm[ orm;u 0ifrpGuf? oufomonf
wufacwfrS usacwfodkY vufajymif;ump vlom;rsm; txifjzifh bmrqdk oljyKH ; jyKH ;í olrek ;f rke;f ay; vdu k af wmhonf/
onf orÜwådpuf\taxmufrS t&Sif;rvGwfMuao;í azmuf xdkoHk;rsKd;aom atmufwef;pm;wdkYonfom atmuf&yf
,Gif;rI 0dywåd þrQavmuftxd oGufoGufvnf r&SdMuav om; (odkYr[kwf? atmuf&yfjyef)wdkY\ ÓOf? p½dkuf? 0goemtxHk
ao;/ trsm;pkum; o'¨gvufrvTwf? oDvpuf OD;acgif;xuf wdkYjzifh umraoG;udk xif;rD;tjzpfarG;í cE¨mwGif; aoG;udkcsuf?
31
tydkifpD;oGm;jcif;aMumifhvnf; rdrdu xdkwpfzuftm; rauseyf rSDcdk&av&m aoG;tm;udkjzpfapwwfaom tpm;tpm rsm;rsm;

onfvnf; &Sd\/ pm;oHk;avh&Sdaom a,musfm;rsm;ESifh tvdkvdkvQif aoG;tm;
wpfzef a,musfm;u rdef;rodkY? rdef;ru a,musfm;odkY aumif;NyD; jzpfaom rdef;rom;rsm; wPSmxm; tm;BuD;xGm;Mu
rdrdtvdkodkY vdkufygNyD;umrS wpfzufodkYapmif; ajcvSrf;ajymif; rnf/
oGm;jcif;aMumifhvnf; rauseyfjcif;rsm; jzpfyGm;aeMuao;\/ wpfOD;rSwpfOD;odkY ausmful;ul;aomol...tqef;rS
wPSmonf tawGUqef;udk tjrJvQif wrf;wavh&Sd\/ tqef;odkY rSef;í ul;oGm;aejcif;om/ wpfqufrSwpfqufodkY
wPSmief;zrf; bmrqdk wrf;wrf;ww xdkwPSm\ tqef;[laom t&muvnf; rdrd rawGUrd rxdrd qufu;l ul;aomol...tqmrS tqmodYk tmomrufí quf
ao;aom t&myif jzpf\/ wpfzufu qef;opfjcif;ESifhvnf; oGm;aejcif;om/
wPSmtvsOf ÓOftjzpf 0ifvmvQif tusKd;udkvnf; rqdkifwwf/ wpfzuf\ aumif;?raumif;ESifhvnf; rqdkifwwf/ xdk tvdkusL;aom rdef;r? a,musfm;rsm;aMumifh tjiif;
rqifjcifrd/ aemufaMumif;udkvnf; rjrifrd/ rqifjcifrd? wpfzef olYü awG;xifxm;aom xifjrifcsuf\ tBuD; yGm;jcif;rsm;vnf; pwifjzpfyGm;vm&\/ azmfxkwfjcif;ESifh
rjrifodaomtcg bmjzpfjzpf qHk;jzwfcsufcs arSmiftwdus tao; twdkif;vQif umv&SnfMum\/ wpfzuftay: txif zHk;uG,fjcif;rsm; acwfpm;vmum rkom;oHk;wwfvmjcif;?
