Anatomy and Physiology Lecture (Module No.

3)

Buenaventura, Manelli Faten G. September 14, 2020

1B-BSMT
TITLE: TISSUES

LEARNING ACTIVITY 1: Epithelial and Connective Tissues

Name Description Location Function

EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Simple Epithelium
Single layer of flat, often Lining of blood vessels Diffusion, filtration,
Simple hexagonal cells; the and the heart, some secretion, and
Squamous nuclei appear as bumps lymphatic vessels, some protection
Epithelium when viewed in across alveoli of the lungs, against friction.
section because the cells portions of the kidney
are so flat. tubules, lining of
serous membranes of
body cavities (pleural,
pericardial, peritoneal)
Single layer of cube- Kidney tubules, glands Secretion and
Simple shaped cells; some cells and their ducts, absorption by cells
Cuboidal have microvilli (kidney choroid plexuses of the of the kidney
Epithelium tubules) or cilia (terminal brain, lining of terminal tubules; secretion
bronchioles of the lungs) bronchioles of the by cells of glands
lungs, and surfaces of and choroid
the ovaries. plexuses;
movement of
particles embedded
in mucus out of the
terminal bronchioles
by ciliated cells.
Single layer of tall, narrow Glands and some Movement of
Simple cells; some cells have ducts bronchioles of particles out of the
Columnar cilia (bronchioles of lungs, lungs, auditory tubes, bronchioles of the
Epithelium auditory tubes, uterine uterus, uterine tubes, lungs by ciliated
tubes, and uterus) or stomach, intestines, cells; partially
microvili (intestines) gallbladder, bile ducts, responsible for the
and ventricles of the movement of
brain. oocytes through the
uterine tubes by
 Anatomy and Physiology Lecture (Module No. 3)
Pseudostratified Single layer of cells;
Columnar some cells are tall and
Epithelium thin and reach free
surface, and others do
not; the nuclei of these
cells are at different levels
and appear stratified; the
cells are almost always
ciliated and are
associated with goblet
cells that secrete mucus
onto the free surface.
Stratified Epithelium
Several layers of cells
Stratified that are cuboidal in the
Squamous basal layer and
Epithelium progressively flattened
toward the surface; the
epithelium can be
nonkeratinized (moist) of and corneas.
keratinized; in
nonkeratinized stratified
squamous epithelium, the
surface cells retain a
nucleus and cytoplasm; in
keratinized stratified
epithelium, the cytoplasm
of cells at the surface is
replaced by a protein
called keratin, and the
cells are dead.
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified epithelium consists of
ciliated cells;
secretion by cells of
the glands; the
stomach and the
intestines;
absorption by cells
of the intestines.
Lining of nasal cavity, Synthesize and
nasal sinuses, secrete mucus onto
auditory, tubes, the free surface and
pharynx, trachea, and move mucus (or
bronchi of lungs fluid) that contains
foreign particles
over the surface of
the free surface and
from passages.
Keratinized-outer layer Protects against
of the skin; abrasion, forms a
nonkeratinized-mouth, barrier against
throat, larynx, infection, and
esophagus, anus, reduces loss of
vagina, inferior urethra, water from the
body.
Sweat glands, salivary Secretion and
glands and mammary Protection (ex:
 Anatomy and Physiology Lecture (Module No. 3)

