2.

3 ANIMAL CELLS AND TISSUE

Learning Outcome: Describe the following types of cells and tissues

TISSUE GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC FUNCTION LOCATION

FOUND
Epithelial -Cells are packed tightly together with almost no intercellular space Protection Covering the outer
Tissue -Cells are attached on a thin basement membrane & its free surface is exposed to air/ Secretion surface of the body (skin
fluid. Absorption cell)
- Blood vessels are absent. Excretion Lining the inner surface
Diffusion of body cavities, hollow
Sensory reception. organs, glands & ducts
within the body.
As a barrier against
mechanical injury, invading
microbes & fluid loss.

- Epithelial cell can be classified based on two factor:

 2.3 ANIMAL CELLS AND TISSUE

(A) Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue

 Single layer of cells attached to the basement membrane. Diffusion of material & Lining of the blood
 Cells are flattened and thin with central nucleus. exchange of gaseous vessel
 View from the surface, they are polygonal-shape. across the membrane. Lining of the lymphatic
vessels.
Lining of the alveoli of
the lungs.
Lining the Bowman
capsule
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(B) Simple Columnar Epithelial Tissue

- Single layer of cuboidal shape cell have a central spherical nucleus. Secretion
Absorption
Lining of salivary glands,
pancreatic duct, thyroid
gland, proximal
convoluted tubule &
distal convoluted tubule

(C) Simple Columnar Epithelial Tissue

 Columnar shape with oval nucleus near its basal end. Protection
 Apical surface may have cilia/ microvilli. Absorption - simple
 Cells are usually associated with goblet cells. columnar epithelium with
 Goblet cells are modified columnar cells that secrete mucus. microvilli.
 The secreted mucus serves as a lubricant for the linings of the digestive & upper Secretion - simple
respiratory tracts. columnar epithelium
with goblet cell for secrete
mucus.
*cilia – to move substance
*microvilli – increase
surface area
Lining of digestive tract
such as small intestine
(apical surface with
microvilli)
Lining upper respiratory
tract (nasal cavity) &
oviducts (apical surface
with cilia)
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(D) Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue

• Consist of several layers of cells. Commonly found on
• Only the cells of deepest layer attached on the basement membrane. surfaces subject to
• Named according to the features of their uppermost layers. E.g. If outermost abrasion such as:
layer is squamous so the types is stratified squamous epithelium. Resists abrasion Lining of the esophagus
• The new cells are pushed outward, replacing cells that are slough off (replace Acts as a barrier (prevent Lining outer skin
surface cells as they are lost). water loss through skin). Lining the vagina
Lining the anus
Lining the mouth

Nerve -Functional unit for nerve tissue is neuron Conduction of electrical Central nervous system
Tissue -Each neuron is composed of 3 main parts: impulses, which allow (spinal cord and brain)
i. Cell body - containing a nucleus communication among
ii. Dendrites - Highly branched fibres (cytoplasmic extension). Function to conduct other tissue types Peripheral nervous
impulse toward the cell body. system throughout the
iii. Axon - Single, unbranched fibre, axon much longer than dendrites. Function of body
axon to conduct impulse away from the cell body.
 2.3 ANIMAL CELLS AND TISSUE

-Axon is enclosed by myelin sheath

-Myelin sheath produced by neuroglia cells (Schwann cells & oligodendrocytes).
• Functions as electrical insulation in a neuron & accelerates impulse
transmission.
• The speed of transmission is further increased by nodes of Ranvier found
throughout the myelin sheath.
 impulse jump from one node to another by saltatory conduction
 2.3 ANIMAL CELLS AND TISSUE

Neuroglia
• Cells other than neurons
• Play a supportive & protective role for neurons.
• E.g. astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes & Schwann cells.

Three types of neurons (BASED ON THEIR FUNCTIONS)

i. Afferent (sensory neurons) - Receive information about body’s condition and
external environment from receptor and then conduct impulse from receptor to
central nervous system (CNS)
ii. Efferent (motor neurons) - Conduct impulses out of CNS toward into effector
(muscles & glands)
iii. Interneuron (relay neurons) - Conduct impulses between neurons within CNS
 2.3 ANIMAL CELLS AND TISSUE

Muscle -Muscle tissue able to contract, which allows it to change in length. Enable the body, or parts
Tissue -A muscle tissue is composed of muscle fibres. of body move
-It is classified into three types according:

Characteristics Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle

Shape of muscle Elongated cylinder shaped.

Elongated spindle shaped with tapered
fibres/cell Elongated cylinder shaped
(pointed) ends Arrange parallel to one another
Branch / unbranch Branched muscles fibres/cell. They form
Unbranch muscles fibres/cell Unbranch muscles fibres/cell
muscle fibres bridge with one another
Present / absence of Presences of clear cross striation.
striation Presence of cross striation. Give the alternate light and dark band
Absence of cross striation
on muscle fibres
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Number and position of Multinucleated per fibre.