oGm;NyD/ xdktcgrsKd;rSmrS xdkpdwfu xdkvlom;udk "m;jyrk'drf; BuD;rI tm;BuD;aeaomf tqef;xif Mum\/ txifao;aomf cdk;aMumifcdk;0Suf jyKusifhvmwwfjcif;rsm;vnf; xGef;um;vm
vl t &od r f ; í ES d y f p uf z suf q D ; onf h y rm ES d y f p uf z suf q D ; cPcsif; yGJcsif;NyD;\/ odkYaMumifh wPSmu xifjrifcsufay; awmhonf/
av&m\/ aom tqef;rSeforQ aoG;tqm tmomrajycifav;rQom/ xdktcsdefonf oufwrf;um; wpfodef;wef; umvwGif;
xdkenf;jzifhyif qkwfacwf zefwD;&Sifrsm; umrtvdk odkY csOf;eif;vmcJhNyD/ xdkacwf&Sd vlom;rsm;onf odu©menf;yg;
tBudKufvGefa&m*gaMumifh tEdkifudkif? tydkifodrf; wpf vdkufpm;í w&m;rJhvmMuygonf/ xdkenf;jzifhyif usacwfzef ,HkMunf½kHrQom tm;xm;aom atmufwef;ÓOfxm;wdkYom
a,mufqdk wpfa,mufüom nTwfwdrf;apaom tcsdefrSpí vlom;rsm; npfpdwfyGm;í trSm;buf csJUum;vmMuygonf/ trsm;pktjzpf usefawmhonf/
vlvQiv
f cl si;f oifjh rwfjcif;r&SMd uawmh/ olv
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35
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36
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aomt&m rajymjcif;u omí aumif;\/ qnf;ay;jcif;rSeforQ tm[m&/
,aeYvlom;rsm; wufacwfumv b,fESBudrf qHkzl;cJh txufygav;rsKd;wdkYonf b0udk wnfaqmufay;jcif;?
avrnfrod/ ,aeYvlom;rsm; qkwfacwfumv tb,frQ wnfaqmufNyD;b0udk jyKjyifzmax;ay;jcif;t&müvufrSwf&
qif;cJzh ;l rSe;f vnf; rod/ xdpk Ofumvwke;f utaMumif; ,ckwikd f ocFg&vkyfom;BuD;av;OD;yif/ xdkYwGif ...
37
(u) blw½kyfac: r[mbkwfBuD;av;yg;trnf& ajr"mwf? udkom tyfESHvdkufyg/ jzpfovdk uHwl;í ig;arG;jrLvdkvQifvnf; ZGwfrSdwf rSdef;í arS;í ai;arsmvdkuf&aom tqif;c&D;jzpf&m
a&"mwf? av"mwf? rD;"mwfwdkYjzifh wnfaqmufay;xm;jcif; oifh&Sdb0ESifh cE¨mudk olwdkYudkom tyfESHvdkufyg/ o'¨gESifh 0D&d, rygvnf; ta&;rBuD;/
cH&aom vlom;ESifh wd&pämefavmuom;wdkYü twdwfwGif uH olwdkYac: xdkocFg& av;rsKd; wdkYonf orÜwådpuf tul þtqif;c&D;udk udk,fhudk,fudk cifrifrI tm;BuD;aomol
pdwfwdkYu OD;aqmif? vuf&Sdü Owk tm[m&wdkYu OD;aqmif &u wufacwfudk zefqif; wnfaxmifay;rnf/ tu,fwdwd rsm; txl;pdwf0ifpm;Muonf/ &Gmae vlarG; Muuf? 0uf? acG;
apum jyKjyifrIudk cHMu&rnf/ twdwfonf y#doaE¨r,lrDESifh orÜwådpuftpm; 0dywådpufqdk; wdk;0ifvmygrlum; qkwfacwf wdkYonf udk,fhudk,fudktm;udk;í yifyef;wBuD; &Smrpm;&aom
,lpOfumvudk nTef;\/ vuf&Sdum; y#doaE¨,lNyD;aemuf udk zefqif; wnfaxmifay;Murnf/ acwfrDaom ocFg& ocifrDSb0udk tm;usaysmfyg; tav;xm;yHkrsKd; qdk&rnf/
uvva&MunfrS rzGm;rDumvudk nTef;\/ &nfnTef;csuf av;rsKd;aywnf;/ onfhtwl olwpfzufom;wdkYtay: cifrifrItm;BuD;
ÓPfrrDu tjiif;yGm;&wwfonf/ xdkwGif orÜwådacwfwGif aumif;&mvkyfrS aumif;usKd; jcif;? tm½kH\ b0ifay: cifrifrItm;BuD;jcif;? tqifhjrifhrm;
wpfzef ... &rnfudk wpfcJeuf,HkMunfjcif;? ,Hkoavmuf t&Jydkvmjcif; olaumif;jyKorm;wdkYudk cdkudk;í vSL'gef;&mrS&aom olwpfzuf
( c ) txuf&Sd ewf? jA[®mrsm;ESifh atmuf&Sd i&J? Nydwåm? ESpyf g;jzifh aumif;oDvudk jznfu
h siu
hf m wuf&aom twufc&D; om;rsm;tay: aumif;apvdkaom apwemjzifh &ufa&mpGm
tol&um,favmuom;rsm;ü twdwfa&m? vuf&Sdyg (¤if; jzpf&m o'¨gESifh 0D&d, tm;udk;avmufp&m t&if;ESD;r&u ay;urf;&mrS&aom ewfjzpfb0avmufuo kd m tm;usomG ;jcif;?
