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The human heart is a finely-tuned instru-
ment that serves the whole body. It is a muscu-
lar organ around the size of a closed fist, and it
sits in the chest, slightly to the left of center.
The heart beats around 100,000 times a
day, pumping approximately 8 pints of blood
throughout the body 24/7. This delivers oxy-
gen- and nutrient-rich blood to tissues and or-
gans and carries away waste.
The heart sends deoxygenated blood to the
lungs, where the blood loads up with oxygen
and unloads carbon dioxide, a waste product
of metabolism.
Together, the heart, blood, and blood ves-
sels — arteries, capillaries, and veins — make
up the circulatory system.
In this article, we explore the structure of
the heart, how it pumps blood around the body,
and the electrical system that controls it.
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
The heart consists of four chambers:
The atria: These are the two upper cham-
bers, which receive blood. The ventricles:
These are the two lower chambers, which dis-
charge blood. A wall of tissue called the sep-
tum separates the left and right atria and the
left and right ventricle. Valves separate the atria
from the ventricles.
The heart’s walls consist of three layers of
tissue:
Myocardium: This is the muscular tissue of
the heart.
Endocardium: This tissue lines the inside
of the heart and protects the valves and cham-
bers.
Pericardium: This is a thin protective coat-
ing that surrounds the other parts.
Epicardium: This protective layer consists
mostly of connective tissue and forms the in-
nermost layer of the pericardium.
HOW THE HEART WORKS.
The rate at which the heart contracts de-
pends on many factors, such as:
activity and exercise
emotional factors
some medical conditions
a fever
some medications
dehydration
At rest, the heart might beat around 60
times each minute. But this can increase to 100
beats per minute (bpm) or more.
LEFT AND RIGHT SIDES.
The left and right sides of the heart work in
unison. The atria and ventricles contract and
relax in turn, producing a rhythmic heartbeat.
RIGHT SIDE
The right side of the heart receives deoxy-
genated blood and sends it to the lungs.
The right atrium receives deoxygenated
blood from the body through veins called the
superior and inferior vena cava. These are the
largest veins in the body.
The right atrium contracts, and blood
passes to the right ventricle.
Once the right ventricle is full, it contracts
and pumps the blood to the lungs via the pul-
monary artery. In the lungs, the blood picks up
oxygen and offloads carbon dioxide.
LEFT SIDE
The left side of the heart receives blood from
the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body.
Newly oxygenated blood returns to the left
atrium via the pulmonary veins.
The left atrium contracts, pushing the blood
into the left ventricle.
Once the left ventricle is full, it contracts and
pushes the blood back out to the body via the
aorta.
DIASTOLE, SYSTOLE, AND BLOOD PRESSURE
Each heartbeat has two parts:
Diastole: The ventricles relax and fill with
blood as the atria contract, emptying all blood
into the ventricles.
Systole: The ventricles contract and pump
blood out of the heart as the atria relax, filling
with blood again.
When a person takes their blood pressure,
the machine will give a high and a low
numberTrusted Source. The high number is the
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systolic blood pressure, and the (1e ù|J ‘·s¡TyêsTT) øÏyéT‡
lower number is the diastolic
blood pressure.
ÄdüT|üÁ‹˝À uÛÑØÔ #˚kÕs¡T. •X¯óe⁄\
Systolic pressure: This shows X¯ÁdüÔ ∫øÏ‘‡· ì|ü⁄DT\T &Ü. Hê>∑ ø±ØÔø,˘
how much pressure the blood
creates against the artery walls
ù|&çj·÷Á{ÏwüHé‡ &Ü.sê|òüTe eT]j·TT
during systole. &Ü.|üB∏«, nqùdÔ{Ïdtº \T &Ü.>√bÕ\
Diastolic pressure: This
shows how much pressure is in
ø£wüí eT]j·TT &Ü.yÓ’.$.sêyé \‘√
the arteries during diastole. ≈£L&çq yÓ’<ä´ ã+<ä+ Ä _&ɶ≈£î ‘·–q
GAS EXCHANGE
When blood travels through
X¯ÁdüÔ ∫øÏ‘·‡ (ø=˝§düº$T) #˚kÕs¡T. ø±˙
the pulmonary artery to the lungs, Ä _&ɶ s¡ø£Ô+ ˝À ù|¢f…¢{Ÿ \T ‘·–Z
it passes through tiny capillaries that connect on the surface of
the lung’s air sacs, called the alveoli.