Single nucleus per fibre. One or two nuclei per fibre.
nucleus Nucleus peripherally located
Nucleus centrally located Nucleus centrally located
beneath sarcolemma
Presence of Presence of intercalated disc to join the
intercalated disc muscle fibres.
Function intercalated disc:
Absence of intercalated discs Absence of intercalated discs
-relay signal from cell to cell during heartbeat
by speed up transmission to all cardiac
muscle
Type of nerve to muscle
Autonomic Autonomic Motor
fibres
Rate of contraction Slow, rhythmic & can continue for long Slower than skeletal muscle/ moderately Rapid, powerful & not sustained
periods without fatigue. rapid & powerful, with rests between (cannot maintain within a long period
contractions of time)

Muscle contraction Involuntary muscles. Involuntary muscles. Myogenic but rate of Voluntary muscles. Neurogenic
action (Impulses from central nervous system contraction can be controlled by autonomic contracts only in response to impulses
not essential for contraction). nervous system. from motor nerves.
Function of muscle Responsible for involuntary movement of Responsible for movement of blood when Responsible for voluntary movements
when contract body heart muscle contract of body
(eg: during urinary emptying, blood flow (eg: during movement of hand, leg)
in artery)
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Location Wall of blood vessels (artery, vein), wall

of uterus, wall of digestive tracts, wall of Attached to bone (skeleton) by
urinary bladder Wall of heart.
tendons

Other characteristics The sarcoplasm (cytoplasm of skeletal

muscle fibre) contain hundreds
myofibrils.
Each myofibril made up from myosin
(thick filaments) and actin (thin
filaments)
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Connective -Made up from cell, matrix and fibres Connecting system that
tissue - 3 types: bind all other tissue
Compact bone together
Hyaline cartilage
Blood Protect and support the
body, internal organs
Reduce friction between
bones
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(A) Compact Bone Hard matrix give Skeleton (long bones)

- made up of repeating units of Haversian system/ osteon mechanical support to the
-has hard matrix that composed of mineral salt (calcium, phosphorus, Mg) and fibers body and give body shape
- the matrix are arranged in concentric circle called lamella
- bone cells called osteocytes Protect the internal organs
-Osteocytes is mature bone cell that located in lacuna space
-each lacuna has 1 osteocytes Provide surface for skeletal
-the osteocytes (located in lacuna) connected to each other by canaliculi muscle attachment for
-canaliculi functions in: movement
1) supply bone cells with nutrients
2) connects the lacunae to each other and to Haversian canal Reservoir for calcium and
-around Haversian canal containing blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerve fibres phosphorus
-one osteon is connected with another by Volkmann canal
Site for blood cell
production (in bone
marrow)
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(B) Hyaline cartilage Soft and elastic matrix Trachea and bronchi
-cartilage cell called chondrocytes gives flexible support to End of some bones
-chondrocytes is mature cell enclosed in lacuna the body Invertebral disc of
-each lacuna have 1/2/4 chondrocytes Cover end of bones and backbone
-chondrocytes is embedded in a matrix called chondrin reduce friction between Tip of nose
-matrix (chondrin) is made up from chondroitin sulphate and collagen fibers joints Outer ear
-no blood vessels, nerve and lymph penetrate the cartilage Form embryonic skeleton
- chondrocytes receive O2 and nutrients by diffusion from surrounding blood vessels in many bony vertebrates
Form skeleton of
cartilaginous fish

Comparison between compact bone and hyaline cartilage

Compact Bone Hyaline Cartilage

Has hard matrix
Matrix is composed of mineral salt and
fibers
Cells are arranged in concentric circle of
hard matrix called lamella
Each lacuna has 1 osteocytes
Has blood vessels, nerves and lymph in
Haversian canal of bone
Gives mechanical support to the body
Has soft and elastic matrix
Matrix is chondrin, composed of
chondroitin sulphate and collagen fibers
Cells are scattered throughout the tissue
in soft matrix
Each lacuna has 1/2/4 chondrocytes
No blood vessels, nerves and lymph in
cartilage
Gives flexible support to the body
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(C) Blood
-Matrix is fluid form called plasma Blood vessel throughout
-plasma consist of water, mineral salts and dissolved proteins the body
-consists of blood cells

-Erythrocytes (RBC):
1) produced in bone marrow Transport O2 and some CO2
2) adaptation of RBC: throughout the body
- has biconcave shape: to increase surface area for effective gaseous exchange
- has pigment haemoglobin : to transport O2 and some CO2
-no nucleus when mature: to provide more space for Hb
-very thin: to allow it to pass through small blood capillary
-has elastic/flexible membrane: to change shape easily in movement of blood capillary

-Leucocytes (WBC):
1) contain nucleus and organelles Fight infection/ defense
2) no Hb pigment system/immunity
3) spherical/irregular shape
4) produced in bone marrow Basophil: responsible for
6) Granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils) inflammation response
and agranulocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes) Eosinophils : responsible
for allergic reaction
Neutrophil: Responsible for
phagocytosis process
Lymphocytes: Responsible
for antibody production
Monocyte: Responsible for
phagocytosis process
-Platlets:
1) fragments cells Responsible for blood
2) have no nucleus clotting