CAMBRIDGE 16

Listening Section 1:

Question Work in the question Words in the talk

1 What sorts of activities do they do?
Create a cover for an egg
2 To build the tallest tower
3 Make a car powered by a balloon
4 Build model cars, trucks and animals
5 Take part in a competition to build the longest
bridge using card and wood
6 Create a short movie
7 Build, decorate and program a humanoid robot
8 Held on Wednesdays
9 Building A, Fradstone Industrial Estate,
Grasford
10 Plenty of parking
Design a special cover that goes round an egg
Make the highest tower
Design and build a car that attached to a balloon.
Work out how to build model vehicles, things like
cars and trucks, but also how to construct animals
using the same sorts of material and technique.
Use recycled materials like card and wood To build
a bridge, and the longest one gets a prize
Think up an idea for a five-minute movie and then
film it, using special animation software.
They also build a robot in the shape of a human,
and they decorate it and program it so that it can
move its arms and legs.
Are the classes on a Monday?
They used to be, but we found it didn’t give our
staff enough time to clear up after the first
workshop, so we moved them to Wednesdays.
They’re a big sign on the door, you can’t miss it, and
that’s Fradstone Industrial Estate.
Will I have any parking problems there?
No, there’s always plenty available.
Listening Section 2:

Vocab :

1. Go into Steel Industry

2. Set up his company
3. Finish apprenticeship /əˈprentɪʃɪp/ a period of time working as an apprentice; a job as
an apprentice

1. She was in the second year of her apprenticeship as a carpenter.

2. He had  served his apprenticeship  as a plumber.
3. Apprenticeships were becoming more difficult to find.

4. Determined //dɪˈtɜːmɪnd/ (a) he was a very determined young man.

determined to do something I'm determined to succeed.

 I made a  determined effort to stop smoking.

Idiom bound and determined very determined to do something

I came here bound and determined to put the last 12 months behind me

5. Manufacture /ˌmænjuˈfæktʃə(r)/ manufacture something to make goods in large

quantities, using machines
- This company manufactures the equipment used to make contact lenses.

-  mass-produce (synonym) mass-produce something to produce goods in large

quantities, using machines

- Because the coins were mass-produced they can often be accurately dated.

6. Come about = happen – although in fact that never came about

- Can you tell me how the accident came about?
7. Automotive /ˌɔːtəˈməʊtɪv/industry
- Automobile / /ˈɔːtəməbiːl/a car
- the influence of the automobile on American society
- the automobile industry
- an automobile accident
8. premises /ˈpremɪsɪz/the building and land near to it that a business owns or uses
- business/commercial/industrial premises
- The company is looking for larger premises.
- These premises are regularly checked by security guards.
-  on the premises No alcohol may be consumed on the premises.
-  off the premises Police were called to escort her off the premises.
 - Expand the premises considerably
9. Modern machinery and production methods
10. Carry out major refurbishment of this site.
- Refurbish /ˌriːˈfɜːbɪʃ/refurbish something to clean and decorate a room,
building, etc. in order to make it more attractive, more useful, etc.
- The theatre has been extensively refurbished.
11. Make attractive and welcoming to visitors. There is a corridor running left from here

Question Work in the question Words in the talk

11 Stevenson’s was founded in Set up this company when he finished his apprenticeship, in
1926
12 Originally , Stevenson’ Given the opportunity to make goods for hospitals and other
manufactured good for hospital players in the healthcare industry, so that’s what we did for
the first five year.
13 The company premises Moving to a new location has never been necessary
The company has no plan to move
14 The programme for the work Most mornings you’ll have a presentation from one of the
experience group includes managers
Observing and talking to people
15 H Coffee room Go along the corridor ( that), the door facing you at the end is
the entrance to the coffee room. This look out onto the main
road on one side, and some trees on the other
16C Ware house The factory is the very big room on the far side of the site.
Next to it is the warehouse, which can be assessed by lorries
going up the road to the turning area at the end. You can get
to the warehouse by crossing to the far side of the courtyard,
and then the door is on your right
17G Staff canteen This is the right next to reception. The windows on one side
look onto a corridor and courtyard…. And on the other onto
the access road
18B Meeting room You will find it by walking along the corridor to the left of the
courtyard, and continuing along it to the end. The meeting
room is the last one on the right.
19 I Human resources Is at the front of this building, so you head to the left along the
corridor from reception, and it’s the second room you come to.
It looks out onto the main road
20A Boardroom It looks out on to the trees. Go along the corridor past the
courtyard, right to the end. The boardroom is on the left
Section 3:

Question Work in the question Words in the talk

21 C Introductory stage to their art All those handouts with details of books and website to look
projects do Jess and Tom agree at, I was really put off, but the more I read, the more
were useful interested I got.
Mee too, I found I could research so many different aspects of
birds in art-colour, movement and texture.
22 E Much less use than the trip to the Natural History Museum
Yeah I like all the stuff about the evolution there
23B Both Jess and Tom decide to change Haven’t actually evaluate anything. So I’ll have to fix it
the proposal I have to look at that too

24E It’s best not too precise about your actual outcome. So I’m
going to back to my proposal to make it a bit more vague
I’ll change that too then.
25D Falcon (landseer) Scary
A potential threat Talk about the possible danger suggested by the bird’s look
26C Fish hawl (Audubon) Concentrate on the impression of rapid motion it gives
Fast movement
27A Kingfisher (Van Gogh) I saw a real kingfisher once when I was little, I was out walking
A childhood memory with my grandfather.
28H Portrait of William Wells It’s about how ambiguous people are un the way they exploit
A confused attitude to nature the natural world.
29F Vairumati (Gauguin) It’s a reference to the never-ending cycle of existence
The continuity of life
30G Portrait of Giovanni de Medici He’s holding it carefully so he doesn’t hurt it
Protection of nature

Vocabulary

1. What a letdown /ˈlet daʊn/(N): something that is disappointing because it is not as good
as you expected it to be
2. Evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃn/the slow steady development of plants, animals, etc. during the
history of the earth, as they adapt to changes in their environment
- he evolution of the human species
- Darwin’s theory of evolution

3. Amend some parts

4. Give a rationale /ˌræʃəˈnɑːl/rationale (behind/for/of something) the principles or reasons
which explain a particular decision, course of action, belief, etc. = reason
- What is the rationale behind these new exams?