wdkYü y#doaE¨ &ifhusufcsdef xm;&ef rvdktyfawmhojzifh jzpf&m rwufom/ b0\a&SUaemufukd awG;awmcGirhf ay;aom tdypf uf pdwu f ed ;f
b0yifvQif vuf&Sdqdk&\/) uH? pdwfESpfyg;wdkYuom OD;pD;jcif; 0dywådacwfwGifum; qdk;&mvkyfav aumif;usKd;wuf rSdef;ae&onfudk rufarmjcif;orm;rsm;vnf; oufomrIudk
cHMu&rnf/ pGJpdwfu ydkYvTwfaom pGJ½kyfrQcsnf;jzpfaeí tyl? avudk ypöKyÜef&Sd rsufarG;wpfqHk;rQ vwfwavm umrt&om BudKufMuonf/ odkYaMumifh o'¨gESifh 0D&d,tm;rBuD;vnf; udpö
tat; ay;p&mrvdk/ b0opf\ &du©mpmrsm; wrifzefwD; udkMunfh? t&omrcHcifu udk,fhpdwfu udk,fhudk,fudk ESL;zsuf r&Sd/ o'¨gtpm; wPSmu 0ifay;vmvQif oDvtpm; 'kóDv
um xnfhoGif;ay;p&m rvdkNyD/ zsufcHae&onfudkvnf;aumif;? t&omcHpm;aeqJü olYudk,f ac: tusifhysufu 0ifa&muf ae&mOD;ay;vmvQif vHkavmuf
þüum; ,aeY ypöu©ü xdkocFg& av;rsKd;wdkY jyKjyifrIudk ESifh udk,fhpdwfwdkY yl;aygif;um jrL;zsufzsufcHae&onfudk onf/
cH,lí aemifü xdkESifhavsmfnDaom b0ESifhbHk jyóempHk vnf;aumif;? aemif xdk oJ&m? uJ&m tpGJu xdktxJ qGJcs ocFg& av;rsKd;wdkYrSmrlum; tcpm;jzifh olwpfyg;tvkyf
tukefcHpm;cGifh&yHkudkom qdkrnf/ rnfudk vnf;aumif; rodavbJ qdk;usifhac: rdpämoDvudk vkyfay;aeMuaom ydokumq&mrsm;onf bkef;BuD;ausmif;
uHaumif;wl;í ig;arG;jrLvdkvQif oifhb0ESifhcE¨m olwdkY wPSmjzifh wGJzufum uHrsufpd? ÓPfrsufpd ESpfbufpvHk; taqmufcdkif;vnf; aqmufay;onf/ "r®m½kH0wfausmif;
38
taqmufcikd ;f vnf; (rnfonfb h mom0if *dP k ;f om;rsm;u tyf orm"d r*¾ifoHk;yg;u wm0ef,lMurnf/ xdkwGif ...
tyf) aqmufay;onf/ tdrftjzpf? *dka'giftjzpf tyfESHvnf; 1/ raem'kp½dkufoHk;yg; (tvdkBuD;jcif;? tm;rvdk tm;r&
aqmufay;onf/ atmufxpfqHk; jynhfwefqmcef;? bkHcef; pdwf xdyfwuftaqmifhcH&jcif;? ig aumif;pm;NyD;a&m[laom
aqmufay;ygajymvnf; ajymovdk pdwfwdkif;us wnfaqmuf wpfbdkY xm; pdwfrSm;0ifjcif;)wdkYonf ...
ay;onfh yrmrsKd; qdk&rnf/ jyKvkyfrI "r®wmonf jyKvkyfp&m (u) umr0dwuf - xd&mBudKuf BudKuf&mawG;? wrf;wai;ç
awGUu jyKvkyfwwfrsKd; jzpfaejcif;aMumifh/ ai;&mESifhtwl jzpfay:vmNyD; ...
rdpmä vrf;rBu;D ay:rS 0dywåd pufBu;D orm; ( c ) Asmyg'0dwuf - tawG;vIHYqGojzifh tm;rvdk tm;r&
●
awG; ajy;0ifvmonfESifhtwl jzpfay:vmNyD; ...
