Ngec 11 Reviewer: Masterpiece

NGEC 11 REVIEWER
The creation that has been given much critical praise as the greatest work of a person's work of outstanding creativity,
skill, or workmanship is *
folk song
masterpiece
art work
best craft
A form of traditional lyric, often repetitive, which expresses hopes, aspirations, or lifestyles is called *
cantata
legend
folk tale
folk song
A form of religious lyrics written by ladino poets and versed in both Spanish and Tagalog which were included in early
catechism was *
folk song
folk tale
religious literature
senakulo
Who was the author of the short story entitled "Lupang Tinubuan" written during war years? *
Narciso Reyes
Liwayway Arceo
Jose Garcia Villa
Macario Pineda
What was the world literature masterpiece which was written by Homer? *
The 1001 Nights
The Odyssey
Naked Earth
The Tale of Genji,
Motion Pictures and Video Games are created for the purpose of entertainment.
The correct answer is 'True'.
Free zone as a function of art is for political change.

The correct answer is 'False'.
Graffiti and other types of street art graphics and images are used for social inquiry.
Art canbe used to determine the personality and emotional functioning of a patient.
Humans have the basic instinct of harmony , balance and rhythm.

Art provides an unmotivated experience of one's self in relation to the universe.

The humanities are limited only to ancient literature and performing arts such as music and theater.
Motivated function of art provides a means to express the imagination in non-grammatic ways.
Experience of a mysterious is unmotivated in nature.

Art can provide a hostile effect.

1. Art touches human emotion but fails to promote critical thinking or evaluation. FALSE
2. Despite the variety of symbols and forms used, there is only one meaning you can derive In a work of art. FALSE
3. Embedded in dances and rituals of particular cultures are the symbolic functions of arts. TRUE
4. The Avant- garde as a form of art uses visual images to bring abut political change. TRUE
5. Graffiti and other types of street arts can be used for psychological/healing purposes. FALSE
6. Humanities help us understand others through their language, history and culture. TRUE
7. Henri Matisse is famous for relying on geometric shapes in his painting. FALSE
8. Compared to arts, the study of humanities covers a broader scope of man-centered disciplines. TRUE
9. In art, Form is created when shape acquires depth and becomes three-dimensional. TRUE
10. Masters like Van Gogh and Monet expertly manipulated texture in their art to provide a different felling. FALSE
11. What is known as academic disciplines that study the human condition using analytical, critical and speculated
methods. HUMANITIES
12. Who was a Baroque sculptor considered as master of Form? BERNINI
13. What function of art is served when it used to manipulate the viewers into a particular emotional or psychological
response? COMMERCIALISM
14. What term refers to the use of light and dark shapes in a work of art? CHIAROSCURO
15. Photography, sculptor, painting, and architecture are examples of what type of art? VISUAL
16. This artist is known for his collage art that makes use of organic shapes. HENRI MATISSE
17. What is known as an expression of creativity found in man’s culture and society? ART
18. What function of art is served when it is used to convey ideas, mood or feelings? COMMUNICATION
19. What concept in art involves using trash to make fashion as a way of raising awareness about pollution?
TRASHION
20. What function of art is served when it is used to provide relaxation, pleasure and enjoyment?
ENTERTAINMENT
1. The first step in conducting a critique is to read the ___________ carefully. LITERATURE
2. To help you organize and plot characters to make the text clearer, you can create ___________ such as Venn
diagram. GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
3. Looking at the actions and plot at face value is thinking about the ___________ meaning. LITERAL
4. Trying to understand what the author is suggesting about human nature through the characters and their actions
involves thinking about ___________. THEMES
5. After selecting one lesson the reader can learn from the work of literature, you must create a _____________
statement. THESIS
6. A thesis statement makes a claim about a piece of literature that can be supported using __________ evidence
such as quotes part the part of literature. TEXTUAL
7. Another important tip in organizing your essay is to make a / an ___________ which involves the use of roman
numerals for each topic and regular numerals for each subtopic. OUTLINE
8. If you have a detailed outline, writing the _____________ should not be difficult. ESSAY
9. You must close your essay with a __________ where you summarize the main points in just a few sentences.
CONCLUSION PARAGRAPH
10. Proofreading and editing you essay involves looking at typos, punctuation and grammatical errors. You should
correct and ____________ your work before turning in your output. REVISE
1. Florante at Laura was written by ___________. FRANCISCO BALAGTAS

2. Katapusang hikbi ng pilipinas was written by _____________. ANDRES BONIFACIO
3. It was the first novel in English written by Zoilo Galang _____________ CHILDE OF SORROW
4. ___________ was written by Wolfgang Von Geothe. FAUST
5. It is a long narrative based on oral tradition revolving around heroic deeds________ EPICS
6. The wise saying that contain metaphors used as food for thought are known. ___________ PROVERBS
7. ___________ which was written by Lualhati Bautista, depicts the oppression and during the Marcos regime.
DEKADA ‘70
8. True Decalogue was written by ______________ APOLINARIO MABINI
9. _________ is a metrical tale written in octosyllabic quatrains. KORIDO
10. The dramatization of the passion and death of Christ is known as ___________SENAKULO
11. ___________ is known as the “poet of the century”. JOSE GARCIA VILLA
12. This literary piece written by Amado Hernandez talks about socio-political issues, evolution and colonization.
_________________ MGA IBONG MANDARAGIT
13. ___________ is a masterpiece written by Miguel de Cervantes. DON QUIXOTE
14. The Greek epic Odyssey was written by ____________ HOMER
15. _________ use animal characters and allegory to teach a moral lesson. FABLES
16. __________ was written by Miguel Syjuco. ILUSTRADO
17. Liwanag at Dilim was written by ______________ EMILIO JACINTO
18. It is the most prevalent literary form under the period of emergence during colonial period. _____________
SHORT STORIES
19. _______________ was the famous masterpiece of Lope K Santos. BANAAG AT SIKAT
20. The Woman who had two navels was written by ____________ NICK JOAQUIN
NGEC 11
IQ
1. Oftentimes, only related set of disciplines are included in humanities. –TRUE
2. Art can provoke the emotions and wisdom of those who view it. –TRUE
3. The Indo-European root ‘art’ means to scatter which involves literature, film, music, sculpture, painting
and photography. –FALSE
4. Views on humanities as a discipline were more general and diverse. –TRUE
5. Arts and humanities are of the same fields of study. –FALSE
QUIZ
1. Art touches human emotion but fails to promote critical thinking or evaluation. -FALSE
2. Despite the variety of symbols and forms used, there is only one meaning you can derive in a work of
art. -FALSE
3. Embedded in dances and rituals of particular cultures are the symbolic functions of the arts. -TRUE
4. The Avant-garde as a form of art uses visual images to bring about political change. -TRUE
5. Graffiti and other types of street arts can be used for psychological/ healing purposes. -FALSE
6. Humanities help us understand others through their language, history and culture. -TRUE
7. Henri Matisse is famous for relying on geometric shapes in his paintings. -FALSE
8. Compared to Arts, the study of humanities covers a broader scope of man-centered disciplines. -TRUE
9. In art, Form is created when shape acquires depth and becomes three-dimensional. -TRUE
10. Masters like Van Gogh and Monet expertly manipulated texture in their art to provide a different
feeling. -FALSE
11. What is known as academic disciplines that study the human condition using analytical, critical and
speculative methods? -HUMANITIES
12. Who was a Baroque sculptor considered as a master of form? -BERNINI
13. What function of Art is served when it is used to manipulate the viewers into a particular emotional or
psychological response? -COMMERCIALISM
14. What term refers to the use of light and dark shades in a work of art? –CHIAROSCURO
15. Photography, sculpture, painting and architecture are examples of what type of art? –VISUAL
16. This artist is known for his collage art that makes use of organic shapes. –MATISSE
17. What is known as an expression of creativity found in man's culture and society? –ART
18. What function of art is served when it is used to to convey ideas, mood or feelings? –
COMMUNICATION
19. What concept in art involves using trash to make fashion as a way of raising awareness about pollution?
–TRASHION
20. What function of art is served when it is used to provide relaxation, pleasure and enjoyment? –
ENTERTAINMENT
L1Q
1. Motion Pictures and Video Games are created for the purpose of entertainment. –TRUE
2. Free zone as a function of art is for political change. –FALSE
3. Graffiti and other types of street art graphics and images are used for social inquiry. –TRUE
4. Art can be used to determine the personality and emotional functioning of a patient. –TRUE
5. Humans have the basic instinct of harmony, balance and rhythm. –TRUE
6. Art provides an unmotivated experience of one’s self in relation to the universe. –TRUE
7. The humanities are limited only to ancient literature and performing arts such as music and theater. –
FALSE
8. Motivated function of art provides a means to express the machination in non-grammatic ways. –
FALSE
9. Experience of a mysterious in unmotivated in nature. –TRUE
10. Art can provide a hostile effect. -TRUE
QUIZ 2
1. The first step in conducting a critique is to read the ___ carefully. -Literature
2. To help you organize and plot characters to make the text clearer, you can create ___ such as Venn
diagram? –Graphic Organizer
3. Looking at the actions and plot at face value is thinking about the ___ meaning. –Literal
4. Trying to understand what the author is suggesting about human nature through the characters and their
actions involves thinking about ___. –Themes
5. After selecting one lesson the reader can learn from the work of literature, you must create a ___
statement. –Thesis
6. A thesis statement makes a claim about a piece of literature that can be supported using ___ evidence
such as quotes from the part of literature. –Textual
7. Another important tip in organizing your essay is to make a/an ___ which involves the use of Roman
numerals for each topic and regular numerals for each subtopic. –Outline
8. If you have a detailed outline, writing the ___ should not be difficult. –Essay
9. You must close your essay with a ___ where you summarize the main points in just a few sentences. –
Conclusion Paragraph
10. Proofreading and editing your essay involves looking at typos, punctuation and grammatical errors. You
should correct and ___ your work before turning in your output. –Revise/ revising
L3Q3
1. Florante at Laura was written by –Francisco Balagtas
2. Katapusang Hikbi ng Pilipinas was written by –Andres Bonifacio
3. It was the first novel in English written by Zoilo Galang –Child of Sorrow
4. __ was written by Wolfgang Von Geothe –Faust
5. It is a long narrative based on oral tradition revolving around heroic deeds? –Epics
6. The wise sayings that contain metaphors used as food for thought are known –Proverbs
7. ____ which was written by Lualhati Bautista, depicts the oppression and during the Marcos Regime. –
Dekada ‘70
8. True Decalogue was written by –Apolinario Mabini
9. ___ is a metrical tale written in octosyllabic quatrains. –Korido
10. The dramatization of the passion and death of Christ is known as _-Senakulo
11. ____ is known as the “Poet of the Century” –Jose Garcia Villa
12. This literary piece written by Amado Hernandez talks about socio-political issues evolution and
colonization –Mga Ibong Mandaragit
13. ___ is a masterpiece written by Miguel de Cervantes –Don Quixote
14. The Greek epic Odyssey was written by –Homer
15. ___ use animal characters and allegory to teach a moral lesson –Fables
16. ____ was written by Miguel Syjuco –Ilustrado
17. Liwang at Dilim was written by –Emili Jacinto
18. It is the most prevalent literary form under the period of emergence during colonial period. –Short
Stories
19. ____ was the famous masterpiece of Lope K Santos –Banaag at Sikat
20. The woman who had Two navels was written by –Nick Joaquin
LESSON 1
Arts and humanities are considered as two of the oldest fields of knowledge available to man. The difference between the
two is often seen with ambiguity. While art is seen as a more all-inclusive field, humanities, on the other hand, takes into
consideration a diverse and oftentimes unrelated set of disciplines from literature to political history.
Though the definition of the term "art" is still being debated by scholars and art enthusiasts, a widely accepted meaning
can be extracted when taking into consideration the similarities behind countless art forms available nowadays. Various
schools teach it as the result of a process in which an individual assembles and organizes items in such a way that it
provokes the emotions and wisdom of those who view it. It can also mean a number of things. While it can be considered
as the finished product of the artist, art can still be referred to as the skill of crafting the artwork itself. Some school of
thoughts even defines art as the feeling of arousal whenever a specific art is being viewed. It is already acknowledged that
art can be one of the most controversial aspects of life due to its vague exactness. While the term is highly debated as of
now, art is ironically found everywhere.
As long as humans can think freely and become affected by various objects surrounding them, there is no denying that art
will never cease to exist. It is, in fact, present even during the prehistoric era, as evident by the cavemen drawings seen on
the walls of the caves dating back to forty thousand years ago. In a more recent discovery, a set of small drilled snail
shells have been discovered in a South African cave about seventy-five thousand years old-proof that art had existed
longer than expected.
Art as a term dates back to the thirteenth century. From the Indo-European root "ar," which means to "assemble or join," it
has since encompassed a number of forms such as literature, film, music, sculpture, painting, and, more recently,
photography.
Humanities focus on the more man-centered disciplines compared to art. These are academic fields in which the human
condition is prioritized rather than their works. Comprising the experiences of man seen in a more personal, cultural and
social context, humanities emphasize a more analytical and critical method of study as opposed to art's emotionally-biased
perspective. As mentioned, the disciplines can be as broad as possible. These include language, history, literature,
religion, philosophy, theater, music, and even the various social sciences which include sociology, politics, technological
studies, and much more.
The study of humanities dates back to Ancient Greece when its rulers made it basic education for all the citizens. Even the
Romans have participated at one point or another when they included in their curriculum arithmetic, music, astronomy
and logic, topics which, at the present, are considered disciplines of humanities. However, the views on these disciplines
back then were more personal and routine. During the advent of the Renaissance period, these fields have been taken more
seriously, turning them into subjects of study rather than practice. It is in this era where literature, painting and history
were given the utmost importance.
Regardless of their rich history and achievements, the query still remains. What are arts and humanities? Despite that
question which ominously hovers within the various academes around the world, there is no denying that such definitive
mystery entails man's never-ending quests for intellectual improvement. Although two separate fields of study, art and
humanities have long been a part of man's life whether one likes it or not.
Lesson 1: The Nature of Arts & Humanities