Cuboidal cube shaped cells bound glands creates

Epithelium together by various impermeable barrier
membrane junctions, or between two distinct
places between cells surfaces in the
bound together with body. This barrier
specialized proteins. acts like a filter,
forcing nutrients and
water to pass
through the cells.
Several cell layers; basal Rare in the body; small Protection;secretion
Stratified cells usually cuboidal; amounts in make
Columnar superficial cells elongated urethra and in large
Epithelium and columnar. ducts of some glands.
Stratified cells that appear Lining of the urinary Accommodates
Transitional cuboidal when the organ bladder, ureters, and fluctuations in the
Epithelium or tube is not stretched superior urethra. volume of fluid in an
and squamous when the organ or a tube;
organ or tube is stretched protects against the
by fluid. caustic effects of
urine.
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Connective Tissue Proper – Loose
Connective Tissues
A fine network of fibers Widely distributed Loose packing,
Areolar (mostly collagen fibers throughout the body; support, and
Connective with a few elastic fibers) substance on which nourishment for the
with spaces between the epithelial basement structures with
Tissue
fibers; fibroblasts, membrane rest; which it is
macrophages, and packing between associated.
lymphocytes are located glands, muscles, and
in the spaces. nerves; attaches the
skin to underlying
tissues.
Little extracellular matrix Predominantly in Packing material,
surrounding cells; the subcutaneous areas, thermal insulator,
Adipose Tissue adipocytes, or fat cells, mesenteries, renal energy storage, and
are so full of lipid that the pelvis, around kidneys, protection of organs
cytoplasm is pushed to attached to the surface against injury from
the periphery of the cell. of the colon, mammary being jumped or
glands, and in loose jarred.
connective tissue that
penetrates into spaces
and crevices.
 Anatomy and Physiology Lecture (Module No. 3)

Fine networks of reticular Within the lymph Provides a

fibers irregularly nodes, spleen, bone superstructure for
Reticular Tissue arranged. marrow. lymphatic and
hemopoietic tissues.
Connective Tissue Proper – Dense
Connective Tissues
Matrix composed of Tendons (attach Withstand great
Dense Regular collagen fibers running in muscle to bone) and pulling forces
Collagenous somewhat the same ligaments (attach exerted in the
Connective direction in tendons and bones to each other); direction of fiber
Tissue ligaments; collagen fibers also found in the orientation due to
run in several directions in dermis of the skin, great tensile
the dermis of the skin and organ capsules, and strength and stretch
in organ capsules. the outer layer of many resistance.
blood vessels.
Dense Irregular Primarily irregularly Lymphoid organs Withstands tension
Collagenous arranged collagen fibers; (lymph nodes, bone exerted in many
Connective some elastic fibers; marrow, and spleen) directions; provides
Tissue fibroblast is the major cell structural strength.
type.
Matrix composed of Elastic ligaments Capable of
Dense Regular collagen fibers running in between the vertebrae stretching and
Elastic somewhat the same and along the dorsal recoiling like a
Connective direction in elastic aspect of the neck rubber band with
Tissue ligaments; elastic fibers (nucha) and in the strength in the
run in connective tissue of vocal cords; also found direction of fiber
blood vessel walls. in elastic connective orientation.
tissue of blood vessel
walls.
Cartilages
Collagen fibers are small Growing long bones, Allows growth of
Hyaline Cartilage and evenly dispersed in cartilage rings of the long bones;
the matrix, making the respiratory system, provides rigidity with
matrix appear costal cartilage of ribs, some flexibility in
transparent; the nasal cartilages, the trachea,
chondrocytes are found in articulating surface of bronchi, ribs, and
spaces, or lacunae, within bones, and the nose; forms strong,
the firm but flexible embryonic skeleton. smooth, yet
matrix. somewhat flexible
articulating
surfaces; forms the
embryonic skeleton.
 Anatomy and Physiology Lecture (Module No. 3)

Collagen fibers similar to Intervertebral disks, Somewhat flexible

Fibrocartilage those in hyaline cartilage; public symphysis, and and capable of
the fibers are more articular disks (e.g., withstanding
numerous than in other knees and considerable
cartilages and are temporomandibular pressure; connects
arranged in thick bundles. (jaw) joints) structures subjected
to great pressure.
Similar to hyaline External ears, Provides rigidity
Elastic Cartilage cartilage, but matrix also epiglottis, and auditory with even more
contains elastic fibers. tubes. flexibility than
hyaline cartilage
because elastic
fibers return to their
original shape after
being stretched.
Bone
Hard, bony matrix All bones of the body Provides great
Supporting predominates; many strength and
Connective osteocytes are located support and
Tissue: Bone within lacunae; the matrix protects internal
is organized into layers organs, such as the
called lamellae. brain; bone also
provides attachment
sites for muscles
and ligaments; the
joints of bones allow
movements.
Blood
Formed elements and a Within the blood Transports oxygen,
Fluid fluid matrix vessels; white blood carbon dioxide,
Connective cells frequently leave hormones,
Tissue: Blood the blood vessels and nutrients, waste
enter the extracellular products, and other
spaces. substances;
protects the body
from infections and
is involved in
temperature
regulation.
 Anatomy and Physiology Lecture (Module No. 3)

