Journal of Critical Reviews

ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 13, 2020

HEAT ANALYSIS OF PALM OIL MESOCARP BRICK (FIBER ELAEIS GUINEENSIS JACQ)
USING ADHESIVES FROM TAPIOCA, SAGU, ARPUS
Istianto Budhi Rahardja1*, Dany Farras Aji1, Sukarman2, Nana Rahdiana3, Khoirudin4, Safril5, Anwar
Ilmar Ramadhan6
1Plantation Products Processing Technology Department, Politeknik Kelapa Sawit Citra Widya Edukasi, Bekasi, Indonesia
2Mechanical Engineering Department, Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Wastukancana,

Purwakarta, Indonesia
3Industrial Engineering Department, Universitas Buana Perjuangan Karawang,

Karawang, Indonesia
4Mechanical Engineering Department, Universitas Buana Perjuangan Karawang,

Karawang, Indonesia
5Department of Automotive Industrial Engineering, Politeknik STMI Jakarta, Ministry of Industry, Republic of Indonesia,

Jakarta, Indonesia
6Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
*Corresponding author email: istianto.rahardja@gmail.com

Received: 19.04.2020 Revised: 21.05.2020 Accepted: 16.06.2020

Abstract
Briquette is charcoal which is further processed into solid form with the aim of having a more attractive appearance and packaging,
which is used for daily alternative energy as a substitute for kerosene and LPG. In this study, the manufacture of briquettes uses three
types of adhesives, namely: tapioca flour, sago, and arpus. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the type of adhesive
used on oil palm fiber briquettes to determine the effect of the type of adhesive on oil palm fiber briquettes on the burning time. The
results show that the use of adhesive types on oil palm fiber briquettes affects density, combustion rate, heat value, and ash content. For
the type of tapioca adhesive 15% composition has the highest average density of 0.198 gram / cm 3, the highest average combustion rate
for the type of tapioca flour adhesive is 20%, i.e. 0.0021 gram / second, the highest average heating value for the composition of arpus
adhesive 10%, and the lowest average ash content of the composition of arpus adhesive 10% by 16.8%.

Keywords: brick, palm fiber, adhesive type

©2020byAdvance Scientific Research. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.13.162

INTRODUCTION
Energy is the main driver of the national economic wheel. Energy
consumption continues to increase following the demands of
various development sectors (Patabang, et al., 2012, Hudaya, et
al, 2015, Syawaluddin, et al, 2019, Abdullah, et al., 2020). The
current energy needs are met by fossil energy resources such as
petroleum, gas and coal. Some of the non-renewable energy the
existence of fossil resources will someday run out (Rahardja, et
al., 2018, Syawaluddin, et al, 2017). Therefore alternative energy
sources that we can make alternatives are plant fibers as raw
materials whose planting does not take up the area of forest land
and does not take over the raw materials that have been used as
food. Biomass is renewable energy that can be used as a solid,
liquid and gas fuel, and currently the process of gasification and
liqualification as well as direct combustion is the most widely
used biomass technology (Ismayana, et al., 2012). The direct
combustion process is the simplest and most widely used
technology, especially in developing countries. The use of
biomass as an energy source can reduce the burden of pollution
such as global warming resulting from the use of fossil energy as
a result of the production of CO2 gas in the combustion process.
CO2 gas production from the biomass combustion process is the
same amount of CO2 gas absorbed by plants so it does not cause
global warming (Embrandiri, et al., 2012). The palm oil industry
is one of the plantation industries that is experiencing growth. At
the end of 2000 the area of oil palm plantations in Indonesia
reached 4,158,077 Ha, then increased to 7,363,847 Ha in 2008 or
in other words the growth of oil palm area was around 77.1% in
the last 8 years. Palm oil production in Indonesia, in 2000
reached 7,000,508 tons to 17,539,788 tons in 2008 or the
percentage of production over the past 8 years reached 150%
(Lee, et al., 2013, Rahardja, et al., 2019). Along with the increase
in oil palm production, the emergence of the use of oil palm
empty fruit bunches fiber problems in the form of an increase in
the amount of waste produced. One of the strategies for
processing palm oil waste is through the use of such waste so as
to increase its added value (Rahardja, et al., 2019).
Charcoal briquettes are charcoal that is further processed into
briquettes in order to make the appearance and packaging more
attractive which can be used for daily alternative energy needs as
a substitute for kerosene and LPG (Papilo, 2014). Charcoal
briquettes have many advantages, that is, if they are packaged
attractively, they will have more economic value than charcoal in
traditional markets, briquettes have higher heat, odorless, clean,
and durable. Charcoal briquettes are solid fuels that can ignite for
a long time (Thoha, et al., 2010, Tobing, 2007).
There are two ways in making briquettes, namely low pressure
by using binder clay, bentonite, and Yucca Starch and high
pressure without binder. The effect of the type of adhesive on the
manufacture of coal briquettes using the type of tapioca
adhesive, which is treated with each percentage of adhesive is
5% and 7%. The result is the use of 5% and 7% tapioca adhesive
can ignite during the flame test with a burning time of 45
minutes and 30 minutes is the best treatment, because it gives a
good appearance and there is no cracking results in each given
moisture content. The duration of ignition will be affected by the
number of types of adhesives used. The more types of adhesives
are added, the shorter the combustion time (Sasidharan, et al.,
2010). Research shows the heating value of briquettes without
binder and high pressure has a higher heating value (13800 MJ /
kg) compared to briquettes that use binder. This shows that the
addition of adhesive reduces the heating value of the briquettes.
The higher the specific gravity of the adhesive, the higher the