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson the students will
Define Arts and Humanities

Enumerate the purpose of Arts and Humanities;
Identify the elements of Arts and Humanities
What is the arts and the humanities?
The arts refers to the theory and physical expression of creativity found in man cultures and societies. Major constituents
of the arts include literature (including fiction, drama, poetry, and prose), performing arts (among them dance, music, and
theatre), and visual arts (including drawing, painting, filmmaking, architecture, ceramics, sculpting, and photography).
Some art forms combine a visual element with performance (e.g., cinematography) or artwork with the written word (e.g.,
comics). From prehistoric cave paintings to modern day films, art serves as a vessel for storytelling and conveying
humankind's relationship with the environment.
Art is a personal and cultural phenomenon which now and then motivates some people to express some of their ideas in a
variety of shapes and ways. Some people create art to communicate something; others do it to express something; others,
to avoid something from being understood but still express it. Motivations are so varied as art itself. Art flows between
love and hate, admiration and denouncement, pleasure and pain... you name it, there is art for it and art against it.
The humanities are academic disciplines that study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytical,
critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences.
The humanities include ancient and modern languages, literature, history, philosophy, religion, and visual and performing
arts such as music and theater.
The humanities that are also regarded as social sciences include technology, history, anthropology, area studies,
communication studies, cultural studies, law and linguistics. Scholars working in the humanities are sometimes described
as "humanists".
What is the purpose of the arts?
Art has had a great number of different functions throughout its history, making its purpose difficult to abstract or
quantify to any single concept. This does not imply that the purpose of Art is "vague", but that it has had many unique,
different reasons for being created. Some of these functions of Art are provided in the following outline. The different
purposes of art may be grouped according to those that are non-motivated, and those that are motivated .
Non-motivated functions
The non-motivated purposes of art are those that are integral to being human, transcend the individual, or do not fulfill a
specific external purpose. In this sense, Art, as creativity, is something humans must do by their very nature (i.e., no other
species creates art), and is therefore beyond utility.
1. Basic human instinct for harmony, balance, rhythm. Art at this level is not an action or an object, but an internal
appreciation of balance and harmony (beauty), and therefore an aspect of being human beyond utility.
Imitation, then, is one instinct of our nature. Next, there is the instinct for 'harmony' and rhythm, meters being manifestly
sections of rhythm. Persons, therefore, starting with this natural gift developed by degrees their special aptitudes, till their
rude improvisations gave birth to Poetry.
2. Experience of the mysterious. Art provides a way to experience one's self in relation to the universe. This
experience may often come unmotivated, as one appreciates art, music or poetry.
The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. It is the source of all true art and science. – Albert Einstein
3. Expression of the imagination. Art provides a means to express the imagination in non-grammatic ways that are not
tied to the formality of spoken or written language. Unlike words, which come in sequences and each of which have a
definite meaning, art provides a range of forms, symbols and ideas with meanings that are malleable.
Jupiter's eagle [as an example of art] is not, like logical (aesthetic) attributes of an object, the concept of the sublimity and
majesty of creation, but rather something else—something that gives the imagination an incentive to spread its flight over
a whole host of kindred representations that provoke more thought than admits of expression in a concept determined by
words. They furnish an aesthetic idea, which serves the above rational idea as a substitute for logical presentation, but
with the proper function, however, of animating the mind by opening out for it a prospect into a field of kindred
representations stretching beyond its ken. – Immanuel Kant
4. Ritualistic and symbolic functions. In many cultures, art is used in rituals, performances and dances as a decoration
or symbol. While these often have no specific utilitarian (motivated) purpose, anthropologists know that they often serve a
purpose at the level of meaning within a particular culture. This meaning is not furnished by any one individual, but is
often the result of many generations of change, and of a cosmological relationship within the culture.
Most scholars who deal with rock paintings or objects recovered from prehistoric contexts that cannot be explained in
utilitarian terms and are thus categorized as decorative, ritual or symbolic, are aware of the trap posed by the term 'art'. –
Silva Tomaskova
Motivated functions
Motivated purposes of art refer to intentional, conscious actions on the part of the artists or creator. These may be to bring
about political change, to comment on an aspect of society, to convey a specific emotion or mood, to address personal
psychology, to illustrate another discipline, to (with commercial arts) sell a product, or simply as a form of
communication.
1. Communication. Art, at its simplest, is a form of communication. As most forms of communication have an intent or
goal directed toward another individual, this is a motivated purpose. Illustrative arts, such as scientific illustration, are a
form of art as communication. Maps are another example. However, the content need not be scientific. Emotions, moods
and feelings are also communicated through art.
[Art is a set of] artifacts or images with symbolic meanings as a means of communication. – Steve Mithen
2. Art as entertainment. Art may seek to bring about a particular emotion or mood, for the purpose of relaxing or
entertaining the viewer. This is often the function of the art industries of Motion Pictures and Video Games.
3. The Avant-Garde. Art for political change. One of the defining functions of early twentieth-century art has been to
use visual images to bring about political change. Art movements that had this goal—Dadaism, Surrealism, Russian
constructivism, and Abstract Expressionism, among others—are collectively referred to as the avant-garde arts.
By contrast, the realistic attitude, inspired by positivism, from Saint Thomas Aquinas to Anatole France, clearly seems to
me to be hostile to any intellectual or moral advancement. I loathe it, for it is made up of mediocrity, hate, and dull
conceit. It is this attitude which today gives birth to these ridiculous books, these insulting plays. It constantly feeds on
and derives strength from the newspapers and stultifies both science and art by assiduously flattering the lowest of tastes;
clarity bordering on stupidity, a dog's life. – André Breton (Surrealism)
4. Art as a "free zone", removed from the action of the social censure. Unlike the avant-garde movements, which
wanted to erase cultural differences in order to produce new universal values, contemporary art has enhanced its tolerance
towards cultural differences as well as its critical and liberating functions (social inquiry, activism, subversion,
deconstruction ...), becoming a more open place for research and experimentation.
5. Art for social inquiry, subversion and/or anarchy. While similar to art for political change, subversive or
deconstructivist art may seek to question aspects of society without any specific political goal. In this case, the function of
art may be simply to criticize some aspect of society.
Graffiti art and other types of street art are graphics and images that are spray-painted or stencilled on publicly viewable
walls, buildings, buses, trains, and bridges, usually without permission. Certain art forms, such as graffiti, may also be
illegal when they break laws (in this case vandalism).
6. Art for social causes. Art can be used to raise awareness for a large variety of causes. A number of art activities were
aimed at raising awareness of autism,cancer, human trafficking and a variety of other topics, such as ocean conservation,
human rights in Darfur, murdered and missing Aboriginal women, elder abuse, and pollution. Trashion, using trash to
make fashion, practiced by artists such as Marina DeBris is one example of using art to raise awareness about pollution.
7. Art for psychological and healing purposes. Art is also used by art therapists, psychotherapists and clinical
psychologists as art therapy. The Diagnostic Drawing Series, for example, is used to determine the personality and
emotional functioning of a patient. The end product is not the principal goal in this case, but rather a process of healing,
through creative acts, is sought. The resultant piece of artwork may also offer insight into the troubles experienced by the
subject and may suggest suitable approaches to be used in more conventional forms of psychiatric therapy.
8. Art for propaganda, or commercialism. Art is often utilized as a form of propaganda, and thus can be used to
subtly influence popular conceptions or mood. In a similar way, art that tries to sell a product also influences mood and
emotion. In both cases, the purpose of art here is to subtly manipulate the viewer into a particular emotional or
psychological response toward a particular idea or object.
9. Art as a fitness indicator. It has been argued that the ability of the human brain by far exceeds what was needed for
survival in the ancestral environment. One evolutionary psychology explanation for this is that the human brain and
associated traits (such as artistic ability and creativity) are the human equivalent of the peacock's tail. The purpose of the
male peacock's extravagant tail has been argued to be to attract females (see also Fisherian runaway and handicap
principle). According to this theory superior execution of art was evolutionarily important because it attracted mates.
The functions of art described above are not mutually exclusive, as many of them may overlap. For example, art for the
purpose of entertainment may also seek to sell a product, i.e. the movie or video game.
The humanities are academic disciplines that study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytical,
critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences.
The humanities include ancient and modern languages, literature, history, philosophy, religion, and visual and performing
arts such as music and theater.
The humanities that are also regarded as social sciences include technology, history, anthropology, area studies,
communication studies, cultural studies, law and linguistics. Scholars working in the humanities are sometimes described
as "humanists".
The Importance of Humanities
Insights Into Everything