Learning Activity 2: Muscle Tissues

Directions: Identify the different properties of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle
tissue in the table below.
Muscle Tissue Striations No. of nucleus Contractility Location
Skeletal Striated Multinucleate The control is Attached to
voluntary. bone or
Skeletal muscle other
tissue connective
contractions tissue
move the body by
pulling on bones
of the skeleton,
making it possible
for us to walk,
dance or bite an
apple
Cardiac Striated .1 or 2 nuclei The control is In the heart
involuntary.
Cardiac muscle
tissue
contractions in
the heart propel
blood through the
blood vessels.
Smooth Unstriated Single nucleus The control is In hollow
involuntary. organs, such
Smooth muscle as the
tissue stomach and
contractions intestine
move fluids and
solids along the
digestive tract
and regulate the
diameters of
small arteries,
among other
functions.
 Anatomy and Physiology Lecture (Module No. 3)

Learning Activity 3: Nervous Tissue

Directions: Answer the following questions about nervous tissues and its properties
a. What are the functions of the dendrites, cell body, and axon of a neuron?

BASIC PARTS OF NEURON FUNCTION

DENDRITES – Fine hair-like Receive incoming stimuli

extensions on the end of a neuron

CELL BODY- The control center of the Directs impulses from the dendrites to
neuron, also known as “Soma” the axon

Carries outgoing electrical signals to

AXON- Nerve fiber, long, thin their destination
extension of the cell body

b. Explain the concept of electrical excitability

ANSWER:

Excitable tissue are cells and tissues in which excitation is accompanied by

action potential, distributed along the cellular membrane. This is the property of the
bodies of nerve cells and their processes-nerve fibers, muscle fibers. Examples of
excitable tissues are nerve cells and muscle (cardiac/skeletal).There are two basic
properties of excitable cell membranes: first, the membrane have an electrical
excitability across the membrane and may transmit an impulse along the membrane,
second, the membrane contain a variety of ion channels that may be opened or closed,
allowing specific ions to flow across.

Now, electrical excitability is a property of both muscle and nerve cells; it is the
ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals called action
potentials. It can travel along a cell’s plasma membrane due to the presence of specific
voltage-gated channels. There are two main types of stimuli trigger action potentials:
auto rhythmic electrical signals arising in the muscular tissue itself and serves as
chemical stimuli, such as neurotransmitters released by neurons, hormones distributed
by blood.
 Anatomy and Physiology Lecture (Module No. 3)

C. Why is electrical excitability important to neurons and muscle fibers?

ELECTRICAL EXCITABILITY

Electoral excitability: ability to respond to

certain stimuli by producing electrical signals
(action potentials)

In NEURONS: travel In MUSCLE FIBERS: action

(propagate) along plasma potentials cause the fiber o
membrane- release of contract.
neurotransmitter

Learning Activity 4: Membranes

Directions: Answer the following questions about nervous tissues and its properties

a. Define the following kinds of membranes: mucous, serous, cutaneous, and

synovial. How do they differ from one another?
b. Where is each type of membrane located in the body? What are their
functions?

Tissue DEFINITION FUNCTION LOCATION

Membranes
Mucous membrane Protection, Respiratory,
Mucous Mebrane line cavities that Absorption, and Digestive, Urinary
open to the outside Secretion and Reproductive
of the body, such (ex: the stratified tracts.
as the digestive, squamous epithelium
respiratory, and of the mucous
reproductive tracts. membrane in the oral
It consists of cavity performs a
epithelial cells, protective function,
their basement whereas the simple
membrane, and a columnar epithelium
thick layer of loose of the mucous
connective tissue. membrane in the
Some mucous intestines absorbs
membrane alo nutrients and secretes
contain a layer of digestive enzymes
smooth muscle and mucus.
 Anatomy and Physiology Lecture (Module No. 3)