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HEAT ANALYSIS OF PALM OIL MESOCARP BRICK (FIBER ELAEIS GUINEENSIS JACQ) USING ADHESIVES FROM TAPIOCA,
SAGU, ARPUS

density of the charcoal briquettes, too. The resulting density is

between 0.45 - 1.03 g/cm3 and the heating value is between 7290
- 7456 cal/g (Onoja, et al., 2018, Saba, et al., 2017).
In this study, the manufacture of briquettes used three types of
adhesives, namely tapioca flour, sago, and arpus. In accordance
with the problems faced, the purpose of this study is to
determine the effect of the physical properties of the adhesive
used on oil palm fiber briquettes and determine the effect of the
type of adhesive on oil palm fiber briquettes on the burning time.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Palm Fiber
Fiber is a form of solid fuel fibers in the processing at the Palm
Oil Mill (PMKS). If it has undergone a processing process, then
the light brown fiber, this fiber is found in the second part of the
oil palm fruit after the skin of the oil palm fruit. The brown palm
oil fiber in processing is caused by the PMKS process, starting
from the boiling process which can cause discoloration. Fiber will
be obtained when passing through the process of separating the
nut and fiber pneumatically which is carried out at the kernel
recovery station (Pahan, 2006). In fiber there are content such as
potassium (K) of 9.2%, sodium (Na) of 0.5%, calcium (Ca) 4.9%,
chlorine (Cl) of 2.5%, carbonate (CO3) of 2.6%, nitrogen (N)
0.04% phosphate (P) 1.4% and silica (SiO2) 59.1%. This fiber fuel
after undergoing the combustion process will turn into charcoal,
then the charcoal in the presence of air in the kitchen will fly as
the size of small particles called incandescent particles (Aniani,
2015).
(1)
Combustion Rate
Combustion is a reaction or chemical change when combustible
material reacts with oxygen or other exothermic substances.
Problems associated with burning agricultural waste are water
content, bulk density, ash content and volatile matter levels. High
water content can complicate ignition and reduce combustion
temperatures. High levels of volatile matter in agricultural waste
indicate that agricultural waste is flammable and combustible,
although burning is faster and difficult to control (Himawanto,
2003). The factors that influence combustion of solid materials
include the following:
1. Particle size smaller particles will burn faster.
2. The air flow velocity of the bio briquette combustion rate
will increase with the increase in air flow velocity and
temperature rise.
3. The type of fuel will determine the characteristics of the fuel,
where the characteristics include volatile matter content and
moisture content.
4. Increase in combustion air temperature causes shorter
combustion time.

