DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

REGION IV – A CALABARZON
DIVISION OF BATANGAS

SAN LUIS ACADEMY,

INC.
Calumpang, San Luis, Batangas
Tel. No. 043-0741-6616

sanluisacademyinc@gmail.com

Science 9

First Quarter
Week 1- 2
Lesson 1: How Circulatory and Respiratory ttystem
Working with other Organ ttystem

The Organs of Cardiovascular System

BUILD YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Do what the Frayer model below is asking for.

Identify the Organ Give three characteristics of

this
organ.

Give a function of this

Organ What is NOT a function of this
Organ?

A. The Organs of Cardiovascular System

 The Circulatory System is responsible for transporting materials throughout the entire
body.
 It transports nutrients, water, and oxygen to 5the billions of body cells composing the
multi cellular body, heals and fights infections and at the same time removes wastes
from them.
 It also functions as an intricate highway that travels throughout the entire body supplying
the body cells with the materials they need to survive.
Science 9 Page 1
  Two divisions of circulatory system
 Cardiovascular System
 Lymphatic System

The Cardiovascular System

 Organ system that transports nutrients (digestive
products), gases, hormones, and other materials to and
from the cells of the body.
 It also functions in fighting diseases and helps stabilize
body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis.
 This organ system is composed of heart, the blood
and blood vessels.

The Heart
 It is the muscular organ that pumps blood to the different part of the body.
 It is located at the middle of the chest cavity with its tip or
apex slightly tilted toward the left. Its base lies just below
the second ribs.
 It is just as big as one’s own clenched fist. A sac known as the
pericardium encloses it.

 Three Layers of tissues form the walls of the heart

1. Epicardium – outer layer
of the heart wall
 It is also the inner
part of the
pericardium that
closely adhered to
the heart.
2. Myocardium – the middle
layer of the heart
 It is also the middle muscular part that is composed
of cardiac muscle tissue.
3. Endocardium – inner layer of the heart
 Thin layer tissue that lines the muscles of the heart.

 Between the outer pericardium and the epicardium is the pericardial cavity
that is filled with pericardial fluid.

The Chambers of the Heart

 The human heart is four-chambered heart.
 The interior of the heart is divided into four chambers, namely, right
atrium, left atrium, right ventricle and left ventricle.

 Septum - muscle that divides the heart into four

chambers

 The atria are the receiving chambers of the heart.

These chambers are thin-walled. The right atrium
receives oxygen- poor blood from the vena cava, a
large vein while the left atrium receives blood
from the pulmonary veins.
 The two ventricles are the pumping chambers that force blood out of the heart.
These chambers are thick-walled.
 The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation, while the left

Science 9 Page 2
 ventricle pumps oxygen- rich blood to all parts of the body.

 The heart chambers differ in thickness. Difference is due to variations in the

amount of myocardium present, which reflects the amount of force each
chamber is required to generate in order to bring blood toward their destination.

Science 9 Page 3
 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
REGION IV – A CALABARZON
DIVISION OF BATANGAS

SAN LUIS ACADEMY, INC.

Calumpang, San Luis, Batangas
Tel. No. 043-741-6616
sanluisacademyinc@gmail.com

Science 9
First Quarter
Week 3
Lesson 2: The Respiratory System and Diseases of the Respiratory and
Circulatory System

Build your
Understanding

The Respiratory System

 The respiratory system has several major parts. These include the nose, pharynx, larynx,
bronchioles, bronchi , lungs and alveoli.
 Respiration that involves gas exchange in the respiratory system can be divided two major steps:
 Breathing

Two Phases of breathing

Inhalation - it is when the diaphragm contracts and induces the decrease in air pressure within the
lungs.

Exhalation – As a person, breathes out the diaphragm relaxes which decreases the size of the chest
leading to the increase in air pressure in the lungs.

Gas Exchange – is the delivery of the oxygen from the lungs to the
bloodstream and the elimination of carbon dioxide from the
bloodstream to the lungs. It occurs in the lungs between the alveoli
and a network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries, which are
located in the wall of the alveoli.

