SAINT TONIS COLLEGE, INC.

Formerly Kalinga Christian Learning Center

P. 4, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
College of Teacher Education

BIOCHEMISTRY
(Biochem 100)
Before you start reading and answering the given activities,
please be reminded of the following:
FINALS
1. Make sure to follow the time and schedule
WEEK 12-13 for this module
MODULE 1-2 2. Use black or blue ink pen only.
3. Only pass the ANSWER SHEET.
4. Make sure to answer ALL the activities.
5. Should there be any questions, contact me
Prepared by: thru messenger or thru the number of the
office of the guidance.
6. Make sure to maintain the neatness of your
NOVIE GRAILE D. SAD-ANG
answer sheet.
Instructor 7. Avoid eating while doing your module to
avoid staining and/or wetting your modules.
8. Make sure to pass your answer sheet on
time to avoid a pile of files to be done.

Note: We are in a Christian school, so it is expected of us

to stand by the tenets of the church, which includes
HONESTY and INTEGRITY. Hence, YOU are expected to
be the one who will accomplish your modules. Should you
be caught cheating or having someone else answer your
module, understand that we shall be giving you a zero (0)
for your module.

An Institution of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP)

Member: Association of Christian Schools, Colleges and Universities (ACSCU)
UCCP Church- Related Educational Action Towards Empowerment (UCCP-CREATE)
Cordillera Schools Group (CSG)
 SAINT TONIS COLLEGE, INC.
Formerly Kalinga Christian Learning Center
P. 4, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
College of Teacher Education
INTRODUCTION

The word metabolism derives from the Greek word for “change.” Metabolism represents the sum of the chemical changes
that convert nutrients, the “raw materials” necessary to nourish living organisms, into energy and the chemically complex finished
products of cells.

Metabolism consists of literally hundreds of enzymatic reactions organized into discrete pathways. These pathways proceed
in a stepwise fashion, transforming substrates into products through many specific chemical intermediates. Metabolism is sometimes
referred to as intermediary metabolism to reflect this aspect of the process.

What are the anabolic and catabolic processes that satisfy the metabolic needs of the cell?

Throughout the finals, the modules will be focus on the metabolism of biomolecules.

OBJECTIVE

After going through this module, you should be able to:

1. understand the biochemical reactions in maintaining living conditions in all organisms

2. differentiate photosynthesis and cellular respiration
3. understand the three metabolic pathways of carbohydrates
4. infer that glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain are the metabolic processes of
carbohydrates metabolism
5. count the Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), NADH and FADH produces in each pathways
6. understand the fate of glucose undergoing series of chemical reactions

SUBJECT MATTER:

G. Introduction to Metabolism
1. Overview in Metabolism

H. Carbohydrates Metabolism
2. Digestion and Absorption
3. Carbohydrates: Catabolic Pathway
a. Glycolysis / Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas Pathway
b. Krebs Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle
c. Electron Transport Chain / Oxidative phosphorylation

LESSON PROPER
A. Discussion

Lesson 1. Overview in Metabolism

Metabolism is the total amount of the biochemical reactions involved in maintaining the living condition of the cells
in an organism. All living organisms require energy for different essential processes and for producing new organic substances.

The metabolic processes help in growth and reproduction and help in maintaining the structures of living organisms. The
organisms respond to the surrounding environment due to metabolic activities. All the chemical reactions occurring in the living
organisms from digestion to transportation of substances from cell to cell require energy.

Cellular respiration is part of cellular metabolism. Cellular metabolism involves both anabolic and catabolic reactions,
while cellular respiration is only catabolic.

An Institution of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP)

Member: Association of Christian Schools, Colleges and Universities (ACSCU)
UCCP Church- Related Educational Action Towards Empowerment (UCCP-CREATE)
Cordillera Schools Group (CSG)
 SAINT TONIS COLLEGE, INC.
Formerly Kalinga Christian Learning Center
P. 4, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
College of Teacher Education
Metabolic Process:

Catabolism – This process is mainly involved in breaking down larger organic molecules into smaller molecules. This
metabolic process releases energy.

