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ANSWERS
(2003-2008)
Answer To Score Chemistry Essay Question Answers
ANSWER
1 SPM 2004/P2/Q1(SECTION B)
b) 1. Atom X and atom Y will form ionic bond. The electron configuration of atom
X is 2.8.1 and the electron configuration of atom Y is 2.8.7.
2. To attain the stable electron configuration with 8 electrons in the valence
electron shell, atom X donates one electron to form a positive ion.
X X+ + e
3. Atom Y will receive the electron to form Y- ions, and attain the stable
electron configuration with 8 electrons in the valence electron shell.
Y + e Y-
+ -
4. The X ion will attract Y ion with strong electrostatic force and form an ionic
compound with the formula XY.
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c) The apparatus was set-up as shown in the diagrams below:
Figure (a)
For molten compound:
1. The crucible was filled with XY powder until 2/3 full.
2. The crucible with its content was then heated strongly untill all the XY powder
melts.
3. After that, two carbon electrodes, were dipped into the molten XY and the switch
was switched on.
4. The ammeter shows a reading when XY powder is melted.
Figure (b)
For aqueous solution:
1. Water was filled into the beaker.
2. The XY powder was added into the beaker and dissolved in the water.
3. After that, two carbon rods, acting as electrodes, were immersed into the
solution
of XY and the switch was switched on.
4. The bulb lights up.
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(b) 23 39 86
11 Na or 19 K or 37 Rb
(c) The atom consists of two parts: the centre part called nucleus and the outer part
called electron cloud.
The nucleus consists of 11 protons which are positively charged and 12 neutrons
are neutral. [ if answer in (b) is Na]
The electron cloud consists of 11 electrons which are negatively charged and
move around nucleus in orbits.
There is an electroststic force between nucleus and electrons.
11p + 12n
Na
(ii) 2
H
1
At time t1 – t2 :
5. element X is is in liquid ad gaseous state
6. some particles are closed to each other and some are far apart
7. the particle arrangement is not orderly
8. the kinetic energy is constant
At time t2 – t3 :
9. element X is in gaseous state
10. the particles are far away
11. the particle arrangement are not orderly
12. the kinetic energy is increases
1 SPM 2006/P2/Q8(SECTION B)
c) Less reactive
ii) Part G
Chlorine gas will react with iron wool to produce iron (III) chloride solid.
2Fe(s) + 3Cl2(g) 2FeCl3(s)
Part H
The excess chlorine gas will flow into sodium hydroxide solution to produce
sodium chloride, sodium chlorate (I) and water.
Cl2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + NaOCl(aq) + H2O(l)
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1 SPM 2008/P3/Q2
a) Aim of the experiment :
When going down Group 1, alkali metals become more reactive in their reaction
with water.
f) Tabulation of data:
Lithium
Sodium
Potassium
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1 SPM 2004/P2/Q1(SECTION B)
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c) The apparatus was set-up as shown in the diagrams below:
Figure (a)
For molten compound:
5. The crucible was filled with XY powder until 2/3 full.
6. The crucible with its content was then heated strongly untill all the XY powder
melts.
7. After that, two carbon electrodes, were dipped into the molten XY and the switch
was switched on.
8. The ammeter shows a reading when XY powder is melted.
Figure (b)
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2 SPM 2005/P2/Q10(SECTION C)
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F4 Chapter 6 Electrochemistry
F5 Chapter 3 Oxidation & Reduction
At cathode:
Cu2+ + 2e → Cu Cu2+ + 2e → Cu
Observation At anode:
Copper dissolves. Zinc dissolves.
At cathode:
Brown solid forms. Brown solid forms.
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At anode:
Ag → Ag+ + e
At cathode:
Ag+ + e → Ag
Observation:
At anode:
Silver dissolves.
At cathode:
Shiny solid forms.
In Experiment II,
Q is oxidised.
Electrons flow from Q to Fe because Q is more electropositive than Fe.
Water and oxygen receive electrons to form OH- ions.
The pink spots show the presence of OH- ions.