( * ) 0d[ðo0dwuf - tBudKufay;í zsufqD;&ef? rkef;aMumif;
orÜwådpuf vnfywf&m wufacwfrSmwkef;u or®m
jyí zsufqD;&efESifhtwl jzpfay:vmNyD; ...
r*¾if&Spfyg; vrf;xm;Mum;rS oGm;&yHkudk qdkcJhNyD;NyD/
rdkufrdkufrJrJ qifjcifí rdkufrdkufrJrJ tjrifom jrifaphrnf/
þüum; xdk\ qefYusif uefYvefY xdkwufacwfESifh
rdkufrdkufrJrJ qifjcif&modkY pdwfudkwdk;uyf ydkYay;NyD; rdkufrdkufrJrJ
orÜwådpufudk &yfwefYapaom rdpämr*¾ifvrf;xm;Mum;rS qkwf
tjrifudk ydkí ydkí oefaphrnf/ þum; raem'kp½dkuf? rdpäm
acwform;rsm; oGm;vmyHkudkom qdkawmhrnf/
0dwufESifh rdpämynmr*¾ifrsm;\ uGif;quf/
1/ raem'kp½dkuf oHk;rsKd;wdkYonf rdpäm'd|d? rdpämouFyÜ r*¾if
2/ wpfzef 0pD ' k p ½d k u f a v;yg; (r[kwfrSef;odvsufESifh
ESpfyg;udk wm0ef,lrnf/
[kwfav[ef ajymjcif;? r[kwfwrf;w&m;jzifh ukef;wdkufjcif;?
2/ 0pD'kp½dkuf av;rsKd;wdkYu rdpäm0gpm r*¾ifudk wm0ef
r[k w f w rf ; w&m;jzif h qJ a &;wd k i f ; xG m jyjcif ; ? r[k w f w rf ;
,lrnf/
w&m;jzifh wpfyGJxdk; ajzazsmfay;jcif; pnf;½kH;jcif;)wdkYonfvnf;
3/ um,'kp½dkuf oHk;rsKd;wdkYu rdpämur®EÅ r*¾ifudk wm0ef,l
rdpäm0dwuf (rdkufawG;awG;rI)ESifh yl;aygif;MuHum rdkufajym
rnf/
ajymjcif;jzifh rdpämvrf;\ tajcjyKa&m uHajrmufudkyg jzpfaph
xdktm;vHk; touf0if&efudkum; rdpämowd? rdpäm0g,r? rdpäm
rnf/ þum; 0pD'kp½dkuf rdpäm0dwufrsm;ESifh rdpäm0gpm r*¾if
39
wdkY\ uGif;quf/ ajymjzpf? vkyfjzpf&ef owday;rSwfcsuf,lay;jcif;? taumif rnfoyYkd if tjiif;yGm;ae&ap aemufq;kH um; 0dywåad cwf
3/ wpfzefvnf; um,'k p ½d k u f o H k ; yg; (owfjzwfay;jcif;? xnfay:vGifvmapjcif;? xdktaumifxnfay: ae&müom wGif 0dywådpufBuD;orm;wdkYuom atmifyGJcHMu&onf/
taumufÓPfo;kH um olOY pöm&,ljcif;? umrydik t f vpf tnpf pdwfudk em;oufay;jcif;rsm;jzifh tvkyfvkyfapjcif;rsm;yif/ aemufwdk;vlom;wdkif;u auseyf/ xdkaemufwdk;rsm;
Zmwfcif;usif;jcif;) wdkYonfvnf; rdpäm0dwuf oHk;rsKd;wdkYESifh odrYk [kwf ÓPvkyo f m;ESihf um,vkyo f m;wdtYk Mum; qufo,G f xyfí xyfí wdk;yGm;vmaeaomaMumifh/ wm;qD;uefYuGuf
yl;aygif;um rdkufusifh usifhjcif;jzifh rdpämvrf;\ tajccHudka&m a&; oHk;rsKd;xm;ay;jcif;/ aom vlBuD;ydkif; wjznf;jznf;tm;enf;/ NydKuGJ ysufpD;aeaom
tpdwftydkif;udkyg jzpfaphrnf/ þum; um,'kp½dkuf? rdpäm xdkrdpämr*¾ifvrf;rBuD;ay:odkY 0dywådpufBuD; ckwfarmif; aMumifh/
0dwuf? rdpämur®EÅr*¾ifwdkY\ uGif;quf/ oGm;aomtcg qkw, f w
k jf cif;? ysujf ym;jcif;udk jzpfapwwfaom usacwf\ xdktzktxpfrsm;ESifhtwl toHk;tEIef;?