Through exploration of the humanities we learn how to think creatively and critically, to reason, and to ask questions.
Because these skills allow us to gain new insights into everything from poetry and paintings to business models and
politics, humanistic subjects have been at the heart of a liberal arts education since the ancient Greeks first used them to
educate their citizens.
Understanding Our World

Research into the human experience adds to our knowledge about our world. Through the work of humanities scholars,
we learn about the values of different cultures, about what goes into making a work of art, about how history is made.
Their efforts preserve the great accomplishments of the past, help us understand the world we live in, and give us tools to
imagine the future.
Bringing Clarity to the Future

Today, humanistic knowledge continues to provide the ideal foundation for exploring and understanding the human
experience. Investigating a branch of philosophy might get you thinking about ethical questions. Learning another
language might help you gain an appreciation for the similarities in different cultures. Contemplating a sculpture might
make you think about how an artist's life affected her creative decisions. Reading a book from another region of the world,
might help you think about the meaning of democracy. Listening to a history course might help you better understand the
past, while at the same time offer you a clearer picture of the future.
Here are nine arguments that contend that the humanities are important.
1 The humanities help us understand others through their languages, histories and cultures.
2 They foster social justice and equality.
3 And they reveal how people have tried to make moral, spiritual and intellectual sense of the world.
4 The humanities teach empathy.
5 They teach us to deal critically and logically with subjective, complex, imperfect information.
6 And they teach us to weigh evidence skeptically and consider more than one side of every question.
7 Humanities students build skills in writing and critical reading.
8 The humanities encourage us to think creatively. They teach us to reason about being human and to ask questions about
our world.
9 The humanities develop informed and critical citizens. Without the humanities, democracy could not flourish.
The Elements of Art

Excerpt from How the Elements of Art Shape Creativity
In order to understand any field, it’s important to have a solid foundation from which to grow. For visual art, this means
understanding the elements of art. These creative building blocks are essential and having a grasp on how they work is
important both for artists and for lovers of art. By gaining a deeper understanding of the elements of art, it’s easier to
analyze, unravel, and create any type of artwork from painting and photography to sculpture and architecture.
Line, color, shape, form, value, space, and texture are the seven core elements of art and they often overlap and inform
one another. Whether talking about drawing, painting, sculpture, or design, these components of art all need to be taken
into consideration. Once you have a handle on these seven visual elements, it’s even easier to create your own art.
What are the seven elements of art?
LINE
Stock Photos from Rabbit Run 11/Shutterstock
These marks span a distance between two points and can be straight or curved. In visual art, lines don’t only need to be
made with marks and outlines. They can also be implied or abstract. Whether two-dimensional or three-dimensional,
there’s no denying that lines have a huge impact on the rest of the elements of art. They can be used to create shape and
form, as well as give a sense of depth and structure. Lines are the foundation of drawing and are a powerful tool unto
themselves. Using different types of lines—continuous, broken, vertical, jagged, horizontal—drastically changes the
psychology of an artwork, impacting the viewer greatly.
COLOR
“Still Life with Irises” by Vincent Van Gogh. 1890.
By working with hue, value, and intensity—three building blocks of colors—artists can tap into a wide range of emotions.
There’s nothing that changes an artwork’s emotional impact more than color. Masters like Van Gogh, Monet, and
Toulouse-Lautrec all expertly manipulated color in their art to provoke different feelings. Color can be used symbolically
or to create a pattern. It can be selected for contrast or to set a specific mood. A deep understanding of color theory helps
any artist make better use of the colors they have at their disposal.
SHAPE
“Simultaneous Counter Composition” (1930) by Theo van Doesburg (Photo: Public domain via WikiArt)
The result of closed lines, shapes are two-dimensional, flat, and only have height and width. Geometric shapes like circles
and squares are mathematical and precise, while organic shapes take cues from nature and tend to be curved and abstract.
Henri Matisse‘s collage art makes great use of organic shapes, while Piet Mondrian is known for relying on geometric
shapes in his paintings. Shapes can be used to control how we perceive a composition. For instance, triangles can help
draw the eye to a particular point, while circles represent continuity.
FORM
Heydar Aliyev Center (2007-2012) by Zaha Hadid. (Photo: Aleksandr Zykov)
When a shape acquires depth and becomes three-dimensional, then it takes on form. Cylinders, pyramids, and spheres are
some of the more common forms, though they can also be amorphous. In sculpture, form is of the utmost importance,
though it can easily be introduced into drawing and painting using 3D art techniques. Baroque sculptor Bernini was a
master of form, carving his sculptures in a way that gave enjoyment from any perspective. Form is also a big
consideration in architecture, with acclaimed architects like Frank Lloyd-Wright, Zaha Hadid, and Tadao Ando giving
careful consideration to this element in their designs.
VALUE
“The Tetons and the Snake River” (1942) by Ansel Adams. (Photo: Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons)
Related to color, value is the lightness and darkness of a color. The lightest value is white and the darkest value is black,
with the difference between them defined as the contrast. Playing with value can not only change certain forms, but also
influence the mood of the artwork. Value is so important that the Italians created a term—chiaroscuro—that specifically
refers to the use of light and dark in a piece of art. Baroque painter Caravaggio was a master of using chiaroscuro in his
moody oil paintings. Photographer Ansel Adams is another example of an artist who expertly used value to his advantage
by using areas of contrast to create interest in his landscape photography.
SPACE
This element of art can be manipulated based on how an artist places lines, shapes, forms, and color. The placement of
these other elements creates space. Space can be either positive or negative. Positive space is an area occupied by an
object or form, while negative space is an area that runs between, through, around, or within objects. Artists often think
about the foreground, middle ground, and background of their artwork, purposefully placing shapes and lines throughout
the space to achieve the perfect composition. A sense of depth in two-dimensional works is often achieved by perspective,
which itself can rely on lines or colors.
TEXTURE
“Pauline Bonaparte as Venus Victrix” (1805-1808) by Antonio Canova. (Photo: Public domain via Wikipedia)
Texture is an element of art that also plays to our sense of touch. It’s defined as a description of the way something feels
or looks like it would feel. Sometimes we’re speaking about an actual texture that can be felt, as in the case of Icelandic
artist Hrafnhildur Arnardóttir, who creates installation art using synthetic hair. Other times, the texture is an implied visual
texture that is two-dimensional. Smooth, rough, hard, soft, furry, fluffy, and bumpy are just some different textures that
evoke different responses.
For instance, an artist look for a hyperrealistic result would want clouds to appear fluffy, while another artist wishing to
subvert conventions might play with texture to create a surreal experience for the viewer. 19th-century sculptor Antonio
Canova was a master of this, as exemplified by his portrait of Napoleon’s sister where she’s resting on a cushion that
seems so soft and touchable, it’s hard to believe that it’s marble.
Elements of Humanities
“The term ‘humanities’ includes, but is not limited to, the study and interpretation of the following: language, both
modern and classical; linguistics; literature; history; jurisprudence; philosophy; archaeology; comparative religion; ethics;
the history, criticism and theory of the arts; those aspects of social sciences which have humanistic content and employ
humanistic methods; and the study and application of the humanities to the human environment with particular attention
to reflecting our diverse heritage, traditions, and history and to the relevance of the humanities to the current conditions of
national life.”
—National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act, 1965, as amended (the U. S. Congressional Act that created
the National Endowment for the Humanities)
Lesson 2: Literary Analysis