Briquette Making (2)

Charcoal briquettes are solid fuels that can be used as alternative
energy sources that have certain forms (Rahardja, et al., 2019. Heat Value
The purpose of making briquettes is to improve the quality of The heating value of a fuel is the amount of heat produced or
biomass as fuel, simplify handling and transportation and reduce generated by a gram of fuel by increasing the temperature of 1
loss of material in the form of dust in the transportation process. gram of water from 3.5oC - 4.50oC, with units of calories. In other
Carbonization / combining is an extreme pyrolysis process, words, the heating value is the amount of heat obtained from
where incomplete combustion takes place with limited oxygen burning a certain amount of fuel. The higher the specific gravity
and only leaves carbon as residue (Papilo, 2014). In general, the of the fuel, the higher the heat value it gets (Hudaya, et al., 2015).
stages of the process of making briquettes are:
The formula for obtaining calorific value (Thoha, et al., 2010):
1. Crushing is crushing briquette raw material to get a certain
grain size.
2. Mixing is mixing the raw material of briquettes with a
(3)
blender at a certain composition to get a homogeneous
mixture.
Ash Content
3. Printing is printing briquette dough to get a certain shape
Ash is the material left over from organic matter burning to a
according to your wishes.
constant weight. Ash content is proportional to the weight
4. Drying is the process of drying briquettes by using hot air at
content of inorganic substances in organic matter. Ash as the
a certain temperature to reduce the water content of the
remaining amount after organic matter is burned, the main
briquettes.
components of which are minerals, calcium, potassium,
5. Packing / packing is the packaging of briquette products in
magnesium and silica. Ash contained in solid fuels is non-
accordance with specified quality and quantity
combustible minerals that remain after the combustion process
specifications.
or the accompanying reactions are complete. Ash plays a role in
reducing the quality of fuel because it reduces the calorific value
Density Value
(Thoha, et al., 2010).
Density value is the ratio between weight and volume of
briquettes. The size of the density is influenced by the size and
homogeneity of the briquette compilers. The smaller particle size
can expand the bonding plane, thereby increasing the briquette
density. The difference in the type of adhesive greatly affects the
(4)
value of the density of the charcoal briquettes produced. Raw
materials that have high density will produce charcoal briquettes
Adhesive
with high density, while raw materials that have low density will
Giving adhesive is to attract water and form a dense texture or
produce charcoal berries with low density. The formula looks for
combine between two substrates to be bonded. The selection and
density values (Lee, et al, 2013):
use of adhesives are based on several things including having
good absorption of water, the price is relatively cheap and easily
obtained. Adhesive strength is influenced by the nature of the
adhesive, the tools and the adhesion techniques used. Maturation