xdkoHk;rsKd;wdkY uGif;qufxyfvsuf vnfywfap&efudkum; ... tukodkvf? udavom? oHa,mZOfrsm;ESifhwuG t,kwfw&m; oufwrf;umv? vlwdkY\pdwf"mwf? ½kyf"mwf cGeftm;rsm;vnf;
(u) rdpämowd - rdkufrSm;&m udpö&yfrsm;üom rSwfcsuf tm;vHk;wdkYudkyg o,faqmifvsufu tmo0rS MoCxJqDodkY wpfwd wpfwdcsif; rodrom ,Gif;enf;rsm;jzifh ysuf,Gif;vm
,lay;jcif;? xdk0dywådpufBuD; vSdrfhqif;qif;acsNyD/ apum qif;cJhMu&rnf/ tqef;BudKuf wPSmuyif tvdrf
( c ) rdpäm0g,r - rd k u f r S m ;rI taxG a xG u d p ö r sm;ud k o m xdkodkY vSdrfhqif; qif;&mü vrf;wpfavQmufvHk; tzk taumufrsm;jcif;? taerSefolawmfaumif;rsm;\ ESmacgif;
BudK;pm;&,lay;jcif;? txpf ajrmufjrm;pGmwdkY\ twdkuftcdkufudkvnf; cHMu&av ½IHUjcif;rsm;udk cHae&ívnf;aumif;? vlBuD;rdbrsm;\ ESdrfeif;
( * ) rdpämorm"d - rdkufrSm;rI vdkovdk jyKusifhcGifh&&müom OD;rnf/tqef;odkYrvdkuf rSefwef;BudKufavolrsm;ESifh tqef; jcif;udkvnf; tjrJcHae&ívnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkifuyif
pdwfudk tNyD;tpD;csxm;jcif;? aemuf aumufaumufyg vdkufygaeolrsm; twufESifhtqif; &Sd&if;pGJ taMumuft&Suf azmufzsuf&mü ½kwfw&uf vufr&J?
þoHk;yg;wdkYu wm0ef,lvkyfaqmifay;Murnf/ qdkvdkonfrSm Mum; ypönf;csif; vJxm;cJh&mXmewGif tjiif;yGm;Mujcif;wnf;/ Zufr&J yGJjzifh ETJaeMuívnf;aumif; tqif;um; twuf
1/ rdpämynm&yfü tjrifoefjcif;? ÓPf0ifqefYjcif;? raem (u) vlaerIpnf;pepf Xmewdkif;üvnf; tjiif;yGm;vsuf wkef;uuJhodkY wpf[kefxdk; jzpfrvm/ wpfwdwpfwdoGm; tzk
tvkyfrSeforQwdkYudk ... ucsnf;om/ txpf avSum;rsm;ESifhom/
(u) EIwfjzifh taumifxnfazmf&rnfqdku qdkif&m EIwfudk ( c ) vlU,Ofaus;rIazmfaqmif&m Xmewdik ;f üvnf; tjiif;yGm; þum; 0dywådacwf\ o½kyfyHkMurf;rsm;/
vnf;aumif;? vsufu csnf;om/
( c ) udk,fjzifh taumifxnfazmfp&m qdkuvnf; qdkif&m ( * ) vlYtqifh jr§ifhwifa&;Xmewdkif;wdkYüvnf; tjiif;yGm; ●
udk,fudk vnf;aumif;? vsufu csnf;om/
40
vufa&mufrsKd; t½dk;csnf;vnf; xifwwfonf/ ysHUylwdkYaMumifh tkyfpkwdkYudk vIHUaqmfum acwfudk xDxGifaeaom odyÜHynm\

ul;vGe;f aom xdpk wd f b0ifav rNird q
f w
d &f awmhjcif;? ESv;kH aoG; txmudk pwdrQ xkwfjyMuOD;pdkY/
tdyfpufcGifhr&awmhjcif;rsm;udk wpfqufwnf; jzpfyGm;ap ynm&Sio f nf olu, kd w f ikd u
f yif acwf\om;aumifjzpf
awmh&m um,uH&Sifcrsm [maoG;rS qmaoG;odkY tajymif;vJ aeacs&m acwf\? vlom;wd\ Yk pdwt f qmudk txmaygufvsuf
cH&awmhum wPSm\ tjrJylqmjcif;udk cHae&&Smawmhonf/ u &Sd\/