5. Precise /prɪˈsaɪs/ = exact clear and accurate

  precise details/instructions/measurements
 Can you give a more precise definition of the word?
 I can be reasonably precise about the time of the incident.

6. Need more scope / skəʊp/ the range of things that a subject, an organization, an
activity, etc. deals with

 The police are broadening the scope of their investigation.

   in scope Our powers are limited in scope.
   beyond the scope of something This subject lies beyond the scope of our investigation.
   outside the scope of something These issues were outside the scope of the article.

the opportunity or ability to do or achieve something SYNONYM potential

   scope for something There's still plenty of scope for improvement.

 Her job offers very little scope for promotion.
   scope (for somebody) (to do something) The extra money will give us the scope to
improve our facilities.
   within somebody's scope First try to do something that is within your scope.

7. to explore your ideas

8. Make something vague /veɪɡ/ not clear in a person’s mind

 to have a  vague impression/memory/recollection of something

 They had only a  vague idea where the place was.

vague (about something) not having or giving enough information or details about

something

 She's a little vague about her plans for next year.

 The politicians made vague promises about tax cuts.

(of a person’s behaviour) suggesting a lack of clear thought or attention

SYNONYM absent-minded

 His vague manner concealed a brilliant mind.

 She seems to be getting rather vague as she grows older.

Swoop /swuːp/fly quickly and suddenly downwards, especially in order to attack

somebody/somethingSYNONYM dive

 The aircraft swooped down over the buildings.

 A hawk swooped low over the field.
Swoop over the water with a fish in its talon / ˈtælən/

enlarge image

a long, sharp, curved nail on the feet of some birds, especially birds of prey (=
birds that kill other creatures for food)

9. Discuss it in the relation to predators and food chain

10. Perching /pɜːtʃ/ on a reed growing near a stream

perch (on something) (of a bird) to land and stay on a branch, etc.

 A robin was perching on the fence.

11. Exploit the world / ɪkˈsplɔɪt/

exploit something (disapproving) to treat a person or situation as an opportunity to

gain an advantage for yourself

 He exploited his father's name to get himself a job.

 She realized that her youth and inexperience were being exploited.
 The opposition parties will always exploit government problems to their own advantage.

exploit somebody (disapproving) to treat somebody unfairly by making them work and

not giving them much in return

 What is being done to stop employers from exploiting young people?

 The workers are ruthlessly exploited by their employers.

exploit something to use something well in order to gain as much from it as possible

 She fully exploits the humour of her role in the play.

 The company has been successful in exploiting new technology to the full.

o develop or use something for business or industry

   exploit something  No minerals have yet been exploited in Antarctica.

   exploit something for something countries exploiting the rainforests for hardwood
 Companies are moving in to exploit the natural resources of the area.
 12. Apparently /əˈpærəntli/

according to what you have heard or read; according to the way something appears

 Apparently they are getting divorced soon.

 I thought she had retired, but apparently she hasn't.
 He paused, apparently lost in thought.
 The government was apparently unaware of the magnitude of the crisis.
 The security forces were apparently taken by surprise.

Section 4:

Question Work in the question Words in the talk

31 Stoicism is still relevant today
because of its practical appeal
32 Despite not being intended for
publication
33 Choices people make in response
can be controlled
34 A stoic is someone who has a
different view on experiences which
others would consider as negative
35 George Washington organized a
play about cato to motivate his men
36 Adam Smith’s ideas on capitalism
were influenced by Stoicism
37 The treatment for depression is
based on ideas from Stoicism
38 People learn to base their thinking
on logic
39 In business, people benefits from
Stoicism by identifying obstacles as
opportunities
40 It requires a lot of practice
The most practical of all philosophies and therefore the most
appealing.
The most famous stoics never wrote anything down for
publication
External events I cannot control, but the choices I make with
regards to them I do control
Defines a stoic as someone who has a different perspective on
experiences which most of us would see as wholly negative
Put on a play based on the life of Cato to inspire his men
The economist Adam Smith’s theories on capitalism were
significantly influenced by the stoicism
It’s most commonly used to threat depression
The idea is that we can take control of our lives by challenging
the irrational beliefs that create our faulty thinking, symptoms
and behaviors by using logic instead
Stoics teach turning obstacles into opportunities
Thank to its brilliant insights into how to lead a good life.

Vocab
1. Stoicism /ˈstəʊɪsɪzəm/the fact of not complaining or showing what you are feeling when
you are suffering

 She endured her long illness with stoicism.

 She showed great stoicism through all the pain.
Stoic /ˈstəʊɪk/ person who is able to suffer pain or trouble without complaining or showing
what they are feeling

2. Endure /ɪnˈdjʊə(r)/ o experience and deal with something that is painful or unpleasant
without giving up
- SYNONYM bear
-   endure something They had to endure a long wait before the case came to trial.
- She could not endure the thought of parting.
- The pain was almost too great to endure.
-   (formal) a love that endures all things and never fails
- He had to endure the racist taunts of the crowd.
-   endure doing something He can't endure being defeated.
-   endure to do something He can't endure to be defeated
3. Dense books / crowd/ forest (a lot of)
Areas of dense population
- Synonym – thick
Dense fog/ smoke/ fumes
The fog was getting very dense
- Stupid
How can you be so dense?
John’s all right, but he can be a bit dense sometimes.
- Difficult to understand because it contains a lot of information
A dense piece of writing
4. Achieve their greatest triumphs /ˈtraɪʌmf/
5. Access to these ideas
6. Virtue/ˈvɜːtʃuː/behaviour or attitudes that show high moral standards

 He led a life of virtue.