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SAGU, ARPUS
of the adhesive will produce good adhesive strength
accompanied by sufficient pressure. Giving pressure in addition
to providing good adhesive strength, it also flattens the adhesive
material on the surface of the material and inserts the adhesive
into its pores (Patabang, 2012).
Types of raw materials commonly used as a binder for
briquetting, namely:
Inorganic Binder
Inorganic binder can maintain the resistance of the briquettes
during the combustion process so that the basic fuel permeability
is not disturbed. This inorganic binder has the disadvantage of
the addition of ash from the binder so that it can inhibit
combustion and reduce the heating value. Examples of inorganic
binders include cement, clay, and sodium silicate (Embrandiri, et
al, 2012).
Organic Binder
Organic binders produce relatively little ash after burning
briquettes and are generally effective adhesives. Examples of
organic binders include starch, tar, asphalt, starch, molasses and
paraffin.
The organic adhesives that are generally used in making
briquettes, namely (Sukandarrumidi, 2009):
Fig. 1. Research flowchart
The research step by step are:
Preparation of sample
1. Cleaning and drying. Palm oil is cleaned from the dirt that
follows. Drain palm oil fiber under sun for 2 days.
2. Coal making. Burn the charcoal with a drum at a
temperature of 150 - 200oC for 2 hours until it becomes
charcoal.
3. Suction. The resulting fiber was refined using a filter and
then filtered using a 60 mesh filter.
4. Mixing. Coated charcoal then weighed 200 grams for each
type of adhesive. Tapioca, sago and arpus flour are weighed
10 grams, 15 grams, and 20 grams. The tapioca flour and
sago are mixed with water in a 1: 1 ratio, then heated while
stirring to obtain a sticky paste. The arpus is heated in a
container until it melts and stirs to make it homogeneous.
They were then mixed with the adhesive they were made,
Journal of critical reviews
Tapioca Flour
In making bio briquettes, it is necessary to use adhesives or
binders to glue the particles of substances in the raw material
(biomass) in the process of making briquettes. Tapioca flour is
one type of organic adhesive and is generally an effective
adhesive. Tapioca flour adhesive was chosen because it is cheap
and easy to obtain.
Sago Aren
Sago Aren is one of the organic binders in addition to Tapioca
flour, Sago Aren has high levels of carbohydrate and its
availability is quite abundant, especially in areas that have a
sugar palm plantation business. As a source of carbohydrates,
Sago Aren also has starch from amylose and amylopectin which
makes it able to bind carbon-carbon in charcoal briquettes like
Tapioca.
Arpus
Siongka or also known as gondorukem or arpus is the result of
the sap from pine trunks that are tapped and processed / refined.
Siongka's form is solid, hard lumps like rock sugar. Siongka's
uses include plaster softeners, eyeshadow mixtures, eyelash
amplifiers, as color adhesives in the printing and ink industry,
and are also used as a mixture for tin solder.
RESEARCH METHOD
Research methods carried out in stages can be seen in Figure 1.
so that a mixture of charcoal powder with each adhesive
was obtained at the percentages of 10%, 15%, and 20%,
respectively. The dough mixture is then homogenized by
stirring repeatedly, until ready to be molded into
briquettes.
5. Printing. The resulting dough of charcoal dough with each
type of adhesive was then molded into briquettes using a
sponge molded diameter of 2.54 cm and 3 cm high. Charcoal
dough was added to the mold, then fried with a large
briquette pressure binder. After that, the lock is unlocked so
that the adapter is free of mold and ready to be removed.
Then dry it by soaking it in direct sunlight for 2 days.
Testing
Density
The sample is first measured by its dimension, which is the
diameter and height of the sample. Samples were weighed
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HEAT ANALYSIS OF PALM OIL MESOCARP BRICK (FIBER ELAEIS GUINEENSIS JACQ) USING ADHESIVES FROM TAPIOCA,
SAGU, ARPUS
individually in the cups using weights to find the sample weight.
Calculate the density of the sample using the following formula
(Masturin, 2002):
(1)
Heat Value
Prepare 100 grams of water in a beaker. Measure the water
temperature using a thermometer and make sure the water
temperature is 30oC. Prepare the burner for a sample and place a
beaker glass containing water along with the thermometer.
Samples that were measured in dimension then were placed at
the burning site. Turn on the sample that has been placed.
Measure the highest temperature of the water in the beaker.
Calculating the value of a calorie using a formula (Yuwono,
2009):
(2)
Burning rate
Prepare the burner for a sample and place a beaker glass
containing water along with the thermometer. Samples that were
Fig. 2. Drying Oil Palm Fiber
Making Charcoal
The raw material of palm fiber is made of charcoal by using a
modified pyrolysis tool made from used drums. Modified drum
furnace consists of three parts, namely for combining raw
materials from the body of the drum for combustion, the lid of
the upper furnace that functions as a place for entry of raw
Fig. 3. Simple Pyrolysis Tool
Siege
Charcoal from the process of making charcoal from palm fiber
fiber raw materials, then crushed with a refiner that serves to get
small particles to be filtered by using a mesh filter with a mesh
Journal of critical reviews
measured in dimension then were placed at the burning site.
Turn on the sample already in place. Measure the time from the
start of the burn until all parts of the sample become ashes.
Calculating the rate of combustion using the following formula
(Masturin, 2002):
(3)
d. Rate of ash. The cleaned cup in the dry position is weighed
first. Samples that have become ash are then weighed.
Calculating the rate of ash (%) with sediment (Yuwono, 2009):
(4)
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Making Process
Drying
The raw material for palm oil fiber must be carried out by the
drying process using hot air or solar heat for 2 days on the raw
material. This is done to reduce the water content of the raw
material for palm oil fiber so that the carbonization process or
the process of making charcoal perfectly.
materials for charcoal and chimney drum. Lighted by burning it
using a gas stove. After the raw material is lit, the temperature at
the time of coking is around 150oC-200oC for 1 hour. After 1 hour,
raw materials that have become charcoal, then removed.
size of 60. Charcoal powder that passes entirely used as raw
material in the manufacture of charcoal briquettes.
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SAGU, ARPUS