rkqdk;r ypönf;rGJESifh om;i,fuJ aps;xJ jzwfoGm;aomumv (u) acwfvo l m;wdik ;f u umrtm½ku H kd tjrefq;kH ? taumif;
yrmom/ qHk;? pdwftBudKufusqHk;? xdkqHk; oHk;qHk;wdkYjzifh cHpm;cGifh
0dywåpd ufEiS hf vlom;wdYk uHMur®mrsm; wPSmonf pdwfudk tylay;í awG;ap jzefYap\/ &&ef awmif;qdkaeMuygonf/
pdwfonf wPSmaoG;ap; rat;oavmuf awG;ay;? jzefYay; ( c ) acwfvlom;wdkif;u umrcef;\ wef;0ifypönf;rsm;udk
jyKjyifay;wwfaom ocFg& av;rsKd;wdkYudkvnf; txuf &\/ wDxGifxkwfvkyfay;&mü toufomqHk;? tjrefqHk;?
u xkwfqdkcJhNyD;NyD/ 0dywådpuf\vnfywfyHk pGrf;yum;rsm;udk ✶ wPSm, ed,saw avmaum taumif;qH;k / xdq k ;kH oH;k qH;k wdu
Yk okd m awmif;qdak eMuyg
vnf; txufu xkwfqdkcJhNyD;NyD/ avmuBuD;udk wPSmuyif zefqif;aeonf r[kwf onf/ wPSmylrdaeaom pdwf\ at;aq;oufomap
þüum; xdkocFg&wdkYu þ0dywådpuf wnfaqmufay; avm/ rnfh tcsdefMumudk rapmifhEdkifjcif;\o½kyfwnf;/
yHkudkom jyqdkrnf/ wPSmwGif rdpämynm,SOfaom acwfprf; ✶ wPS m , y#d u ówd ynm&SifwDxGifay;&ayawmhrnf/ vufOD;vQif txl;
wDxGifolrsm;ESifh wPSmom0if ynmr,SOfaom acwfaemuf avmuBuD;udk ,if;wPSmuyif qGJiifzrf;,lxm;onf qk&rnfjzpfí/
vdkufrsm;wdkY wmpm;MuyHkudkom jyqdkrnf/ r[kwfavm/ 1/ OD;pGm pdwfudk rdrdodvdkaom tcsuftvufrsm;ay:odkY
wPSm\obm0onf ylyefapwwf ESdyfpufwwfaom ✶ wPSm, {u"r®ó oaAÁ0 0oGrEG*l a&S;½I wifay;xm;vdkuf\/
oabmrQudkom aqmifacs&m pdwfysHUusJ&mrSjzpfaom ul;cwf wPSm\tvdkodkY t&mtm;vHk;uyif vdkufygae&onf 2/ xdkYaemuf aMumifhMupdkufpdwfac: pdwf0D&d,jzifh xdk
jcif ; ES i f h tyl v G e f & mrS j zpf a om ul ; cwf j cif ; rsm;aMumif h r[kwfavm/
tcsuftvufrsm;udk arTaESmufMunfh\/
tjrJ w rf ; vnf ; pd w f u pm;aewwf o nf / tjrJ w rf ; vnf ; þü wPSmpD;pdwfjzifh orm"dtkyfpk? ynmtkyfpk? oDv
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3/ arTaESmuf&mrS tajzrSef tcsufvuftopfrsm;udk rSwf tydkif;tjzpf 0ifvmcJh&NyD/ þ orm"d? ynm? oDv oHk;qifhwdkY jzpf y G i f h v maom toH k ; cs od y Ü H y nmud k o m toH k ; csrnf /
csuf,l atmufarhrIu rSwfwrf;wifay; xm;vdkuf\/ jzifhom ywfvSnfhvSnfhí wDxGifMuygrnf/ þorm"d? ynm?? twufESifhtqif; þrQom uGmjcm;\/ r*¾ifrsm;üvnf; or®m
wpfzef xdkrSwfwrf;0if tcsuftvufrsm;udk pdwf oDv oH;k qdik ;f wdjYk zifo
h m ywfvn S v
hf n
S í
hf xkwv
f yk af y;ygrnf/ ESifh rdpämrQom uGmjcm;\/ o½kyfum; twlwlyif/
rsufjcnfjywfrcH/ tjyefjyef tvSefvSef MuHpnfoHk;oyfum twuf jzpfap? tqif;jzpfap xdkoHk;oif;rygu t&mra&muf tqef;xGif txifrStjrifodkY o½kyfazmf&mü ...