The mechanism behind gas exchange is diffusion.

Lung Capacity

It is the volume of air associated with the inhalation and exhalation process.

The adult human male has a total lung capacity of 6 liters of air.

The average human respiratory rate is 30 – 60 breaths per minute at birth, decreasing to 12-20 breaths per
minute in adults.

In measuring the lung capacity, the following capacity are considered:

Vital Capacity (VC) is the volume of air exhaled out after the deepest inhalation.

Residual Volume (RV) is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation.

Total Lung Capacity(TLC) is the volume in the lungs at maximal inflation , the sum of VC and RV

Tidal Volume is the volume of air moved into or out of the lungs.

Common Diseases in the Respiratory and Circulatory System

Science 9 Page 10
 Asthma - it is a long term lung disease that causes difficulty in breathing because of the inflammation of
the airways. Its symptoms may include dry cough, wheezing, chest tightness and shortness of breath.

Colds - a viral infection of your nose and throat (upper respiratory tract).

Hypertension –It is commonly known as high blood pressure. It is defined by the increased force required
to pump blood through the arteries. Most of the time, this disease does not show any symptoms, but
overtime this excessive force can damage the heart and lead to stroke, heart disease and kidney failure.

Anemia - is a condition in which you lack enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate
oxygen to your body's tissues. Having anemia can make you feel tired and weak. There are many
forms of anemia, each with its own cause. Anemia can be temporary or long term, and it can
range from mild to severe

Coronary Heart Disease - is a type of heart disease that develops when the arteries of the heart
cannot deliver enough oxygen-rich blood to the heart.

Heart attack - occurs when the flow of blood to the heart is blocked. The blockage is most often a
buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances, which form a plaque in the arteries that feed the
heart (coronary arteries). Sometimes, a plaque can rupture and form a clot that blocks blood flow.

Heart Failure - sometimes known as congestive heart failure — occurs when the heart muscle
doesn't pump blood as well as it should. When this happens, blood often backs up and fluid can
build up in the lungs, causing shortness of breath.

Stroke – occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing
brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. Brain cells begin to die in minutes. A stroke is a
medical emergency, and prompt treatment is crucial. Early action can reduce brain damage and
other complications.

Ways of taking care the respiratory and circulatory System

1. Exercise
2. Quit Smoking
3. Stay Hydrated
4. Eat health and Balanced Diet

Science 9 Page 10
 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
REGION IV – A CALABARZON
DIVISION OF BATANGAS

SAN LUIS ACADEMY, INC.

Calumpang, San Luis, Batangas
Tel. No. 043-741-6616
sanluisacademyinc@gmail.com

Science 9
First Quarter
Week 4-5
Lesson 3: Non – Mendelian Inheritance

Build your
Understanding
Gregor Mendel
 He was the first scientist who developed the method of predicting the outcome of the
patterns of inheritance. He experimented with the garden pea plants and studied seven
traits. For many years, he formulated several principles that are known as Mendel’s Law
of Genetics.
The scientific study of inheritance was started by Gregor Mendel , an Australian friar
monk who lived in the town of Brűnn Austria that is now the City of Brno, Czech
Republic. The general view that prevailed in Mendel’s time was that inheritance is the
result of fusing two parents’ traits.
According to Mendel, traits are passed on one generation to the next generation. There
are traits that are not directly inherited from the parents.
Mendel began his experiments by developing a number of plants that were pure for each
of the pairs. Mendel chose the traits below because each has contrasting forms. It was
easy for him to distinguish between the contrasting forms and traits. For example, the
seed color is yellow or green, pod shape is smooth or wrinkled, and the stem length is tall
or is dwarfish.

