2.

4 TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANE

Learning Outcome: Explain various transport mechanisms across the membrane

Passive Transport Active Transport

Movement of molecule, ion & atoms across a membrane from a region Movement of molecules, ions, solute across plasma membrane from a
of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration of region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration
substances / down concentration gradient. of substances / against concentration gradient

The process does not require energy The process require ATP (energy)

Occur in both living and non-living organisms. Occur in living system/organism


PASSIVE TRANSPORT
Simple Diffusion
Movement of the substances Movement of molecule, ion from a region of higher concentration
(molecule, atom) from a region of to a lower concentration of substances
higher concentration to a lower
concentration of substances
Substance basically small uncharged
molecule (eg: O2, CO2) or non-polar
lipid soluble molecule (eg: glycerol,
fatty acid) that able to cross the
plasma membrane easily
Not require transport protein
(spontaneously occurs)
2.4 TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANE
Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis
Movement of water from a
region of high water potential
to a region of lower water
potential across the
selectively permeable
membrane
Substance cannot cross the plasma membrane directly because Substance in osmosis strictly
they are charged ion (eg: Na+), or polar molecule (eg: glucose, use for water
amino acid)
-due to fact that interior region of phospholipid that is
hydrophobic and become barrier to the most polar molecules
Thus, require transport protein to transport these molecules Majority of water diffuse
across the membrane across the membrane by using
-Channel protein: provide hydrophilic channel/pores through the special channel protein known
membrane that open and allow certain types of solutes to pass as aquaporin.
through membrane
-Carrier protein: change shape when molecule bind, release the
molecule on other side of membrane
 2.4 TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANE

WATER POTENTIAL CONCEPT

Water potential: tendency for water molecule to enter or leave the solution by osmosis
- The greater the concentration of water molecules in a system, the greater the total kinetic energy of water molecules in that
system
- Pure water therefore has the highest water potential: Ψ = 0

Solute potential (osmotic pressure or osmotic potential)

• The effect of dissolving solute molecules in pure water is to

reduce the concentration of water molecules, resulting in a
lower water potential.

• All solutions therefore have lower water potential than pure water.
• Solute potential is a measure of the reduction in water potential
due to the presence of solute molecules
• The value of solute potential is always negative.
Water always move from a region of higher Ψ (mean less
negative value) to lower Ψ (means more negative value)
- From hypotonic into hypertonic solution
- From higher water concentration into lower water
concentration
 2.4 TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANE

- If solute potential inside the plant cell is higher than the outside of cell, water will enter the cell
- The cell content expand and pushes against the cell wall, producing turgor pressure
- The cell wall in turn develop pressure potential that pushes back on the cell contents
 2.4 TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANE

ACTIVE TRANSPORT
(1) Na-K Pump : Pump out 3 Na+ and pump in 2 K+
 2.4 TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANE

(2) Bulk Transport – transporting material in or out of cell by enclosing the material within vacuole or vesicle

Endocytosis Exocytosis
Cellular uptake of macromolecules and particulate substances Transport substance out of cell
Plasma membrane invaginate surround the substance and pinch off Vesicle containing substance is move towards cell surface, fuse
to form intracellular vacuole or vesicle with membrane and releasing its content to the outside

Eg: Cellular uptake of food particle Eg: Secretion mucus, hormone, enzyme, waste product out of cell
 2.4 TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANE

Endocytosis: Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis

Phagocytosis Pinocytosis
Aka: cell eating Aka: cell drinking
Material taken in is large particulate (food) / large fragments / solid Material taken in is liquids/ fluids/ small particulate/ solutes.
substance / bacteria

Via invagination outward of plasma membrane, forming Via invagination inward plasma membrane, forming pinocytic
pseudopodium. groove
Pseudopodium surround the large fragments (eg: food particle) and Small particulate of liquid is attracted to the cell surface
bring it into the cell

Involves formation of phagocytic vacuole inside the cell Involves formation of small pinocytic vesicle inside the cell

Material are digested & absorbed into cytoplasm. Material // dissolved substances / fluids absorbed directly into
Unwanted waste product are secreted out from cell by exocytosis cytoplasm
Indigestible particle are secreted out from cell by exocytosis
Involve lysosome May not involve lysosomes.