HUBUNGAN VOLUME –

KECEPATAN dan
KEPADATAN

(Q-K-U Relationship)
Macroscopic Parameters

• Flow (Q)
– number of vehicles traversing a point of
roadway per unit time (vehicles/hour)
• Density (K)
– number of vehicles occupying a given length
of lane or roadway averaged over time
(vehicles/mile)
• Speed (U)
– distance traversed by a vehicle per unit time
(miles/hour)
 Q-K-U Relationship

Flow, Q (veh/hr)
= Density, K (veh/mile) x Speed, U (miles/hr)

For example, say,

Flow, Q = 1200 veh/hour
Speed, U = 30 miles/hour
Density, K = Q/U = 1200/30 = 40 veh/mile
Fundamental Diagram of Traffic Flow

• Density zero, flow also zero

• Density increases, flow also increases
• When density reached maximum (jam density),
flow is equal to zero (car line up end to end)
• Density increases from zero, flows also
increases up to a maximum value. After this
value, density keeps increasing but flow
decreases
Fundamental Diagram of Traffic Flow

• Space mean speed-flow diagram: flow very

low, speed is high and it is know as free flow
speed.
• Increase in flow at to his maximum value,
means decrease in speed. After this value, flow
and speed decrease
Flow (veh/hr)
Q-K-U Relationship

Jam Density

Critical Density
Speed (miles/hr)

Critical Speed Maximum Flow

Critical Density

Density (veh/mile) Flow (veh/hr)

Traffic Stream Characteristics
o Kepadatan  0, Volume  0, kecepatan
bebas
o Volume meningkat, hampir tidak ada
hambatan
o Volume maksimum, kepadatan
meningkat, kecepatan menurun
o Volume  0, kepadatan maksimum.
 Freeway Level Of Service
• LOS A • LOS B
 Freeway Level Of Service
• LOS C • LOS D
 Freeway Level Of Service
• LOS E • LOS F
 Traffic Stream Parameters
• Volume and Rate of Flow
• Speed and Travel Time
• Density and Occupancy
• Spacing and Headway
SPEED
• Space Mean Speed
L nL
vs  n
 n
ti

i 1 n
t
i 1
i

• vs = average travel speed or space mean speed (kph)

• L = length of the highway segment (km)
• ti = travel time of the ith vehicle to cross the section
(hours)
• n = number of travel times observed
SPEED
• Space Mean Speed
– Segment Length  1km
– Travel Time:
• Vehicle A  45 seconds  0,0125 hr/km 80 kph
• Vehicle B  60 seconds  0,0166 hr/km 60 kph
• Vehicle C  72 seconds  0,0200 hr/km 50 kph
– What is the average travel speed of these
three vehicles?
SPEED
• Space Mean Speed
– Average Travel Time
• [0,0125 + 0,0166 + 0,0200] / 3 = 0,016389hr/km
– Average Travel Speed
• 1 / 0,016389 = 61,01695  61 kph
SPEED
• Time Mean Speed
n

v i
vt  i 1
n
• vs = time mean speed (kph)
• vi = spot speed (kph)
• n = number of travel times observed
SPEED
• Time Mean Speed
• Three vehicles pass a kilometer post at 80, 60
and 50 kph, what is the time mean speed of the
three vehicles?
• [80 + 60 + 50] / 3 = 63,33 kph
SPEED
• Time Mean Speed (TMS)
Kecepatan individu yang melintas suatu segmen
selama periode waktu tertentu
SPEED
• Space Mean Speed (SMS)
Kecepatan individu (TMS) dikonversi menjadi
waktu tempuh, kemudian dihitung waktu tempuh
rata-rata, kemudian dihitung kecepatan rata-
rata.
SPEED
• Time Mean Speed is the arithmetic mean
of the spot speeds, the Space Mean
Speed is their harmonic mean.
• Time Mean Speed is always greater than
space mean speed except in the situation
where all vehicles travel at the same
speed.
VOLUME and RATE OF FLOW
• Volume is the actual number of vehicles
observed or predicted to be passing a
point during a given time interval.
• The Rate of Flow represent the number of
vehicles passing a point during a time
interval less than 1 hour, but expressed as
an equivalent hourly rate.
VOLUME and RATE OF FLOW
• Volume of 200 vehicles observed in a 10-
minute period implies a rate of flow  200
x (60/10) = 1.200 veh/hr.
• Note that 1.200 vehicles do not pass the
point of observation during the study hour,
but they do pass the point at that rate for
10 minutes.
VOLUME and RATE OF FLOW

Time Period Volume (vehicles)

4:00 – 4:15 700

4:16 – 4:30 812

4:30 – 5:00 1.635

Total 3.147
VOLUME and RATE OF FLOW
• Total Volume  3.147 veh/hr
• Rate of Flow:
– at 4:00  700 x 4  2.800 veh/hr
– at 4:16  812 x 4  3.248 veh/hr
– at 4:31  1.635 x 2  3.270 veh/hr
DENSITY
• Number of vehicles occupying a given
length of lane or roadway, averaged over
time, usually expressed as vehicles per
km (veh/km)
• q=vxk
• q = rate of flow (veh/hr)
• v = average travel speed (kph)
• k = average density (veh/km)
DENSITY
• A highway segment with a rate of flow of
1.350 veh/hr and an average travel speed
of 45 kph would have a density of k =
1.350 / 45 = 30 veh/km.
• The proximity of vehicles in a traffic stream
is given by density, which is a critical
parameter in describing freedom of
maneuverability.
SPACING and HEADWAY
• Spacing (s) is defined as the distance
between successive vehicles in a traffic
stream as measured from front bumper to
front bumper.
• Spacings of vehicles in a traffic lane can
be generally observed from aerial
photographs.
SPACING and HEADWAY
• Headway is the corresponding time
between successive vehicles as they pass
a point on a roadway.
• Headways of vehicles can be measured
using stopwatch observations as vehicles
pass a point on a lane.
SPACING and HEADWAY
• Average density (k), veh/km =
1.000, m/km / average spacing (s), m/veh
• Average headway (h), sec/veh =
average spacing (s), m/veh / average
speed (v), m/sec
• Average Flow Rate (q), veh/hr =
3600, sec/hr / average headway (h),
sec/hr
CLEARANCE AND GAP
• Correspond to parameters of spacing (m)
and headway (sec)

Clearance (m) L (m)

Gap (sec)

Spacing (m) or Headway (sec)

Flow (veh/hr)
Q-K-U Relationship

Jam Density

Critical Density
Speed (miles/hr)

Critical Speed Maximum Flow

Critical Density

Density (veh/mile) Flow (veh/hr)

 120

100

y = -1.4238x + 104.78
80
R2 = 0.8489
Speed (km/hr

60

40

20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Density (veh/km)
 SPEED VS DENSITY
80

70

60

u = 104,78 – 1,4238k
Speed (km/hr)

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

Density (veh/km)
 FLOW VS DENSITY
2,500

q = 104,78k + 1,4238k2
2,000
Flow (veh/km)

1,500

1,000

500

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Density (veh/km)
 SPEED VS FLOW
120

q = [u x (104,78-u)] / 1,4238
100

80
Speed (km/hr)

60

40

20

0
0 250 500 750 1,000 1,250 1,500 1,750 2,000 2,250 2,500

Flow (veh/hr)
Referensi :
 Traffic Engineering, Roger P. Roess,
Chapter 5
 Fundamentals of Transportation
Engineering A Multimodal Systems
Approach, Jon D, Fricker, Chapter 2
 Transportation Engineering An
Introduction, C. Jotin Khisty, Chapter 5