Science 9 Page 10
 Non – Mendelian Inheritance
 It is the pattern of inheritance that does not follow the Law of segregation in accordance
to Gregor Mendel’s work. This statement is one of Mendel’s laws.
 These laws describe the inheritance traits that are linked to a single gene on chromosomes
inside the nucleus.
 In Mendelian inheritance, each parent contributes one of two possible alleles for a trait.
When the genotypes of both parents in a genetic cross are known, Mendels Laws are used
to determine the distribution of the expected phenotypes for the population of offspring.
 Mendel’s law or principle states that there is an increase in the understanding of genes
and inheritance.
 This principle does not apply if the gametes are closed together or are linked in the
chromosomes. In standard dominant or recessive traits, alleles do not always interact,
especially if they are co-dominance or if there are differences in variations. Non-
Mendelian inheritance patterns include Incomplete Dominance, Codominance, and
Multiple Alleles.

Incomplete Dominance
 An incomplete dominance is a
condition in which a hybrid has a
phenotype intermediate between the
contrasting traits of its parents.
 For example, a red flower is not
dominant over white, and white is not
dominant over red. A cross between a
pure red rose flower and a pure
white rose flower results in an F1 offspring, which is a pink flower. The F2 generation will
have red, pink and white flowers with a ratio of 1:2:1, respectively. Pink roses are often
the result of incomplete dominance.
Codominance
 It results when one allele is not dominant over the other. The resulting heterozygote
expresses the traits of both parents. An example in humans would be the ABO blood
group, where alleles A and B are both expressed.

Multiple Alleles
 A polygene or multiple gene
inheritance is a group of non- allelic
genes that influence a phenotypic trait.
Biologists are not familiar with the
identification of non- allelic genes.
 These genes are usually pleiotropic,
are seen as a major component to type
2 diabetes and obesity.
 A polygenic inheritance occurs when one characteristics is being controlled by two or
more genes. The genes are usually large in terms of quantity but only have a small effect.
In a polygenic inheritance, we usually observe the height, the color of the skin, the color
of the eyes and the weight.

Science 9 Page 10
 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
REGION IV – A CALABARZON
DIVISION OF BATANGAS

SAN LUIS ACADEMY, INC.

Calumpang, San Luis, Batangas
Tel. No. 043-741-6616
sanluisacademyinc@gmail.com

Science 9
First Quarter
Week 6
Changes that Affect Species Extinction

Build your
Understanding

Global Changes are triggered by human activities:

1. Habitat loss and fragmentation’
2. Over harvesting
3. Pollution
4. Altered nutrients Cycling
5. Invasive species and interaction
 With 7 billion people consuming natural resources more rapidly than they are
created, we are onset of a major environmental revolution. As consequence, some
species are already shifting , expanding, disappearing changing their behavior and
phenology and exploiting newly available food resources or are abandoning
inadequate ones.
 Climate change and other human driven (anthropogenic) environmental changes will
continue to cause biodiversity loss in the coming decades.
 Biodiversity is a term that can be used to describe the biological diversity at a variety
of different scales.
 Extinction is a natural part of life on Earth. Over the history of the planet, most of
the species that ever existed evolved and then gradually went extinct. Species go
extinct because of natural shifts in the environment that took place over a long period
of time, such as ice ages. Species are going extinct at an accelerated and dangerous
rate because of non-natural environmental changes caused by human activities.
 Some of the activities have direct effects on species and ecosystems:
1. Habitual loss or degradation
2. Overexploitation (such as overfishing)
3. Spread of non- native species or diseases.
 Indirect but wide reaching effect on biodiversity
1. Climate Change
2. Pollution
3. Deforestation
4. Overexploitation
 Other Causes of Extinction
1. Global Warming - is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s surface.
Increasing global temperature will cause sea levels to rise and will change the
amount and pattern of precipitation.
 Greenhouse Effect – a major cause of global warming was discovered by
Joseph Fourier back in 1824 and it was first investigated quantitatively by
Svante Arrhenius in 1896. It is the process by which absorption and
emission of infrared radiation by the atmospheric gases warm the planet’s
lower atmosphere and surface.