 She was certainly no paragon of virtue  (= her moral standards were very far from
perfect).

7. The road to virtue, in turn, lay in understanding that destructive emotions, like anger and
jealousy, are under our conscious control.
8. Wholly /ˈhəʊlli/completely SYNONYM totally
- wholly inappropriate behavior
- The government is not wholly to blame for the recession.
9. Irrational /ɪˈræʃənl/ (a)not based on, or not using, clear logical thought
SYNONYM unreasonable

 an irrational fear
 You're being irrational.

10. Stoicism had a profound influence /prəˈfaʊnd/

showing great knowledge or understanding

 profound insights
 a profound book

“A stoic transforms fear into caution, pain into transformation, mistakes into initiation
and desire into undertaking”

transform /trænsˈfɔːm/
SYNONYM convert

   transform something/somebody (into something) The photochemical reactions

transform the light into electrical impulses.

Transformation /ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃn/a complete change in somebody/something

 The way in which we work has  undergone a  complete transformation in the past

decade.
 What a transformation! You look great.
   transformation (from something) (to/into something) the country’s transformation
from dictatorship to democracy

initiation /ɪˌnɪʃiˈeɪʃn/the act of starting something

undertaking /ˌʌndəˈteɪkɪŋ/

a task or project, especially one that is important and/or difficultSYNONYM venture

 He is interested in buying the club as a commercial undertaking.

 In those days, the trip across country was a dangerous undertaking.
 the first joint undertaking of the two societies
 READING

Paragraph 1

Vocabulary
1. far-reaching /ˌfɑː ˈriːtʃɪŋ/likely to have a lot of influence or many effects

 far-reaching consequences/implications
 the disappearance of polar bears could have far-reaching consequences
 far-reaching changes/reforms

2. adipose /ˈædɪpəʊs/(of body tissue) used for storing fat

human with comparative levels of adipose tissue would be considered as obese/əʊ
ˈbiːs/(a) and would be likely to suffer from diabetes /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz/ and heart
disease. Polar bear experiences no such consequences.

3. Likely /ˈlaɪkli/having a good chance of happening or being something; probable or

expected
 The beetles are likely to cause damage.
 the likely cause/consequence
 the most likely explanation/outcome/scenario
   likely (that)… It's hardly likely (that) they'll refuse.
 It is quite likely the discussion may never take place

- seeming suitable for a purposeSYNONYM promising

- She seems the most likely candidate for the job.

4. Cast/shed/throw light on something: to make a problem, etc. easier to understand

- Recent research has shed new light on the causes of the disease.
5. Genetic /dʒəˈnetɪk/(a) the genetic structure of polar bear
- Gene /dʒiːn/genes that code for the colour of the eyes
- Genome /ˈdʒiːnəʊm/ (n) he complete set of genes in a cell or living thing
- the human genome
- genetically /dʒəˈnetɪkli/
6. Density /ˈdensəti/ (a)  the quality of being dense; the degree to which something is dense
7. Lipoprotein /ˈlaɪpəprəʊtiːn//ˈlɪpəprəʊtiːn/,a protein that combines with a lipid and
carries it to another part of the body in the blood.  là một loại protein vận chuyển
cholesterol trong máu. Mức độ cao của Lp (a) trong máu có thể làm tăng khả năng hình
thành các mảng xơ vữa hoặc huyết khối trong động mạch. Do tác dụng này, Lp (a) có
thể làm tăng nguy cơ mắc bệnh tim mạch. Vì vậy, việc thực hiện các bước để kiểm soát
mức cholesterol có thể giúp giảm nguy cơ này.
8. Mutation /mjuːˈteɪʃn/ a process in which the genetic material of a person, a plant
or an animal changes in structure when it is passed on to children, etc., causing
different physical characteristics to develop; a change of this kind

 These cells have been affected by mutation.

 The disease is caused by genetic mutations.

9. Osteoporosis /ˌɒstiəʊpəˈrəʊsɪs/ (n)a condition in which the bones become weak and
are easily broken, usually when people get older or because they do not eat enough of
certain substances : loãng xương
- This is a disease where bones show reduced density, usually caused by
insufficient exercise, reduced calcium /ˈkælsiəm/ intake or food starvation.
10. Female polar bears undergo extreme conditions during every pregnancy
11. Den /den/(n) the hidden home of some types of wild animal
- a  bear’s/lion’s den

 these females will dig maternity dens in the snow and will remain there throughout the
winter, both before and after the birth of their cubs /kʌb/a young bear, lion, fox, etc. a
lioness guarding her cubs

12. deplete /dɪˈpliːt/(v)deplete (something) to reduce something by a large amount so

that there is not enough left; to be reduced by a large amount

 Food supplies were severely depleted.

 Supplies are depleting fast.
 Depleting their own calcium and calorie /ˈkæləri/ reserves/rɪˈzɜːv/ supply dự trữ

- a supply of something that is available to be used in the future or when it

is needed
- cash/foreign currency reserves
- large oil and gas reserves
- reserve funds
-   reserve of something He discovered unexpected reserves of strength.
- The country has the world's largest reserves of coal.
- The company has substantial reserves of capital.

13. Paradox /ˈpærədɒks/a person, thing or situation that has two opposite features
and therefore seems strange

 He was a paradox—a loner who loved to chat to strangers.

