Guide study:

1. Hypothalamus > Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) > Anterior Pituitary Gland >
Growth Hormone (GH) > Body growth, basal
metabolic functions, and acute phase stress
reactant > Liver, Muscle, Bone, Cartilage (Multiple)

Clinical significance:
• Hypersecretion:
- Gigantism
- Acromegaly
• Hyposecretion:
- Dwarfism/pituitary dwarfism

2. Hypothalamus > Corticotropin releasing hormone ( CRH) > Anterior Pituitary Gland >
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) > Regulates cortisol and androgen production > Adrenal
cortex

Clinical significance:
• Hypersecretion:
- Cushing syndrome
• Hyposecretion:
- Darkening of skin results when oversecretion of ACTH

3. Hypothalamus > Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) > Anterior Pituitary Gland > Tropic
stimulating hormone (TSH)> Thyroid gland > Regulate T4/T3 production

Clinical significance:
• Hypersecretion:
- Graves Disease
• Hyposecretion:
- Hashimoto Disease

4. Hypothalamus > Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) > Anterior Pituitary Gland > Prolactin
> Lactation > Mammary Gland

Clinical significance:
Hypersecretion:
• Women: menstrual problems and
infertility
• Men: lower sex drive and erectile
dysfunction (ED)
Hyposecretion:
• Failure to secrete lactate

5. Hypothalamus > Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) > Anterior Pituitary Gland >
Luteinizing hormone (LH) > stimulates ovulation, fornation of corpus luteum, and secretion of
progesterone and androgens > ovaries & testes

Clinical significance:
• Hypersecretion:
- infertility and miscarriage in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome
• Hyposecretion:
- infertility, and if it occurs beforepuberty, the patient will fail to develop puberty and secondary
sexual characteristics
- Men: loss of muscle mass, bone, density loss, and loss of sex drive in men

6. Hypothalamus > Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) > Anterior Pituitary Gland >
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) > stimulates growth of follicles, secretion of estrogens and
ovulation (F); development of seminiferous tubules and spermatogenesis (M) > ovaries & testes

Clinical significance:
• Hypersecretion:
- Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), also known as premature ovarian failure
• Hyposecretion:
- Ovaries are not making enough eggs

7. Somastosin > inhibits GH and TSH release

8. Dopamin > inhibits prolactin release

Information source:

Bishop, M. L., Fody, E. P., & Schoeff, L. E. (2023). Clinical chemistry: principles, techniques, and
correlations. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer
Health/Hippincott Williams & Wilkins.