 Natural Causes of Extinction

Science 9 Page 10
 1. Climatic Heating and Cooling- climate change can cause by a number of things. If
the effect of climate change on Earth becomes massive, it may cause extinction to
different biodiversities. The biodiverse earth cannot keep up with the rapid changes
in temperature and climate. The species are not used to severe weather.
2. Changes in Sea levels and Currents - the change in sea levels and currents are the
result of melting freshwater ice.
3. Asteroids and Cosmic Radiation- asteroids hit the Earth with extreme force, and
the resulting reverberations can be felt around the world and the impact site is
completely destroyed.
4. Acid Rain – it is formed when the chemical sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are
absorbed by water droplets in the clouds and eventually fall to the earth as acid
precipitation.

 Importance of Biological Diversity

 Biodiversity is extremely important to people and the health of ecosystems.
It allows us to live healthily and happily. It provides an array of foods and
materials. It also contributes to economy.
1. Most medical discoveries cure diseases.
2. Biodiversity is such an important part of ecological processes that
make life livable.
3. Allows ecosystem to adjust from disturbances like extreme fires
and floods.
4. Genetic diversity prevents diseases and helps species to adjust to
changes in their environment.

Science 9 Page 10
 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
REGION IV – A CALABARZON
DIVISION OF BATANGAS

SAN LUIS ACADEMY, INC.

Calumpang, San Luis, Batangas
Tel. No. 043-741-6616
sanluisacademyinc@gmail.com

Science 9
First Quarter
Week 7
Topic: Structures and Formation of Plant Parts and Organelles Involved in Photosynthesis

Build your Understanding

By definition, photosynthesis is a process by which photoautotrophs convert the energy

derived from the sun into usable chemical energy. Light, water chlorophyll, and carbon
dioxide are the basic requirements for this process.

Steps of Photosynthesis

Step 1: The plant takes in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through the stomata

Step 2: Water gets into plant through the roots and finds its way to the leaves where
photosynthesis occurs. Plants roots are designed to draw water from the ground ad
transport it to the plants leaves through the stem.

Step 3: Chlorophyll, the green coloring matter of the leaf, traps the energy from sunlight
as it shines on the leaf.

Step 4: The solar energy is used to break water down into hydrogen and oxygen. Then,
hydrogen is combined with carbon dioxide to make food for the plant. Oxygen is released
as a byproduct through the stomata.

The electrons from the chlorophyll molecules and protons from the water molecules
facilitate chemical reactions in the cell these reaction produce ATP (adenosine
triphosphate) which provides energy for cellular reactions, and NADP (nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide diphosphate) essential in plant metabolism.

The chemical formula for photosynthesis

6CO2 + 12H2O + Light C6H12O6 + 602 + 6h2O

CO2 Carbon dioxide

H2O Water

C6H1206 Glucose

O2 Oxygen

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 While we take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide to produce energy, plants take in
carbon dioxide and give out oxygen to produce energy.

Photosynthesis has several benefits, not just for the photoautotrophs, but also for humans
and animals. The chemical energy stored in plants is transferred to animals and human
when they consume plant matter. It also helps in maintaining a normal level of oxygen
and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Chloroplast: The site of Photosynthesis

Chloroplasts are mainly found in the mesophyll tissue of the leaf. It contains
chlorophyll, the green pigment that absorbs the light energy that provides photosynthesis.
Carbon dioxide enters o2 exits in the leaf through the stomata . The stem carries water
from the roots to the leaves. It distributes sugar to non-photosynthesis tissue.

Chloroplasts are located in the parenchyma cells of plants as well as in autotrophic algae.
They are oval-shaped organelles having a diameter of 2-10 m and a thickness of 1- 2 m.
Although their dimensions are almost similar in all plants, the algal chloroplasts show a
variation in their size as well as shape.

The chloroplasts envelope is a double membrane comprise an outer and an inner

membrane. Each of these membranes is a phospholipid bilayer, and 6-8 nm thick. The
10-20 nm thick space present between the two membrane is known as intermembrane
spaces.

The aqueous matrix present inside this double-membrane envelope is called the stroma.
The internal components as well as several solutes are dispersed into the stom. The
stroma especially rich in proteins and contains several enzymes necessary for vital
cellular processes. The chloroplasts DNA is also present in the stroma along with
ribosomes and other molecules required for proteins synthesis. Starch synthesized
through photosynthesis is stored in the stroma in the form of granules.