tajzrSef [kwf? r[kwf o½kyfay:aponftxd ppfaq;\/ awmh/ (u) oDvr*¾iftkyfpku uHt&mxrf;tjzpf wm0ef,lonfudk
ppfaq;rINy;D pD;avaomtcg...[kwo f nf jzpfEikd of nf twufwGif ... awGUMu&rnf/
[laom tjrifaygufrIwpfck NyD;pD;oGm;awmh\/ xdktqifhum; 1/ b0udk "r®twGufrQom t&if;tESD;xm;jcif;? ( c ) ynmr*¾iftkyfpku pdwft&mxrf;tjzpf wm0ef,lonf
rd p ä m 'd | d ? rd p ä m ouF y Ü ynmoif w d k Y Mum;0if a y;&onf h 2/ umrt&yf&yf yvyfxm;cJhjcif;? udk awGUMu&rnf/
vufonfwnf;/ 3/ aeenf;? aoenf;? tm½kHcHenf;rsm;udk OD;pm;ray;jcif;? ( * ) orm"dr*¾iftkyfpku xdkpdwfESifh xdkuH ukvm;zefxdk;ay;
wpfzef xdkorm"dtkyfpk? ynmtkyfpk ESpfckwdkYu rSwfcsuf xdkoHk;csufwdkYESifhjynfhpHkapNyD; udavomtcdk; rxdk;usifhap&mrS &mu wm0ef,lonfudk awGUMu&rnf/
,l twnfjyKay;vdkufaom xdkpmrSwfpk tcsuftvufrsm;udk- jzpfay:vmaom pdwfwefcdk; pdwfowådrsm;udkom toHk;csrnf/ OwkESifhtm[m&wdkYum; ta&mifajy; a&;a&;tjzpfjzifhom
(u) onfvdkqdk onftwdkif;vkyfyg [dkvdkqdk [dktwdkif;om tqif;wGifum; ... vdkufcGifhomao;onf/
vkyfvdkufyg ponfjzifh tqif;vrf;wGef; raumif;aom 1/ qef;jym;pGm aeEdkifaom ud&d,mqef;rsm;udkom wDxGif? xkdrSwpfqifh wGifus,fpGm xkwfvkyf jzefYcsd oHk;pGJvmMu
tnTef;udk wGef;ajym ajymqdkrnf/ xkwfvkyf? a&mif;0,ftoHk;csjcif;/ avaomtcg pdwf\ tawG;tac:? tMuHtqwdkY\ twGif;
( c ) taumifxnfazmf vkyfom;rsm;ESifhtwl yl;wGJívnf; 2/ qef;jym;pGm tm½kHudkcHpm;Edkifaom ud&d,mqef;rsm;udk eufydkif;xJodkY raem'kp½dkuftkyfpk BuD;yGm;vdkrItm;BuD;jcif;?
vufawGUjyOD;rnf/ om toHk;csjcif;? a&mif;0,fjcif;/ vuf&Sdü tm;r& xdkYxufomudk tm;jyvdkjcif;? igom tom?