Anabolism – This process is mainly involved in building up or synthesizing compounds from simpler substances required by
the cells. This metabolic process requires and stores energy.

Figure 1. Metabolic Pathways

All metabolic changes take place in multiple reactions and follow a particular pathway called the metabolic pathway. The
metabolic pathway includes a series of reactions. Metabolic pathway differs in every biomolecules.

In order for the cells to function or performs cell processes all the time, they need an energy. The key energy involve is
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which forms as the product of common catabolic pathway.

How this cell does makes ATP?

How the food we eat that comprises carbohydrates, lipids and protein are converted into an energy?

Lesson 2. Absorption and Digestion

Carbohydrates are found in fruit, vegetables, grains and other starches.

Digestion for carbohydrates actually starts in the mouth. Enzymes (amylase) in saliva begin to break down carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates travel through the esophagus, stomach and enter the small intestine.

In the small intestine, carbohydrates get further broken down into single carbohydrate units called monosaccharide. These
single molecules get absorbed across the intestine wall and are send through the cells such for example in the blood cell. Carbohydrate
in the blood is in the form of a monosaccharide called glucose.

The more carbohydrate eaten at one time, the more glucose is going to be released into the blood after digestion. When the
glucose is in the cells, metabolic process happen. Glucose is metabolized in three stages in carbohydrate metabolism. The most
common or ancient metabolic process is glycolysis.

How does glucose provide energy in the form of ATP?

Lesson 3. Carbohydrates: Catabolic Pathway

a. Glycolysis / Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas Pathway

Glycolysis is a series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called
pyruvates. Glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway, meaning that it evolved long ago, and it is found in the great majority of
organisms alive today.

In organisms that perform cellular respiration, glycolysis is the first stage of this process. However, glycolysis does not
require oxygen, and many anaerobic organisms—organisms that do not use oxygen—also have this pathway.

An Institution of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP)

Member: Association of Christian Schools, Colleges and Universities (ACSCU)
UCCP Church- Related Educational Action Towards Empowerment (UCCP-CREATE)
Cordillera Schools Group (CSG)
 SAINT TONIS COLLEGE, INC.
Formerly Kalinga Christian Learning Center
P. 4, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
College of Teacher Education

Overall equation for aerobic respiration:

𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 + 6𝑂2 → 6𝐶𝑂2 + 6𝐻2 𝑂 + 2 𝐴𝑇𝑃

𝐺𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 + 𝑂𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 → 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 + 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑂𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 + 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦

Reactants Products

Glycolysis:

𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 + 2 𝑁𝐴𝐷 + → 2 𝑃𝑦𝑟𝑢𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 + 2 𝑁𝐴𝐷𝐻 + 2 𝐴𝑇𝑃

Reactants Products

Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell, and does not requires an oxygen. It is considered anaerobic
respiration.

Phase 1: Energy investment phase (Phosphorylation)

2 molecules ATPs are invested to the glucose to get the process started. Phosphates from the 2 ATP will donate or transfer
it to the glucose making ATP into ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) energizing the glucose and making it unstable in order for the glucose
to react and get broken down.

Phase 2: Lysis

The glucose is broken down and converted into a more usable form called 2 pyruvate / pyruvate acids.

Phase 3: Oxidation

Remnants of glucose or the 2-pyruvates (1 carbon each pyruvate) are oxidized transferring 2 electrons and hydrogen ions to
special electron carrier, 2 NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide).

2 NAD+ will reduced to 2 NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Hydrogen) because it gains the electrons and hydrogen
ion of 2 NAD+. 2 phosphates will attached to the 2 carbon after oxidation.

Phase 4: ATP Formation

Phosphates from investment and oxidation will transferred to the ADP making 4 ATP.

Phase 5: Pay-off Phase

Glycolysis invested 2 ATP this is need to pay off. 2ATP will be reduced from 4 ATP produced leaving only 2 ATP net yield.

2 ATP – used
4 ATP – produced
2 ATP – net yield

Therefore, the net yield from this step is approximately 2 pyruvates and 2 ATPs molecules and 2 NADH.