Kneading
Charcoal that has gone through the flouring process is then
weighed as much as 100 grams for each type of adhesive. For the
manufacture of adhesives using Tapioca flour, Sago and arpus
weighed as much as 10 grams, 15 grams and 20 grams. For this
type of tapioca and Sago flour adhesives, they are mixed with
water in a ratio of 1: 1, then heated while stirring to get a sticky
paste. For this type of arpus adhesive is heated in a container
until it melts while stirring to make it homogeneous. Then each
mixed with adhesives that have been made, to obtain a mixture
of charcoal powder with the respective tools with a percentage of
10%, 15%, and 20%, the mixture is in the form of dough and then
homogeneous by stirring repeatedly, until ready to be printed
into briquettes.
Printing
The results of the charcoal flour dough with each type of
adhesive are then molded into briquettes using a pipe mold with
a diameter of 2.54 cm and a height of 3 cm. The charcoal flour
dough is put into a mold, then pressed with a briquette press
with a large pressure until solid. After that, the lock is opened so
that the press releases from the mold and is ready to be removed.
Then do the drying by drying in the direct sun for several 2 days.
Testing Results
Density
From the test results show that the differences of each type of
adhesive and the percentage of adhesive as follows:

Table 1. Density Testing Results

Diameter High Volume Mass Density
Adhesive Samples
(cm) (cm) (cm3) (gram) (gram/cm3)
1 2.130 1.840 26.212 4.30 0.164
2 1.810 1.800 18.517 3.30 0.178
Tapioca 10% 3 1.750 1.800 17.309 3.05 0.176
4 1.720 1.780 16.535 3.41 0.206
5 1.815 1.840 19.033 3.91 0.205
Average 1.845 1.812 19.521 3.59 0.184
1 1.780 1.715 17.062 3.36 0.197
2 1.965 1.900 23.036 4.02 0.175
Tapioca 15% 3 1.965 1.760 21.339 4.13 0.194
4 1.745 1.805 17.258 3.60 0.209
5 1.600 1.805 14.509 3.40 0.234
Average 1.811 1.797 18.640 3.70 0.198
1 1.885 1.840 20.529 3.87 0.189
2 1.995 1.800 22.495 4.02 0.179
Tapioca 20% 3 1.940 1.850 21.863 3.78 0.173
4 1.830 1.850 19.454 3.86 0.198
5 2.000 1.850 23.236 3.97 0.171
Average 1.930 1.838 21.515 3.90 0.181
1 1.730 1.860 17.480 3.51 0.201
2 1.820 1.905 19.814 3.75 0.189
Sago 10% 3 1.920 1.800 20.836 3.68 0.177
4 2.100 1.820 25.202 3.76 0.149
5 1.805 1.730 17.698 3.46 0.195
Average 1.875 1.823 20.205 3.63 0.179
1 1.890 1.800 20.190 3.06 0.152
2 1.700 1.815 16.470 3.05 0.185
Sago 15% 3 1.795 1.960 19.830 3.41 0.172
4 1.880 1.820 20.198 3.64 0.180
5 1.985 1.980 24.497 3.38 0.138
Average 1.850 1.875 20.237 3.31 0.163

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SAGU, ARPUS

Diameter High Volume Mass Density

Adhesive Samples
(cm) (cm) (cm3) (gram) (gram/cm3)
1 1.700 1.760 15.971 2.95 0.185
2 1.740 1.810 17.207 3.09 0.180
Sago 20% 3 1.730 2.100 19.735 2.96 0.150
4 1.850 1.810 19.451 3.07 0.158
5 1.860 1.830 19.880 3.46 0.174
Average 1.776 1.862 18.448 3.11 0.168
1 1.940 1.800 21.272 3.04 0.143
2 2.065 1.830 24.503 3.71 0.151
Arpus 10% 3 1.950 1.840 21.969 3.21 0.146
4 1.705 1.805 16.476 2.93 0178
5 1.940 1.770 20.917 3.53 0.169
Average 1.920 1.809 21.027 3.28 0.156
1 1.705 1.820 16.613 3.07 0.185
2 1.800 1.850 18.821 3.43 0.182
Arpus 15% 3 2.100 1.800 24.925 3.79 0.152
4 1.550 1.845 13.918 2.88 0.207
5 1.940 1.800 21.272 3.73 0.175
Average 1.819 1.823 19.110 3.38 0.176
1 1.850 1.800 19.344 3.82 0.197
2 1.830 1.830 19.243 3.90 0.203
Arpus 20% 3 2.060 1.800 23.985 3.52 0.147
4 1.860 1.850 20.097 3.37 0.168
5 1.950 1.845 22.029 3.57 0.162
Average 1.910 1.825 20.939 3.64 0.173