(ii) Q, iron, P
(c)
Salt Solution W X Y Z
Metal
W √ √ √
X X √ √
Y X X √
Z X X X
√ = Metal deposited X = No deposit
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Observation:
For metal W:
Metal deposition occur when metal W is immersed into salt solutions of X, Y and
Z.
Therefore, W is the most electropositive.
For metal Z:
No metal deposition when metal Z is immersed into salt solutions of W, X and Y.
Therefore, Z is the least electropositive.
For metal X:
There is metal deposition when metal X is immersed into salt solutions of Y and
Z.
There is no metal deposition when metal X is immersed into salt solution of W.
Therefore, X is more electropositive than Y and Z.
For metal Y:
There is metal deposition when metal Y is immersed into salt solution of Z.
No metal deposition occur when metal Y is immersed into salt solutions of W
and X.
Therefore, Y is more electropositive than Z.
Descending order: W, X, Y, Z
3 SPM 2005/P2/Q9
(a) The iron key can be electroplated with nickel by electrolysis.
The iron key is made the cathode.
Nickel is made the anode.
Nickel(II) sulphate is used as the electrolyte.
(b)
Ions present in sodium chloride solution are Na+ , Cl- , H+ , OH- ions.
Na+ and H+ ions are attracted to the cathode.
Cl- and OH- ions are attracted to the anode.
At the cathode, H+ ions are selected to be discharged because it is lower than
Na+ ions in the electrochemical series.
Hydrogen gas is produced at he cathode.
At the anode, OH- ions are selected to be discharged because it is llower than
Cl- ions in the electrochemical series.
Oxygen gas is produced at the anode.
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(c)
4 SPM 2006/P2/Q7
Oxidation number of Cu = +2
(iii) Copper exhibits more than one oxidation number. Therefore the roman
number is used in naming copper(II) oxide.
This is not required to name aluminium oxide because aluminium only
exhibits one oxidation number.
(iii) At positive terminal, MnO4- ions receive electrons and are reduced to Mn2+
ions.
At the negative terminal, Fe2+ ions donate electrons and are oxidised to
Fe3+ ions.
The purple colour of potassium manganate(VII) solution fades.
The green colour of iron(II) sulphate solution to brown.
5 SPM 2006/P2/Q10
At cathode: Na+ + e → Na
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(c)
6 SPM 2008/P2/Q8
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7 SPM 2008/P2/Q9
(a) M is sodium.
[Alternate Answer: any other Group 1 metals]
(b)
X is copper.
[Alternate Answer: any other metal less electropositive than iron.
Y is magnesium.
[Alternate Answer: aluminium or zinc]
Fe2+ Fe3+
Halogen is bromine.
Add bromine water to a solution containing Fe2+.
Shake the mixture.
Add sodium hydroxide solution.
Brown precipitate is formed.
8 SPM 2007/P3/Q2
(iii) Hypothesis:
The further apart the distance between two metals in the electrochemical
series, the higher the voltage produced.
(iv) Materials:
iron, zinc, magnesium, copper and aluminium strips; copper(II) sulphate
solution
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Apparatus:
voltmeter, beaker, sand paper and connecting wires
(v) Procedure:
1. A beaker is filled with copper(II) sulphate solution.
2. The copper and magnesium strips are cleaned with sand paper.
3. The strips are immersed into the solution and connected by wires
to a voltmeter.