( * ) pdww f iG ;f rSvnf; 'grsm; atmifjrifomG ;vQif arQmEf LS ;av; 3/ oufompGm aoapEdkifaom ud&d,mqef;rsm;udkom igom tjrwf&? igomvQif vl&nfcRef wHcGefqk&ae&m aevdk
rsm;vnf; ygvmOD;rnf/ toHk;csjcif;? a&mif;0,fjcif;/ jcif;rsm;u tkyfpD;rdxm;&m bmrqdk igaumif;pm;NyD;a&m
xdk ajym? usifh? MuH oDvtkyfpkvnf; vrf;pOf\ tpdwf xdkoHk;csufwdkYudkom tm;ay;NyD; wPSmtcH? ÓPfqifh&mrS tMuHqdk;? igaumif;pm;jcif;onfyif aemifa&;rSeforQ aemifcg
42
vm aemifcgaps;jzifh y,fcscHae&aom tvdkqdk;wdkYuom aqGckepfqufpvkH;wdkU vufxJrSmyif tarGvTJcHcJh&onf/ uwHk;BuD; jzpfvmaeNyD/ ajratmuf&Sd ajrqDxdef; obm0
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om rQcsnf;jzpf&m? rdpämr*¾if\oDvac: vrf;pOfrSeforQ xdk acs&m oabmwl rluGJtm;jzifh trsKd;wdkYvnf; pHkwumaph &SdygtHhenf;/ xdktaMumjywfajru ajrqD ajrMoZmrsm;udk
jrefaumif; oufomrQcsnf; jzpfaeacs&m? rdpämr*¾if\ orm"d jzpfvmMuNyD/ odkYwapvnf; rnfonfh qef;opfjcif;rqdk rnfodkY xdef;ay;EdkifygawmhtHhenf;/
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aom rkwq f w
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vufxJ tarGvTJay;jcif; cHcJh&onf/ tu,fwdwd aemifvm ajray:&Sd obm0awmawmifrsm; wpfpwpfpokOf; ajr
43
&Sdacs\/ tvuFmajrmuf wifqufvdkol ,Ofaus;rI oifwef; arG;xkwaf y;jcif;? wpfzef ynmudv k Qif t&if;wnfum jyKusirhf I
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umvorD;rsm;[lí oHk;EIef;ay;xm;onf/ wPSmonf aoG;ql jcif;? qGJaqmifrI tjynfhygaejcif;rsm;aMumifh/ vmcJhNyD/
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xdkacwfumv om;? orD;rsm;udkum; ... ,Ofaus;rI vnf; acwf\txmudk oabmaygufvsufu&Sdaom acwf xdktqDryg tpmMurf;rsm;udkom pm;oHk;cGifh&vmaom
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44
(u) cE¨mwGif;&Sd taMumtcsOfrsm; rmaMumvmapjyD/ ( c ) vlu Y , kd u

f m,rsm;uvnf; tESpw
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45
bdu©Kyd - udav zsucf sK;d í tkypf ;kd xm;aom &[ef;[lí jzpfvsufuvnf;? "r®XmeaXm - trsm;vufoHk; rsm;&mbuf
trnfaygufxm;aomfrv S nf;? a0&D eaoma"g - udavomh&ef w½kef;½kef;/
rwGef;vSefawmh/ aw[dorH - xdt k ysuv f o
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46
avmufjzifh aumufcg axmuf½I pk&if;jyK? jyK&if;pk jyKcJhrd? yGifhapvdkívnf;aumif;? avcu© a &[d-pmrsufESmxuf

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aomt[H - pmpk a ypk usrf ; tjzpf jyKpD & if a om usirhf cd yhJ gNy/D
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rarQmfvifh½dk; trSefyg/ qk opömjyKí awmif;yg\/
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y*¾ P d S w k u marm
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aypka&;&mrIudk? tumoð - pdwfawG;vrf;azmuf rjzpfp
47
ajz&Sif;vdkonfrSm ... pum;aemufrSmw&m;yg yg;vTmÓPfjzifh Munfhwwf

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05 ဝိပတ္တိစက်နှင့်လူသားတို့ကြမ္မာ kkl

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05 ဝိပတ္တိစက်နှင့်လူသားတို့ကြမ္မာ kkl

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