 It is a curious paradox that professional comedians often have unhappy personal lives.

14. Hibernation /ˌhaɪbəˈneɪʃn/a state like deep sleep in which some animals spend the
winter
 to go into/come out of hibernation
 hibernating brown bears do not have this capacity and must therefore resort /rɪˈzɔːt/ to
major bone reformation in the following spring /ˌrefəˈmeɪʃn/the act of improving
or changing somebody/something

15. bedridden /ˈbedrɪdn/ (a)having to stay in bed all the time because you are sick, injured
or old. Bedridden humans
16. conservation /ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃn/ to be interested in wildlife conservation
- road development in the area has been severely affected by the conservation
programmes of the council.

 Conservancy /kənˈsɜːvənsi/ nature conservancy

17. These should not be the only factors taken into consideration.
18. Primate /ˈpraɪmeɪt/any animal that belongs to the group of mammals that includes
humans, apes and monkeys
19. Bears, on the other hand, seem to be perceived /pəˈsiːv/as stupid and in many cases
violent.
20. Anecdotal /ˌænɪkˈdəʊtl/possibly not true or accurate because it is based on
personal accounts rather than facts or research

 Anecdotal evidence suggests there were irregularities at the polling station on the day of
the election.

21. Manipulate /məˈnɪpjuleɪt/ to control or influence somebody/something, often in a

dishonest way so that they do not realize it

   manipulate somebody/something She uses her charm to manipulate people.

 As a politician, he knows how to manipulate public opinion.
   manipulate somebody into something/into doing something They managed to
manipulate us into agreeing to help.
 A male polar bear has ever been observed making use of a tool to manipulate his
environment.
 Manipulation /məˌnɪpjuˈleɪʃn/ sự khéo léo

22. Dislodge /dɪsˈlɒdʒ/(v)dislodge something (from something) to force or knock

something out of its position

 The wind dislodged one or two tiles from the roof.

 Barrel /ˈbærəl/ large round container, usually made of wood or metal, with flat ends
and, usually, curved sides thùng rượu
 23. Deliberate /dɪˈlɪbərət/ =  intentional, planned (a) show deliberate and focused
manipulation
24. Agile /ˈædʒaɪl/(a) able to move quickly and easily =  nimble/ˈnɪmbl/
- You need nimble fingers for that job
- She was extremely nimble on her feet
- Bears are capable of agile and thought-out behavior
25. Astonishing /əˈstɒnɪʃɪŋ/very surprising; difficult to believe
- She ran 100m in an astonishing 10.6 seconds.
- I find it absolutely astonishing that you didn't like it.
26. Breakthrough /ˈbreɪkθruː/ (n) an important development that may lead to an
agreement or achievement
- to make/achieve a breakthrough
- a significant breakthrough in negotiations
- a major breakthrough in cancer research
- this would mean not only the loss of potential breakthroughs in human medicine,
but more importantly, the disappearance of an intelligent, majestic animal. /mə
ˈdʒestɪk/impressive because of size or beauty

  awe-inspiring /ˈɔː ɪnspaɪərɪŋ/The building was awe-inspiring in size and design.

 /ˈsplendɪd/ splendid = very impressive; very beautiful
 splendid scenery
 The hotel stands in splendid isolation, surrounded by moorland.
 He made a lot of money and had a splendid house built.

Question Words in question Word in paragraph

1F Polar bears suffer from health Humans with comparative levels of adipose
P1 – line4-6 problems due to the build-up fat under tissue would be considered as obese and
skin would be likely to suffer from diabetes and
heart disease. Yet, the polar bear experiences
no such consequences.
2F The study done by Liu and his They compared the genetic structure of polar
P2 – line 2- colleagues compared different groups bears with that of their closest relatives from
3 of polar bears a warmer climate, the brown bears.
3 NG Liu and colleagues were the first They compared the genetic structure of polar
P2 researchers to compare polar bears bears with that of their closest relatives from
and brown bears genetically a warmer climate, the brown bears.
4T Polar bears are able to control their Liu and his colleagues found the polar bears
P2 – Line 4- levels of “bad” cholesterol by genetic had a gene known as APoB, which reduces
5 means. level of low-density lipoproteins – a form of
bad cholesterol.
 5T P3 – line Female polar bears are able to This process results in about six months of
5-10 survive for about six month without fasting, where the female bears have to keep
food themselves and their cubs alive, depleting
their own calcium and calorie reserves.
6F P4 – line Bones of female polar bears were very Six month later, there was no evidence of
2-4 weak when they came out of their dens significant loss of bone density
in spring
7T-P4 – The polar bear’s mechanism for If the mechanism of bone remodeling in polar
Line 6-7 increasing bone density could also be bears can be understood, may bedridden
used by people one day human, and even astronauts, could
potentially benefit.
8 – violent People think of bears as unintelligent To be perceived as stupid and in many cases
P5 – Line 4 and violent violent
-5
9 – tool A bear has been seen using a branch Has ever been observed making use of a tool
P5 – Line 5- as a tool to manipulate his environment
6
10 – meat Knock down some meat The bear used a tree branch on multiple
P5 – line 7- occasions to dislodge a piece of meat hung
8 out of his reach
11 P5 – A wild polar bear worked out a A calculated move by a male bear involved
Line 9-10 method of reaching a platform where running and jumping onto barrels in an
a photographer was located attempt to get to a photographer standing on
a platform four meters high.
12 – P6 – Such conscious manipulation of Bears putting objects in piles and then
Line 3 objects and activity similar to a game knocking them over in what appeared to be a
game.
13 – P7 – They may make movements suggesting As for emotions, while the evidence is …….
Line 2 frustration of disappointed when Seemingly out of frustration – when they have
hunting just missed out on a kill.

