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Dredging is a work to change the basic form of water, towards shipping safety

Article  in  International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology · October 2018

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 9, Issue 10, October 2018, pp. 2043–2053, Article ID: IJCIET_09_10_202
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=10
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

DREDGING IS A WORK TO CHANGE THE

BASIC FORM OF WATER, TOWARDS
SHIPPING SAFETY
ThomasonanLutfie, Agus B Siswanto, RahmaNindya A, and Pipit Skriptiana P
Lecture Civil Engineering Study Program, Engineering Faculty,
The University of 17 Agustus 1945 Semarang, Indonesia

ABSTRACT
Indonesia is a maritime country, sea toll is a concept of transporting marine
logistics which was initiated by the President of the Republic of Indonesia, Joko
Widodo. This program aims to connect large ports in the archipelago. With the
connection between these seaports, there can be a smooth distribution of goods to
remote areas.
According to the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 17 of 2008 concerning
shipping in Chapter 1 Article 1 states "Shipping is an integrated system consisting of
water, port, safety and security as well as maritime environmental protection."
Transportation in waters is the activity of transporting and or transporting
passengers and / or goods using ships. Vessels are water vehicles of a certain type
and shape which are driven by wind power, mechanical power, other energy,
withdrawn or delayed including vehicles with dynamic carrying capacity, underwater
vehicles, and floating equipment and floating buildings that do not move.
Keywords: Sea Toll, Transportation, Floating building
Cite this Article: Thomasonan Lutfie, Agus B Siswanto, Rahma Nindya A, and Pipit
Skriptiana P, Dredging is a Work to Change the Basic Form of Water, Towards Shipping
Safety, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(10), 2018, pp.
2043–2053.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=10

1. PRELIMINARY
The port plays a strategic role in efforts to increase the utilization of marine resources where
the port also functions as a place for collection, production, activity centers and distribution
of these resources.
In addition to supporting the economy broadly the port is also important to support the
local economy. Positive impact with the existence of the port because it will open up
opportunities in employment, foster supporting business activities where the opportunity for
local communities to participate will be greater and become a source of income for the local

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 Dredging is a Work to Change the Basic Form of Water, Towards Shipping Safety

government. However, in planning and managing the port, it is necessary to provide a policy,
in addition to considering the positive impact; the negative impact must also be considered,
especially for environmental problems.
Comprehensive planning is needed in sustainable development of all interests, aspects
and needs of objects and the subject of port development must be able to be accommodated.
The Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 17 of 2008 concerning Shipping indicates the
need for port infrastructure as a place of intra-movement and between modes of
transportation.
The construction of the port must be planned appropriately, fulfilling port technical
requirements, environmental sustainability and paying attention to the integration of intra and
intermodal transportation. In the Port construction activities there is a process of capital (new
development) and maintenance. Some very important port facilities include Break Water,
Jety, Pier, Kade and other supporting facilities. However, there are other vital facilities that
require regular maintenance after development, which is caused by the function of shipping
ports and natural influences, namely "Port Pool and Shipping Channel". Changes in shape
and sediment deposition will affect the function and safety of the Sailing. For this reason, it is
necessary to have a Dredging process.
Port design and port ponds are determined for the purpose of sailing safety and the
smooth flow of ship traffic and ship movement by considering:
1. ship traffic;
2. ship size;
3. current and wave;
4. wind;
5. tidal;
6. subgrade conditions;
7. deposition; and
8. Navigation hazards.

2. THE PROBLEMS
The purpose of the analysis is the implementation of dredging of shipping lines and port
ponds, namely: explaining that the basis of the shipping channel and dredged port ponds have
reached the planned depth design, the analysis is carried out based on the calculation of
dredging volumes in each spot (dredging area) and based on risk analysis related to the
accuracy of the measurement that has an impact on the volume calculation results. In addition
to the calculation of dredging volume, the groove and pond design is measured using the
Bathymetry system using the Echo Sounder Tool, so that the existing row data can be made
into the design standard of the Shipping Channel and Port Pool. This process goes through
the Planning stages (SID flow) and also Supervision of work (Supervision).
Based on Law No. 17 of 2008 concerning Shipping in Chapter 1 clause 1 referred to;
1) Dredging is the work of changing the basic shape of the waters to achieve the desired
depth and width or taking the basic water material used for certain purposes.
2) Reclamation is embankment work in waters or coastal areas that change the coastline
and / or depth contour of the waters.
3) Shipping lanes are waters that are in terms of depth, width and barrier-free other
shipping is considered safe and safe to navigate.