4. The reading of the voltmeter is recorded.
5. Steps 1 - 4 are repeated with zinc, iron and aluminium.
heat
A colourless solution is formed
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- Measure required volume (50 -100 cm3) of molarity(0.5 - 1.0 mol dm-3)
- magnesium sulphate solution by using a measuring cylinder and poured into a
beaker
- Measure required volume (50 -100 cm3)of molarity(0.5 – 1.0 mol dm-3)
potassium carbonate solution by using a measuring cylinder and poured into
another beaker
- Mix the two solutions and a white precipitate ,magnesium carbonate,(MgCO3)
is formed
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2005/P2/Q8/SECTION B
2 (a) - Hydrochloric acid(strong acid) ionises completely in water to produce a high
concentration of hydrogen ions
- if the concentration of H+ ions is high, the pH value is low
- Ethanoic acid (weak acid) ionises partially in water to produce low
concentration of hydrogen ions
- If the concentration of H+ ions is high, the pH value is high
2007/P2/Q7/SECTION B
3 (a) (i) Soluble salt Insoluble salt
Potassium sulphate, K2SO4 Lead(II) sulphate, PbSO4
Zinc sulphate, ZnSO4
(ii)
lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 or lead(II) ethanoate(CH3COO)2Pb and
sodium sulphate or potassium sulphate or all soluble sulphate salt
(b) The crystallisation method for preparing a soluble salt from its aqueous solution;-
Filter the solution to remove impurities and pour the filtrate into an
evaporating dish
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2008/P2/Q10/SECTION C
4 (a)
Acid A Acid B
Hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid or ethanoic acid or phosphoric acid
nitric acid
Strong acid weak acid
Ionises completely in water Ionises partially in water
HCl → H+ + Cl- CH3COOH ↔ CH3COO- + H+
Concentration of H+ is high Concentration of H+ is low
Apparatus: beakers, filter funnel , retort stand, measuring cylinder, glass rod
Materials : lead(II) nitrate solution (1.0 – 2.0 mol dm-3), sodium sulphate solution or
any soluble sulphates (0.5 – 1.0 mol dm-3) or (0.5 – 1.0 mol dm-3)
sulphuric acid, filter paper, wash bottle
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Question 1 2004/P2/Section C Q3
(b) [Please refer to the pictorial diagram in the text book. page 155 for a more detailed
answer]
Source:
Sulphur dioxide gas (or toxic waste) is produced in the factories (or due to the
burning of sulphur in the factories).
Process:
Sulphur dioxide dissolves in the rain water to form acid rain.
Rain water (or toxic waste) from the factories were channeled into rivers.
Effect:
1. Acid rain reduces the pH of the soil (or toxic waste poison the soil).
2. Consequently the nutrients in the soils are destroyed.
3. Plants, roots of tree and fishes in the rivers die.
4. Acid rain and acidic river causes corrosion of buildings and bridges.
5. Quality of air decreases.
(c) Apparatus: one kilogram weight, metre rule, retort stand and clamp
Materials: copper block, bronze block, cellophane tape, thread, steel ball.
Procedure
1. A steel ball is stuck onto a copper block by cellophane tape.
2. A weight is hung at a height of 100 cm above the steel ball.
3. The weight is dropped from 100 cm.
4. A dent is formed on the cooper block and its diameter is measured and recorded.
5. Step 1 to step 4 is repeated by replacing the copper block with the bronze block.
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Observation :
It is found that the diameter of the dent in the copper block is larger than that of
bronze.
[Explaining the difference in hardness in terms of atomic arrangement.]
1. The arrangement of atoms in the copper block is uniform (or orderly)
2. The orderly arrangement of atoms in pure metals enables the layers of atoms to slide
on one another when a force is applied.
3. Tin atom which is of different size disturb the orderly arrangement.
4. Hence this reduces sliding between layers of copper atoms.
Question 2 2003/P3/Q3
Answer on laboratory experiment based on the property hardness
(ii) Hypothesis
Steel is harder than iron. (or Dent formed in steel has a smaller diameter while dent
formed on iron has a bigger diameter.)
(iv) Procedure
Please refer to Form 4 Chemistry Practical Book page 148 for the procedure and
diagram
Note:
A two dimensional diagram should be drawn (not a 3-D diagram)
Replace the words ‘copper’ and ‘bronze’ (in the practical text book) with the words
‘iron’ and ‘steel’ respectively.
(ii) Hypothesis
Iron has a higher rate of rusting compared to that of steel. (or Iron is less resistance to
rust while steel has a higher resistance to rust.)
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(iv) Procedure
Please refer to Form 4 Chemistry Practical Book page 151 for the procedure and
diagram
Note:
In the practical text book, three types of iron nails were suggested to be used in the
experiment. In this question, we need only to use iron nail and steel nail. Hence to
answer this question, modify the text book procedure by ignoring the use of
stainless nail.