Data from the test results showed that the lowest mass type of of Tapioca adhesive with a composition of 15% with an average
arpus adhesive with a composition of 10% with an average density of 0.198 (gram / cm3).
density of 0.156 (gram / cm3) and the highest density of the type

Density (gram/cm3)
0.205 0.198
0.200
0.195
0.190 0.184
0.179 0.181
0.185 0.176
0.180 0.173
0.175 0.168
0.170 0.163
0.165 0.156
0.160
0.155
0.150
10% 15% 20%

Tapioka Sagu Arpus

Fig. 4. Graph Average Effect of Adhesive Type on Briquette Density

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HEAT ANALYSIS OF PALM OIL MESOCARP BRICK (FIBER ELAEIS GUINEENSIS JACQ) USING ADHESIVES FROM TAPIOCA,
SAGU, ARPUS

Different types of adhesives affect the density value of the
resulting briquettes. The type of adhesive that has a high density
will produce charcoal briquettes with high density, while the
type of adhesive that has a low density will produce charcoal
briquettes with a low density as well. The density of briquettes is
also influenced by the volume of the briquettes where briquettes
that have low volumes will produce low densities while
briquettes that have high volumes will also produce
high volumes.

Combustion Rate
The rate of combustion that occurs from oil palm fiber briquette material with some adhesive can be seen in the table below.

Table 2. Combustion Rate Test Results

Mass Time Rate of Combustion
Adhesive Sample
(gram) (sec) (gram/sec)

1 4.30 2889 0.0015

2 3.30 2765 0.0012
Tapioca 10% 3 3.05 2731 0.0011
4 3.41 2679 0.0013
5 3.91 2944 0.0013
Average 3.59 2802 0.0013
1 3.36 2196 0.0015
2 4.02 1801 0.0022
Tapioca 15% 3 4.13 1815 0.0023
4 3.60 2167 0.0017
5 3.40 1874 0.0018
Average 3.70 1971 0.0019
1 3.87 1733 0.0022
2 4.02 2017 0.0020
Tapioca 20% 3 3.78 1839 0.0021
4 3.86 1797 0.0021
5 3.97 1866 0.0021
Average 3.90 1850 0.0021
1 3.51 2400 0.0015
2 3.75 2461 0.0015
Sago 10% 3 3.68 2636 0.0014
4 3.76 2537 0.0015
5 3.46 2436 0.0014
Average 3.63 2494 0.0014
1 3.06 1831 0.0017
2 3.05 2057 0.0015
Sago 15% 3 3.41 1948 0.0018
4 3.64 1920 0.0019
5 3.38 2084 0.0016
Average 3.31 1968 0.0017
1 2.95 1680 0.0018
2 3.09 1761 0.0018
Sago 20%
3 2.96 1740 0.0017
4 3.07 1989 0.0015

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SAGU, ARPUS

Mass Time Rate of Combustion

Adhesive Sample
(gram) (sec) (gram/sec)

5 3.46 1799 0.0019

Average 3.11 1794 0.0017
1 3.04 3711 0.0008
2 3.71 3372 0.0011
Arpus 10% 3 3.21 3634 0.0009
4 2.93 3013 0.0010
5 3.53 3790 0.0009
Average 3.28 3504 0.0009
1 3.07 2946 0.0010
2 3.43 2699 0.0013
Arpus 15% 3 3.79 2707 0.0014
4 2.88 2402 0.0012
5 3.73 3223 0.0012
Average 3.38 2795 0.0012
1 3.82 2120 0.0018
2 3.90 2583 0.0015
Arpus 20% 3 3.52 1920 0.0018
4 3.37 2859 0.0012
5 3.57 2411 0.0015

Average 3.64 2379 0.0015

From the test results show that the longest burning rate is burning rate is obtained on an arpus adhesive with a
obtained on the adhesive from tapioca flour with a composition composition of 10%.
of 20%, with an average of 0.0021 gram/second while the fastest

Fig. 5. Graph Average Effect of Adhesive Type on Combustion Rate

Different types of adhesives affect the rate of combustion. The
type of adhesive affects the mass of the briquette, so that
briquettes that have a greater mass will produce charcoal
briquettes with a longer burning rate, while briquettes that have
a smaller mass will produce charcoal briquettes with a lower
burning rate as well. The rate of combustion in briquettes is also
influenced by the heating value of each type of adhesive with
different composition as well.
Heat Value
The heating value produced from some adhesives on oil palm
fiber briquettes can be seen in the table below.