Paragraph 2 : THE STEP PYRAMID /ˈpɪrəmɪd// OF DJOSER

Kim tự tháp Djoser, hay còn gọi là kim tự tháp bậc thang là
một di tích khảo cổ tại khu nghĩa trang Saqqara, Ai Cập, nằm
ở tây bắc Memphis. Kim tự tháp này cũng như khu phức hợp
xung quanh đều do tể tướng Imhotep thiết kế nhằm mục đích
chôn cất pharaon Djoser thuộc Vương triều thứ Ba.
Đây được xem là những công trình bằng đá nguyên khối cổ
nhất thế giới[1], với chiều cao ban đầu là 62 mét và được phủ
một lớp đá vôi trắng[2].
 Vocabulary

1. Hold enormous interest for people

2. The evolution of the pyramid form
3. Prior to /ˈpraɪə(r)/ prior to  before something
- during the week prior to the meeting
4. reign /reɪn/the period during which a king, queen, emperor, etc. rules :
triều đại
- reign ( v) trị vì
- By the end of his reign, the vast empire was in decline.

5. Deceased /dɪˈsiːst/dead. The deceased person was buried

- her deceased parents
6. conceived /kənˈsiːv/conceive something (formal) to form an idea, a plan,
etc. in your mind
- He conceived the idea of transforming the old power station into an arts centre.
- The dam project was originally conceived in 1977.

 to imagine something:  conceive of somebody/something (as something) God is often

conceived of as male.
 Djoser’s main official conceived of building a taller, more impressive tomb for his king
by stacking stone slabs on top of one another .

7. inward /ˈɪnwəd/ towards the inside or centre of something

- an inward flow
- an inward curve
- inward incline /ˈɪnklaɪn/ a slope a steep/slight incline  is higher at one end than
the other) : mặt nghieeng
8. shrine /ʃraɪn/ place where people come to worship because it is connected with a
holy person or event

 to visit the shrine of Mecca

   shrine to somebody/something a shrine to the Virgin Mary

9. Ringed /rɪŋd/ having a ring or rings on

10. Trench /trentʃ/ a long, deep hole dug in the ground, for example for carrying
away water : con mương
- Workmen were digging a trench beside the road.
11. Burial /ˈberiəl/(n) the act or ceremony of burying a dead body
- a  burial place/mound/site
- Her body was sent home for burial.
- His family insisted he should be given a proper burial.
- baptism, marriage and burial services
12. excavate /ˈekskəveɪt/ khai quật
 13. inscribe /ɪnˈskraɪb/to write or cut words, your name, etc. onto something
14. stone vessel: bình, chậu, chén, bát chứa nước làm bằng đá.

Question Words in question Word in paragraph

14 A- iv A single certainty among other less There is no question that,…… it began with
The last definite facts one monument to one king designed by one
sentence brilliant architect…..
15B- vii An idea for changing the design of The first king…… and the first to build in
The first burial structures stone. Prior to Djoser’s reign, tombs….. made
two of dried clay brick, ……where the deceased
sentences person was buried
16C- ii A difficult task for those involved The weight of the enormous mass was a
The last challenge for the builders, who placed the
sentence stones at an inward incline in order to
prevent the monument breaking up
17 D- v An overview of the external buildings The step pyramid rose 62 meters high and
The first an areas was the tallest structure of its time…. Include
two a temple, courtyards, shrines and living
sentences quarters for the priests.
18 E- i The areas and artefacts within the The burial chamber of the tomb……. Was dug
The first pyramid itself beneath the base of pyramids, surrounded by
three a vast maze of long tunnels…… inside the
sentences pyramid ….. stone vessels

19F – viii An incredible experience despite the …. Did not prevent ancient robbers from
1st and last few remains finding a way in ……..enough left throughout
sentences the pyramid and its complex, …. To astonish
and amaze the archaeologists who excavated
it
20 G – vi A pyramid design that others copied The step pyramid was a revolutionary
Last advance in architecture …….. follow
sentence
21city The complex…… include the step The complex… built was the size of a city in
D – Line 2- pyramid and it surroundings is ancient Egypt
3 considered to be as big as an
Egyptian city
22 priests .. included accommodation that was … living quarters for the priests
D – line 3-4 occupied by priests
23 – D –line False entrance False doors
5-7 A long trench encircled the wall The entire wall was then ringed by a trench
750 meters long
24 – D – Unless they knew the location of the If someone wished to enter, he or she would
line 8-9 real entrance have needed to know in advance how to find
 the location of the true opening in the wall

Passage 3 The Future of work

Vocabulary

1. the global workforce

2. switch to a different occupation
3. evolve /ɪˈvɒlv/to develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more
complicated form; to develop something in this way
- The company has evolved into a major chemical manufacturer.
4. Automation /ˌɔːtəˈmeɪʃn/the use of machines and computers to do work that was
previously done by people
- Automation meant the loss of many factory jobs.
- Business process automation provides consistent, measurable and repeatable
services at lower costs.
5. Disruptive /dɪsˈrʌptɪv/causing problems, noise, etc. so that something cannot
continue normally
- She had a disruptive influence on the rest of the class.

- new and original, in a way that causes major changes to how something is done

 Printing in 3D is a disruptive technology which may transform manufacturing.

 Innovative and disruptive companies are changing the service economy.
Disruptive technology: công nghệ đột phá
6. Labor market
7. Disembodied /ˌdɪsɪmˈbɒdid/(a) separated from the body
- disembodied spirits
- embody /ɪmˈbɒdi/to express or represent an idea or a quality
= represent
-   embody something  a politician who embodied the hopes of black youth
- be embodied in something the principles embodied in the Declaration of Human
Rights
- embody something (formal) to include or contain something
- This model embodies many new features.
8.
 TEST 2
READING

Passage 1: The White Horse of Uffington

Vocabulary
- Glyphs: /ɡlɪf/ a symbol or picture that represents a
word, especially one from an ancient writing system
- Geoglypms /ˈdʒiːəʊɡlɪf/ /ˈdʒiːəɡlɪf/ Archaeology
A large-scale image or design produced in the natural landscape by techniques such as aligning
rocks or gravel or removing soil or sod, the complete form of which is visible only aerially or at a
distance. Hình vẽ khổng lồ

Aligning:  Place or arrange (things) in a straight line.