b˛e&É+, wüß>∑sY kÕúsTT #ê˝≤ ‘·–bZ ˛sTT
The body’s cells need oxygen to function, and they pro- ñ+&É&+É , Vü≤<äjT· düŒ+<äq kÕ<Ûës¡D DR.KASINA USHASREE
duce carbon dioxide as a waste product. The heart enables DM, Neonatology
the body to eliminate the unwanted carbon dioxide.
Oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves it
kÕúsTT ø£+fÒ <ë<ë|ü⁄ ¬s{Ϻ+|ü⁄ ñ+&É&É+, eT]j·TT >±j·T+ e÷qø£ b˛e&É+
through the capillaries of the alveoli. nH˚ nH˚ø£ yê´<ÛTä \‘√ u≤<Ûä |ü&TÉ ‘·÷ ø√\Tø√e&É+ ø£w+ºü >± ñqï ø±s¡D+>±
The coronary arteries on the surface of the heart supply
oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.
Ä _&ɶqT øÏyéT‡ ˝ÀH˚ ñqï ìjÓ÷ Hê{≤\õdtº &Ü.ñwüÁo >±]øÏ #·÷bÕs¡T.
PULSE Ä _&ɶ≈£î øÏyéT‡ mHé.◊.dæ.j·TT. ˝À wüße÷s¡T 25 s√E\ bÕ≥T ∫øÏ‘·‡
A person can feel their pulse at points where arteries pass
close to the skin’s surface, such as on the wrist or neck. The
n+~+∫ ÁbÕD≤\T ø±bÕ&Üs¡T &Ü.ñwüÁo. á ∫øÏ‘·‡˝À uÛ≤>∑+>± Ä
pulse is the same as the heart rate. When you feel your pulse, _&ɶ≈£î ¬s+&ÉT kÕs¡T¢ ù|¢f…¢≥T¢ møÏÿ+#·&É+ »]–+<äì, ìs¡+‘·s¡ yÓ’<ä´
you feel the rush of blood as the heart pumps it through the |üs¡´y˚ø£åD˝À ‘·–q eT+<äT\ <ë«sê ∫øÏ‘·‡ n+~+∫q ‘·s¡Tyê‘· _&ɶ
body. A healthy pulse is usually 60–100 bpmTrusted Source,
and what is normal can vary from person to person. ø√\T≈£îì, ‘·*¢ bÕ\T Á‘êπ> kÕúsTT øÏ #˚sê&Éì, &Ü.ñwüÁo ‘Ó*bÕs¡T. 25
A very active person may have a pulse as low as 40 bpm. s√E\ ∫øÏ‘‡· ‘·sT¡ yê‘· ‘·eT _&ɶ ÁbÕD≤bÕj·T+ ‘·|Œæ ‘·eT≈£î <äøÿÏ q+<äT≈£î
People with a larger body size tend to have a faster pulse, but
it is not usually over 100 bpm. _&ɶ ‘·*<¢ +ä Á&ÉT\T dü+‘√wü+‘√ øÏyTé ‡ yÓ<’ Tä ´\≈£î, j·÷»e÷Hê´ìøÏ ø£‘·‘„ \· T
VALVES
Aortic valve: This is between the left ventricle and the aorta.
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Mitral valve: This is between the left atrium and the left eT]j·TT ìjÓ÷ Hê{≤\õdtº (qe C≤‘· •X¯óe⁄\ yÓ’<ä´ ì|ü⁄DT\T), Ä<ÛäTìø£
ventricle.
Pulmonary valve: This is between the right ventricle and
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the pulmonary artery. \T ñqï+<ä T e\¢ Ç≥Te+{Ï øÏ ¢ w ü º y Ó T Æ q ∫øÏ ‘ · ‡ \T dü e Ts¡ ú e +‘· + >±
Tricuspid valve: This is between the right atrium and right
ventricle.