Learning Outcomes:
This lesson covers a brief history of literature, timelines, genres and writers of world and Philippine literature, and
guidelines in critiquing literary works.
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to

state the history of literature;
list the periods of world and Philippine literature;
name the writers and genre of the different periods of literature;
enumerate the steps in critiquing literary works; and
identify the structure of a critique
How to Critique Literature
A literature critique, sometimes called a literary analysis or a literary critical analysis, is an examination of a piece of
literature. The scope of a critique of literature may be to examine a single aspect of the work, or the work in its entirety,
and involves breaking the literary piece apart into its separate components and evaluating how they fit together to
accomplish the piece's purpose. Literary critiques are commonly executed by students, scholars, and literary critics, but
anyone can learn how to critique literature.
1 Conducting a Basic Critique for Beginners
1 Read the literature carefully. You start a critique not when you sit down to write the essay, but when you sit down to
read the work of literature. Ask yourself why the characters do the things they do in all works of literature, whether
novels, short stories, essays, or poems.
2 Create a graphic organizer. To help you organize the plot and characters so that you can think about the text, it is
useful to make a graphic organizer. There are many ways to set up a chart so that you can organize your observations,
including an idea web, Venn diagram, T-chart, and more.
For example, for a T-chart, list the names of the characters in one column and their actions in another as you read. After
reading, you can add a column with why you think they did each action.
3 Think about the literal meaning. After you are done reading a piece of literature, think about what each character did
and how each action contributed to the plot. Look at your graphic organizer to help you understand what happened in the
book. Don’t try to decide what that author is saying at this point. Just look at the actions and plot at face value.
This is similar to artwork. Instead of looking at a painting to figure out what the artist was communicating, just look at
what is literally present in the painting. For example, what items are present in Van Gogh’s ‘’Starry Night’’? Don’t think
about what he is trying to say in this painting; think about the stars, the swirling night sky, and the houses below.
4 Think about what the author might be suggesting about society or humanity. After you have a good understanding
of the events of the book, you can try to understand what the author was suggesting about human nature through the
characters and their actions. These things are called the themes.
For example, ask yourself, why does the witch turn the prince into a beast in Beauty and the Beast? What does this action
suggest about human nature?
Also think about what lesson the reader can learn from the characters. What does the Beast teach us?
5 Form a thesis statement. After you have selected one lesson the reader can learn from the work of literature, it is time
to make a thesis statement out of it. A thesis statement is a single sentence that makes a claim about the piece of literature
that can be supported using textual evidence, such as quotes from the piece of literature.
The format for a thesis may look something like this: _______ is true because __________, ____________, and
___________. The first blank is your opinion. For example, The Beast teaches us that we should be hospitable to
everyone.
The rest of the blanks tell why your opinion is true: The Beast teaches us that we should be hospitable to everyone
because he learns from his mistake, becomes a compassionate person through his time as a beast, and regrets that he was
ever rude to the witch.
However, keep in mind that there are many different ways to form a thesis. What is most important if to make sure that
your thesis includes a claim and a summary of the reasons for your claim. For example, you might phrase your thesis as
“Because the Beast suffers for his actions, Beauty and the Beast argues that we should be hospitable to everyone and this
theme carries through the story.”
6 Locate evidence in the literature to support your thesis. Look again at your graphic organizer and look for events
that demonstrate all of the reasons your thesis is true. Highlight these events and make sure you have the page numbers.
You can summarize these events, or use direct quotes from the book, but both need to have a page number. This prevents
plagiarism.
For example, you might use a quote that shows how the Beast is inhospitable as one of your first examples. Then, you
might use other examples from the text to show the continuation of this theme.
You do not have to use direct quotes all of the time. You can also paraphrase a passage by putting it into your own words,
or summarize longer passages by describing the events in a less detailed way in your own words. No matter if you are
quoting, paraphrasing, or summarizing, make sure that you include a page number for your evidence.
7 Make an outline. Make an outline using your thesis statement in order to prepare an organized essay. An outline should
have roman numerals for each paragraph and regular numbers for the parts of each paragraph. Look up an example of a
good outline to guide you.
Fill in the outline with topic sentences and events from the literature that support each topic sentence.
8 Write the essay. Writing the essay should not be difficult if you have a detailed outline prepared. Write at least five
paragraphs. The thesis statement comes at the end of the first paragraph, and each body paragraph has one or two quotes
or examples from the text. Make sure to introduce each quote and then explain the quote or example after you put it in the
body paragraphs.
Close the essay with a conclusion paragraph, where you summarize the essay in just a few sentences.
9 Revise the essay. Be sure to proofread and edit your essay. Look for typos, punctuation errors, and grammar errors. You
should correct these mistakes (called revising) before turning in the essay. It is helpful to have someone else read the
essay to help you find these errors.
2 Applying Advanced Critical Techniques
1 Read the work of literature critically. When you read a work of literature with the purpose of critiquing it, whether a
poem, short story, nonfiction essay, or memoir, you must read it with an active mind. This means that you should ask
questions as you read.
You should read with a pen and paper handy, as well as with a dictionary. Write down the main ideas in the margins and
look up words as you go.
Ask “how,” “why,” and “so what” questions to help you read critically.
2 Evaluate as you read. Aside from noting when important ideas occur in the margins of the text, you should write down
important ideas and themes on a piece of paper as you read, noting the page numbers. You should also think about the text
in terms of critical thinking, such as evaluating the work’s clarity, accuracy, and current relevance to society.
Evaluate elements of the work as you go, such as plot, themes, instances of character development, setting, symbols,
conflicts, and point of view. Think about how these elements interact to form the main theme.
3 Brainstorm which aspect to write about. Before you settle on a thesis statement—in fact, to formulate a thesis
statement in the first place—you should brainstorm what aspect of the work you want to write about. Look at your notes
from while you were reading and see if there are any ideas that you have already extracted from the piece, and place these
ideas in your brainstorming. You may want to choose a theme from the work that particularly struck you and critique how
well the author presented this theme through the elements you evaluated in your notes.
There are many ways to brainstorm, including:

making a list, mapping out a web, and freewriting.
For example, while reading Pride and Prejudice, you might feel that Mr. Darcy’s character needed more development than
Jane Austen gave him, or you might prefer Jane’s character to Lizzy’s and feel that she would have made a better heroine
(for example, Jane shares a name with the author, giving you grounds to explore the argument that Austen might have
actually preferred her). Make a list, web, or free-write out of ideas like these.
4 Formulate a thesis statement. Once you have populated a brainstorming list and selected a critical perspective
(whether based on your own observation or on a critical theory), you should compose a working thesis statement. A
“working” thesis is one that can be changed and adapted to your writing as you compose the essay.
The thesis should present your opinion in an arguable manner accompanied by a solid reason why your opinion is true.
The formula for a basic thesis statement might look like this: _______ is true because of __________, ____________,
and ___________.
5 Create an outline. You should always use an outline as it requires you to organize your thinking in a logical manner so
that your critique is sound and credible. An outline will include elements like your thesis statement, the content of your
body paragraphs, and quotes and examples with page numbers. It makes writing the actual essay much easier because all
of your research is compiled in one place.
You can also take advantage of an outline to form key sentences like the hook (first line of the intro paragraph), topic and
transition sentences for each body paragraph, and your conclusion.
6 Select quotes and patterns that support your thesis. While you are creating the outline, you can start to pick out
direct quotes and examples from the text itself (the primary source) and any research you have done (secondary sources).
If you place a topic sentence in each body paragraph, you can add the right quotes to support each idea.
Look at your notes and identify any patterns you see in the text that support your thesis statement, such as how no one is
ever sure what Mr. Darcy is doing until after the fact, contributing to a lack of character development in Pride and
Prejudice (if you were trying to prove the validity of an argument that Mr. Darcy is not developed enough, for example).
You must include a page number or authorial attribution anytime that you: talk about a specific event; paraphrase a quote;
paraphrase a passage; or use any direct quote. You usually insert a page number in parentheses after the sentence.
7 Find other criticism to support your thesis. In order to write a strong critique, you need outside sources to agree with
you. This boosts the credibility of your argument and shows that you have the strength of mind to think critically about
what you read. Outside sources are also called secondary sources, and you need to make sure they are reliable, such as
peer-reviewed literary journal or magazine articles, published books, and chapters from books.
You should also address any criticism that does not agree with your thesis, as refuting the counterargument also builds
your credibility.
8 Use the outline to write your paper. Once you have gathered your research, formed a thesis statement, and filled in a
detailed outline, it is time to write the critique. At this point, you will have plenty of information, and all the organization
has been done already, so writing the piece should go smoothly.
If you created your outline on a word processor, then you can simply fill in the outline with additional information.
You can also treat the outline as a roadmap. Consult it as you draft your paper to make sure that you are including all
of the points and examples that you have identified.
9 Pay attention to assignment and style guidelines. Make sure that you follow your instructor’s guidelines for the
assignment. For example, you may have specific questions that you need to answer in your paper. You might also have a
page length or word count requirement that you need to meet. You will also need to use the correct style to format your
paper, such as MLA, APA, or Chicago.
10 Discuss your quotes. Your paper should include quotes from the primary source (the work of literature itself) and
from secondary sources (articles and chapters that help your argument). Make sure you analyze every quote that you
include so that you are expressing your own opinion rather than regurgitating someone else’s.
For example, after offering a quote, you might explain what the quote means or demonstrates as well as how it supports
your thesis. Do not simply paraphrase or summarize the quotes after you offer them. The summary does not show critical
thinking. Instead, try to explain the significance of each quote or example to your readers.
Try to create quote sandwiches. A quote sandwich is simply how you position a quote in an essay. You should have a
sentence introducing the quote and its author, then have the quote itself, followed by one or more sentences analyzing the
quote right after it.
Make sure you include a references/works cited list with all sources you quote from or paraphrase in the essay. This
prevents plagiarism.
11 Revise your critique. Proofreading, editing, and revision are all important parts of the writing process and should be
done before turning in or publishing a critique of literature. When doing the revision, it is helpful to have someone else
look over the essay or read it out loud yourself to find careless mistakes, awkward phrasing, and weak organization.
Method
3 Evaluating Literature as You Read
1 Look up the author and cultural context. If you are reading a piece of literature with the purpose of critiquing it
internally rather than for an essay, you should begin with understanding the cultural milieu of the piece. Knowing the
social context of a written work boosts your understanding of the vocabulary, setting, and character motivations, all of
which are critical for forming an accurate critique.
2 Highlight and look up words and passages you don’t understand. Bring a highlighter or pen with you to your
reading sessions, and mark words you don’t understand. Looking them up in a dictionary as you read will increase your
understanding of the text, just as knowing the cultural milieu in which the text was written does.
3 Investigate the meaning of the title. Once you begin reading, consider the significance of the title. Ask yourself why
the author chose this title. Is it a simple title, merely relating the main setting or object, such as the title of the short story
“The Yellow Wallpaper”? If so, why would the author understate the work so much?
Questioning the title helps in determining the main theme and contributes to a more accurate critique.
4 Decide on the central theme. Thinking about the title will help you determine the main theme of the work.
Determining the main theme provides a trunk from which the branches of the rest of your examination of the text will
spring. You will look at the elements of the literature of this text, and knowing what theme they should be pointing to
helps you to critique how well the author accomplishes this.
5 Examine the components of the work. Examine the elements of the piece of literature you’re reading by exploring
how each element is presented in the text. Identify examples of each element and determine how each relates to the main
theme. You may want to write down where these connections take place in order to organize your thoughts.
Setting—description of the surroundings.
Plot—events of the text.
Characters—the motivations and depth of each character, such as how much they change or don’t change as a result of
the events. Characters can be people, objects, even ideas (especially in poetry).
Conflict—the opposition that the main character encounters and its climax and resolution.
Themes—what the narrator observes about human nature.
Point of view—the way that a character thinks, whether it is curious, condescending, etc. It can also be the perspective the
text is told, whether in first person, third person, etc.
Tone—the way the text feels, whether sad, happy, angry, apathetic, etc.
Symbols—objects, people, or places that repeat consistently throughout the story and seem to represent another abstract
idea.
Form an interpretation of the work. Once you have analyzed the different elements of the text, you may form an
interpretation based on your analyses. This interpretation could be that the author could have done a better job, that the
author is profound, that some elements of the text connect to modern society in an interesting way, etc.
You may want to write down your interpretation of the work at this point, as it is an excellent springboard into a thesis
statement if you end up needing to write a paper about this text.
You can review outside sources such as peer-reviewed articles and books to verify that your interpretation is accurate or
needs work.
Selecting a quote from a work of literature and using it to base your argument on is a good idea, as long as you
create a thesis statement.
For example, you can select a quote and use it as a starting point for brainstorming, because most quotes can be discussed
from a variety of perspectives. Your thesis statement will reference the quote, but won't contain it.
Tips
---You should always consider how the writer's techniques contribute to the overall meaning of the text.
---If you don't feel you have a good grasp of all the specific components after the first reading of a literary work, read it
over again, with the components in mind, before you critique.
---Be careful not to summarize the entire work when you critique literature. It is your job to evaluate the work's meaning,
not to outline its plot.
Lesson 3: Great Books/ Masterpieces of World and Philippine Literature

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson the students will be able to

identify titles and authors of popular literary masterpieces.
summarize details of popular literary masterpieces
deliver an individual or group performance of an excerpt of one literary piece.
Literary Masterpieces
The Emergence of Literature

Literature, in its broadest sense, is any written work. Etymologically, the term derives from Latin litaritura/litteratura
“writing formed with letters,” although some definitions include spoken or sung texts. More restrictively, it is writing that
possesses literary merit. Literature can be classified according to whether it is fiction or non-fiction and whether it is
poetry or prose. It can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel, short story or drama, and
works are often categorized according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations
(genre).
Taken to mean only written works, literature was first produced by some of the world’s earliest civilizations—those of
Ancient Egypt and Sumeria—as early as the 4th millennium BC; taken to include spoken or sung texts, it originated even
earlier, and some of the first written works may have been based on a pre-existing oral tradition. As urban cultures and
societies developed, there was a proliferation in the forms of literature. Developments in print technology allowed for
literature to be distributed and experienced on an unprecedented scale, which has culminated in the twenty-first century in
electronic literature.
The earliest uses of writing are strictly practical - lists of commodities, temple accounts, details of a contract. Such
documents are short and not too daunting to a Mesopotamian scribe, writing with a reed stylus on a tablet of damp clay.
For centuries it seems unthinkable to write down an entire epic poem, familiar to these societies only in the form of
recitation.
When writing is first developed, an oral poetic tradition is already a feature of civilized life. Eventually the scribes get
round to the task of recording some of this material. Mesopotamia provides the world's two earliest surviving works of
literature.
They are Enuma Elish and the Epic of Gilgamesh. Both probably date back in their oral form to the middle of the third
millennium BC. Both are known from fragments of clay tablets of the second millennium and from more complete texts
in the library of Ashurbanipal.
Timelines in Philippine Literature
The diversity and richness of Philippine literature evolved side by side with the country's history. This can best be
appreciated in the context of the country's pre-colonial cultural traditions and the socio-political histories of its colonial
and contemporary traditions.
The average Filipino's unfamiliarity with his indigenous literature was largely due to what has been impressed upon him:
that his country was "discovered" and, hence, Philippine "history" started only in 1521.
So successful were the efforts of colonialists to blot out the memory of the country's largely oral past that present-day
Filipino writers, artists and journalists are trying to correct this inequity by recognizing the country's wealth of ethnic
traditions and disseminating them in schools and in the mass media.
The rousing of nationalistic pride in the 1960s and 1970s also helped bring about this change of attitude among a new
breed of Filipinos concerned about the "Filipino identity."
PERIODS OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (--BC to 1564)
A. Characteristics
1. Based on oral traditions
2. Crude on ideology and phraseology
B. Literary Forms
1. Oral Literature
a. Riddles (bugtong) – battle of wits among participants
Tigmo –Cebu
Paktakon – Ilonggo
Patotdon – Bicol
b. Proverbs (salawikain) – wise sayings that contain a metaphor used to teach as a food for thought etc.
c. Tanaga - a mono-riming heptasyllabic quatrain expressing insights and lessons on life is "more emotionally charged
than the terse proverb and thus has affinities with the folk lyric."
2. Folk Songs It is a form of folk lyric which expresses the hopes and aspirations, the people's lifestyles as well as their
loves. These are often repetitive and sonorous, didactic and naïve
a. Hele or oyayi – lullaby
b. Ambahan (Mangyan) – 7-syllable per line poem that are about human relationships and social entertainment
c. Kalusan (Ivatan) - work songs that depict the livelihood of the peopled.
d. Tagay (Cebuano and Waray) – drinking song.
e. Kanogan (Cebuano) – song of lamentation for the dead
3. Folk Tales Myths – explain how the world was created, how certain animals possess certain characteristics, why
some places have waterfalls, volcanoes, mountains, flora or fauna.
4. Legends – explain the origin of things
Examples: Why the Pineapple Has Eyes
The Legend of Maria Makiling
5. Fables – used animal characters and allegory
6. Fantastic stories – deal with underworld characters such as “tiyanak”,“aswang”, “kapre” and others.
7. Epics These are “narratives of sustained length based on oral tradition revolving around supernatural events or heroic
deeds” (Arsenio Manuel)
Examples: Lam-ang (Ilocano) Hinilawod (Panay) Kudaman (Palawan) Darangen (Maranao)
II. SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD (1565 – 1863)
Characteristics
1. It has two distinct classifications: religious and secular.
2. It introduced Spanish as the medium of communication.
Literary Forms
1. Religious Literature - Religious lyrics written by ladino poets or those versed in both Spanish and Tagalog were
included in early catechism and were used to teach Filipinos the Spanish language.
a. Pasyon – long narrative poem about the passion and death of Christ. The most popular was “Ang Mahal na Pasyon ni
Jesu Cristong Panginoon Natin” by Aguino de Belen
b. Senakulo – dramatization of the pasyon, it shows the passion and death of Christ
2. Secular (non-religious) Literature