‘the desks are aligned in straight rows facing forwards’
gravel /ˈɡrævl/ Cover (an area of ground) with gravel.
‘they gravelled the road’
aerially /ˈeəriəl/ Coming or carried out from the air, especially using aircraft.

- scattered/ˈskætəd/ spread far apart over a wide area or over a long period of time

- on the chalk downlands /ˈdaʊnlənd/ Gently rolling hill country, especially in southern
England.
‘Late in the 3rd millennium BC, a round barrow was raised over a Beaker grave at Hemp
Knoll in the chalk downland of southern England, three miles south-west of Avebury in
Wiltshire.’
 Vùng hạ du, vùng đất phấn, vùng trũng phấn hay chỉ là vùng đồi phấn lộ thiên, chẳng hạn như North
Downs. Thuật ngữ này được sử dụng để mô tả cảnh quan đặc trưng ở miền nam nước Anh, nơi
phấn lộ ra trên bề mặt.

The steep chalky slopes of Cowdown Hill near Sydling St Nicholas

Slope /sləʊp/ a surface or piece of land that slopes (= is higher at one end than the other)

   on a slope The town is built on a slope.

Steep: /stiːp/ of a slope, hill, etc.) rising or falling quickly, not gradually

 a  steep hill/slope

regimental badges : Phù hiệu trung đoàn /ˌredʒɪˈmentl/ /bædʒ/

 - redate: /ˌriːˈdeɪt/ To change the date of, assign a new date to.
  the Pre-Roman Iron Age. Thời đại đồ sắt tiền la ma
Enigmatic /ˌenɪɡˈmætɪk/ Difficult to interpret or understand; mysterious.
‘he took the money with an enigmatic smile’
The enigmatic creatures

 Các Long Man of Wilmington hoặc là Người khổng lồ Wilmington là một hình đồi trên
sườn dốc của Windover Hill gần Wilmington, East Sussex, Nước Anh. Đó là 6 dặm (9,7 km)
về phía tây bắc Eastbourne và 1⁄3 dặm (540 m) về phía nam của Wilmington. Ở địa phương,
nhân vật này từng được gọi là "Man xanh". [1] The Long Man cao 235 feet (72 m),[2] giữ hai
"cọc" và được thiết kế để trông cân đối khi nhìn từ bên dưới.
 Trước đây được cho là bắt nguồn từ Thời kỳ đồ sắt hoặc thậm chí là đồ đá mới , một cuộc
điều tra khảo cổ học năm 2003 đã chỉ ra rằng hình có thể đã bị cắt trong Hiện đại sớm thời
đại - thế kỷ 16 hoặc 17 sau Công nguyên. Từ xa, hình như được chạm khắc từ lớp phấn bên
dưới; nhưng con số hiện đại được hình thành từ sơn trắng khối gió và vôi vữa.
 Long Man là một trong hai nhân vật đồi người lớn nhất còn tồn tại ở Anh; cái kia là Người
khổng lồ Cerne Abbas, phía Bắc của Dorchester. Cả hai đều Di tích cổ đã lên lịch. Hai nhân
vật đồi khác bao gồm con người là Ngựa trắng Osmington và Phù hiệu trung đoàn phù hợp.
Long Man là một trong hai nhân vật trên đồi ở East Sussex; cái kia là Litlington Bạch Mã.
 Gleaming: /ˈɡliːmɪŋ/ shining brightly because of being very clean
 Scoured /ˈskaʊə(r)/ to clean something by rubbing its surface hard with rough
material
 Stretch /stretʃ/ to make something longer, wider or looser, for example by
pulling it; to become longer, etc. in this way
 Fade /feɪd/ o become or to make something become paler or less bright
 Testament /ˈtestəmənt/ a thing that shows that something else exists or is true
 millennium (plural millennia /mɪˈleniə/ a period of 1 000 years, especially as
calculated before or after the birth of Christ
 unique /juˈniːk/ being the only one of its kind
stylized /ˈstaɪlaɪzd/ drawn, written, etc. in a way that is not natural or realistic

 a stylized drawing of a house

 the stylized depiction /dɪˈpɪkʃn/ miêu tả cách điệu

sleek /sliːk/  smooth and shinySYNONYM glossy

  sleek black hair

disjointed /dɪsˈdʒɔɪntɪd/ not communicated or described in a clear or logical way; not

connectedSYNONYM disconnected, incoherent

 The novel suffers from a disjointed plot and pale, insignificant characters.
 The evidence is disjointed and sometimes contradictory.

 A bird-like beaked head: đầu giống mỏ chim

Mound: /maʊnd//maʊnd/ a large pile of earth or stones; a small hill

o a Bronze Age burial mound

o The castle was built on top of a natural grassy mound.

emblem /ˈembləm/ a design or picture that represents a country or an organization: biểu

tượng.

 America’s national emblem, the bald eagle

 Ritual /ˈrɪtʃuəl/ nghi lễ

Fertility fəˈtɪləti/ the quality in land or soil of making plants grow well

 the fertility of the soil/land

 Improve the soil fertility by adding compost.
 a god of fertility

cult /kʌlt/ a way of life, an attitude, an idea, etc. that has become very popular

 the cult of physical fitness

 the cult of youth

lessen /ˈlesn/ to become or make something become smaller, weaker, less important,
etc.SYNONYM diminish

 The noise began to lessen.

   lessen something to lessen the risk/impact/effect of something
 They gave her an injection to lessen the pain.