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SAGU, ARPUS

Table 3. Calorific Value Testing Results

Early Final
Mass Difference Heat
Adhesive Sample Temperature Temperature
(gram) (oC) (Kal)
(oC) (oC)
1 4.30 30 44 14 264.880
2 3.30 30 45 15 217.800
Tapioca 10% 3 3.05 30 44 14 187.880
4 3.41 30 43 13 195.052
5 3.91 30 42 12 206.448
Average 3.59 30 44 14 214.412
1 3.36 30 42 12 177.408
2 4.02 30 45 15 265.320
Tapioca 15% 3 4.13 30 40 10 181.720
4 3.60 30 40 10 158.400
5 3.40 30 42 12 179.520
Average 3.70 30 42 12 192.474
1 3.87 30 41 11 187.308
2 4.02 30 40 10 176.880
Tapioca 20% 3 3.78 30 40 10 166.320
4 3.86 30 40 10 169.840
5 3.97 30 41 11 192.148
Average 3.90 30 40 10 178.499
1 3.51 30 43 13 200.772
2 3.75 30 43 13 214.500
Sago 10% 3 3.68 30 40 10 161.920
4 3.76 30 44 14 231.616
5 3.46 30 42 12 182.688
Average 3.63 30 42 12 198.299
1 3.06 30 42 12 161.568
2 3.05 30 41 11 147.620
Sago 15% 3 3.41 30 42 12 180.048
4 3.64 30 41 11 176.176
5 3.38 30 41 11 163.592
Average 3.31 30 41 11 165.801
1 2.95 30 40 10 129.800
2 3.09 30 40 10 135.960
Sago 20% 3 2.96 30 39 9 117.216
4 3.07 30 42 12 162.096
5 3.46 30 40 10 152.240
Average 3.11 30 40 10 139.462
1 3.04 30 49 19 254.144
Arpus 10% 2 3.71 30 45 15 244.860
3 3.21 30 50 20 282.480

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HEAT ANALYSIS OF PALM OIL MESOCARP BRICK (FIBER ELAEIS GUINEENSIS JACQ) USING ADHESIVES FROM TAPIOCA,
SAGU, ARPUS

Early Final
Mass Difference Heat
Adhesive Sample Temperature Temperature
(gram) (oC) (Kal)
(oC) (oC)
4 2.93 30 48 18 232.056
5 3.53 30 49 19 295.108
Average 3.28 30 48 18 261.730
1 3.07 30 46 16 216.128
2 3.43 30 46 16 241.472
Arpus 15% 3 3.79 30 45 15 250.140
4 2.88 30 44 14 177.408
5 3.73 30 47 17 279.004
Average 3.38 30 46 16 232.830
1 3.82 30 46 16 268.928
2 3.90 30 45 15 257.400
Arpus 20% 3 3.52 30 45 15 232.320
4 3.37 30 43 13 192.764
5 3.57 30 46 16 251.328
Average 3.64 30 45 15 240.548

From the test results show that the highest heating value is 261.730 cal for 10% composition, 232.830 cal for 15%
obtained on the adhesive from arpus with Average, which is composition, and 240.548 cal for 20% composition.

Fig. 6. Graph Average Effect of Adhesive Type on Calorific Value

The type of adhesive factor greatly influences the heating value
of the charcoal briquettes produced. High levels of bound carbon
will cause a high heating value of charcoal briquettes. Each type
of adhesive has different levels of bonded carbon, which results
in different heating values for each type of raw material for
charcoal briquettes. Raw materials that have high levels of bound
carbon will produce a high calorific value for charcoal briquettes.
The higher the carbon content is bound the higher the calorific
value, because every oxidation reaction will produce calories.
Ash Levels
The ash content of the burning test of oil palm fiber briquettes
with several adhesives can be seen in the table below.