a. Awit - colorful tales of chivalry made for singing and chanting Example: Ibong Adarna
b. Korido – metrical tale written in octosyllabic quatrains Example: Florante at Laura by Francisco Baltazar
c. Prose Narratives – written to prescribe proper decorum
i. Dialogo
ii. Ejemplo
iii.Manual de Urbanidad
iv. tratado
Examples: Modesto de Castro's "Pagsusulatan ng Dalawang Binibini na si Urbana at si Feliza" and Joaquin Tuason's "Ang
Bagong Robinson" (The New Robinson) in 1879.
III. NATIONALISTIC / PROPAGANDA AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD (1864 – 1896)
a. Characteristics
· Planted seeds of nationalism in Filipinos
· Language shifted from Spanish to Tagalog
· Addressed the masses instead of the “intelligentsia”
B. Literary Forms
1. Propaganda Literature - Reformatory in objective
a. Political Essays – satires, editorials and news articles were written to attack and expose the evils of Spanish rule
i.Diariong Tagalog – founded by Marcelo del Pilar
ii.La Solidaridad – whose editor-in-chief is Graciano Lopez-Jaena
b. Political Novels
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo – Jose Rizal’s masterpieces that paved the way to the revolution
2. Revolutionary Literature – more propagandistic than literary as it is more violent in nature and demanded complete
independence for the country
a. Political Essays – helped inflame the spirit of revolution.
Kalayaan – newspaper of the society, edited by Emilio Jacinto
b. Poetry
True Decalogue – Apolinario Mabini
Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas –Andres Bonifacio
Liwanag at Dilim – Emilio Jacinto
IV. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1910 – 1945)
A.Period of Apprenticeship (1910-1930)
1. Filipino Writers imitated English and American models
2. Poems -- written were amateurish and mushy, which phrasing and diction is awkward and artificial.
a. Short Stories
i.Dead Stars – Paz Marquez Benitez
ii.The Key – Paz Latorena
iii.Footnote to Youth – Jose Garcia Villa
b.Novels
Childe of Sorrow – first novel in English, by Zoilo Galang
B. Period of Emergence (1920-1930)
Highly influenced by Western literary trends like Romanticism and Realism.
a. Short Stories – most prevalent literary form
i.e. Jose Garcia Villa – earned the international title “Poet of the Century”
V. JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1942 - 1960)
A. War Years (1942-1944)
1. Tagalog poets broke away from the Balagtas tradition and instead wrote in simple language and free verse
2. Fiction prevailed over poetry
25 Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino (1943) – compilation of the short story contest by the military government.
Suyuan sa Tubigan – Macario Pineda
Lupang Tinubuan – Narciso Reyes
Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa – Liwayway Arceo
B. Period of Maturity and Originality (1945-1960)
1. Bountiful harvest in poetry, fiction, drama and essay
2. Filipino writers mastered English and familiarized themselves with diverse techniques
3. Literary “giants” appeared
a. Palanca Awards for Literature
i. Jose Garcia Villa
ii. Nick Joaquin
iii. NVM Gonzales
iv. Bienvenido Santos
v. Gregorio Brillantes
vi. Gilda Cordero Fernando
b. National Artist Awards
i. Jose Garcia Villa
ii. Nick Joaquin

CONTEMPORARY/MODERN PERIOD (1960 – PRESENT)
A. Characteristics
1. Martial Law repressed and curtailed human rights, including freedom of the press
2. Writers used symbolisms and allegories to drive home their message, at the face of heavy censorship
Theater was used as a vehicle for protest, such as the PETA (Phil. Educational Theater Association) and UP Theater.
From the eighties onwards, writers continue to show dynamism and innovation.
A masterpiece refers to a creation that has been given much critical praise, especially one that is considered the greatest
work of a person's career or to a work of outstanding creativity, skill, or workmanship. In literature, it is the highest
recognition that a literary work can receive. It possesses universality, artistry, permanence and uniqueness. It can
stimulate thoughts from its intellectual value and may lead to mold the moral and emotional aspect.
World literature masterpieces are the following:
--Faust by Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe

--The Epic of Gilgamesh discovered by Austen Henry Layard, Hormuzd Rassam, and W. K. Loftus
--The Odyssey by Homer
--The 1001 Nights – Arabian Folklore
--Candide by Voltaire
--My Name is Red by Orhan Pamuk
--Death and the King's Horseman by Wole Soyinka
--Diary of a Madman by Lu Xun
--Naked Earth by Eileen Chang
--The Tale of Genji, Murasaki Shikibu
--Ficciones by Jorge Luis Borges
--The Enchantress of Florence by Salman Rushdie and Jhumpa Lahiri
--The Lusiads by Luís de Camões
Other great masterpieces in the world are God Sees The Truth But Waits by Leo Tolstoy, King Lear by William
Shakespeare, El Cid – The Heroism of Rodrigo de Vivar from Spain, Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, Of a Promise Kept by
Lafcadio Hearn, Don Juan and Don Juan Tenorio by Tirso de Molina, Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Frederick
Engels, and Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes. Also, the Holy Qu’ran of Muslims and The Holy Bible of Christians.
Philippine Literature Greats
The literature of the Philippines is a reflection of the country’s traditional folktales, socio-political histories, and even true
to life experiences. These books have long promoted our culture as Filipinos, our day to day struggles, and have
established real-life lessons we could all live by.
So here’s a list of Filipino written books that I guarantee will be worth your time.
Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not)
Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not), written by Dr. Jose Rizal, is the most controversial and well-known piece of literature
the Philippines has. The book has impacted the country so much that it is included in the current education curriculum of
Filipino high school students. The author, Dr. Rizal, the nation’s national hero, raised the social awakening of the
Filipinos through this controversial piece. The awakening happened during the Spanish colonial era. During this time,
Rizal could not swallow the injustices the Spanish priests and the ruling government gave the Filipinos. Noli Me Tangere
was written to expose and shed some light on the issues of the Philippines’ society during the Spanish colonial era.
Mga Ibong Mandaragit (Birds of Prey)
Mga Ibong Mandaragit (Birds of Prey), written by Amado V. Hernandez, talks about the social-political issues, notably
the Philippine revolution and neocolonialism. This literature piece is strongly connected to Rizal’s novels, Noli Me
Tangere (Touch Me Not) and El Filibusterismo. We, the readers can determine how the author, Amado Hernandez, a
social activist had high hopes that there would be significant changes in his homelands society.
Florante at Laura
Florante at Laura (Florante and Laura), written by Francisco Balagtas is another well-known masterpiece in the literature
industry of the Philippines. Florante at Laura is written in the form of “awit” or “poetry” if translated to English. This
means there are four lines per stanza and twelve syllables per line. Set in the fictional kingdom of Albania, the book takes
us to the journey of Duke Florante and Princess Laura, who is also being pursued by Duke Florante’s enemy, Count
Adolfo. As a classic book, Florante at Laura has also been made into a play — not only widely known by high school
students but has also been shown in grand theaters like Gantimpala Theater and the Cultural Center of the Philippines.
The Woman Who Had Two Navels
The Woman Who Had Two Navels, written by Nick Joaquin, is a historical book, authored by one of the most admired
and loved authors in the Philippines. Nick Joaquin was awarded as the National Artist of the Philippines for literature in
1976. In his historical novel, The Woman Who Had Two Navels, the author studies the effect and influence of the past
towards the post-war events in the Philippines. Connie Escobar the female lead believes she has two navels. Hence, she
asks a doctor to remove one — which symbolizes Connie’s need to run away from her traumatic past. Later in the book,
she finds out that her husband, Macho Escobar, was her mother’s lover. She then runs away in hopes of escaping their
betrayal only to stumble upon more life-changing truths.
Banaag at Sikat (From Early Dawn to Full Light)
Banaag at Sikat (From Early Dawn to Full Light) written by Lope K. Santos, has been labeled as the “bible of the Filipino
working class”. Being one of the earliest novels authored by Lope K. Santos, it is reviewed by Teodoro Agoncillo, a
Filipino critic, as one of the most important books in Philippine literature in 1949. Agoncillo believes that Banaag at Sikat
(From Early Dawn to Full Light) paved the development of how Tagalog novels were written. The novel talks about
Delfin and Felipe who have conflicting views. Delfin is a socialist, while Felipe, despite being born into a rich family,
leans towards anarchism. Embedded throughout the book’s narration are themes of romance, livelihood, and societal
status.
Ilustrado
Ilustrado written by Miguel Syjuco, landed the author, Syjuco a spot on the 2008 Man Asian Literary Prize. He was
awarded the Grand Prize. The novel, beautifully layered with fiction and non-fiction themes, begins with Crispin
Salvador, the main character. Crispin a noted writer, was found by authorities floating off the Hudson River in New York
— lifeless. With no evidence of foul play, the authorities were leaning into suicide as the cause of his death. His student,
who has become a friend, Miguel Syjuco, (yes, the author himself), wishes to discover what really happened to Crispin
and the mystery of his death.
Smaller and Smaller Circles
Smaller and Smaller Circles written by F. H. Batacan is a crime detective story. This thrilling piece is the first ever
detective story set in the Philippines. The book revolves around two Jesuit priests, Gus Saenz and Jerome Lucero who do
forensic work. In the slums of Payatas, there have been murders of young boys. As the book addresses that deal with
corruption and inefficiency in the Philippine government, they now wish to find out why and who is behind the serial
killings in the slums of Manila City. Carlos Palanca Grand Prize for English novel in 1999, was awarded to the author’s
Batacan mystery novel.
Dekada ‘70
Dekada ‘70 was written by Lualhati Bautista came about from one of the darkest eras in the Philippines, was during
Ferdinand Marcos’ reign. People were executed and abused for speaking against the government; in some cases, dead
bodies were not even recovered. Hence, that era was filled with turmoil — particularly for the Filipino parents who
needed to protect their kids from the oppressive regime and at the same time keep their family intact. Lualhati Bautista
used true to life scenarios during the 70’s. He mentions the changes that were sparked after the Plaza Miranda bombing
and the suspension of the Writ of Habeas Corpus in the Philippines. This book tells the tale of Amanda Bartolome and her
family. In the book, Bartolome had to deal with facing the law and her five sons.
ABNKKBSNPLAko?!
ABNKKBSNPLAko?!, written by Bob Ong, is a book authored by an anonymous Filipino whose pen name is Bob Ong.
The title, written in the texting language can be translated to “Aba nakakabasa na pala ako?!” which translates to “Wow, I
can read now?!”. This book narrates the contemporary authors unforgettable moments of his student life. The book begins
at the very first time he entered school until his college days. Contrary to traditional novels, the book is filled with humour
and uses conversational Filipino — this way it depicts the real-life situations in the Philippines.
Dogeaters
Dogeaters, written by Jessica Hagedorn, is a fictional representation of the city of Manila during the rule of Ferdinand
Marcos, the Philippines’ late dictator. The female lead, Rio, was a strong-willed school girl will grow up in America and
look back to her memories of her homeland. Hagedorn depicts the struggles of Asian immigrants in between cultures. She
also aims at the racism she’s seen in the United States in her fictional novel.
Dogeaters, no longer just a novel, has been shown as a multi-layered play that addresses social issues both in the
Philippines and the United States.
World Literature Periods