In addition to the two membrane that form the envelope, chloroplasts contain a third
internal membrane system called Thylakoid membrane. Thylakoid are the internal
membrane-bound compartments formed by such thylakoid membranes. The internal
portion of the thylakoid lumen, which contains plastocyanins and other molecule
required for the transport of electrons. Some of the thylakoids are arranged in the form of
discs stacked one above the other. These stacks are referred to as granum, and they are
connected to each other through inter grana thylakoids and stroma thylakoids
(aqueous fluid).

Presents in the thylakoids membranes is a structural and functional unit for harnessing
solar energy called the photosystem. It comprises a reaction center surrounded by light
harvesting or antenna. It contains chlorophyll carotenoids and other photosynthesis
pigments well as the associated proteins. The chloroplasts of certain plants contain an
additional set of membranous tubules called peripheral reticulum that originate from
the inner membrane of the envelope. Tiny vesicles bud off from the inner membrane of
the chloroplasts and assemble to form the tubules of peripheral reticulum.

Chloroplasts during Photosynthesis

Chloroplasts are where photosynthesis occurs in plants. Photosynthesis involves both

light-dependents and light-independents reactions that harness solar energy and converts
it into chemical energy. In addition to this, the components of the chloroplasts participate
in several regulatory functions of the cell as well as in photorespiration.

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The major pigments in plants is the chloroplasts that absorbs mainly red and blue light
and reflects green light. Plants also contains other pigments that help in gathering energy
for photosynthesis and these pigments are called carotenoids. Carotenoids absorbs
slightly different wavelengths of light and reflects color like yellow and orange. In most
leaves, the green reflected by chlorophyll covers up the colors reflected by other
pigments.

Chlorophyll, however, breaks down in cold temperatures, enabling the color of the
carotenoids to be seen in the yellow and orange leaves of autumn. Chlorophyll and other
pigments are found within the chloroplasts of the plants cells. Inside the chloroplasts,
chlorophyll molecules are contained within the disk-like membrane structure called the
thylakoids.

When light strikes the thylakoids in a chloroplast electrons within certain chlorophyll
molecules are boosted to a higher energy level. These “excited” electrons jump from their
chlorophyll molecules to a nearby protein molecules in the thylakoids membrane. The
excited electron is then passed through the membrane from one electron accepting
molecule to another.

Before the excited electrons leave the chlorophyll molecules, the electrons must be
replaced by other electrons. Water will supply these electrons. Plants obtain electrons
from water by splitting water molecules. As the water molecules split, chlorophyll takes
the electrons from the hydrogen atom, leaving behind the protons. The remaining oxygen
atoms combine to form oxygen gas.

1. Stomata – Passageway of gases specifically carbon dioxide and oxygen. It also

controls the passage of water going in and out of the leaves.
2. Guard Cells- the opening of the internal part of the leaf.
3. Waxy Cuticle- the waxy cuticle internal part of a leaf that controls the excessive
amount of water to prevent the plant from drowning.
4. Mesophyll- mesophyll cells are a kind of ground tissue found in the plant’s leaves
which are specialized for photosynthesis. These cells midway through the leaf
contains many chloroplasts, the organelles that produce photosynthesis.
A. Palisade Cells- A major portion of photosynthesis happens in the palisade
layer. The cells are closely packed at the top of the leaf. They have lots of
chloroplasts of photosynthesis.
B. Spongy Cells- This part is found in the middle that helps in the process of
photosynthesis. These are spaces in between them that enables gases to move
freely inside the leaf.
5. Upper & Lower Epidermis – they serve as protection from to much loss of
water. It also serves as a passageway for sunlight in a leaf.
6. Air Space- this allow the gas to move freely.
7. Vein (vascular bundle)- is composed of the phloem and xylem where sugar and
water are transported.
8. Xylem- transports water from the roots through the leaves of the plant.
9. Phloem- transport sugar from the roots through the leaves of the plants.