An Institution of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP)

Member: Association of Christian Schools, Colleges and Universities (ACSCU)
UCCP Church- Related Educational Action Towards Empowerment (UCCP-CREATE)
Cordillera Schools Group (CSG)
 SAINT TONIS COLLEGE, INC.
Formerly Kalinga Christian Learning Center
P. 4, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
College of Teacher Education
b. Krebs cycle / Citric Acid Cycle / Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

Aerobic Respiration:

𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 + 6𝑂2 → 6𝐶𝑂2 + 6𝐻2 𝑂 + 2 𝐴𝑇𝑃

Krebs cycle:

OXIDIZED

OXALOACETIC ACID
C-C-C-C

MALLIC ACID
C-C-C-C

This process takes place in the mitochondria, specifically into the mitochondrial matrix.

The 2 pyruvates from glycolysis are transported by active transport into the mitochondria matrix. The product of glycolysis
which are 2 pyruvates will take by the Krebs cycle.

Phase 1: Transfer of Acetyl Group

In the mitochondria, 1 pyruvate will find coenzyme A in the presence of NAD+. Pyruvate will undergo decarboxylates (removal
of carboxyl group) and oxidized into 2 acetyl CoA producing 2 NADH. The one carbon will combined with oxygen producing carbon
dioxide (6CO2 formula).

Acetyl CoA will merged with oxaloacetic acid with the help of an enzyme called citrate synthase and become the citric acid.

Phase 2: Oxidation / Decarboxylation

Citric acid will be oxidized and become five-carbon molecule producing 1 NADH and 1 CO2. The five-carbon molecule undergo
oxidation and become 4-carbon molecule producing 1NADH and 1 CO2.

Phase 3: Oxidation by FAD

Aside from NAD+, other oxidizing agents will occur during this process; the FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) will oxidized
the 4-carbon molecule. Like the NAD+, FAD loses electrons and gained hydrogen (H) and gained electrons from each pyruvate when
FAD oxidized. Therefore, FAD become FADH2. 1 pyruvate yield 1 FADH2.

An Institution of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP)

Member: Association of Christian Schools, Colleges and Universities (ACSCU)
UCCP Church- Related Educational Action Towards Empowerment (UCCP-CREATE)
Cordillera Schools Group (CSG)
 SAINT TONIS COLLEGE, INC.
Formerly Kalinga Christian Learning Center
P. 4, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
College of Teacher Education
Phase 4: ATP Formation

This 4-carbon molecule will undergo other chemical reaction and oxidation transforming it to other mallic acid, a 4-carbon
molecule producing 1 ATP and 1 NADH.

This process again will continue after four-carbon molecule was oxidized and merged with acetyl CoA.

The net yield in this process are 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP for the two pyruvates.

c. Electron Transport Chain / Oxidative Phosphorylation

𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 + 6𝑂2 → 6𝐶𝑂2 + 6𝐻2 𝑂 + 2 𝐴𝑇𝑃

Inter-membrane Space

Ubiquinone

Inner Mitochondrial
Electron Transport Chain Membrane

Complex I Complex II Complex III Complex IV

ATP Synthase

Mitochondrial Matrix

This occurs in mitochondrial matrix, which requires an oxygen.

The 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 will be used in this process.

The 2 electrons in NADH will deliver its electrons to the first protein complex in the electron transport chain. The electrons
move through this protein complex energy. As the electron, moves through this protein complex I, the hydrogen ion will gradually
release from the NADH and transported by electrons to the intermembrane space making it a high concentration hydrogen ions.

The electrons are then transported by the Ubiquinone toward their next destination. The Ubiquinone also gets the electrons
donated by the FADH2 through protein complex II.

The electrons collected are transported to protein complex III. The electrons energy will used again to transport hydrogen ions
into the inter-membrane space as high concentration ions.

This process will happened again in the protein complex IV.

After transporting hydrogen ions, the electrons will accept oxygen, which we inhaled and the hydrogen in the mitochondrial
matrix producing water (H2O from the equation).

Hydrogen ions will spontaneously move with gradient and move to the only available route, which is through the ATP synthase.
This process is called Chemiosmosis (proton-motive force).