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SAGU, ARPUS

Table 4. Ash Level Test Results

Mass Ash Mass Ash Content
Adhesive Sample
(gram) (gram) (%)
1 4.30 0.472 10.98%
2 3.30 0.623 18.88%
Tapioca 10% 3 3.05 0.570 18.67%
4 3.41 0.604 17.72%
5 3.91 0.635 16.24%
Average 3.59 0.580 16.50%
1 3.36 0.545 16.22%
2 4.02 0.649 16.15%
Tapioca 15% 3 4.13 0.620 15.02%
4 3.60 0.620 17.23%
5 3.40 0.614 18.05%
Average 3.70 0.609 16.53%
1 3.87 0.755 19.50%
2 4.02 0.666 16.57%
Tapioca 20% 3 3.78 0.593 15.68%
4 3.86 0.609 15.78%
5 3.97 0.619 15.58%
Average 3.90 0.648 16.62%
1 3.51 0.646 18.41%
2 3.75 0.656 17.49%
Sago 10% 3 3.68 0.619 16.82%
4 3.76 0.628 16.69%
5 3.46 0.608 17.58%
Average 3.63 0.631 17.40%
1 3.06 0.650 21.23%
2 3.05 0.655 21.48%
Sago 15% 3 3.41 0.676 19.82%
4 3.64 0.634 17.42%
5 3.38 0.602 17.82%
Average 3.31 0.643 19.55%
1 2.95 0.675 22.87%
2 3.09 0.674 21.81%
Sago 20% 3 2.96 0.672 22.69%
4 3.07 0.622 20.25%
5 3.46 0.673 19.46%
Average 3.11 0.663 21.42%
1 3.04 0.454 14.92%
2 3.71 0.597 16.09%
Arpus 10%
3 3.21 0.560 17.45%
4 2.93 0.477 16.26%

Journal of critical reviews 978

HEAT ANALYSIS OF PALM OIL MESOCARP BRICK (FIBER ELAEIS GUINEENSIS JACQ) USING ADHESIVES FROM TAPIOCA,
SAGU, ARPUS

Mass Ash Mass Ash Content

Adhesive Sample
(gram) (gram) (%)
5 3.53 0.546 15.48%
Average 3.28 0.526 16.04%
1 3.07 0.539 17.56%
2 3.43 0.575 16.75%
Arpus 15% 3 3.79 0.586 15.46%
4 2.88 0.494 17.17%
5 3.73 0.607 16.28%
Average 3.38 0.560 16.64%
1 3.82 0.561 14.69%
2 3.90 0.615 15.76%
Arpus 20% 3 3.52 0.618 17.55%
4 3.37 0.614 18.22%
5 3.57 0.642 17.98%
Average 3.64 0.609 16.84%

On the results of testing the ash content shows that the lowest Average ash content obtained from the adhesive from arpus is 16.04% for
the composition of 10%, 16.64% for the composition of the 15% arpus adhesive, and 16.84% for the highest Average ash content from
the adhesive Sago is 21.42% for the composition of 20%. From all the ash content test results showed that all the adhesives from
Tapioca, Sago and arpus did not meet the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) with a maximum ash content standard of 8%

.
Fig. 7. Graph Average Effect of Adhesive Type on Ash Content.

This affects the heating value of the briquettes. The higher ash
content in briquettes, the lower the heating value produced due
to the low heat transfer to the inside of the briquette and the
diffusion of oxygen to the surface of the charcoal briquettes
during the combustion process and the high ash content can
produce dust emissions that cause air pollution and affect the
combustion volume.
CONCLUSIONS
The conclusion obtained from this study is: the use of the type of
adhesive on oil palm fiber briquettes affects the density,
combustion rate, heating value, and ash content. For the type of
tapioca adhesive 15% composition has the highest average
density of 0.198 gram / cm3, the highest average combustion rate
for the type of tapioca flour adhesive is 20%, i.e. 0.0021 gram /
second, the highest average heating value for the composition of
arpus adhesive 10%, and the lowest average ash content of the
composition of arpus adhesive 10% by 16.8%. The use of
composition in the addition of tapioca adhesive, sago, and arpus
affects the density, combustion rate, heat value, and ash content.
Tapioca adhesives using the composition of 10%, 15% and 20%
have a density of 0.184 gram / cm3, 0.198 gram/cm3, and 0.181
gram / cm3. The combustion rate of 0.0013 grams/second,
0.0019 grams / second and 0.0021 grams/second. The heating
value is 214.412 cal, 192.474 cal, and 178.499 cal. Ash content of
16.50%, 16.53% and 16.62%.

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HEAT ANALYSIS OF PALM OIL MESOCARP BRICK (FIBER ELAEIS GUINEENSIS JACQ) USING ADHESIVES FROM TAPIOCA,
SAGU, ARPUS

CONFLICT OF INTEREST (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq) as Roof Building. Journal of Applied

All author was declare there is no conflict of interest.
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