cells.
Serous Protect the internal Pleural, Pericardial
Serous membranes line organs from friction, and Peritonial
Membrane cavities that do not help hold them in cavities
open to the exterior place, and act as
of the body such as selectively permeable
the pericardial, barrier to prevent
pleural, and large amount of fluid
peritoneal cavities. from accumulating
Serous within the serous
membranes consist activities.
of three
components: a
layer of simple
squamous
epithelium, its
basement
membrane, and a
delicate layer of
loose connective
tissue.
Cutaneous • Protective Outside of the
Cutaneous membrane:Skin. covering body
Membrane One of the larger • Regulate body
and more versatile temperature
organs and vital for • Retards water
homeostasis. It is loss from
composed of deeper tissue
keratinizing • Houses
squamous sensory
epithelium. Its receptors
underlying dermis • Synthesizes
is mostly dense various
connective tissue. biochemical’s
• Excretes small
quantities of
waste.
Synovial Produce synovial Articular capsule
Synovial membranes line fluid which makes the (joint capsule) and
Membrane the cavities of joint very slippery, the joint cavity of
freely movable thereby reducing synovial joints.
joints. They are friction and allowing
made up of only smooth movement
connective tissue within the joint.
and consist of
modified
 Anatomy and Physiology Lecture (Module No. 3)

connective tissue
cells.

NOTE (differences):
• Mucous membrane is covered by protective mucous and lines tissue exposed
to the outside environment.
• Serous membrane lines body cavities and lubricates them with serous fluid
• Synovial membrane is a connective tissue membrane that lines the cavities of
freely movable joints, producing synovial fluid for lubrication.
• Cutaneous membrane also known as skin is made up of a stratified squamous
epithelial cells that cover the outside of the body.

Learning Activity 5: Tissue Regeneration

Directions: Using the links above (Learning Resources) and your e-book (link
posted above), describe and list down the stages of tissue regeneration. Also,
describe the role of tissue repair in restoring homeostasis.

Tissue Repair: Restoring Homeostasis

• Tissue is the repair substitution of viable cells for dead cells. Tissue
repair can occur by regeneration or by fibrosis. In regeneration, the
new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed, and
normal function is usually restored. In other definition of tissue
regeneration, it is the growth of new cells and tissues to replace the
damaged tissue but this occurs only for renewable tissues such as
epithelial and hematopoietic tissues. In other hand, in fibrosis, or
replacement, a new type of tissue develops that eventually causes
scar production and the loss of some tissue function. The tissues
involved and the severity of the wound determine the type of tissue
repair that dominates.
• Regeneration can completely repair some tissues, such as the skin
and the mucous membrane of the intestine. In these cases,
regeneration is accompanied primarily by stem cells. Stem cells are
self-renewing, undifferentiated cells that continue to divide throughout
life. With each division, there is daughter stem cell and a second cell
that can undergo differentiation. The differentiation and cells are the
same cell types as the dead cells. Regeneration can also involve
division of differentiated cells in connective tissue and glands, such
as the liver and pancreas. These cells do not normally divide, but
retain the ability to divide after an injury.
 Anatomy and Physiology Lecture (Module No. 3)

• Prior to stem cells, it is activated by growth factor. There are three

types of delivering growth factors: AUTOCRINE (Trans signals to
target sites on same cell), PARACRINE (trans signals to adjacent
target cell), ENDOCRINE (trans signals through blood vessel to
distant target cell.

REFERENCE:
2019. Chapter 3: Human Tissues.Regan, J., Russo, A., Vanputte,C. Seeley’s
essentials of Anatomy and Physiology (10th edition).pp 70-100
Cell and Tissue Regenaration. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CYScX-cIWC0
Cutaneous Membrane and Certain Accessory Organs. Retrieved from
www.google.com/amp/s/slideplayer.com/amp/78338185
Histology Module 2:Types of Tissues. Retrieved from.cnx.org/contents/53d6fe32-
31b1-4db6-96a0-a0b46ca7d23e/Histology-Module-2-Tissues
Sperelakis, N.(2012). Cell Physiology Source Book (Fourth Edition). Retrieved
from www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/excitability.
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