The ATP Synthase, it makes a channel that allows high concentration hydrogen ions from the intermembrane space to move
or diffused to the mitochondrial matrix as low concentration hydrogen ions.

These high concentration hydrogen ions powers the ATP synthase when it enters and phosphorylates ADP to generate ATP.

An Institution of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP)

Member: Association of Christian Schools, Colleges and Universities (ACSCU)
UCCP Church- Related Educational Action Towards Empowerment (UCCP-CREATE)
Cordillera Schools Group (CSG)
 SAINT TONIS COLLEGE, INC.
Formerly Kalinga Christian Learning Center
P. 4, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
College of Teacher Education
The net yield in this process are 34 ATPs. There are 10 NADH producing 30 ATPs. 3 ATPs in each NADH. There are 2
FADH2 producing 4 ATPs. 2 ATPs in each FADH2.

FADH2 produced fewer ATPs because the electron it had has lower energy level than NADH.

REFLECTION

Glucose undergone three metabolic pathways to generate ATPs. These are glycolysis, Krebs cycle and
Electron Transport Chain. The Net yield after are 34 ATPs.

EVALUATION (Strictly use Answer Sheet provided)

Activity 1. Fill the chart of the following metabolic pathways.

Process Where does it occur? Aerobic or Anaerobic? Reactants (needed to Products ( end result
start the process) of the process)
Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
ETC / Oxidative
Phosphorylation

___ATP made in the Glycolysis + ____ ATP made in the Citric Acid Cycle + ____ ATP made in the ETC = _____ ATP total
for the breakdown of one glucose molecule during cellular respiration.

Activity 2. Fill in the blank: Citric Acid Cycle

Acetic Acid combines with (1) ____________ to form (2) ____________. The oxidation of Acetyl CoA left one carbon to
combine with (3) ________ generating (4) __________.

When the citric acid was oxidized, it become (5) ____________ molecule resulting in (6) _____________. This molecule will
once again undergo oxidation producing (7) __________ and (8) _______. The new (9) ___________, which is known as the FAD,
become (10) _______ yielding (11) ________.

The four-carbon molecule will transformed to a new four-carbon molecule, (12) __________. Yielding (13) __________ and
(14) _______.

Activity 3. Fill in the blank: ETC / Oxidation Phosphorylation

The last metabolic pathway of glucose is in known as (1) _________. This pathway is (2) ________ that requires (3)
_______.

Electrons from (4) _______ entered to the (5) ___________ and its hydrogen ions will transported to the (6) _______ as a (7)
__________. The special enzyme (8) ___________ collected the (9) _________ of FADH2 from (10) ___________ and moved these
electrons to the protein complex III. The hydrogen ions of both (11) _________ and (12) _______ are energized by the electrons to
move these electrons to the (13) __________ as a (14) _____________. This process will repeated once again in protein complex III
and protein complex IV.

The product produced in this reaction will be (15) _______ as the oxygen bonded with hydrogen ions. The high concentration
hydrogen ions are then moved from (16) ________ to the (17) _________ through the protein channel, (18) __________. In the ATP
synthase, the high concentration hydrogen ions (19) _________ this protein channel and phosphorylates (20) __________ and
generating (21) _______.
An Institution of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP)
Member: Association of Christian Schools, Colleges and Universities (ACSCU)
UCCP Church- Related Educational Action Towards Empowerment (UCCP-CREATE)
Cordillera Schools Group (CSG)
 SAINT TONIS COLLEGE, INC.
Formerly Kalinga Christian Learning Center
P. 4, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
College of Teacher Education
Activity 4. Answer the following:
(Avoid giving answers directly from the internet. Used it as a reference but not as an answer. The answers for the questions below are already
available in this module. Read and comprehend.)