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 Thomasonan Lutfie, Agus B Siswanto, Rahma Nindya A and Pipit Skriptiana P

4) Port Pool is the water in front of the dock that is used for operational purposes to dock
and by moving the ship
5) Protection of the maritime environment is every effort to prevent and overcome the
pollution of the aquatic environment originating from activities related to shipping.
Legal Basis:
1. UU no. 17 of 2008 concerning Shipping;
2. PP No. 5 of 2010 concerning Navigation;
3. PP No. 20 of 2010 concerning Transport in Waters;
4. PP No. 61 of 2009 concerning Port

3. METHODOLOGY
A. Stages of Dredging
1) Separating and extracting material from the seabed using erosion, emitting high
pressure water (jetting), cutting, sucking (suction), breaking and taking using bucket
(grabbing).

Figure 1.Picture of sediment material lift in port pond.

2) Transporting materials using barges, barges or ships specifically designed to have
hoppers, floating pipelines, conveyors and trucks;

Figure 2.Example of Dredge Material Carrier Barges.

3) Laying of sediment material can be carried out on land or at sea. For the placement of
sedimentary material in the sea, it is necessary to determine the right location with
consideration of water conditions (ocean currents and ocean waves) and
environmental impacts. Disposal of these materials can be carried out using an

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 Dredging is a Work to Change the Basic Form of Water, Towards Shipping Safety

excavator, pipeline discharge, lifting equipment such as a crane and opening the door
below on some specially designed ships or barges (hopper barges).

Figure3. Excavator.

B. Dredging works can be grouped into five, namely

1. Initial Dredging
Is a job that is needed in the manufacture of a new port. This work has big fund and is
done for long-established sedimentation.
2. Dredging Maintenance
Done at an existing Port, with the aim of maintaining navigation requirements in the
port shipping channel. In this case the shipping aspects involve shipping lines, related
to economic functions for example (if the port is shallow then the ship cannot dock),
as well as other natural factors such as sedimentation and others. The type of ship that
is often used is trailing suction hopper dredge. Dredging is carried out regularly at the
port shipping channel (maintenance dredging).
3. Rock Dredging
This method is carried out specifically for sedimentation in the form of rock, so the
method used is different.
4. Reclamation
Aiming to move soil on the seabed from the dredging area to the embankment area
with the intention of increasing the area of landfill or other engineering needs.
5. Environmental Dredging
Dredging with reason to improve the environment of a water location. Included in this
is moving soil or sediments affected by pollution.
Prior to dredging, an investigative survey and data collection were carried out. The
purpose of hydrographic implementation is to find out whether the depth of the bottom of the
shipping channel has reached the depth design limit in accordance with the provisions for the
shipping channel along with calculating the volume of material that must be dredged.
Hydrographic surveys (positioning, depth measurement and water level) are carried out
before, during and after dredging work.
In the dredging implementation, have to consider the following method:
a. Dredging is carried out by not having a negative impact on the port
environment and the surrounding environment;

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 Thomasonan Lutfie, Agus B Siswanto, Rahma Nindya A and Pipit Skriptiana P

b. The method used is adapted to the type of material, hydrographic survey,

ecosystem, biota and environment around the dredging site and the location of
the dump;
c. The dredged material is prepared in such a way as not to return to the dredging
area; and
d. Dredging is carried out by referring to the laws and regulations, national
standardization, criteria and norms and other applicable provisions.