Early Periods of Literature
These periods are spans of time in which literature shared intellectual, linguistic, religious, and artistic
influences. In the Western tradition, the early periods of literary history are roughly as follows below:
A. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD (1200 BCE - 455 CE)

1. HOMERIC or HEROIC PERIOD (1200-‐800 BCE)
Greek legends are passed along orally, including Homer's The Iliad and The Odyssey. This is a chaotic period
of warrior-‐prince wandering sea-‐traders, and fierce pirates.
2. CLASSICAL GREEK PERIOD (800-‐200 BCE)

Greek writers and philosophers such as Gorgias, Aesop. Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, Euripides, and Sophocles.
The fifth century (499-‐400 BCE) in particular is renowned as The Golden Age of Greece. This is the
sophisticated period of the polis, or individual City-‐State, and early democracy. Some of the world's finest art,
poetry, drama, architecture, and philosophy originate in Athens.
3. CLASSICAL ROMAN PERIOD (200 BCE-‐455 CE)
Greece's culture gives way to Roman power when Rome conquers Greece in 146 CE. The Roman Republic
was traditionally founded in 509 BCE, but it is limited in size until later. Playwrights of this time include
Plautus and Terence. After nearly 500 years as a Republic, Rome slides into dictatorship under Julius Caesar
and finally into a monarchial empire under Caesar Augustus in 27 CE. This later period is known as the
Roman Imperial period. Roman writers include Ovid, Horace, and Virgil. Roman philosophers include
Marcus Aurelius and Lucretius. Roman rhetoricians include Cicero and Quintilian.
4. PATRISTIC PERIOD (c. 70 CE-‐455 CE) Early Christian writings appear such as Saint Augustine, Tertullian, Saint
Cyprian, Saint Ambrose and Saint Jerome. This is the period in which Saint Jerome first compiles the Bible,
when Christianity spread across Europe, and the Roman Empire suffered its dying convulsions. In this period,
barbarians attack Rome in 410 CE and the city finally falls to them completely in 455 CE.
B. THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD (455 CE-1485 CE)

1. THE OLD ENGLISH (ANGLO-SAXON) PERIOD (428-‐1066) The so-‐called "Dark Ages" (455 CE -‐ 799 CE) occur
when Rome falls and barbarian tribes move into Europe. Franks, Ostrogoths, Lombards, and Goths settle in the
ruins of Europe and the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes migrate to Britain, displacing native Celts into Scotland,
Ireland, and Wales. Early Old English poems such as Beowulf, The Wanderer, and The Seafarer originate
sometime late in the Anglo-‐ Saxon period. The Carolingian Renaissance (800-‐ 850 CE) emerges in Europe. In
central Europe, texts include early medieval grammars, encyclopedias, etc. In northern Europe, this time period
marks the setting of Viking sagas.
2. THE MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD (c. 1066-‐1450 CE) In 1066, Norman French armies invade and conquer
England under William I. This marks the end of the Anglo-‐ Saxon hierarchy and the emergence of the Twelfth
Century Renaissance (c. 1100-‐1200 CE). French chivalric romances-‐-‐such as works by Chretien de Troyes-‐-‐and
French fables-‐-‐such as the works of Marie de France and Jeun de Meun-‐-‐spread in popularity. Abelard and other
humanists produce great scholastic and theological works.
LATE OR "HIGH" MEDIEVAL PERIOD (c. 1200-‐1485 CE): This often tumultuous period is marked by the
Middle English writings of Geoffrey Chaucer, the "Gawain" or "Pearl" Poet, the Wakefield Master, and
William Langland. Other writers include Italian and French authors like Boccaccio, Petrarch, Dante, and
Christine de Pisan.
C.THE RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION (c. 1485-1660 CE)

The Renaissance takes place in the late 15th, 16th, and early 17th century in Britain, but somewhat earlier
in Italy and the southern Europe, somewhat later in northern Europe.
1. EARLY TUDOR PERIOD (1485-‐1558): The War of the Roses ends in England with Henry Tudor (Henry VII)
claiming the throne. Martin Luther's split with Rome marks the emergence of Protestantism, followed by Henry
VIII's Anglican schism, which creates the first Protestant church in England. Edmond Spencer is a sample poet.
2. ELIZABETHAN PERIOD (1558-‐1603): Queen Elizabeth saves England from both Spanish invasion and
internal squabbles at home. Her reign is marked by the early works of Shakespeare, Marlowe, Kydd,
and Sidney.
3. JACOBEAN PERIOD (1603-‐1625): Shakespeare's later work, Aemilia Lanyer, Ben Jonson, and John Donne.
4. CAROLINE AGE (1625-‐1649): John Milton, George Herbert, Robert Herrick, the "Sons of Ben" and others write
during the reign of Charles I and his Cavaliers (The Cavalier Poets).
5. COMMONWEALTH PERIOD OR PURITAN INTERREGNUM (1649-‐1660): Under Cromwell's Puritan dictatorship,
John Milton continues to write, but we also find writers like Andrew Marvell and Sir Thomas Browne.
Later Periods of Literature

These periods are spans of time in which literature shared intellectual, linguistic, religious, and artistic
influences. In the Western tradition, the later periods of literary history are roughly as follows below:
D. THE ENLIGHTENMENT (NEOCLASSICAL) PERIOD (C. 1660-1790)

"Neoclassical" refers to the increased influence of Classical literature upon these centuries. The Neoclassical
Period is also called the "Enlightenment" due to the increased reverence for logic and disdain for superstition.
The period is marked by the rise of Deism, intellectual backlash against earlier Puritanism, and America's
revolution against England.
1. RESTORATION PERIOD (c. 1660-‐1700): This period marks the British king's restoration to the throne after a
long period of Puritan domination in England. Its symptoms include the dominance of French and Classical
influences on poetry and drama. Sample writers include John Dryden, John Lock, Sir William Temple, and
Samuel Pepys, and Aphra Behn in England. Abroad, representative authors include Jean Racine and Molière.
2. THE AUGUSTAN AGE (c. 1700-‐1750): This period is marked by the imitation of Virgil and Horace's literature
in English letters. The principal English writers include Addison, Steele, Swift, and Alexander Pope. Abroad,
Voltaire is the dominant French writer.
3. THE AGE OF JOHNSON (c. 1750-‐1790): This period marks the transition toward the upcoming Romanticism
though the period is still largely Neoclassical. Major writers include Dr. Samuel Johnson, Boswell, and
Edward Gibbon who represent the Neoclassical tendencies, while writers like Robert Burns, Thomas Gray,
Cowper, and Crabbe show movement away from the Neoclassical ideal. In America, this period is called the
Colonial Period. It includes colonial and revolutionary writers like Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and
Thomas Paine.
E. ROMANTIC PERIOD (c. 1790-1830)

Romantic poets write about nature, imagination, and individuality in England. Some Romantics include
Coleridge, Blake, Keats, and Shelley in Britain and Johann von Goethe in Germany. In America, this period is
called the Transcendental Period. Transcendentalists include Emerson and Thoreau. Gothic writings, (c. 1790-‐
1890) overlap with the Romantic and Victorian periods. Writers of Gothic novels (the precursor to horror
novels) include Mary Shelley, Radcliffe, Monk Lewis, and Victorians like Bram Stoker in Britain. In America,
Gothic writers include Poe and Hawthorne.
F. VICTORIAN PERIOD And The 19th Century (c. 1832-1901)

Writing during the period of Queen Victoria's reign includes sentimental novels. British writers include
Elizabeth Browning, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Matthew Arnold, Robert Browning, Charles Dickens, the
Brontë sisters, and Jane Austen. Pre-‐ Raphaelites, like the Rossettis and William Morris, idealize and long
for the morality of the medieval world.
The end of the Victorian Period is marked by intellectual movements of Asceticism and "the Decadence" in
the writings of Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde. In America, Naturalist writers like Stephen Crane flourish, as
do early free verse poets like Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson.
G.MODERN PERIOD (c. 1914-1945)

In Britain, modernist writers include W. B. Yeats, Seamus Heaney, Dylan Thomas, W. H. Auden, Virginia
Woolf, and Wilfred Owen. In America, the modernist period includes Robert Frost and Flannery O'Connor as
well as the famous writers of The Lost Generation (also called the writers of The Jazz Age, 1914-‐1929) such
as Hemingway, Steinbeck, Fitzgerald, and Faulkner. "The Harlem Renaissance" marks the rise of black
writers such as Baldwin and Ellison. Realism is the dominant fashion, but the disillusionment with the World
Wars lead to new experimentation.
H. POSTMODERN PERIOD (c. 1945 onward)