ìs¡«Væ≤düTÔHêïeTì &Ü.Hê>∑ ø±ØÔø˘ ‘Ó*bÕs¡T. >∑s¡“¤düú düeTj·T+˝ÀH˚ kÕÿì+>¥
Most people are familiar with the sound of the heart. In <ë«sê ‘Ó\TdüTø=ì eTT+<äT C≤Á>∑‘·Ô\T rdüTø=ì »ìà+∫q yÓ+≥H˚ ‘·–q
fact, the heart makes many types of soundTrusted Source,
and doctors can distinguish these to monitor the health of the
∫øÏ‘·‡ #˚ùdÔ ns¡T<Ó’q |ü⁄≥Tºø£‘√ e#˚à ˝ÀbÕ\qT+&ç |æ\¢\ ÁbÕD≤\T
heart. The opening and closing of the valves are key contribu- ø±bÕ&É>∑\eTì Äj·Tq ‘Ó*bÕs¡T.
tors to the sound of the heartbeat. If there is leaking or a block-
age of the heart valves, it can create sounds called “murmurs.”
nq+‘·s¡+ _&ɶ(s√–) ‘·*¢ ‘·+Á&ÉT\T e÷{≤¢&ÉT‘·÷ øÏyéT‡ #Ó’‘·q´
THE HEART’S ELECTRICAL SYSTEM Á>∑÷|t #Ó’s¡àHé ¬ø . $. $. #Ó’‘·q´ sêE , øÏyéT‡ m+&ç ¬ø. s¡$ øÏs¡DY es¡à \T
To pump blood throughout the body, the muscles of the
heart must work together to squeeze the blood in the right
eTVü‰qT uÛ≤e⁄\ì ø=ìj·÷&Üs¡T. øÏyéT‡ ˝À e÷ ã+<ÛäTe⁄\T ùdïVæ≤‘·T\T
direction, at the right time, and with the right force. Electrical Ç~es¡˝À #ê˝≤eT+~ yÓ<’ ´ä + eT]j·TT X¯ÁdüÔ ∫øÏ‘‡· \T #˚sTT+#·Tø=ì m+‘√
impulses coordinate this activity.
The electrical signal begins at the sino-atrial node, some-
Äq+<ä+>± J$düTÔHêïs¡ì Äq+<ä+>± ‘Ó*bÕs¡T. eTeTà*ï &Üø£ºs¡T¢ øÏyéT‡
times called the sinus, or SA, node. This is the heart’s pace- dü+ã~Û‘· n~Ûø±s¡T\T Çø£ÿ&É MT≈£î @yÓTÆHê Çã“+<äT\THêïj·÷ nì
maker, and it sits at the top of the right atrium. The signal causes
the atria to contract, pushing blood down into the ventricles. n&ç–q|ü⁄Œ&ÉT #Ó|üŒ{≤ìøÏ ˇø£ÿ Çã“+~≈£L&Ü ˝Ò<äì ‘Ó*bÕs¡T. øÏyéT‡ ˝À
The electrical impulse then travels to an area of cells at the nìï $uÛ≤>±\T n<äT“¤‘·+>± ùde\+~düTÔHêïs¡ì ‘Ó*bÕs¡T. e÷ u≤ãT≈£î
bottom of the right atrium, between the atria and ventricles,
called the atrioventricular, or AV, node. X¯ÁdüÔ ∫øÏ‘‡· #˚dqæ &Üø£sº ≈¢¡ î£ yê] ã+<ëìøÏ yês¡T <Ûqä ´yê<äeTT\T ‘Ó*bÕs¡T.
These cells act as a gatekeeper. They coordinate the sig-
nal so that the atria and ventricles do not contract at the same
time. There needs to be a slight delay.
From here, the signal travels along fibers, called Purkinje
fibers, within the ventricle walls. The fibers pass the impulse to
the heart muscle, causing the ventricles to contract.
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BLOOD VESSELS
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The heart, blood, and blood vessels make up the circula-
tory, or cardiovascular, system.
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