C. Types of Dredger
Dredger used to move material from wet areas has a long history, the oldest is Hand Drag.
Furthermore, many types of dredgers are developed which can be grouped into 3 main
groups, namely;
1) Mechanical dredger
Mechanical dredger is a method of removing / taking / raising soil and transporting soil
(dredged material) by mechanical means, namely:
a. Bucket dredger
b. Dipper dredger
c. Hydraulic excavators
d. Grab dredger
e. Rockbreaker
2) Hydraulic dredger
Hydraulic dredger, the principle of a hydraulic dredger is that the dredger material is taken
and transported by a centrifugal pump. This application is the material taken (drawn /
sucked) consisting of a mixture of dredge material and water. This hydraulic dredger is;
a. Profile dredger
b. Cutter suction Dredger
c. Wheel dredger
d. Stationary hopper dredger
e. Trailing suction hopper dredger
3) The other types of dredging plants
Examples of the other of dredging plants are:
a. Barges (mud barges)
b. Booster station (pump)
c. Mineral dredger, equipped with a treatment plant to separate valuable
particles.
d. Self elevating platforms
e. Dustpan dredger is a direct descendant of the dredger profile which is used to
treat the river. Dustpan has a suction tube which is equipped with a wide
suction head and is usually equipped with propeller.

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 Dredging is a Work to Change the Basic Form of Water, Towards Shipping Safety

D. Selection of Dredger
Table 1.Kind of soil and standart dredging method
N-
Material Type Dredger
Value
Soil CS TSH GRA BUCKET DIPP ROCK
Clarification (SPT)
Type D D B WHEEL ER BREAKER
Very
<4 v v v v
Soft
Soft 4 v v v v
Mediu
10 v v v v
Clay m
Hard 15 v v v
Harder 20 v v v v v
Very
> 20 v v v v
Hard
Soft < 10 v v v v
Mediu
10 v v v v
m
Sand Hard 20 v v v v
Harder 25 v v v v v
Very
30 v v v v v
Hard
Clay with Soft < 30 v v v v v
gravel Hard > 30 v v v v v
Soft < 31 v v v v v
Sand
Hard > 31 v v v v v
Soft < 50 v v v v v
Mediu
50 v v v v
Rock m
Hard < 60 v v
Harder > 60 v v

1) Bucket Dredger
Generally in the form of barges without propeller, suitable for dredging heavy clay, gravel
and soft corals are also used for mineral mining. The ship is equipped with a ladder which is
a steel beam (steel girder) where the top end is connected to a tower located in the middle of
the ship using a pin and the lower end is held with steel wire and allows moving up. Down
according to a certain depth. Dredger bucket size is determined by the capacity of each
bucket which is usually between 100 to 1000 liters
To determine the position of the ship 6 wire ropes and 6 anchors were used. When
forward, the headline is rolled and loosens the stern line. In operational the ship still needs a
hopper barge to accommodate and dispose of the dredged product.

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 Thomasonan Lutfie, Agus B Siswanto, Rahma Nindya A and Pipit Skriptiana P

Figure 4.Bucket Dredger

2) Hydraulic Excavator (Backhoe Dredger)

Hydraulic Excavators have many things in common with the dredger dipper. Often the
dredging material is quite difficult to achieve, but with Hydraulic Excavators it can be moved
efficiently.

Figure5. (a) Backhoe Dredger (b) Hydraulic Excavator

3) Grab Dredger / Clamshell Dredger

This type of dredging equipment is in the form of barges and or ships equipped with one or
two Crane Grab units. In general this ship has a simple construction and small size. Can be
used to dredge in a narrow location. The dredging depth can be adjusted by the length of the
Grab (Holding Rope) lifting rope. The reaction from the dredging process only reaches Grab.
The waves generated by the ship's body (Hull) during the dredging process will cause
waves which have little effect on dredging efficiency, because between the Hull and the
dredging process it is only connected with steel ropes (wire rope).

There are 2 types of Grab Dredger, namely:

1. Common barges without a hopper. The material that has been dismantled is moved
using auxiliary equipment, in the form of Mud Barge (Hopper Barge).
2. Ship-shaped generally equipped with mud tanks and self propelled.
In one ship, a reserve grab is usually available and or more than one type of Grab.

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 Dredging is a Work to Change the Basic Form of Water, Towards Shipping Safety

Figure 6.Grab Dredger

4) RockBreaker
The presence of corals affects dredging. In addition to using coral explosions can be solved
using "drop chisel", but is seen as less fast and less efficient. For that other rockbreakers have
been developed based on pneumatic hammer.
Pneumatic rockbreaker in the form of a pontoon, in its operation a pneumatic hammer
equipped with special rock chisel is lowered into the water to the reef that will be destroyed.
The maximum depth that can be reached is 15 meters.