T. S. Eliot, Morrison, Shaw, Beckett, Stoppard, Fowles, Calvino, Ginsberg, Pynchon, and other modern
writers, poets, and playwrights experiment with metafiction and fragmented poetry. Multiculturalism leads to
increasing canonization of non-‐Caucasian writers such as Langston Hughes, Sandra Cisneros, and Zora Neal
Hurston. Magic Realists such as Gabriel García Márquez, Luis Borges, Alejo Carpentier, Günter Grass, and
Salman Rushdie flourish with surrealistic writings embroidered in the conventions of realism.
American Literature Periods
A. NATIVE AMERICAN
Much of the literature of this period is mythological. Most of Native American myths were written long
before Europeans settled in North America. Like most cultural myths, these myths examine the creation, the
nature of gods, and the natural world. Non-‐mythological writings of Native Americans often examine the
relationship between Native American society and early European settlers and, later, the effect of United
States’ political policies on Native American culture. N. Scott Momaday, Leslie Silko, and Louis Erdrich
are all contemporary Native American writers that utilize Native American themes and experiences in their
work.
B. PURITAIN (1472-1750)
Most of this is histories, journals, personal poems, sermons, and diaries. The literature is either utilitarian,
very personal, or religious: it focused on daily life, settlement, moral attitudes, and the authority of the Bible
and the Church. We call it Puritan because the majority of the writers during this period were strongly
influenced by Puritan ideals and values, especially the concept of predestination and sin. “Puritan” began as
an insult by traditional Anglicans to those who criticized or wished to "purify" the Church of England.
Jonathan Edwards, William Bradford, and Ann Bradstreet are authors of this period. This period still
influences American concepts about God, money, and America as the “promised land.”
C. ENLIGHTENMENT/REVOLUTIONARY (1750-1800)
Called the Enlightenment period due to the influence of science and logic, this period is marked in US
literature by political writings and diverged from the religious focus of the Puritain era. Genres included
political documents, speeches, and letters. There is a lack of emphasis and dependence on the Bible and more
use of common sense (logic) and science. Writings expanded the truths found in the Bible and did not
necessarily divorce from the idea of God and spirituality. The writings were often meant to explore the ideas
of liberty, patriotism, government, nationalism, and American character. Benjamin Franklin, Thomas
Jefferson, Patrick Henry, and Thomas Paine are all examples of authors of this period. The notions of liberty,
freedom, independence, and rights that were discussed and debated at this time are still part of the American
culture and political system.
D. ROMANTICISM (1800-1840)
Romanticism is a literary and artistic movement of the nineteenth century that arose in reaction against
eighteenth-‐century Neoclassicism and the political focus of the Enlightenment. Placing a premium on fancy,
imagination, emotion, nature, individuality, human intuition, and exotica, it moved from personal and
political documents to entertaining ones, which gave rise to short stories, poetry, and novels. Purely
American topics were introduced such as frontier life, manifest destiny, and individualism. Romantic
elements can be found in the works of American writers as diverse as Cooper, Poe, Thoreau, Emerson,
Dickinson, Hawthorne, and Melville. Romanticism is particularly evident in the works of the New England
Transcendentalists.
1. TRANSCENDENTALISM (1840-‐1855): Transcendentalism is an American literary and philosophical
movement of the nineteenth century. The Transcendentalists, who were based in New England,
believed that intuition and the individual conscience “transcend” experience and thus are better
guides to truth than are the senses and logical reason. Influenced by Romanticism, the
Transcendentalists respect the individual spirit and the natural world, believing that divinity is
present everywhere, in nature and in each person. The Transcendentalists include Ralph Waldo
Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Bronson Alcott, W.H. Channing, Margaret Fuller, and Elizabeth
Peabody. The anti-‐Transcendentalist (Hawthorne and Melville) rebelled against the philosophy that
man is basically good. A third group, the Fireside poets, wrote about more practical aspects of life
such as dying and patriotism.
2. GOTHIC: Writers like Poe and Hawthorne responded to the optimistic vision of the romantics with
a darker vision. The industrial revolution brought ideas that the "old ways" of doing things are now
irrelevant and out of this came the exploration of the supernatural, being at the mercy of forces
beyond human control, and the nature of good and evil. It is out of the gothic writers that the
contemporary genre of horror springs.
F. REALISM (1865-1915)
Realism is the presentation in art of the details of actual life. Realism began during the nineteenth century
and stressed the actual as opposed to the imagined or the fanciful. The Realists tried to write truthfully and
objectively about ordinary characters in ordinary situations. They reacted against Romanticism, rejecting
heroic, adventurous, unusual, or unfamiliar subjects. American realism grew from the work of local-‐color
writers such as Bret Harte and Sarah Orne Jewett and is evident in the writings of major figures such as
Mark Twain and Henry James.
1. NATURALISM: An outgrowth of Realism, Naturalism is a literary movement among novelists at the
end of the nineteenth century and during the early decades of the twentieth century. The Naturalists
tended to view people as hapless victims of immutable natural laws and the effects of heredity and
environment on people helpless to change their situations. Early exponents of Naturalism include
Stephen Crane, Jack London, and Theodore Dreiser.
2. REGIONALISM: Another outgrowth of Realism, Regionalism in literature is the tendency among
certain authors to write about specific geographical areas. Regional writers like Willa Cather and
William Faulkner, present the distinct culture of an area, including its speech, customs, beliefs, and
history. Local-‐color writing may be considered a type of Regionalism, but Regionalists, like the
southern writers of the 1920’s, usually go beyond mere presentation of cultural idiosyncrasies and
attempt, instead, a sophisticated sociological or anthropological treatment of the culture of a region.
G. MODERN (1915-‐1946)
The authors during this period raised all the great questions of life, but offered no answers. Because
Modernism came about during an age of disillusionment, confusion, and major societal change, this period
reacted to two world wars, the Great Depression, and African
American and Women suffrage. Writers often examined self-‐definition and new opportunity. In addition,
because of the emancipation of slaves in the late 19th century and the adoption of the 14th and 15th
amendments, race became a more pronounced aspect of literature: prejudice and stereotypes were often
explored, even if only with a minor character. Also, because of the women’s suffrage movement and the
adoption of the 19th amendment, gender roles were often explored. Faulkner, Steinbeck, Fitzgerald,
Hemingway, and Frost are all examples.
1. IMAGISM (1912-1927) Imagism was a literary movement that flourished between 1912 and 1927.
Led by Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell, the Imagist poets rejected nineteenth-‐century poetic forms
and language. Instead, they wrote short poems that used ordinary language and free verse to create
sharp, exact, concentrated pictures.
2. HARLEM RENAISSANCE. Part of the Modern Age, The Harlem Renaissance, which occurred during
the 1920’s, was a time of African American artistic creativity centered in Harlem, in New York City.
Writers of the Harlem Renaissance include Countee Cullen, Claude McKay, Jean Toomer, Langston
Hughes, and Arna Bontemps.
H. CONTEMPORARY (1946-present)
No clear philosophy identifies the present span of literature, but like the Modernist movement, often explores
personal experience and social change. Writers like J.D. Salinger, Beat Poet Jack Kerouac, John Updike,
Flannery O’Connor, Sylvia Plath, and Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. represent the span of contemporary styles and
works.
1. POST-‐MODERNISM: Writers of post-‐modernism often utilize absurd plots, lyrical style, elaborate
symbolism, and narrative digression or fragmentation. Notable Post-‐ modern writers include Toni
Morrison, Thomas Pynchon, Cormac McCarthy,

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NGEC 11 REVIEWER

Free zone as a function of art is for political change.

Humans have the basic instinct of harmony , balance and rhythm.

Art provides an unmotivated experience of one's self in relation to the universe.

Experience of a mysterious is unmotivated in nature.

Art can provide a hostile effect.

1. Florante at Laura was written by ___________. FRANCISCO BALAGTAS

4. ___________ was written by Wolfgang Von Geothe. FAUST

8. True Decalogue was written by ______________ APOLINARIO MABINI

9. _________ is a metrical tale written in octosyllabic quatrains. KORIDO

13. ___________ is a masterpiece written by Miguel de Cervantes. DON QUIXOTE

14. The Greek epic Odyssey was written by ____________ HOMER

16. __________ was written by Miguel Syjuco. ILUSTRADO

17. Liwanag at Dilim was written by ______________ EMILIO JACINTO

Lesson 1: The Nature of Arts & Humanities

Define Arts and Humanities

What is the arts and the humanities?

What is the purpose of the arts?

The Importance of Humanities

Insights Into Everything

Understanding Our World

Bringing Clarity to the Future

The Elements of Art

What are the seven elements of art?

Lesson 2: Literary Analysis

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to

How to Critique Literature

1 Conducting a Basic Critique for Beginners

2 Applying Advanced Critical Techniques

There are many ways to brainstorm, including:

3 Evaluating Literature as You Read

Setting—description of the surroundings.

Plot—events of the text.

Themes—what the narrator observes about human nature.

Lesson 3: Great Books/ Masterpieces of World and Philippine Literature

At the end of this lesson the students will be able to

The Emergence of Literature

Timelines in Philippine Literature

PERIODS OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (--BC to 1564)

1. Based on oral traditions

2. Crude on ideology and phraseology

a. Hele or oyayi – lullaby

d. Tagay (Cebuano and Waray) – drinking song.

e. Kanogan (Cebuano) – song of lamentation for the dead

4. Legends – explain the origin of things

Examples: Why the Pineapple Has Eyes

The Legend of Maria Makiling

5. Fables – used animal characters and allegory

Examples: Lam-ang (Ilocano) Hinilawod (Panay) Kudaman (Palawan) Darangen (Maranao)

II. SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD (1565 – 1863)

1. It has two distinct classifications: religious and secular.

2. It introduced Spanish as the medium of communication.

2. Secular (non-religious) Literature

c. Prose Narratives – written to prescribe proper decorum

III. NATIONALISTIC / PROPAGANDA AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD (1864 – 1896)

· Planted seeds of nationalism in Filipinos

· Language shifted from Spanish to Tagalog

· Addressed the masses instead of the “intelligentsia”

1. Propaganda Literature - Reformatory in objective

i.Diariong Tagalog – founded by Marcelo del Pilar

ii.La Solidaridad – whose editor-in-chief is Graciano Lopez-Jaena

a. Political Essays – helped inflame the spirit of revolution.