Question 3 2005/P3/Q3
[Answer for Task 1]
(i) Statement of the problem
Are alloys harder than its pure metal? (Is alloying of metal increases its hardness?)
1. SPM 2003/P2/Q1(SECTION B)
(ii)
199.2
Experiment II
Experiment I
Time/s
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= 0.015 mol
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
(ii)
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(b) (i) Experiment I
Experiment II
4. SPM 2005/P3/Q3
(i) Statements of problem :
Does the increase in concentration of acid will increase the rate of reaction?
(iv) Procedure :
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Propan-1-ol Propan-2-ol
(b) (i)
85.7
No. of mol of carbon atom = 12 = 7.083
14.3
No. of mol of hydrogen atom = 1 = 14.1
(ii)
(iii) Propene
(iv) CnH2n
Question 2 2007/P2/Q9
(a) (i)
Homologous
General formula Functional group Member
series
Alkene CnH2n Carbon – carbon Ethene
double bonds
(or C = C)
Alcohol CnH2n+1OH Hydroxyl group Ethanol
(or –OH )
Carboxylic CnH2n+1COOH Carboxyl group Ethanoic acid
acid (or COOH)
Question 3 2004/P3/Q3
(a) Aim
To prepare two different types of ester using the same carboxylic acid with different
alcohols and describe their scents.
(b) Hypothesis
Different alcohol produces different ester.
(c) Substances
Methanol, ethanol, butanoic acid, concentrated sulphuric acid.
Apparatus
Measuring cylinder, test tubes, beakers, round bottom flask, Bunsen burner, dropper,
retort stand, test tube holder, condenser Liebig
(d) Procedure
1. Using a measuring cylinder, 25 cm3 of methanol and 50 cm3 of butanoic acid is
separately measured and poured into a round bottom flask.
2. The mixture is then stirred.
3. Using a dropper, 10 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid is added and the
apparatus is set up for reflux.
4. The mixture is then heated under reflux.
5. Ester is collected in a conical flask, smelled and its scent recorded.
6. Step 1 to step 5 is repeated by replacing methanol with ethanol while butanoic acid
is used in both experiments.
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Question 4 2006/P3/Q2
(a) Aim of experiment
To compare the elasticity of vulcanized and unvulcanized rubber.
(d) Substances
Vulcanized rubber strip, unvulcanized rubber strip
Apparatus
Retort stand and clamps, Bulldog clips, metre rule, 50 g weight
(e) Procedure
[Please refer to Practical chemistry book page 63 for complete diagram and
procedure.]
CHAPTER 4 : THERMOCHEMISTRY
No essay question in this chapter
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Mechanical agitation during scrubbing helps pull the oily stains free and
break the oily stains into small droplets
The droplets do not coagulate and redeposit on the surface of the socks
due to the repulsion between the negative charges on the surface
The droplets are suspended in water forming an emulsion
Rinsing washes away these droplets and leaves the surface clean
2 SPM 2008/P2/Q7
a) 1. Ethyl butanoate is used as a flavouring agent
2. Sucrose is used as a flavouring agent
3. Citric acid is used as an antioxidant
4. Gelatin is used to thicken food
5. Sodium benzoate is used to slow down or prevent the growth of microorganism
b) The medicine prescribed to Aida is an analgesic. An analgesic is a medicine used
to relieve pain. Some of the common examples are aspirin, paracetamol and
codeine. Paracetamol is prescribed to Aida. It must be taken at the
recommended dose.
The medicine prescribe to May Ling is antibiotic. Antibiotics are used to kill or
slow down the growth of bacteria. Some of the common examples of antibiotics are
penicillin and streptomycin. May Ling must take the full course of the antibiotic
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prescribed.
1. Both the cleaning agents A and B are effective in soft water. Soft water
does not contains calcium and magnesium ions.
2. Both are dissolves in soft water.
3. They are able to lower the surface tension of water. The water wets the
surface of the cloth thoroughly.
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