Figure 7.Rock Breaker

5) Cutter Suction Dredger

Cutter dredger, which is not equipped with a barge-shaped propeller which is equipped with a
ship-shaped propeller. In its operation the material is cut using a cutter, and then sucked using
a centrifugal pump. Widely used for building ponds and port grooves, reclamation. There are
ships / barges that are equipped with propellers and some are non propellers.

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 Thomasonan Lutfie, Agus B Siswanto, Rahma Nindya A and Pipit Skriptiana P

Figure 8.Cutter Suction Dredger

6) Wheel (Bucket) Dredger

In many ways the same as the cutter dredger, the difference is the dredger material cutting
tool. In cutting material like dredger buckets and transporting dredged materials as cutter
suction dredgers.

Figure 9.Whell (Bucket) Dredger

7) Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger (TSHD)

In addition to dredging and removing / removing material from the hopper by dumping it can
also do Rainbow and Pumping Out. Other dredging methods that can be done are agitation
and rehandling.

Figure 10.Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger (TSHD)

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 Dredging is a Work to Change the Basic Form of Water, Towards Shipping Safety

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Selection of Dredges Based on Soil Type
Apart from the amount of sediment material to be dredged, the type of soil that varies also
determinesthe type of dredger that will be used, even though the type of sediment that is
different varies for eachplace and often one place has several types of sediment from silt
(mud) tocoarse sand, the sediment is clarified from its cohesive, sedimentary propertiesthe
table above is usually mixed with the soil, if the soil is sticky and clay then plainsuction
cannot be used, (plain suction is the process by which a pump sucksthrough the inlet pipe and
the surrounding soil begins to enter the inlet pipe due to the smooth soil propertiesand
freeflow), if the soil type is sticky (clay) then the inlet pipe can be clogged so that the
typecutter or wheel suction dredger is a better alternative.
If the soil is sticky like clay, the best alternativeis a wheel suction dredger whose knife
type is more suitable for this job. When dredging done in a depth of 18-30 m wheel dredger is
usually a better choicethan cutter suction because sideway torsional force on ladder cutter
suction becomes too highso it's not efficient. However, the wheel dredger has a higher selling
price than the cuttersuction, so the selection must be appropriate in order to save costs.

B. Selection of Dredges Based on Dredging Depth

Apart from soil type and sedimentation, another thing that needs to be considered is depth
(dredging depth) from the dredging place. The dredging process is dominated by suction
performance from the dredge pump. In deeper dredging work, heavy soil and soil that
contains a lot sediment will cause the dredge pump to start to have problems. In terms of
depth exceeding 18 meter, the underwater pump at the suction ladder must be used, so that it
can compensate with job difficulties. In the case of a depth of 14 up to 18 meters, the
underwater pump is not absolute needed, but its use will increase the suction of sediment so
that it will increase sediment suction productivity.
For depths above 18 meters, it is absolutely necessary to add additional underwater
suction pumps.Underwater suction pumps must be run with a direct mechanical connection
(direct mechanicalconnection) so as not to lose power. Some examples that use
hydraulicpowered underwater pumps show considerable power loss (more than 20%) and
alsoharmful to the environment. Because fuel costs are the biggest expenditure fromdredging,
then power loss is very detrimental, so it is direct driven or electrically drivensubmersible
pump is the one that must be used.

5. CONCLUSIONS
1 Dredging is divided into two types, initial dredging and maintenance dredging. The
initial dredging was carried out during the port construction and faced with various
materials on the seabed. In order for the dredging to run smoothly, a study (SID) is
needed to determine dredgers that are compatible with the dredge material. While
dredging maintenance, the material faced in general is fine sand or mud (sediment
transport), so that dredgers are needed Suction type such as TSHD. However, because
there is a dredging area that is difficult to reach by TSHD, it is assisted by the
appropriate type of dredger such as the clamshell dredger.
2 Analysis of sedimentation in the area of the pool or Groove, can be determined other
than the type of dredge device, also can be determined Volume that must be dredged
according to the design of Groove depth or port Pool. Sediment Rate can estimate the

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 Thomasonan Lutfie, Agus B Siswanto, Rahma Nindya A and Pipit Skriptiana P

duration of treatment of the Channel and Port Pool. The port pond must be equipped
with a security depth of 2 meters to overcome siltation by sediment.

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