Glimpse /ɡlɪmps/ a short experience of something that helps you to understand it

   glimpse (of something) The programme gives us a rare glimpse of a great artist at

work.
    glimpse into something Take a glimpse into the future of rail travel.
   glimpse at something The exhibition offers a fascinating glimpse at life beneath the
waves.
 Hillfort : pháo đài trên đồi

READING PASSAGE 2
I Contain multitudes /ˈmʌltɪtjuːd/

- Microbe /ˈmaɪkrəʊb/an extremely small living thing that you can only see under
a microscope and that may cause disease – vi khuẩn

- outlive /ˌaʊtˈlɪv/outlive somebody to live longer than somebody

 He outlived his wife by three years.

- the naked eye: mắt thường

- invisible /ɪnˈvɪzəbl/that cannot be seen

 a wizard who could make himself invisible

 She felt invisible in the crowd.
   invisible to somebody/something stars invisible to the naked eye

OPPOSITE visible
- ubiquitous /juːˈbɪkwɪtəs/seeming to be everywhere or in several places at the same time;
very common

 the ubiquitous bicycles of university towns

 the ubiquitous movie star, Tom Hanks

- seaweed /ˈsiːwiːd/a plant that grows in the sea, or on rocks at the edge of the sea. There are
many different types of seaweed, some of which are eaten as food. Tảo biển

- coral /ˈkɒrəl/a hard substance that is red, pink or white in colour, and that forms on the
bottom of the sea from the bones of very small creatures. Coral is often used in
jewellery.

 coral reefs/islands
 a coral necklace

- utterly /ˈʌtəli/completely
  We're so utterly different from each other.
 She utterly failed to convince them.

Absorbing /əbˈzɔːbɪŋ/interesting and fun and holding your attention completely

 an absorbing book/game
 Fishing can be a totally absorbing hobby.
 Chess can be an extremely absorbing game.

mess with somebody/something

1. (usually used in negative sentences)to get involved with somebody/something that may
be harmful
o I wouldn't mess with him if I were you.
o Don’t mess with fireworks.

- peril /ˈperəl/serious danger

   in peril The country's economy is now in grave peril.

 The heroine finds herself in mortal peril.
 She seemed blissfully unaware of the peril she was in.
 They warned that his life was in imminent peril.
   peril of doing something  We face the immediate peril of being bought out by another
company.

- bicrobiome /mʌɪkrə(ʊ)ˈbʌɪəʊm/ 
- microbial /mʌɪˈkrəʊbɪəl/

Bacteria should not be viewed as either friends or foes / fəʊ/an enemy, villains /ˈvɪlən/the main
bad character in a story, play, etc. or heroes /ˈhɪərəʊ/

- have a symbiotic relationship /ˌsɪmbaɪˈɒtɪk/ used to describe a relationship between

two different living creatures that live close together and depend on each other in
particular ways, each getting particular benefits from the other

 Humans have a symbiotic relationship with trees.

That can be mutually beneficial or mutually destructive /dɪˈstrʌktɪv/causing destruction or

damage

 The war demonstrated the destructive power of modern weapons.

  the destructive effects of anxiety

- unravel /ʌnˈrævl/Investigate and solve or explain (something complicated or puzzling)

‘they were attempting to unravel the cause of death’

Bacteria aid /eɪd/ digestion, regulate our immune systems, eliminate toxins, produce vitamins,
affect our behavior, and even combat obesity

aid something to help or encourage something to happen

 New drugs are now available to aid recovery.

 Some perfumes aid restful sleep.
 Peppermint aids digestion.

Regulate/ˈreɡjuleɪt/ regulate something to control the speed, pressure, temperature,

etc. in a machine or system

 This valve regulates the flow of water.

Combat /ˈkɒmbæt/fighting or a fight, especially during a time of war

   in combat He was killed in combat.

 armed/unarmed combat (= with/without weapons)

toxin /ˈtɒksɪn/ poisonous substance, especially one that is produced by bacteria in plants and
animals

 The algae kills off plant and animal life and, in some cases, produces dangerous toxins.

Obsession/əbˈseʃn/ the state in which a person’s mind is completely filled with thoughts
of one particular thing or person in a way that is not normal

 Her fear of flying is bordering on obsession.

   obsession with somebody/something There's a national obsession with celebrity in
England.
 The media's obsession with the young prince continues.

- our overuse of antibiotics /ˌæntibaɪˈɒtɪk/a substance, for example penicillin, that can destroy
or prevent the growth of bacteria and cure infections

 The doctor put her on antibiotics  (= told her to take them).

Our unhealthy, low- fibre diets the part of food that helps to keep a person healthy by
keeping the bowels working and moving other food quickly through the
bodySYNONYM roughage

 dietary fibre
 Dried fruits are especially high in fibre.
 a  high-/low-fibre diet
 He has been advised to increase his fibre intake.
 bran fibre

- soar /sɔː(r)/ if the value, amount or level of something soars, it rises very

quicklySYNONYM rocket

 soaring costs/prices/temperatures
 Air pollution will soon soar above safety levels.
 Unemployment has soared to 18 per cent.

- disrupt /dɪsˈrʌpt/disrupt something to make it difficult for something to continue in the

normal way

 Demonstrators succeeded in disrupting the meeting.

 Bus services will be disrupted tomorrow because of the bridge closure.