1. Carbohydrates metabolism is considered as a catabolic process. Why? Give a brief reason.

2. Differentiate glycolysis from Electron Transport Chain in terms of ATP productions.

REFERENCES

Electronic Book:

 John Moore, Richard Langley (2008). Biochemistry for Dummies. Wiley Publishing Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
 H.P Gajera, S.V. Patel, B.A. Golakiya (2008). Fundamentals of Biochemistry. First Edition. International Book Distributing
Co.
 R. Murray, D. Bender, P. Kennelly, V. Rodwell, P. Weil, k. Botham. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry (2009). 28 th Edition.
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Internet:
 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology1/chapter/reading-anabolic-and-catabolic-pathways-2/
 https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-fermentation/glycolysis/a/glycolysis
 https://byjus.com/biology/carbohydrate-metabolism/
 Bioman biology.com
 R.5210359d8e313f6801872eb3272f35e7 (1275×1650) (bing.com)

An Institution of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP)

Member: Association of Christian Schools, Colleges and Universities (ACSCU)
UCCP Church- Related Educational Action Towards Empowerment (UCCP-CREATE)
Cordillera Schools Group (CSG)
 SAINT TONIS COLLEGE, INC.
Formerly Kalinga Christian Learning Center
P. 4, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
College of Teacher Education
ANSWER SHEET
BIOCHEMISTRY
FINALS - MODULE 1-2
WEEK 12-13

Date Submitted: ___________________

Name: ______________________________________________

Course and Year: ____________________________________

Activity 1. Fill the chart of the following metabolic pathways.

Process Where does it occur? Aerobic or Anaerobic? Reactants (needed to Products ( end result
start the process) of the process)
Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
ETC / Oxidative
Phosphorylation

___ATP made in the Glycolysis + ____ ATP made in the Citric Acid Cycle + ____ ATP made in the ETC = _____ ATP total
for the breakdown of one glucose molecule during cellular respiration.

Activity 2. Fill in the blank: Citric Acid Cycle

Acetic Acid combines with (1) ____________ to form (2) ____________. The oxidation of Acetyl CoA left one carbon to
combine with (3) ________ generating (4) __________.

When the citric acid was oxidized, it become (5) ____________ molecule resulting in (6) _____________. This molecule will
once again undergo oxidation producing (7) __________ and (8) _______. The new (9) ___________, which is known as the FAD,
become (10) _______ yielding (11) ________.

The four-carbon molecule will transformed to a new four-carbon molecule, (12) __________. Yielding (13) __________ and
(14) _______.

Activity 3. Fill in the blank: ETC / Oxidation Phosphorylation

The last metabolic pathway of glucose is in known as (1) _________. This pathway is (2) ________ that requires (3)
_______.

Electrons from (4) _______ entered to the (5) ___________ and its hydrogen ions will transported to the (6) _______ as a (7)
__________. The special enzyme (8) ___________ collected the (9) _________ of FADH2 from (10) ___________ and moved these
electrons to the protein complex III. The hydrogen ions of both (11) _________ and (12) _______ are energized by the electrons to
move these electrons to the (13) __________ as a (14) _____________. This process will repeated once again in protein complex III
and protein complex IV.

The product produced in this reaction will be (15) _______ as the oxygen bonded with hydrogen ions. The high concentration
hydrogen ions are then moved from (16) ________ to the (17) _________ through the protein channel, (18) __________. In the ATP
synthase, the high concentration hydrogen ions (19) _________ this protein channel and phosphorylates (20) __________ and
generating (21) _______.

An Institution of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP)

Member: Association of Christian Schools, Colleges and Universities (ACSCU)
UCCP Church- Related Educational Action Towards Empowerment (UCCP-CREATE)
Cordillera Schools Group (CSG)
 SAINT TONIS COLLEGE, INC.
Formerly Kalinga Christian Learning Center
P. 4, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
College of Teacher Education
Activity 4. Answer the following:
(Avoid giving answers directly from the internet. Used it as a reference but not as an answer. The answers for the questions below are already
available in this module. Read and comprehend.)

1. Carbohydrates metabolism is considered as a catabolic process. Why? Give a brief reason.

2. Differentiate glycolysis from Electron Transport Chain in terms of ATP productions.

DO NOT LEAVE ANY ACTIVITIES UNANSWERED

An Institution of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP)

Member: Association of Christian Schools, Colleges and Universities (ACSCU)
UCCP Church- Related Educational Action Towards Empowerment (UCCP-CREATE)
Cordillera Schools Group (CSG)