Inflammatory /ɪnˈflæmətri/intended to cause very strong feelings of anger

 inflammatory remarks

bowel /ˈbaʊəl/the tube along which food passes after it has been through the stomach,
especially the end where waste is collected before it is passed out of the body

   (medical) to empty/move/open your bowels (= to pass solid waste out of the body)

 bowel cancer/cancer of the bowel
 Patients are asked to report any change in bowel habit.
 irritable bowel syndrome

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Bệnh viêm loét đại tràng

The excessive use of household detergents and antibacterial products actually destroys the
microbes that normally keep the more dangerous germs at bay

- unglamorous /ʌnˈɡlæmərəs/not attractive or exciting

 an unglamorous job
  Lunch was a decidedly unglamorous affair.

Fungus ˈfʌŋɡəs/ nấm

(plural fungi /ˈfʌŋɡiː/, [countable] an organism (= a living thing) that is similar to a plant

without leaves, flowers or green colouring, and that usually grows on plants or
on decaying matter. mushrooms and mildew are both fungi.
Halt /hɔːlt/to stop; to make somebody/something stop

 She walked towards him and then halted.

 ‘Halt!’ the Major ordered  (= used as a command to soldiers).
   halt somebody/something  The police were halting traffic on the parade route.
 The trial was halted after the first week.

Manipulate /məˈnɪpjuleɪt/ to control or influence somebody/something, often in a

dishonest way so that they do not realize it – lôi kéo, vận dụng

   manipulate somebody/something She uses her charm to manipulate people.

 As a politician, he knows how to manipulate public opinion.
   manipulate somebody into something/into doing something They managed to
manipulate us into agreeing to help.

Holobiont Holobiont là một tập hợp của vật chủ và nhiều loài khác sống trong hoặc xung quanh nó,
cùng nhau tạo thành một đơn vị sinh thái riêng biệt, mặc dù vẫn còn nhiều tranh cãi về sự rời rạc
này. Các thành phần của holobiont là các loài hoặc sinh vật độc lập, trong khi bộ gen kết hợp của tất
cả các sinh vật là hologenome.

Obsession /əbˈseʃn/
PASSAGE 3: HOW TO MAKE WISE DECISIONS

- revere /rɪˈvɪə(r)/
revere somebody (as something) to admire and respect
somebody/something very much
SYNONYM idolize

 Her name is revered in Spain.

 He is now revered as a national hero.

- wisdom /ˈwɪzdəm/

- Few and far between: not very many or not appearing very frequently:

hiếm và ít thấy
Sunny, warm weekends have been few and far between this summer.
- empirical /ɪmˈpɪrɪkl/ based on experiments or experience rather than ideas or theories

 empirical evidence/knowledge/research
 an  empirical study

- exceptional trait /ɪkˈsepʃənl/unusually goodSYNONYM outstanding : phẩm chất vượt

trội

 At the age of five he showed exceptional talent as a musician.

 The quality of the recording is quite exceptional.

- handful: /ˈhændfʊl/a small number of people or things

 Only a handful of people came.

- bearded /ˈbɪədɪd/having a beard

 a  bearded face/man

philosopher/fəˈlɒsəfə(r)/ a person who studies or writes about philosophy : nhà triết

học

 We studied the writings of the Greek philosopher Aristotle.

It appears that experiential, situational ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃənl/connected with or changing according to

the particular situation that exists
  A number of situational factors may contribute to this effect.

Cumulatively /ˈkjuːmjələtɪvli/in a way that increases in strength or importance each time

something more or new is added

 Cumulatively, these archaeological discoveries give a very clear picture of Celtic life.

Reason /ˈriːzn/reason (that…) | + speech to form a judgement about a situation by

considering the facts and using your power to think in a logical way: tranh luận, suy luận

 She reasoned that she must have left her bag on the train.
 They couldn't fire him, he reasoned. He was the only one who knew how the system
worked.

Intellectual humility: sụ khiêm tốn trí tuệ /hjuːˈmɪl.ə.ti/the quality of not

being proud because you are aware of your bad qualities:
He doesn't have the humility to admit when he's wrong.
They might be very rich, but it wouldn't hurt them to show a little humility.
Impartiality /ˌɪmˌpɑːʃiˈæləti/the fact of not supporting one person or group more than another
SYNONYM neutrality

 political/judicial impartiality

focal /ˈfəʊkl/

[only before noun]

1. central; very important; connected with or providing a focus

o The Student Liaison Officer acts as a focal point for student political activity.
o The focal symbol of sovereignty is, of course, the crown.

Confront /kənˈfrʌnt/confront something to deal with a problem or difficult

situationSYNONYM face up to

 She knew that she had to confront her fears.

Egocentric ˌiːɡəʊˈsentrɪk/

1. thinking only about yourself and not about what other people need or
wantSYNONYM selfish
 o Young children are usually egocentric because they haven’t learnt other forms of
behaviour.

in the egocentric condition

- ego /ˈiː.ɡəʊ/your idea or opinion of
yourself, especially your feeling of your own importance and ability: cái
tôi
That man has such an enormous ego - I've never known anyone so full of
themselves!
I'm glad she got the job - she needed something to boost/bolster her ego (=
give her confidence).
Crystallized /ˈkrɪstəlaɪz/intransitive, transitive] (of thoughts, plans, beliefs, etc.) to become
clear and fixed; to make thoughts, beliefs, etc. clear and fixed

 Our ideas began to crystallize into a definite plan.

   crystallize something The final chapter crystallizes all the main issues.
 to consider or remember something
Take into account + N(S)
when judging a situation:
I hope my teacher will take into account the fact that I was ill just before
the exams when she marks my paper.
A good architect takes into account the building's surroundings.
The UK's tax system takes no account of children.
I think you have to take into account that he's a good deal younger than
the rest of us.
based on real facts and not influenced by personal beliefs or feelings:
an objective and impartial report
I can't really be objective when I'm judging my daughter's work.
Đối lập
subjective